课外练习
Passage 1 Chinese-English Interpretation
北京观光客自然都会游览故宫和长城，这是因为故宫和长城是举世闻名的旅游景点。而今天我却想向各位推荐北京第三大旅游场所，北京世界公园。北京世界公园于90年代初在北京兴建，是北京的最新旅游景点。这里游客那种“一日游尽天下景”的梦想便可成真。
北京世界公园的规模雄踞亚洲同类公园之冠，所收微缩复制品的数量也堪称亚洲之最。世界七大奇观以及50个国家的约100处历史名胜和自然景观均以微缩模型展出。占地面积46.7公顷的世界公园分为17处风景区，收集了亚洲、非洲、欧洲。南北美洲以及大洋洲的主要名胜景点。游客可以在这里观赏法国的凯旋门、埃菲尔铁塔、罗浮宫玻璃金字塔、凡尔赛宫和巴黎圣母院；英国伦敦的塔桥和白金汉宫；意大利的比萨斜塔、罗马大斗兽场、威尼斯水城和圣可马广场；西班牙的阿卡沙堡；德国的科隆大教堂；荷兰的风车和郁金香田园风光；希腊的雅典卫城；俄罗斯的克里姆林宫墙及钟楼；印度的泰姬陵；泰国的泰王宫；柬埔寨的吴哥窟；缅甸的仰光大金塔；新加坡的狮头鱼身像；埃及的基萨金字塔群和阿布辛伯勒神庙；美国的大峡谷和自由女神像；澳大利亚的悉尼歌剧院；墨西哥的巨石头像；智利的复活节岛巨人石像；秘鲁的那斯卡线画；中国的长城和故宫等景物复制品。
这些旅游景观制作精巧，工艺精湛，其中大多为原作的精确复制品，用料均为白玉、理石、上乘花岗岩石或其他优质石料。例如，莫斯科的红场是以500块比麻将牌还小的红砖铺就而成。而埃及的金字塔则以20万块大理石砌成。美国的科罗拉多河和大峡谷的微缩景观高达32米，一条“巨型瀑布”从16米的高处飞流直冲谷底。
公园的东北角有一条300米长的国际街，这条具有欧美建筑风格的国际街集餐饮、购物和娱乐于一体，游客可以在这里领略各国情调，品尝他乡风味，购买纪念礼品，参加各种娱乐活动。
北京世界公园自开放以来已吸引了许多海内外游客前来观赏美景。如果您在北京逗留的时间仅够您游览3个景点，那么您一定得把故宫、长城和世界公园作为您的最佳选择。
While the Palace Museum and Great Wall, the two world-famous scenic spots, are known to all a must tourist destination for people visiting Beijing, today, I’d like to introduce to you the Beijing World Park, the third major tourist site in Beijing. Completed in the early 1990s, the Beijing World Park boasts the newest scenic spot in Beijing, and here the visitors may realize their dream of “touring around the world in a day.”
The Beijing World Park is the largest scale in Asia. The Seven Wonders of the World and some 100 famous historical and natural sights from 50 countries are on display in miniature. The 46.7-hectare World Park feature 17 scenic areas staging all the major tourist sites of Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Oceania. Here tourists can appreciate a variety of replicas of famous sights, such as the Arc of Triumph, and the Eiffel Tower, the Glass Pyramid of Louvre, Versailles Palace and Notre Dame de Paris in France; London’s Tower of Bridge and Buckingham, Venice and St. Mark’s Square in Italy; the Alcazar Castle in Spain; the Cologne Cathedral in Germany; the Idyllic Sights of Windmills and Tulips in Holland; the Acropolis of Athens in Greece; the Wall and Clock Towers of Kremlin in Russia; the TajMahal in India; the Grand Palace in Thailand; the Angkor Wat in Cambodia; Shwe Dagon Pagoda in Burma; the Merlion in Singapore; the Pyramids of Giza and the Great Temple of Abu Simbel in Egypt; the Grand Canyon and the Statue of Liberty in the United States; Sydney Opera House in Australia; the Globose in Mexico; the Statues of Easter Island in Chile; the Linear Drawings at Nasca in Peru; and the Great Wall and the Imperial Palace
in China.
The exquisitely constructed scenic spots offer fine examples of excellent workmanship. Most of them feature the exact replicas of the original, with white jade, marble , top-grade grade granite and other superior quality stone. For example, Moscow’s Red Square was constructed with five million red bricks smaller than China’s mahjong pieces, and the Egyptian Pyramid was built with 200,000 pieces of marble. The replica of the Colorado River and Grand Canyon in the United States stands 32 meters high, with a 16-meter-high “giant waterfall” plunging to the bottom.
Located in the northeastern corner lies the 300-meter-long International Street with its European and American architectural styles encompassing services of catering, shopping and amusement. Tourists can experience the obvious exotic atmosphere, taste the inviting foreign food, purchase attractive souvenirs and enjoy a wide variety of recreational activities.
Since its opening to visitors, the Beijing World Park has attracted many tourists from home and abroad with its splendid sights. If you had time for only three places of tourist attraction in Beijing, your best choices would certainly be the Palace Museum, the Great Wall and then the Beijing World Park.
Passage 2 English-Chinese Interpretation
Welcome to the world’s first national park, the Yellowstone Park of United States.
In this paradise, nature puts on a spectacular display. Geysers sand water shooting into the air. Mud pots boil and bubble. Hot springs display brilliant colors of blue, yellow, and orange. You won’t find any place else like it on Earth.
Scientific expeditions visited this northwest corner of Wyoming in 1870 and 1871. People who observed the wonders of the area saw the need to protect them. Though their persistent efforts, Yellowstone National Park was born in 1872.
The park’s thermal areas make it unique. Geysers are also found in New Zealand and Iceland, but Yellowstone has more geysers than the rest of the earth combined. More than 200 geysers and 10,000 other thermal features dot the park. All are protected. The park does not allow visitors to wander off the walkways or touch the thermal feature.
Now follow me to the most spectacular sights in the park: the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. It’s 37 kilometers long and 366 meters deep. At the bottom you’ll see Yellowstone River winding through the colorful canyon. We’ll stop on both the south and north sides for different views.
At Artist’s Point, you will take pictures of Yellowstone’s magnificent Lower Falls. Or if you’re ready for some exercise, you may walk down the trail that leads to the bottom of the falls, and then look up at the plunging water.
South of the canyon lies the Yellowstone Lake, one of the world’s largest freshwater lakes. Don’t plan on going for a dip—the water is too cold! But from the Fishing Bridge you can take a boat excursion on the lake.
Take you time exploring the park. Walk around the thermal areas, look for wildlife along rivers and streams, have a picnic under a big tree, listen to the wild roar and feel the spray on your face. Nothing can take you away from the sights.
The Park was created for the benefit and enjoyment of all. So have a good time.
欢迎来到世界第一座国家公园，美丽的黄石公园！
在这个人间仙境里，大自然向我们呈现了壮观的景色。间歇泉向高空喷射水柱，泥沸泉沸腾冒泡，色彩斑斓的温泉展现着无比艳丽的蓝色、黄色和橘色。地球上再也找不到可与此媲美的地方了。
科学探险队在1870和1871年间来到位于怀俄明州西北角的这块地方。人们目睹此地奇景，他们深感保存美景的需要。通过他们的不懈努力，黄石国家公园终于于1872年诞生。
温泉区是这个国家公园的特色。虽然新西兰和冰岛也有间隙喷泉，但是黄石公园间歇泉数量之多，超过全世界其他地区间歇泉的总数。200多个间歇泉以及1万多个温泉不满了整个公园。这里的温泉全部都受到保护，公园规定游客不可以偏离步道，也不允许接触温泉景观。
现在请跟我来看公园内最为壮观的景观之一“黄石公园大峡谷”。大峡谷长37公里，深366公尺。在峡谷底我们可看到黄石河穿梭在五彩缤纷的峡谷中。我们可在峡谷的北面和南面停留一会，可以观赏到截然不同的景色。
你们可以在“写生台”拍摄黄石公园壮丽的“下瀑布”。若想运动一下的话，可沿着步道往下走到瀑布底端，然后往上望去，可观赏到飞泻而下的瀑布。
大峡谷的南端是黄石湖，此乃世界上最大的淡水湖之一。可不要想在这里游泳，这里的水实在是太冷了！但是我们可以由钓鱼桥搭船游览黄石湖。
让我们慢慢观赏美景。在温泉区悠闲散步，在河边寻找野生动物的踪迹，在大树下野餐一番，倾听一下野生动物的吼声，感觉一下溅在脸上的水花，还有什么能把你吸引走的呢？
这座公园是为造福大家而建立的，是给各位提供休闲娱乐的，所以祝大家玩得开心。
Passage 3 Chinese-English Interpretation
我们这次旅游的目的地市举世闻名的大熊猫故乡，列入世界自然遗产的九寨沟自然保护区。
九寨沟位于我国四川省阿坝藏族自治州境内，是一片纵深达35公里的自然风景区。风景区内那终年积雪的山峰、苍翠繁茂的森林、宁静悠远的湖泊、品种繁多的珍禽奇兽，这些都构成了九寨沟风景区的独特风貌。进去九寨沟如同进入世外桃源一般，人间烦恼都会置于脑后。
九寨沟是水的天地，九寨沟的水是人间最清澈的水，水构成了九寨沟最富魅力的景色，是九寨沟的灵魂。无论是宁静的湖泊，还是飞泻的瀑布，都是那个的神奇迷人，令游人流连忘返。
当地人把九寨沟的湖泊叫做“海子”。九寨沟有108个“海子”，虽大小不一，形状各异，却清澈见底。这些湖泊有的隐匿在峡谷中，有的镶嵌在原始森林中。晴日天，湖底的水藻和沉淀物在阳光的照射下，发射出一圈圈色彩斑斓的光环，所以又被人们叫做“五花海”。
当地有一个动人的传说。很久以前，九寨沟的东山上住着一位美丽善良的女神，九寨沟的西山上住着一位勤劳勇敢的男神。两人相处久了便产生了爱情。一天男神为了表达自己的爱慕之情，特意送了一面又大又亮的神镜给女神。女神在接过神镜时，由于心情五笔激动，镜子竟然从她颤抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108块，从此给九寨沟留下了108个形态各异、晶晶闪亮的湖泊。
The destination of our trip is the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, the natural rang of the world-famous giant pandas, listed as one of the world natural heritages sites.
Jiuzhaigou is located in the Aba Tibettan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichun Province, covering
a land of natural beauty 35 kilometers long. This land feature perennially snow-topped mountain peaks, verdant and lush forests, stretches of serene lakes, and various rare and precious birds and animal, all contributing to the unique views of Jiuzhaigou. Upon entering the resort, you will find yourself strolling in a haven of peace, leaving behind nothing but earthly troubles and vexations.
Jiuzhaigou is a world of water, the clearest in the world. Water brings Jiuzhaigou its most enchanting views; water is the soul of Jiuzhaigou. Whether you are met with serence lakes or plunging waterfalls, you will enjoy yourself so much among the charming sights as to linger on with no thought of leaving for home.
The local people of Jiuzhaigou call these lakes “haizi” (meaning “little sea”). Jiuzhaigou has 108 “haizi”of varying sizes and shapes, but of invariant limpidity to the bottom of the lakes. Some of the lakes hidden in the valleys, and others inlay the virgin forests. On sunny days, algae and sediments at the bottom of the lakes project colorful light rings in the sunshine. The lakes, thus, have acquired another name “Wuhua Sea” (meaning “multicolored sea”) from the local.
A romantic local legend has it that a long, long time ago, there lived a beautiful and kind-hearted goddess in the mountain east of Jiuzhaigou and an industrious and chivalrous god in the mountain west of Jiuzhaigou. As time went by, they fell in love. One day the god presented a big and shiny divine mirror to the goddness as a token of love. The goddness reached out to take the mirror, but she was so excited and nervous that the mirror slipped from her trembling fingers and dropped to the valleys, breaking into 108 pieces. The 108 mirror pieces turned out to be 108 winkling and glittering crystal lakes of different sizes, covering the land of Jiuzhaigou.
Passage 4 English-Chinese Interpretation
I’d like to make some special remarks on our tour programs:
First of all, the quotation for each tour includes all expenses in the destination country. This included the cost of accommodation, meals, transportation, sightseeing, guide, airport departure tax, and a round-trip international airfare. The quotation is calculated on a per-person basis for a group of 10 or more adults. The quotation for smaller groups will have to be determined by this travel agency.
Next, each person taking our tour has to pay for his or her personal expenses which may involve, for example, laundry, drinks, mini-bars in their hotel rooms, long-distance phone calls.
And finally, it is our principle to carry out a tour strictly according to the set itinerary, but we reserve the right to make any changes due to some unforeseeable circumstances. We will give you notice of these changes as they occur, together with reasons.
我想把我们旅游的一些特别注意事项向各位游客通告如下：
首先，我社每项旅游的报价均含游客在旅游国所需的一切费用，其中包括住宿费、膳食费、交通费、游览费、导游费、机场离境税以及往返国际机票等费用。报价是根据由10名成年游客或10名成年游客以上组成的团体，按个人计价。本旅行社对人数少于10人的旅游团体，有另行定价的权利。
其次，每位参加我社组团的游客必须自己负担个人消费所需的一切费用，如衣服熨烫、各类饮料、使用旅馆房间里的小酒吧、打长途电话等所需要的费用。
最后，严格按照所定计划办事是我们的原则，对可能出现的一些不可预见的情况，我社则保留修改原定计划的权利。倘若出现这种情况，我们会及时通告各位，并对变动的原因作出解释。
1.3 US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University 美国副总统在复旦大学的演讲开场白 Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China. // We are grateful for the welcome we have received, especially for the kind of reception here at Fudan University. We thank you for the honor, and we bring you good wishes from President George W. Bush and the people of the United States.// 非常感谢您，市长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们。我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 I know that many of you will soon graduate from this great university. I am told the standards are extremely demanding here, and a degree from Fudan University signifies years of hard work and discipline. I congratulate each one of you on your achievement, and I commend your teachers for upholding the tradition of excellence that marks the 99-year history of Fudan University.
2019年英语中级口译考试汉译英必备篇(5) 香港中文大学，简称“中大”，成立于1963年。中大是一所研究型综合大学，以“结合传统与现代，融汇中国与西方”为创校使命。//40多年来，中大一直致力于弘扬中华传统文化，坚持双语教育，并推行独特的书院制度，在香港教育界卓不过立。中大校园占地 134 公顷，是世界上最美丽的校园之一。//中大的师生来自世界各地。有教职员工 5200多人，近万名本科生、约2000多名研究生，其中约2500多人来自45个不同的国家和地区。//中大实行灵活的学分制，不但有助于培养有专有博的人才，而且还赋予学生更大的学习自主权。中大的多元教育有助于充分发挥每一个学生的潜能。// The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963. It is a research-oriented comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity and bring together China and the West.//For more than 40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system. s 134-hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world.//CUHK’ s fa culty and students come from all corners of the world. It has more than 5200 staff members,approximately 10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students. Of these students, some 2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree of free choice of students in designing their own learning. The multi-faceted education at CUHK helps to bring out the best in every student.//
划分句子成分练习 练习1.分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。 1）Tree s turns green when spring comes. 2）The old man was feeling very tired. 3）His job is to train swimmers. 4）Where he was buried remained unknown. 5）What he said proved true. 6）We must keep quiet. 7）The shop stayed open until eleven. 8）She appeared younger than she really was. 9）His face went red. 10）He fell ill last week. 11）The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious. 从上面我们可以看出，常见的系动词有，_____、_____、______、______、______、_____、_______、________等，它们下面一般跟________词作表语。 练习 2.分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，体会it的替代性用法。 1）It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree. 2）It is a fact that English is being accepted as an
international language. 3）It worried her a bit than her hair was turning grey. 4）The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. 5）She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affaires in that town. 6）I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. 7）He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics. 8）I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. 从上面我们可以看出，作形式主语和宾语一般用代词______,真正的主语或宾语通常是________或__________，放在下面。 练习 3. 分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，留意定语是什么词性或结构充当，并留意定语的位置。 1）Comrades in her group often help her with grammar. 2）The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors. 3）The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
目录 摘 要 ............................................................................. .. (1) 一、英汉句子中所反映的结构对比 ............................................................................. . (1) （一）生存环境的对比 ............................................................................. (1) （二）习俗对比 ............................................................................. (2) （三）文学对比 ............................................................................. (3) （四）宗教信仰的对比 ............................................................................. (3) （五）历史典故与神话传说 ............................................................................. . (4) （六）价值观与审美意识的对比 ............................................................................. .. (4) 二、英汉句子研究的具体原则和方法 ............................................................................. (5) 总 结 ............................................................................. (5) 参考文献 ............................................................................. (6) 英汉句子结构对比研究 摘要：句子是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。句子研究是在地域结构研究的大语境下来考察的研究，即对不同结构以及不同语言的表层与深层结构进行研究，探索结构与研究的内在联系和客观规律。本文所要讨论的句子是广义的、包括成语、典故等。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的对比，英汉句子承载着不同的民族结构特色和结构信息，它们与结构传统紧密相连，不可分割。句子中的结构因素往往是研究中的难点，本文借助语言学的理论，对英汉句子的研究作一些探索。关键词：英汉句子、结构对比、句子研究 语言是结构的载体，同时又是结构的重要组成部分。而句子是最带有地方性色彩的语言，它敏感地反映了社会生活和社会思想的变化，是语言中最能反映结构特征的部分。如地理环
上海市英语中级口译笔试答案
1997.9 上海市英语中级口译资格证书第一阶段考试 参考答案: SECTION1:LISTENING TEST Part A: Spot Diction 1. feel healthy 2. content 3. on average 4. six minutes 5. laugh more 6. 400 times 7. adulthood 8. growing up 9. effects of laughter 10. blood and stomach 11. physical exercises 12. facial and stomach 13. jogging 14. pain relief 15. forty university students
16. funny cassette 17. intended to relax 18. tolerate the discomfort 19. humour 20. immune system Part B: Listening Comprehension 1-5 B D C A D 6-10 D D C B B 11-15 B D A A C 16-20 D A B A D 21-25 B D C A C 26-30 D A C B C Part C: Listening and Translation Ⅰ.Sentence Translation 1.这类独特的酒被认为是世界上最好的一种酒。 2.由于她打算扩店，她开价要买下隔壁的房产。 3.我再也不准备容忍你的无能。你被开除了。 4.会上有人提议在委员会里应该有一位教工代
?那么什么是口译？口译是一种通过口头表达形式，将所感知和理解的信息准确而又快速地由一种语言形式转换成另一种语言形式，进而达到完整并即时传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为，是现代社会跨文化、跨民族交往的一种基本沟通方式。 ?——梅德明《中级口译教程》第一部分“口译概论” ?第二节“口译定义” ?The Criteria of Interpretation 翻译的标准 ?功能对等functional equivalence ?信、达、雅faithfulness fluency/ expressiveness and elegance ?Remember how modern interpretation started? ? ?口译特点The Characteristics of Interpretation (The similarity and difference between T and I) We still need to improve: ?语言解意能力listening comprehension ?反应记忆能力short-term memory and quick response ?信息组合能力summarizing information ?语言表达能力language expressiveness ?文化背景知识all-embracing knowledge ? ?Even more… ?unpredictability —flexibility and expressiveness ?pressure — self-confidence ?solo work —great responsibility ?all embracing knowledge — jack of all trades, master of none ?smart power…… ? ?口译的类型 the categorical classification of Interpretation ?形式 ?交替传译 ?同声传译 ?耳语口译 ?视阅口译
浅谈英汉句子结构对比研究 我想简单谈谈英汉句子结构的差异。通过专业课的一些学习，我们都知道，英汉在很多方面都存在着不少的差异，但今天我主要想说说他们在句子结构上的不同。下面，我将从形合与意合、物称与人称、被动与主动及间接与直接这四方面来详细阐述。 首先，在形合与意合上，英汉存在着差距。所谓的形合就是指句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。而意合指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。英语造句主要采用形合法，而汉语则主要采用意合法。英语造句注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义，主要表现在三方面：（1）关系词和连接词；（2）介词；（3）其他连接手段。关系词包括：关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词。连接词包括：并列连词和从属连词。英语中几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则很少甚至不用这类词。举个例子吧：It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.(其中who就是关系词，and是连接词)。但翻到中文就大不同了：那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。（很明显，没有使用连词，就是用逗号隔开）。介词包括：简单介词、合成介词和成语介词。英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则常常不用或省略介词。例如：This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.(此处用了in和with两个介词)而中文：这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。（其中就省略了介词“在”、“和”）。至于其他连接手段包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化及其保持前后一致的关系。英语常常综合使用上述的关系词、连接词、介词等等，把各种成分连接起来，构成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑关系。汉语造句主要采用意合法。汉语少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。汉语的介词数量少，大约只有30个，而且大多是从动词“借”来的。介词和连词常常可以省略，甚至不用，尤其是口语。此外，汉语没有词的形态变化，没有“it”和“there”这类替补词，代词用得也比较少。汉语的意合法往往采取一些手段：（1）语序；（2）反复、排比、对偶、对照；（3）紧缩句；（4）四字格。就语序而言，汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。从句若前置，一般有“因为”、“如果”、“虽然”、“即使”等含义。例如：人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.就反复、排比、对偶、对照来说，这些句式词句整齐、均匀，往往不用关联词。如：；他不来，我不去。（=如果他不来，我就不去。）If he won’t come here ,I’ll not go there.紧缩句中，句式简明紧凑，分句之间的语法关系和逻辑联系往往是隐含的。如：有饭大家吃。（=如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧。）Let anybody share the food if there is any.四字词是汉语里广为运用的语言形式。四字格往往历经锤炼，言简意赅。例如：不进则退。Move forward , or you’ll fall behind. 其次，在物称与人称上，英汉也存在着很大的差异。英语较常用物称表达法，让事物以客观的口气呈现出来，非人称表达法是英语常见的一种文风，尤其常见于书面语。这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观、公正，结构趋于严密、紧凑，语气较为委婉、间接。汉语则较注重主体思维，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及行为或状态，因而常用人称。英语和汉语的不同主要表现在如何使用主语和动词两方面。英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语。英语用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”；而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”。举个例子：What happened to you? 你
总的英汉句子结构分析 英汉句子结构差异分析 中国学生写的句子，即使用词、语法和结构方面没有明显问题，但读起来总没有英美人写的那样地道。究其原因，是因为中国学生不了解英语的思维模式，采用了汉语的思维模式进行写作造成的。其实，语言和思维是分不开的。思维是语言的指导，而语言是思维的载体。下面就中英思维中句子结构差异方面进行简单的论述： 1、英语属形合（hypotactic）语言，汉语属意合（paratactic）语言 美国著名翻译理论家奈达曾说过：“就汉语和英语而言，最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比。”所谓“形合”是指利用连接词（并列连词and、but、or等或从属连词that、who、when、if等）表现句子成分之间或句子之间的逻辑关系；而“意合”是指不通过连接词，而是通过上下文语境来反映句子成分或句子之间的逻辑关系。英文句子形合关系比汉语多，也就是说英语比汉语更多地依赖连接词来表现逻辑关系。 【例1】 “你来，我就走。”， “If you come, I'll go.” 或 “When you come, I'll go” 【例2】“天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期”。 (以白居易著名的《长恨歌》中最后两句) The boundless sky and endless earth may pass away, but this vow unfulfilled will be regretted for aye. (许渊冲译)。 在汉语中这两句之间体现了很明显的强对比的逻辑关系（拿天地和此恨对比），但这种逻辑关系是通过上下文语境反映，并未借助任何连接词，译成英文后却加了一个but，表示强对比逻辑关系。（这里的but并不是我们所熟悉的表示转折） 总结：在将汉语句子写成英文时，注意将隐藏的句子成分之间或句子之间隐藏的逻辑关系表现出来。因此对于连接词的掌握就变得尤为重要。 【例3】Another attempt, and you'll succeed. If you try again ,you will succeed. 【译文】再试一次，你就会成功。/ 只要再试一次，你就会成功。 【分析】本句是一个由and连接的简单并列句，一般将来时态明确表明了两句间的动作关系。但汉语译文就比较灵活，句子之间的关系主要靠语意来表达，关联词可译(括号内译文)也可不译，习惯于不译。 【例4】Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer.
历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一
一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解： （一）句子成分 1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 找出下列句中的主语： Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词） Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式） Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子） 2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）： 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. 3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
Lesson 1 1.3 美国副总统复旦演讲 韩市长，非常感谢您！谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们！我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。我听说贵校有极为严格的标准，得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。我祝贺在座各位学业有成。对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。 1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton University Ladies and Gentlemen, Good evening. I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight. For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name. With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T. S. Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few. As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton, “At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.” I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China. Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life. While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes
浅析英汉句子结构差异与翻译 1.引言 对译者来说,英汉两种语言的对比研究是十分必要的。这种对比的范围非常广泛,对比的层面可以从语音、词汇、词组、句子、句群、语篇、修辞、文体等两种语言系统本身的结构、类别、功能以及各层次之间的关系来进行对比与分析，各种对比有助于发现两种语言之间的异同,把握各自的特点与规律,从而更好地指导翻译工作。 本文之所以选择句子作为英汉对比的单位,这是因为,首先,句子是语言表述最基本的单位,也是人类思维的单位之一。其次,句子在语言中是连接词汇词组与句群、语篇的纽带。换句话说,句子最能反映两种语言差别之所在。而对比分析英汉两种语言的句子结构特点,把握东西方人思维模式的差异,将有助于探寻英汉互译的规律和法则[1]。对译者来说要做好翻译工作,就必须对英汉两种语言的句子结构有充分、透彻的了解,只有这样才能做好英汉翻译工作。当然,英汉语句子结构的比较是一个十分复杂、庞大的研究项目。本文只是从英汉句子结构差异与翻译之间的关系着手,通过对英汉句子结构的比较，分析英汉句子结构差异对英汉翻译的影响，使译者在进行翻译工作时注意这两种语言在句子结构上的差异，更准确流畅地进行英汉语之间的翻译。 2.英汉语句子结构差异与翻译 2.1 汉语句子重意合英语句子重形合 美国翻译理论家奈达在其《译意》一书中指出“就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别，就是形合和意合的对比。”具体来说，英语比较注重句子结构形式的完整性和逻辑的合理性。英语的语法成分都具有独立的作用，其句子的从属关系大多是用连接词，如“if,although,because,when,in order that,so”等表现出来，即英语句子往往以形统神，以丰满的形态变化制约句子的格局；而汉语句法关系主要靠词序和语义关系表达，句子中成分与成分之间的关系比较内在化、隐含化、模糊化，往往并不追求形式的完整，而只求达意而已。但是英汉语句
“英汉差异”之句子结构的差异 11S015016 张毅博 摘要：英汉两种语言异多于同，反映在句子结构上就体现为意和与形合、后饰与前饰、前重心与后重心、复合句与简单句的区别。透彻了解这些差异，就能准确理解原文，从而把握翻译规律，这对英语教学和翻译实践都至关重要。 关键词：句子结构；差异；翻译 1.英语属形合（hypotactic）语言，汉语属意合（paratactic）语言汉英句子的基本结构都是主+谓+宾，然而这两种语言句子的形成却大不一样。其中，汉语的句法结构重意合，即以语义、语序为句子内部及外部连接的手段。而英语句子却重形合，所谓“形合”是指利用连接词（并列连词and、but、or等或从属连词that、who、when、if等）表现句子成分之间或句子之间的逻辑关系；而“意合”是指不通过连接词，而是通过上下文语境来反映句子成分或句子之间的逻辑关系。英文句子形合关系比汉语多，也就是说英语比汉语更多地依赖连接词来表现逻辑关系。英语的句子是一种以动词为中心的空间结构体，也就是以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，并通过大量的关系词、连词、介词把句子的各个成分分层搭架而成，从而呈现出由中心向外扩展的空间图式。而汉语句的脉络是一种有逻辑的时间流，它是以意义的完整为目的，并通过多个动词的连用或以流水句的形式，按时间的先后顺序和事理推移的方法，一件件交代清楚，一层层铺张开来。 如He jumped up and hastened to the mirrorin the bathroom,taking away the towel to exam the cut upon his cheek.（他跳起来，连忙跑到卫生间的镜子前，拿掉毛巾，仔细查看脸上的伤口。）其中，英语句子除了一主动词（两个并列动词）外，其他动词都分别变成了分词和不定式；汉语则用多个动词按时间先后将一个个动作介绍清楚。又如，He didn’t remember his father who died when he was three years old，这句话以限定动词remember为中心搭建，可直译为“他不记得他三岁时死去的父亲。”这种句式在汉语里显得过于“紧凑”、不够顺畅，因为它是以“形”（动词中心的框架）译“意”的。而按汉语的语言习惯，这句话应该译成：“他三岁就死了父亲，已记不得他父亲的模样了。”这就是一种按逻辑顺序展开的时间流。
9月中级口译真题+参考答案(4) Questions 16-20 We are moving inexorably into the age of automation. Our aim is not to devise a mechanism which can perform a thousand different actions of any individual man but, on the contrary, one which could by a single action replace a thousand men. Industrial automation has moved along three lines. First there is the conveyor belt system of continuous production whereby separate operations are linked into a single sequence. The goods produced by this well-established method are untouched by the worker, and the machine replaces both unskilled and semiskilled. Secondly, there is automation with feedback control of the quality of the product: here mechanisms are built into the system which can compare the output with a norm, that is, the actual product with what it is supposed to be, and then correct any shortcomings. The entire cycle of operations dispenses with human control except in so far as monitors are concerned. One or two examples of this type of automation will illustrate its immense possibilities. There is a factory in the U.S.A. which makes 1,000 million electric light bulbs a year, and the factory employs three hundred people. If the preautomation techniques were to be employed, the labour force required would leap to 25,000. A motor manufacturing company with 45,000 spare parts regulates their entire supply entirely by computer. Computers can be entrusted with most of the supervision of industrial installations, such as chemical plants or oil refineries. Thirdly, there is computer automation, for banks, accounting departments, insurance companies and the like. Here the essential features are the recording, storing, sorting and retrieval of information. The principal merit of modern computing machines is the achievement of their
英汉句子结构差异与英文句子写作 杨莉红 杨 源 摘 要:理解好中英句子结构差异,对于更有效地进行英文写作很有好处。中英句子在结构上的差异最突出的特点体现在英语句子的形合和中文句子的意合上。本文旨在通过对中英句子结构差异的分析来提高非英语专业大学生的英语写作能力。 关键词:中英句子结构;差异;英语写作 中图分类号:F123.16 文献标识码:A 文章编号:C N43-1027/F(2008)5-128-02 作 者:湖南工程学院外语外贸系大学英语教研室;湖南,湘潭, 411100 一、引言 英语写作一直以来是英语学习能力的重要组成部分,因为语言学习的成败就看学生是否能自如地使用语言。高校的非英语专业一般不会开设写作课程,只在英语精读课程上有所涉及,但是CET考试中写作所占的比重却不轻。而英语写作恰恰又是很多学生英语学习中一颗难攻的“坚果”。据笔者调查,绝大多数非英语专业的学生在英语写作中都会很自然地把母语的习惯套在英语上,有时套对了,有时却套错了。其原因主要在于他们用习以为常的母语思维方式去理解或组织英语句子。由此看来让大学生了解英汉句子结构的差异,对于更有效地进行英文写作很有好处。本文旨在通过对中英句子结构差异的分析来提高非英语专业大学生的英语写作能力。 二、中英句法结构的差异 申小龙(1988)在讨论句子结构的文化认同时指出:一种语言句子的格局同一个民族的时空观有内在的联系。西方哲学、艺术和语言注重的是自然时空,而且特别偏重空间的自然真实性。西方文化的表现形式往往是一种空间型的构造。中国哲学、艺术和语言注重的是心理时空,而且特别注重时间,即便是空间,也表现为流动空间。在句子的结构差异上就表现为英语句子的树型结构和汉语句子的线型结构。 从英汉基本句型来看,英语句子主要是受形式逻辑制约,结构上可分为S VO三部分。汉语句子主要受阴阳逻辑的制约,结构上可分为话题和说明两部分。在句子的结构差异上就表现为英语句子的三分结构和汉语句子的两分结构。 1.英语句的树型结构和汉语句的线型结构。 英语句子有一定的框架,句子的主谓结构是全句的出发点,尤其是谓语动词,是全句的焦点,其他成分的配置都要根据主谓框架定,修饰、限制、补充等附加成分好似主干上的旁支,借助各种关联词进行空间搭架构成一种树型结构。英语句子在表达复杂一些的意思时,主要通过增加结构层次,旁支延伸,叠床架屋的办法,是一种以主谓成分为主干呈现出由中心向外扩张的空间构型。而汉语句子则没有一定的主谓框架限制,没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别,有可能几个动词结构连用,或几个名词性短语连续铺排,节奏简洁明快。汉语句子在表达一些复杂意思时,一般按时间顺序或事理逻辑顺序,逐步交代,层层铺开,形成连续铺排之势(贾玉新,1998)。例如: 1)Mr Li ran into the office and hastened to the desk,turning the com puter on to show us his design.(李先生跑进办公室,连忙走到桌子前,打开电脑,给我们看他的设计。) 英语句除了留一个主动词(两个并列动词)外,其他动词都分别变成分词和不定式;汉语则用多个动词按时间先后顺序将一个一个动作介绍清楚。再如: 2)每个广播公司下面都联系有大约200个附属广播站,由公司向这些广播站提供主要文艺节目,这些节目要靠各地就地取材是很难编排出来的。(Each of the broadcasting com panies is linked to approximately200affiliated stations to which it provides major entertainment programs which they could not produce if they were obliged to depend on local res ources.) 汉语句子中的是动作的先后次序和因果的前后关系;英语句则为了空间搭架.往往可以打破先后顺序或对此须采取灵活的态度。 2.汉语句子的两分结构和英语句子的三分结构。 汉语句子中的主语常常是言者主体思维中的一个话题(theme或topic)。我们说:“这个计划你跟家人谈过了吗”“这个计划”是主体意识中的一个话题,“你跟家人谈过了吗”是述题(comment),因而呈现T C(话题———述题)句法模式(刘宓庆, 2001)。它的基础不是形式逻辑,而是阴阳辨证。中国的远古先民们很早就对世界形成了阴阳对立的认识,传说中的伏曦八卦是很久远的了,历经夏易、商易、周易,一脉相承。《易经》中的思想和语言文字都是阴阳对立的,到《诗经》已经比较系统了,此后虽然经过了二三千年,今天遣词造句依然如此。 汉语句子的阴阳对立,不在语法,而在语意,其表意有其独特之处。张今先生(1997)把汉语句子的表意类型归纳为七种:语义相反型:先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。(宋?范仲淹) 语义相异型:窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。(唐?杜甫) 语义递进型:同是天涯沦落人,相逢何必曾相识。(唐?白居易) 反义衬托型:衣莫若新,人莫若故。(春秋?晏子) 同义衬托型:有莠则锄,有疾则医。(宋?苏轼) 正说反说型:改过不吝,从善如流。(宋?苏轼) 同义强调型:同声相应,同气相求。(周易?乾?文言) 而现代英语有五种基本句型,即S VP、S V、S VO、S V oO、S VOC。这五种基本句型都可以分为三部分。S VO是现代英语句子结构的典型代表。例如: 3)That dirty old house is an offense to every one who lives in the street. 汉译1:那座肮脏的老房子使住在那条街上的人都讨厌。 汉译2:那座老房子很脏,住在那条街上的人都很讨厌。 原文是S VO三分结构,汉译1直译,句子较长,读起来不上 821企业家天地?理论版/2008/5