Unit Seven Section A
Part One: New Words
1.distribute vt. 1. supply (goods) in a particular area, esp. to shops（尤指向商
店）供应（货物），发售
Through the nationwide sales network of the corporation
they can distribute goods easily to various parts of the
country.通过公司遍及全国各地的销售网络，他们可以很容易地将货
物销售到全国各地。
2. divide and give out among several people分发，分送，分配
This document will be distributed among the people at the
meeting. 这个文件将分发给与会人员。
Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the
refugees. 向难民分发了衣服和毯子。
3. spread out through an area 使分布，散布；撒，播
This kind of plant is widely distributed. 这种植物分布很广。
distribution n. 分发，分配，分布，销售
2.executive a. having power to carry out decisions, laws, etc. 执行的，行政的
an executive director of the company 公司的执行董事
an executive committee 执行委员会
executive authorities 行政当局
His executive skills will be very useful to the company.
他的管理技能对公司将非常有用。
n. [C] a person in a high position主管,高级行政人员,行政官
She is now a senior executive having worked her way up
through the company. 她在公司里逐渐升到现在的高级业务主管。
It is not unusual for a woman executive to have a man as her
assistant. 女行政长官用一名男子做助手并不少见。
3.discount n. [C] a cutting-down in the usual price 折扣
She said they could give me a big discount if I bought three at
once. 商店营业员说如果我一下买三件，他们可以给我打很大的折扣。
He sold the goods to her at a special discount.
他以特别优惠的价格把货卖给了她。
vt. 1. make a discount 打折
If we have to discount these cars we aren't going to make a
profit. 如果我们不得不对这些汽车打折的话，我们就无利可言了。
That store discounted all its unsold merchandise.
那家商店把所有没卖出的商品打折出售。
2. regard (a story, piece of newsetc.) as unimportant or unlikely
to be true or valuable 不（全）信，漠视，低估
Experts have discounted the possibility of a second earthquake
in the area. 专家们认为这个地区不大可能发生第二次地震。
Much of what he says must be discounted; he imagines things.
他说的话大多不可全信，他想像力太丰富了。
4.circulate v. 1. move round or through（使）移动,（使）循环,（使）流通
Don't stay talking to one person all evening — circulate among
your guests. 不要整晚上和一个人谈话——在客人中多转转。
They circulated a good luck card for everyone to sign.
他们传递一张好运卡让每个人签名。
The heart circulates blood round the body. 心脏使血液在全身循
2. (cause to) spread widely （使）流传，散布，传播
Rumors began to circulate among the local people that the
capital city had been conquered.
在当地人中开始流传这样的谣言，说是首都城市被攻陷了。
Circulate the news of victory as widely as possible.
（你们要）尽可能广泛地传播胜利的消息。
circulation n. 循环，环流，（货币等的）流通；（报刊等的）发行，通货
circulating a. 循环的，巡回的，流通的
circulative a. 循环性的；流通性的；促进循环的
5.formula n. (pl. formulas or formulae)
1. [C] a method, plan, or set of principles方法，计划，准则
The film star talked about her formula for success.
那位影星谈了她的成功之道。
The two sides worked out an acceptable formula for settling the
strike. 双方研究出一套解决罢工问题的可行方案。
2. [C] a mathematical rule expressed in a set of numbers and letters
公式，方程式
There is a special formula for calculating distance, if speed and
time are known.如果已知速度和时间,可以利用一个特别的公式计算距
离.
3. [C] a list of the chemical substances配方，处方
Someone has stolen the secret formula for the new drink.
有人偷了这种新饮料的秘密配方。
We have changed the formula of the washing powder.
我们已改变了洗衣粉的配方。
6.via prep. using; through 通过，经由，经过
It is thought that he was paid via a Swiss bank account.
据说他是通过一家瑞士银行的账户接受酬金的。
The message was broadcast all over the world via radio.
这条消息通过无线电向全世界播放。
7.bloom vi. 1. develop very good, attractive, or successful qualities 发展良好
Thanks to the effective management method, the company's
business bloomed last year. 由于管理方法得当，去年公司生意兴隆。
2. produce flowers, come into flower, or be in flower 开花，绽放
These flowers will bloom all through the summer.
这些花整个夏天都会绽放。
The flowers still bloomed as brightly in early September as they
had in July. 九月初的花开得仍然像七月的一样灿烂。
n. 1. [C] a flower on a plant 花
Their garden was full of wonderful blooms.
他们的花园里开满了美丽的花朵。
The apple trees are in full bloom at the moment.目前苹果树开满了花。
2. the best or most favorable time of sb./sth. 最佳时期，繁盛时期
He was only nineteen but the bloom of youth had already
disappeared from his face. 他只有19岁，但年轻人应有的朝气已从他脸
上消失了。
The young movie star was in the bloom of youth.
这位年轻的电影明星青春焕发。
8.bankrupt a. 1. unable to pay what one owes 破产的
The company went bankrupt because it couldn't sell its
products. 该公司因产品滞销而倒闭。
2. lacking in some good quality 彻底缺乏(某种良好事物)的
The politician became bankrupt in reputation. 这名政客名誉扫地。
n. [C] a person who is bankrupt 破产者
He was declared a bankrupt in 1991. 他在1991年被宣告破产。9.amid prep. in the middle of or surrounded by; among 在... ...中，被... ...围绕
On the floor, amid mountains of letters, were two small envelopes.
在地板上成堆的信中，有两只小信封。
Amid the confusion the two men slipped away quietly without being
noticed. 在混乱中，这两个人悄悄溜走了,未被人察觉。
10.margin n. 1. [C] 差额，利润
Our profit margin is very low. 我们的利润率很低。
Many small companies operate on very narrow margins.
许多小公司以微利经营着。
2. [C] 差数，余地，余裕
It is shown that the government is leading by the narrowest of
margins. 据显示，政府以最微弱的优势领先。
He left home early and caught the train by a comfortable margin.
他早早出门，很从容地坐上了火车。
3. [U, C] the empty space页边，页边的空白
If I have any comments to make, I'll write them in the margin.
我如果写评语的话，就会写在页边的空白处。
Draw a margin one inch wide down the edge of your paper.
沿着纸边划出1英寸宽的空白。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/284701939.html,unch vt. 1. begin (sth. such as a plan) or introduce (sth. new such as a
product) 发起（运动），推出（产品）
They launched a special party for the new book.
他们特地为这本新书的发行举行了一次聚会。
2. send (a new ship, etc.) into the water or send (a rocket, satellite,
etc.) into the sky or space使（船）下水；发射(火箭、卫星等)
As soon as the alarm was given, the lifeboat was launched.
警报声一响，救生艇立即被放下了水。
Our nuclear missiles can be launched at a moment's notice.
我们的核导弹一接到通知就可以随时发射。
n. (sing.) the act of launching 发起；发射
The rocket had a minor problem during its first launch last October.
去年十月，当火箭第一次发射时出现了一个小问题。
12.rival n.[C] a person, group, etc. competing with others 竞争对手，敌手
We were rivals in business. 我们曾经是商业上的竞争对手。
This collection of paintings has no rivals in the world.
这批藏画在世界上无与伦比。
vt. seem or be as good as 与……相匹敌，比得上
I think table tennis cannot rival football in excitement.
我认为乒乓球运动不如足球那样激动人心。
The beauty of the country is only rivaled by the violence of its politics.
这个国家的美丽只有其政治斗争之剧烈可以与之相比拟。
13.replacement n. 1. [C] a person or thing that replaces another 替代的人或物
The headquarters sent a replacement for the secretary who
was ill. 总部派人来接替生病的秘书。
We must find a replacement for Sue while she is away on
holiday. 苏外出度假期间我们得找一个人来替代她。
2. [U] replacing or being replaced 代替，替换，取代
The replacement of paper and pencil by computers
improves the efficiency a lot.电脑取代纸和笔,大大提高了效率。
14.crane v. stretch (one's neck) 伸长（脖子）
He craned his neck in order to get a better view. 他伸长脖子以便看得
更清楚。
She craned over the heads of the crowd to see what was happening.
她在人群中伸长脖子，想看看发生了什么事。
n. [C] a machine for lifting and moving heavy objects 起重机，吊车We used a crane to lift the piano into the theatre.
我们使用起重机将钢琴搬进剧场。
Part Two: Text Analysis
1.valentine: n. 1. a greeting card or small gift sent on Valentine's Day,February 14
在情人节送的礼物
After a few minutes she said, " I nearly forgot the valentine I
bought yesterday!" 几分钟后，她说：“我差点儿忘了昨天买的情人节
卡！”
2. a sweetheart 在情人节寄卡片或礼物的情人
Poor Tom asked me to be his valentine for this Valentine's Day.
可怜的汤姆要我在这个情人节充当他的心上人。
Valentine's Day圣瓦伦丁节，情人节（2月14日，情人多在此日互赠礼物）
2.go out of style: be out of date不再时兴，过时
Such kind of furniture has long gone out of style. 这种家具早已过时了。
When did long skirts go out of style? 长裙什么时候过时了？
3.offer sth. to sb.: give sth. to sb. 向某人提供，向某人提出
The universities are now offering a wider range of courses to students for them to choose from. 现在大学提供更多样的课程让学生选择。
The booklet offers practical advice to people with housing problems.
这本小册子为有住房问题的人提供切实可行的建议。
4.range from… to…: vary or extend between certain limits在一定范围内变化或扩展
The ages of the children who took part in the activity range from five to fifteen.
参加这项活动的孩子，年龄由5岁至15岁不等。
The increase in GDP in various provinces of the coastal region ranged from several to several dozen times. 沿海地区各省的国内生产总值的增长从几倍至几十倍不等。
5.look like: look as if; be likely to result in sth. or doing sth. 看起来像；好像要
The field looked like a possible site for the competition. 该场地看来有可能成为比赛场地。
The rain does not look like stopping. 这雨看来不像要停的样子。
6.in: prep. (showing division or arrangement) so as to be
Please pack the books in tens. 请将这些书10本一包地包装好。
The teacher asked the students to sit in groups so as to have group discussion.
老师让学生们以小组为单位坐好，以便进行小组讨论。
7.be left over: remain after the rest has been used or divided剩下来，留下来
If you divide 7 by 3, you have 1 left over. 7被3除余1。
After sharing out the apples, there were two left over.这些苹果分完后还剩下两个。
I gave the children two apples each and I had three left over. 我给孩子们每人
两个苹果，我还剩下三个。
8.hold down: keep at a low level; keep down(使)保持低水平,(使)不增加,(使)不升高
The owner of the flower shop has promised to hold its prices down. 花店的主人答应降低价格。
The rate of interest has been held down. 利息率被压低了。
9.stuffed animals: toy animals with sth. inserted inside
stuff: vt. fill with a substance; push sth. into, esp. as filling material
The shops are stuffed full of goods. 商店里存货充足。
Mother stuffed the pillow with cotton. 母亲用棉花填充枕头。
Don't stuff anything else in, or the bag will burst.别再塞东西了,不然袋子会胀破的.
10.account for : 1) supply the amount that is mentioned占去
Computer software accounts for 70% of our range of
products. 电脑软件占我们产品种类的70%。
2) explain or give a reason for sth. 解释
How do you account for your long absence from classes
without asking for leave? 你如何解释你不请假而长期缺课的行为？
That accounts for the delay of the train. 那就是火车晚点的原因。
11.go down: become lower; fall下降，降低
The standard of performance has gone down since last year. 表演水平自去年以来下降了。
Egg prices usually go down in the spring, when they are more plentiful. 春季
蛋价通常会下降，因为此时蛋很多。
12.nothing but: only只有，除... ...以外什么也不
He was wearing nothing but a pair of swimming trunks. 他只穿了一条游泳裤。
Don't have him for a friend: he's nothing but a criminal. 别把他当朋友；他只是个罪犯。
Compare: anything but: not at all; far from
That little bridge is anything but safe. 那座小桥一点也不安全。
The result is anything but successful. 结果并不成功。
13.chase sb./sth. out: force sb./sth. to run away; drive sb./sth. away驱赶，驱逐
Let's chase the cat out of the kitchen. 我们把猫赶出厨房吧。
14.work with sb.: do the work with sb. 与某人共事,与某人协作
I find it so interesting to work with young people in this department.
我感到在这个部门同年轻人一起工作很有趣。
If you can't work with others, you will have to leave.
要是你跟其他人合不来，你就得离开了。
15.get a break: have good luck 交好运，时来运转
Keep trying. You're bound to get a break sooner or later.
继续尝试，迟早你会交好运的。
break: n. a chance (esp. to make things better); a piece of good luck
He's had a good year with several big breaks. 这一年他事事顺利，好运连连。
Anna got a lucky break yesterday when the teacher failed to notice she was late for class. 安娜昨天运气不错，上课迟到而老师却没有注意到。
16.be on one's side: help sb. in achieving sth.; hold the same views as sb. 对某人
有利；赞同某人的意见
The law is not on their side. 法律不支持他们。
Justice is on our side. 正义在我们这一边。
17.on: prep. by means of
A car runs on petrol. 汽车靠汽油开动。
They live on potatoes. 他们以土豆为食。
18.long for: have a desire for sth.; want sth. very much渴望，极想
I'm longing for a cool drink, aren't you? 我很想喝杯冷饮，你想不想？
I hope she isn't going to spend the rest of her life longing for that red-haired
boy. 我希望她在以后的日子里不会老想着那红发男孩。
Price reductions are longed for, but unlikely. 人们渴望降价，可降价不太可能。19.generate: vt. cause to exist; create
This book will continue to generate excitement for a long time. 这本书将在很长一段时间内继续使人们为之激动。
Loud laughter was generated all through the crowd. 人群中发出大笑声。
20.the good old days: an earlier period of time (in one's life or in history) seen as
better than the present （在人的一生中或在历史上）过去的美好时光
The friends met now and then to chat about the good old days at school.
朋友们偶尔聚会，畅谈学生时代的美好时光。
My mother often talks about the good old days but they sound like the bad old days to me. 我母亲常常谈起昔日的美好时光，但是在我听起来那些日子挺艰难的。
Unit Seven Section B
Part One: New Words
1.beneath prep. 1. in or to a lower position than; under在...下方，往...下面
I had arranged to meet him beneath the statue in the park.
我和他约好在公园的塑像下碰头。
Jack hid the letter beneath the newspaper.
杰克把信藏在报纸下面。
2. not worthy of 不值得，与... ...不相称
She always thought that she had married beneath her.
她总认为自己下嫁了。
He considers such jobs beneath him. 他认为做这样的工作配不
上他的身份。
adv. in or to a lower position; below 在下方，在底下
We looked down from the plane at the fields spread out
beneath.我们从飞机上俯瞰下面绵延的土地。
He was standing on the bridge gazing down at the river
beneath. 他站在桥上，凝视着桥下的河水。
2.conquer vt. 1. take control of (foreign land or a group of people) by force
征服，攻克
The Spanish conquered the New World in the sixteenth century.
西班牙人在16世纪征服了新大陆。
They conquered the southern part of the kingdom with ease.
他们比较顺利地占领了这个王国的南部地区。
2. overcome; gain control over 克服；制伏
There has been an international effort to conquer cancer.
全世界都在努力征服癌症。
After many attempts to climb it, the mountain was finally
conquered in 1985. 经过多次努力攀登，终于有人在1985年登上了
这座山的顶峰。
3. succeed in gaining the favor, praise, love of征服,赢得
Mike Smith, a famous violinist, presented beautiful music at the
concert and conquered all the audience. 著名小提琴演奏家迈克.
史密斯在音乐会上演奏了美妙的音乐，征服了所有的听众。
3.conquest n. [U, C] 征服；克服；掠取物；征服的土地(或人们)
The statement laid bare its ambition for world conquest.
这项声明完全暴露了它征服世界的野心。
Her beauty won her many conquests. 她的美貌使许多人倾倒。
4.metric a. a system of measurement that uses meters, etc. 公制的，米制的
Most industry has used the metric system for years.
大多数工业多年来一直用公制。
Metric unit is a measuring unit used internationally.
公制单位是国际通用的计量单位。
5.voltage n. [U, C] electrical force 电压
Danger! High voltage. 危险！高压电。
They are safe to use because they only need low voltage.
它们使用安全，因为它们只需要很低的电压。
6.approximate a. almost correct or exact近乎准确的，大概的，近似的
The train's approximate time of arrival is 10: 30.
列车到达的时间大约是10:30。
The approximate number of children in the school is 300.
这所学校的学生数大约为300人。
v. come near (to) in amount, nature, etc. 大约，近似
Could you approximate the cost? 你能大致估算一下成本吗？
The design approximates perfection. 这个设计几乎是完美的。
The cost of the project will approximate $10,000.
这个项目的成本大约为一万美金。
7.underground ad. 1. under the surface of the ground 在地面下，在地下
You can park underground below the cinema.
你可以把车停在电影院下面。
The waste was buried deep underground.
垃圾被深深地埋在地下。
2. in secret; in or into a secret place；hidden from public view
秘密地，不公开地
They were forced underground, and their leaders went
into hiding. 他们被迫转入地下，他们的领导也隐藏了起来。
The news has been passed on underground, but hasn't
appeared in the newspapers.
这条消息一直在私下传播，但还没有见诸报端。
a. secret 秘密的，地下的
The police started looking for the underground movement
leaders. 警察开始搜寻地下运动的领导人。
8.spur vt. strongly encourage (sb./sth.) to do sth. 激励，鞭策，促进
Many shops cut prices just before Christmas in an attempt to spur sales.
许多商店在圣诞节前减价促销。
He was constantly spurred on by a fear of failure.
他担心会失败，这种想法不断刺激他发奋图强。
n. [C] a thing that encourages a person on to greater activity刺激物,激励Ambition is an excellent spur for the young.
雄心对年轻人是一种极其有效的推动力。
The manager said that the team's win on Saturday would be a spur to
even greater effort this season.
经理说球队星期六的胜利将激励队员们在本赛季中付出更多的努力。
9.invasion n. [U, C] invading or an instance of this 入侵，侵略；侵犯
Invasion of local markets by foreign electronics manufacturers has
been extensive. 外国电子制造商广泛侵入当地市场。
To avoid a possible invasion by its neighbor, the country is seeking
help through diplomatic channels. 为避免邻国入侵，这个国家正通过
外交途径寻求帮助。
10.punctual a. arriving, doing sth. or happening at the correct time 准时的,守时的
Please have a punctual start to the meeting. 请准时赴会。
I am not a particularly punctual person myself.
我本人不是一个严守时间的人。
11.equivalent n. [C] a thing that is equal in value相等物，等价物；意义相同的词
What's the equivalent of fifty pounds in dollars?
50英镑相当于多少美元？
That dress cost the equivalent of a week's salary.
买那件连衣裙花的钱相当于一个星期的工资。
a. equal in value, amount, meaning, importance相等的,等值的,相当的
Changing his job was roughly equivalent to firing him.
给他调换工作无异于把他解雇。
She's doing the equivalent job in the new company but for more
money. 她在新的公司里做相同的工作，但报酬要高。
12.up-to-date a. modern or having the most recent information 现代化的，最新的
It's an old house but it has all of the up-to-date conveniences
you would want.这是一座旧房子，但它有你所想要的所有现代化设备。
Great trouble is taken to keep our textbooks up-to-date.
我们尽了很大的努力以使我们的课本跟上形势。
up-to-date fashions 新潮时装
an up-to-date electric power station 先进的发电站
an up-to-date dictionary 最新的词典
13.pessimistic a. expecting the worst to happen 悲观的，悲观主义的
The doctors are pessimistic about her chances of recovery.
医生对她康复的可能性表示悲观。
This might account for his pessimistic views.
这也许是他持悲观主义观点的原因。
14.reckon v. 1. think or consider 认为，估计
I don't reckon much of their chances of winning.
我认为他们赢的机会不大。
He was reckoned by everyone to be an honest man.
人人都认为他是个诚实的人。
2. calculate (time, price, age, etc.) approximately; guess 测算，猜想
Reckon how much you have spent. 算算你已经花掉多少钱了。
He reckoned that we were only a few miles from our school.
他估计我们距学校只有几英里了。
Part Two: Text Analysis
1.by land: (travel) by car or by train 从陆路
The journey to the far side of the island is quicker by land than by sea.
去岛的那一边走陆路比走水路快。
2.exclude sb. from: prevent from entering or taking part in sth.拒绝进入,拒绝接纳
Women are often excluded from positions of authority.
妇女常常被拒之于高层职位之外。
They excluded her from the meeting. 他们不让她参加会议。
3.for short: serving as a short form简称，缩写
She is called "Dianna", or "Di" for short. 她叫“戴安娜”，或简称“戴”。
The United Nations is called UN for short. 联合国简称UN。
4.behind schedule: later than the planned time比预定计划（时间）晚
Owing to the recent bad weather, the work is several weeks behind schedule.
由于近来天气不好，该项工作比预定时间晚了好几个星期。
The plane is two hours behind schedule. 这架飞机晚点两小时。
Compare: ahead of schedule: before the planned or expected time
We finished our job ahead of schedule. 我们提前完成了工作。
on schedule: at the planned or expected time
We finished our job on schedule. 我们按时完成了工作。
5.-proof: (comb. form.) treated or made so as not to be harmed by or to give
protection against sth. undesirable
This tent material is water-proof. 做这种帐篷的材料防水。
The engineer made great efforts to make this car bullet-proof. 工程师费了很大的劲才使这辆车防弹。
The workmen built this room sound-proof. 工人们将这间屋子建成隔音的。
6.given: prep. taking sth. into consideration
Given their inexperience, they've done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验这一点，他们已经做得很好了。
Given that you had very little help, I think you did very well under the circumstances. 考虑到你帮手不多，我想在这种情况下，你已经干得不错了。
7.if not for: if it weren't/hadn't been for; were it not for/had it not been for (Here
"for" is used in conditional sentences to introduce the only thing, which prevents the main part of the sentence from being true.) 要不是
The Earth would be a frozen ball if(it were)not for the radiant heat of the sun.
要不是太阳放射出热量，地球可能已经成了一个冰球了。
She might have forgotten that completely if not for the recurrent nightmares.
要不是常做那种噩梦，她可能已经完全忘记那件事了。
8.have ... in common: share interests, characteristics, etc. 有共同之处
They seem to be good friends although they have few interests in common. 他们虽然没有什么共同兴趣，但却好像是好朋友。
Though Lucy and Lily are sisters, they have little in common in terms of personality. 尽管露茜和莉莉是姐妹，但她们的性格差别很大。
9.die out: become less and less common and eventually disappear消亡；逐渐灭绝
The practice of educating the eldest son to be a priest is dying out. 培养长子成为牧师的习俗正在消亡。
Traditional grocers’ shops are fast dying out now that there are so many supermarkets. 由于大量超市的出现，传统的食品杂货店正在快速消失。
10.drag through: (cause to) go through slowly （使）缓慢地通过
The natives have to drag the wood for their huts through the forest, as they do not have the wheel. 当地居民没有车辆，为了修建棚屋，只好把木材从森林中拖出来。
The sail was dragging through the water. 帆船在水面上缓缓行驶。
11.introduce sb. to sth.: lead sb. to know sth. 使某人了解某物
I was first introduced to university politics on a most unfortunate occasion.
我在一个非常令人遗憾的场合第一次领略到了大学里的明争暗斗。
I shall always be grateful to my former teacher for introducing me to the study
of language. 我永远感激我以前的那位老师，是他把我引进了语言学习的大门。
12.go back to: return to (an earlier point in space or time) 回溯，追溯
The friendly contacts between our two peoples can go back to the 2nd century.
我们两国人民之间的友好往来一直可以追溯到公元2世纪。
The conflicts between the two big families go back to 1935. 这两大家族间的冲突可以追溯到1935年。
13.fare: n. the price charged to carry a person, as by bus, train, or taxi
All fares, please! (公共车辆售票员用语)请买票！
Now many bus routes in this city charge two yuan as a uniform fare for any distance. 现在，这座城市的许多公交路线无论距离远近都统一收取两元车费。
14.by far: (used for emphasizing comparative or superlative words) by a great
amount……得多；最……；显然
Jane is by far the best student in the class. 简显然是班上最好的学生。
It’s quicker by far to go by train. 乘火车要快得多。
15.faulty: a. having a fault or faults
a faulty switch 有毛病的开关
a faulty device 有毛病的装置
16.accuse sb./sth. of: blame sb./sth. by saying that they have done sth. morally
wrong or against the law谴责，控告
The middle-aged man has been accused of murdering his wife. 这个中年男人被指控谋杀了他的妻子。
He was accused of stealing cattle from the village. 他被指控从村里偷牛。
The girl accused her boyfriend of not being generous. 女孩指责她的男朋友胸襟狭窄。
17.in case: because of the possibility of sth. happening免得，以防
When you go to the concert tonight, take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
你们今晚去听音乐会时要带上雨伞，以防下雨。
Please remind me of the meeting on Friday in time in case I forget. 请及时提醒我周五开会的事，免得我忘记。
Compare: in case of: if or when sth. happens
In case of fire, break the glass and escape. 如果起火，就砸碎玻璃逃生。
In case of burglary, call 110 and the police will come immediately. 如发生入室行窃，即刻拨打110，警察会立即赶到。
a matter of time: sth. is certain to happen at some time in the future（某事肯定发生）只是时间问题而已
It would be only a matter of time before he went through with it. 他肯定会完成的，只是时间问题罢了。
It is a matter of time before she goes to the United States. 她肯定会去美国，这只是迟早的事。
复习book one unit seven 一、语音 1. quarter A. bar B. dark C. party D. warm 2. play A. Monday B. stay C. holiday D. says 3. pronounce A. trouble B. double C. without D. couple 4. forward A. word B. worse C. actor D. forty 5. rewrite A. whether B. net C. sell D. even 二、语法 6.—Can I speak to Mr. White, please -- Sorry, he is ____ business. A. in B. on C. at D. for 7. –Where are you --I’m in the ____ office. A. book B. booked C. booking D. books 8. My computer is ____. It doesn’t work now. A. down B. up C. in D. out 9. Nobody knows ___ it is going to rain or not. A. if B. whether C. what D. why 10. Nothing can ___ him into trouble. A. getting B. got C. get D. gets 11. Tom ___ at the house with one of his fingers in the distance. A. looked B. started C. knocked D. pointed are ___ for our teacher at the school gate now. A. waiting B. wait C. waited D. waits 13. Shanghai is larger than ____ city in China. A. any B. some C. any other D. some other do you go abroad --Once a year. A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How far found many people ___ inside the school library. A. look B. looked C. looks D. looking 16. Tom ___ lunch at school while we ___ lunch at home. A. eats; have B. eat; have C. eats; has D. eat; has 17. If he ____ tomorrow, I will call you. A. will come B. come C. comes D. came has found a wonderful ___ after graduation and she can earn a lot of money. She is so happy. A. work B. job C. interview D. chance 19. There is going to ___ a football match in our school next work. A. have B. be C. is D. was 20. She was doing her homework when her parents __ in last night. A. come B. coming C. came D. comes is ___ to smoke here. A. allow B. allows C. allowed D. allowing 22. We don’t like the color, and he doesn’t, _____. A. also B. too C. neither D. either 23. Return the book to me. It is not yours ___ mine. A. but B. except C. beside D. besides 24. We should help the people who are ___ trouble. A. in B. out c. out of D. on 25. The boys ___ some orange and went out for a walk. A. drink B. drank C. drinking D. drunk 26. ___ is clear that the trouble comes from the person. A. That B. This C. It D. Which 27. It won’t be long ___ you regret what you have done. A. since B. after C. before D. then 28. I looked __ and found nobody on the playground. A. for B. after C. in D. around decided to __ a taxi, because there was no bus at all. A. by B. take C. in D. on 30. I ___ traveling very much. In 2009, I ___ to Guilin and next year I ___ to the USA. A. like; go; went B. likes; went; go C. like; went; will go D. like; go; will go 三、词义搭配 56. passenger A. speak briefly of 57. mistake B. wrong idea or act 58. allow C. everyday 59. forgive D. a short journey 60. book (v.) E. permit, let sb. Do sth. 61. mention F. a person traveling 62. trip G. difficulty; wrong 63. daily H. excuse; pardon 64. trouble I. an opinion; thought 65. idea J. arrange, advance to have sth. 四、补全对话 A: Hello, I would like to speak to Mr. White. B: ___66____. A: This is Linda, your old friend. B: Oh, how are you, Linda ___67___. May I see you at your hotel right away B: ___68___, I have to check my schedule. Yes, that A:Great! I’ll be there I half an hour.
新黑马阅读答案 阅读部分 1 The Miracle of a Brother's Song 2 Using His Money to Help Others 3 What is a Good Student Like? 4 0pen Your Heart and be Honest 5 America in My Eyes 6 The First Man to Walk on the Moon 7 Schedule of Events 8 Advice for Teenagers 9 A Clever Girl 10 He Never Gives up 11 Sports 12 First Children's Bank Card Issued 13 Publish Your Own Book 14 My Teeth 15 Signs on the Roads 16 Living Things on the Earth 17 Effort and Patience 18 Eyes and Feet 19 A Country of Comics 20 The Direct Flights 21 Angry or Not 22 What's Your Favorite Weather? 23 Colorful Posters 24 Jazz, My Music 25 Chinese and Western Education 26 Is He a Robber? 27 Easy English . 28 Handshake 29 To Pick up Fresh Strawberries 30 Kinds of Supermarkets 31 Information Gap 32 Suffering from Divorce 33 A New Idea 34 Giving up His Bad Habits 35 Lucky 36 Advertisements-Good or Bad? . 37 Sale Posters . 38 The Secret of Success 39 You are Never too Old to Learn 40 Meat-eating Plant
第一章马克思主义哲学是科学的世界观和方法论 1. 我们研究哲学的性质，目的是（）。 A、使人们认识到学习哲学在人生中的意义 B、为了掌握一门生产知识 C、为了认识科学之科学 D、使人们一劳永逸 参考答案：A 2. 世界观是（）。 A、关于世界的观点 B、人们对整个世界的根本观点 C、世界上的所有观点 D、世界大观的简称 参考答案：B 3. 方法论是（）。 A、关于方法的理论体系 B、一种方法 C、方法和理论的对立统一 D、人们认识世界、改造世界的根本方法。 参考答案：D 4. 哲学的基本问题是（）。 A、世界观和方法论的关系问题 B、物质和运动的关系问题 C、真理和谬误的关系问题 D、思维和存在的关系问题 参考答案：D 5. 哲学上的两大基本派别是指（）。 A、主观唯心主义和客观唯心主义 B、辩证法和形而上学 C、唯物主义和唯心主义 D、可知论和不可知论 参考答案：C 6. 划分唯物主义和唯心主义的标准在于是否承认（）。 A、世界是普遍联系的 B、世界是运动、变化、发展的 C、世界是物质的 D、世界是统一的 参考答案：C 7. 肯定思维和存在有同一性，这是（）。 A、辩证法的观点 B、形而上学的观点 C、唯心主义的观点 D、可知论的观点 参考答案：D 8. 区分可知论与不可知论的标准是（）。
A、思维和存在有无同一性 B、可知与不可知有无同一性 C、先知与后知有无同一性 D、矛盾有无同一性 参考答案：A 9. 包含了“全世界无产者，联合起来！”著作是（）。 A、《资本论》 B、《矛盾论》 C、《实践论》 D、《共产党宣言》 参考答案：D 10. 哲学的性质有（）。 A、非实用性 B、非功利性 C、智慧性 D、技术性 E、永恒性 参考答案：ABC 11. 哲学的功能有：（）。 A、反思人自身实践和认识的成果 B、从世界观、方法论的高度指导人们的实践 C、提供万能的思想武器 D、为人们提供思维方法并训练人们的思维能力 E、提供永恒性的工作方法 参考答案：ABD 12. 哲学之所以能给人以智慧，是因为：（）。 A、哲学是理论化、系统化的世界观 B、哲学有智慧性 C、哲学是自然、社会和思维知识的概括和总结 D、哲学是世界观和方法论的统一 E、是科学的科学 参考答案：ACD 13. 哲学基本问题的两个方面是：（）。 A、本体论问题，即思维和存在谁为第一性、谁为第二性的问题 B、世界存在不存在的问题 C、世界是否永恒存在的问题 D、认识论问题，即思维和存在有无同一性的问题 E、世界是否运动的问题 参考答案：AD 14. 在世界本原问题上有以下主要观点：（）。 A、一元论：认为世界只有一个本原 B、二元论：认为世界有两个本原 C、三元论：认为世界有三个本原 D、四元论：认为世界有四个本原
常用物流英语专业英语词汇 一、常用物流英语50句 1.Modern logistics is one of the most challenging and exciting jobs in the world. 现代物流是世界上最富挑战性和最激动人心的工作。 2.Logistics is part of a supply chain. 物流是供应链的整体组成部分。 3.Logistics is anything but a newborn baby. 物流不是新鲜事。 4.Logistics is a unique global “pipeline”. 物流是独特的全球通道。 5.Logistics is related to the effective and efficient flow of materials and information. 物流所涉及的是物料和信息有效、快速的流动。 6.Logistics operation and management include packaging, warehousing, material handling, inventory control, transport, forecasting, strategic planning, customer service, etc. 物流操作和管理包括包装、仓储、物料搬运、库存控制、运输、预测、战略计划和客户服务等方面。 7.Logistics consists of warehousing, transportation, loading and unloading, handling, carrying, packaging, processing, distribution and logistics information.
UNIT SEVEN WHAT IS NATURE Lesson 23 教学设计一、教学目标 和“Bad. It's raining.”询问某地的天气状况并做出应答;能1.能用“How's the weather in Sydney?” 用“Ice/…can become water/….”说出冰、雪、雨、水的变化。 2.能认读词汇hot, become, clever, ice,并能在实际情景中运用。 3.能观察冷、热水在冰箱中放不同时间后温度的变化,并进行汇报。 4.能养成观察自然、热爱自然的意识。 二、教学重难点 1.教学重点: 和“Bad. It's raining.”询问某地的天气状况并做出应答;用(1)用“How's the weather in Sydney?” “Ice/…can become water/….”说出冰、雪、雨、水的变化。 (2)能认读词汇hot, become, clever, ice,并能在实际情景中运用。 2.教学难点: (1)用“How's t he weather in Sydney”和“Bad. It's raining.”询问某地的天气状况并做出应答;用“Ice/…ｃan become water/….”说出冰、雪、雨、水的变化。 (2)hot发音/?/的口型位置。 三、教具准备 单词卡片、头饰(教材人物),冰、雪、雨、水图片、水杯、热水、冰块、给学生的评价奖品(stickers:冰、雪、雨、水图片等)、教学课件等。 四、教学过程 (一)Listen and say
分析与提示 ·本单元的主题是大自然的一些现象及变化。本部分内容旨在通过对话,学习要求掌握的交际用语及单词,了解一些科普知识。 ·建议结合三年级学过的有关天气、季节的内容。进一步充实、深化教学内容。 1.导入 (1)师生从谈论天气和季节的对话形式导入。 T: What's the weather like today? Ss: It's…. T: What season is it now? Ss: It's winter. T: Yes, it's winter. And is it cold or hot in winter in Beijing? Ss: It's cold. T: What do we have in winter, snow or rain? Ss: Snow. T: It snows in winter in Beijing. In what season does it often rain in Beijing? Ss: In summer. T: That's right. 2.学习对话 1 (1)观察对话情景。 ·PPT中出示第一幅图场景(或将图贴在黑板上)。 T: Please look at the picture. What do you see in it? Ss: Maomao, Lala, snow, snowflakes….
商务英语翻译技巧 摘要 商务英语(Business English)是一种含有商务理论和实用商务的理论。在经济信息日益发达的现代社会，随着国际贸易的发展，商务英语翻译的作用越来越明显。本文，大致分为五个部分对商务英语翻译技巧进行分析。文章第一部分概括了商务英语以及商务英语翻译；第二部分分别从商务英语的文体特征、语言特点对其进行分析；之后三个部分分别介绍了翻译的方法和翻译的原则。最后进行总结。得出商务英语的翻译机巧和方法。 关键字：商务英语；翻译技巧；特点；文体特征 前言 商务英语是以国际间的商务往来为基础的语言交流，商务英语包括的范围比较广，例如：金融方面的英语、贸易英语、还有一些专业的英语等。这也说明了商务英语所涉及的范围比较广泛，涉及各行各业，这也就决定了从事商务英语翻译的人不仅仅需要有扎实的英语基本功，还有对其他方面的英语进行了解，这样一来才能使交易双方能够更好地沟通，完成交易。 现如今，整个世界融为了一个整体，各个国家之间的贸易往来逐渐丰富，目前在国际间最通用的就是英语。商务英语要求翻译者更加的精确、对等，因为商务英语中会涉及到很多文件、条款等信息，所以必须要精确。只有这样才能达到双方活动的顺利进行。尤其在我国，中西方文化差异较大，更应该注意这方面的问题。一字之差就容易铸成大错。所以，做好商务英语的翻译工作尤为重要。本文针对这一问题展开讨论，分析了商务英语的翻译技巧。 商务英语及商务英语翻译的概括 商务英语涉及范围很广,包括的种类也十分多。大部分跟国际商务活动有关的例如：国际贸易、会计、金融等方面所用到的英语都属于商务英语的范围。它涉及的领域主要包括对外贸易、招商引资、国际旅游、海外投资以及国际运输等方面。除了领域广泛之外,它还包括许多专业的英语例如：广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、包装英语等。因此，伴随着国际贸易的范围不断的扩大，越来越多的人，开始加入到翻译的这一事业之中。 对商务英语的翻译,在很长时间以来备受关注,商务英语翻译工作也是一项十分复杂的工作,由于其用途的广泛性和特殊要性,就决定了商务英语的翻译工作不能仅仅局限于传统的翻译中务词汇和具有较好的商务语法基础,这些是一个翻译者应该具备的原则和技巧,不能仅仅依靠“信、达、雅”的翻译要求来完成商务英语的翻译工作,必须依照商务文件的愿意,把它翻译的既能清楚的表达意义,又能够符合商务双方的语言习惯。在翻译的过程中一定要从实际情况出发,做到具体问题具体分析。 商务英语的特点 2.1商务英语的文体特征 2.1.1思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华 正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。长句分词、独立主格结构的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非常适合这种要求。例如： The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complet ion of Party A’s plant including the completion of inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.
《新黑马阅读》 是一套能够真正启迪孩子的心灵、 激励孩子成长的好书。 相信 《新黑马阅读》 能真正成为你精神的拐杖，希望扶着你慢慢地成长，希望看着你迈着铿锵的步伐长大，希望 看着你远去的背影成为世人瞻仰的风景。
TOP 作者简介
窦桂梅，现任清华附小校长，兼任清华大学附属小学商务中心实验小学校长。博士生， 全国著名特级教师。清华大学教育研究院基础教育研究所副所长，北京教育学院兼职教授， 国家重点课题语文教材编写组的编委编写人员。 出版《窦桂梅与主题教学》 《回到教育 原点》 《做有专业尊严的教师》 《窦桂梅的阅读课堂》 《优秀语文教师一定要知道的七件事》 《跟窦桂梅学朗读》《玫瑰与教育》《听窦桂梅老师课》等多部个人专著。作为教育部更新 观念报告团成员之一，曾在人民大会堂作《为生命奠基——语文教改的三个超越》在全国产 生广泛影响。 先后到全国各地做主题教学专题报告及课堂展示几百场。 提名全国中小学中青 年“十杰教师”，先后获得全国模范教师，全国师德先进个人，全国教育系统劳动模范，评为 “建国六十年来从课堂里走出来的教育专家”等荣誉称号。
TOP 目录
一 可爱世界 1．说空话的鼠王 2．枣红马 3．白帆和木桨 4．小猪的蛋糕房 5．大海的尽头在哪里 6．喜鹊的善良 7．枫树上的最后一片叶子 8．打错了算盘 9．小蚂蚱和小蜻蜓 10．迷路的小猪 二 人与自然 11．看不见的功臣——微生物 12．绿 13．春 一 可爱世界 1．说空话的鼠王 2．枣红马 3．白帆和木桨 4．小猪的蛋糕房 5．大海的尽头在哪里 6．喜鹊的善良 7．枫树上的最后一片叶子 8．打错了算盘 9．小蚂蚱和小蜻蜓 10．迷路的小猪 二 人与自然
1、电子数据交换的英文缩写为 EDI； 2、条形码的英文为 Bar Code; 3、第三方物流的英文缩写是 TPL 4、Autodiscrimination中文意思为自动辨别 5、Automated Warehouse 中文意思是自动化仓库 6、自动识别的英文是 Automatic Identification 7、Average Inventory 中文意思平均存货 8、Bar Code Reader 中文意思为条形码阅读器 9、Zero inventory 中文意思为零库存 10、ISO的全称为国际标准华组织 11、On-hand inventory 中文意思为现货 12、JITC 中文意思为准时供（送）货系统 13、B/L中文意思是提单 14、Turnover Ratio of inventory 中文意思为存货周转率 1、条形码系统包括 Bar Code、Bar Code Label、Bar Code Reader 2、仓库系统的设施包括Warehouse、Forks 、Goods Shelf 3、海运集装箱物流系统由 Container、Ship、Port 、Yard 4、运输工具为Air Cargo Carrier、Shipping Lines 、Motor Carrier 5、Carrier 中文意思是运送人、承运人 三、 1、Terminal 在港口物流中的含义是港口 T 2、Terminal 在电子商务中是终端机口 T 3、Cargo意为物运输 F 4、大量货物运输是Bulk carrier T 5、企业经营进出口均要付 Duty F 6、在仓库中的货物称为 Invention F 7、Quality Control 意思是品质管制 T 8、零售商店常常经客人Discount,以便助销。 T 9、Shipper和Carrier 是同一个货运的参与方。 T 10、Logistics的中文既是物流，又是后勤。 T 四、 1、Electronic Data Interchange Means 的意思是电子数据交换系统 2、Bar Code ,Bar Code Label and Bar Code Reader Compose A 条形码识别与 阅读System; 3、销售住处系统的英文是Point Of Sales 4、TEU指 20英尺集箱 5、Zero Inventory 意思是零库存 6、Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Is 物料需求计划
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 《大学英语》听力理解中的石化现象与对策 2 孔子与柏拉图的教育思想之比较研究 3 组织学习障碍及相应的对策 4 论《隐形人》中的象征主义 5 社会实践活动对大学生的重要性 6 英汉动物词汇文化内涵对比 7 浅谈象征在《了不起的盖茨比》中的运用 8 Cultural Connotation of Color Words in Chinese and Western Culture 9 《法国中尉的女人》中对维多利亚时代的批判 10 浅谈英语俚语 11 凯瑟琳安波特作品中的女性话语权威 12 从小说《百万英镑》中看对当今社会的讽刺意义 13 从女性主义视角解读《了不起的盖茨比》中的黛西 14 浅谈英语广告的特点及翻译 15 《白象似的群山》里的潜意识 16 写作教学中的范文教学 17 论奥斯卡王尔德唯美主义童话中的批判精神 18 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义 19 合作性学习在教学中的作用 20 合作原则在电影《暮光之城》人物心理分析中的应用 21 谈目的论视角下的商标翻译 22 试析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中两个奴隶的性格和命运 23 从《马拉喀什》和《射象》看乔治?奥威尔散文的艺术风格 24 唐诗中比喻修辞格的翻译——以许渊冲英译本为例 25 英语谐音双关的语义特点及其不可译性 26 模糊语言的社会语用功能 27 从民族服饰角度看中美文化价值 28 浅析好莱坞英雄主义中的传统英雄和反英雄形象 29 美国拓荒运动中的新女性形象－－读威拉凯瑟《我的安东妮娅》 30 广告英语的语言特征 31 英美小说《傲慢与偏见》和《飘》中的女性主体意识比较分析 32 《太阳照常升起》中“迷惘的一代”人物分析 33 跨文化视角下的中美社交礼仪的对比研究 34 Using Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs Theory to Analyze Sister Carrie’s Destiny 35 女性人格的双重性——从心理学的角度对比分析凯瑟琳和简爱 36 从女性主义探讨托尼?莫里森笔下黑人妇女自我意识的觉醒 37 《宠儿》中塞丝的性格特征分析 38 论中美商务沟通中的跨文化意识 39 论爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》中西丽女性自我的缺失与重塑 40 汉英“甜”字隐喻用法对比 41 中西方婚礼习俗的差异 42 A Feministic Study of the Theme of “The Chrysanthemums”（开题报告+论文+文献综述）
1. 唯物辩证法的总特征是（）。 A、联系的观点和发展的观点 B、否定的观点 C、矛盾的观点 D、物质第一性，意识第二性的观点参考答案：A 2. “城门失火， 殃及池鱼”说明（）。 A、任何事物和现象都是彼此联系的 B、任何事物和现象都是彼此孤立的 C、任何事物和现象之间的联系是主观随意的 D、事物之间是互不影响的参考答案： A 3. 唯物辩证法和形而上学分歧的焦点是（）。 A、是否承认事物的内部结构性 B、是否承认事物的量变 C、是否承认事物发展的根本原因在于事物内在的矛盾性 D、是否承认事物的相对 静止参考答案：C 4. 唯物辩证法所理解的联系是指（）。 A、各种事物和现象之间没有确定的界限，一切都是“亦此亦彼” B、每一事物和现 象都同其他事物和现象相区别 C、相互区别的事物和现象彼此都是孤立的 D、一切事物和现象都处于相互影响、相互作用和相互制约之中参考答案：D 5. 事物发展的根本动力是（）。 A、事物的相对性 B、事物的内在矛盾性 C、事物的变化 D、人的自觉能动性参考答案：B 6. 矛盾是反映（）。 A、事物之间互相对立，互相排斥、互相否定关系的范畴 B、对立面之间互相联系、互相转化关系的范畴 C、事物内部或事物之间的对立和同一及其关系的基本哲学范畴 D、主体和客体之 间互相对立的范畴参考答案：C 7. 有人认为矛盾不过是个命题或判断，它只存在于不正确的思维中，这种观点的实质是否认了矛盾的（）。 A、特殊性 B、客观性 C、相对性 D、条件性参考答案：B 8. 马克思主义普遍真理与中国革命具体实践相结合这一基本原则的哲学基础是 （）。 A、矛盾特殊性原理B、矛盾同一性与斗争性相结合的原理 C、矛盾共性与个性辩证统一的原理 D、矛盾发展不平衡原理参考答案：C 9. 事物 的度是指（）。 A、事物的临界点
Unit Seven Metropolises Listening and Speaking Teaching Aim: To improve Ss listening and speaking ability 1. Ss can catch correct information in the listening materials; 2. Ss can say something about any of the metropolises mentioned in the listening materials fluently and confidently. The important point: To arouse Ss’ interest and improve their listening and speaking ability The difficult points: 1. Ss may find it difficult to catch the information in the listening materials; 2. Ss are not good at taking notes while listening; 3. Ss are not used to expressing themselves in English in the face of a large audience. Teaching method: listening and speaking; group work Teaching procedure: I. Lead-in T: In the Text, we’ve learned about two international metropolises, New York and London. What’s your impression of the two cities? Anything special about them? Please say something about the two cities according to the given words or phrases. New York 1) predict 2) regard …as… 3)be located 4)the United Nations 5)fascinating, fascinate London 1)be once known as… 2)The days are gone … 3) see 4)spring up 5)such concerns as…, remain T: Yes, very good! And today we’re going to learn about some other metropolises. II. While-task 1. Ex C on P105 What do you know about the two cities? 1) T: First, please open your books and turn to page 105. We have Ex C here. As you can see, we ‘ve got two pictures about another two metropolises in the United States: Los Angeles and San Francisco. And we’ve also got a form with blanks in it.
商务英语中的委婉表达与翻译 商务英语是目前国际商务活动中一种特定的专门用途英语,它所涉及的范围较广、且具备独特的表现内容和语言现象。因此,商务英语中的委婉表达和翻译更是最为关键的一个部分。分析了商务英语委婉语的交际功能,以及对商务英语 中的委婉表达与翻译进行了有效的探讨。 标签：商务英语;委婉表达;翻译 随着经济全球化的发展,世界各国之间的经济文化交流日趋频繁,而商务英语翻译作为不同国家的企业之间的交流手段和媒介,在沟通上发挥了至关重要的作用。商务人员在商务洽谈中常常借助委婉的预期和表达方式来作为重要的修辞手段,它能够含蓄的、礼貌的说出自己的观点和看法,给客户一定的建议和请求,从而 有效的达到贸易双发所预期的目的。 1 委婉语的交际功能 1.1 避讳功能 由于人类对于某些事物或现象的恐惧在语言表达时不愿言、不敢言,但有时又不得不表达出某种意思,于是人们便学会用委婉语来代替。例如各个民族中对于“死”的说法都有各自的委婉语。讲英语的国家的人们和许多民族一样,忌讳直接说。英语中的“死也有多种表达形式。人们常用“去了”(topassaway),“离别人”(todepart),“最后一觉”(finasl eep),得到安息(tohavefoundrest)等词来代替说某人 “死了”(todie)。 1.2 礼貌功能 委婉语的另一个功能是在交际中避免冒昧和非礼,当迫不得已要涉及令人不快的事情时,应选择委婉的表达法以避免伤害对方的感情。在社交时,人们总讲究以礼相待,尽量避免非礼言行。使用委婉语,说话人不仅显得彬彬有礼,还因照顾了对方的情面往往可获取对方的好感和认可。如见到英(美)国老太太,开头就用老字似乎不太好,常常会惹得对方不理睬,于是一些委婉语就应运而生,例如:thelonger1Mng(年长者)等来代替“old age”(长者,前辈)和“senility”(老态龙钟) 等。
新黑马阅读六年级答案 临终前的愿望 年轻的母亲正低头凝视着心爱的儿子——6岁的帕尔斯。他患了白血病，已经是晚期了。母亲心中充满悲伤。像其他的父母一样，她曾热切地盼望孩子长大，去实现他的每一个美好的梦想。但这一切都不可能了。尽管如此，她还是希望能实现孩子的一个愿望。 她托起帕尔斯柔软的小子，轻声问道：“孩子，还想不想那些你想长大做的事？” “妈妈，我总想着长大要当个救火队员。” “好，咱们看看这个愿望能不能实现。” 第二天，母亲来到了她家住的亚利桑那州凤凰城消防队，见到了消防队长鲍（bào）伯。他是个十分热心的、有责任感的人。 母亲说明了来意，问能否让帕尔斯乘坐一小会儿救火车。 鲍伯说：“我们还能做得更多、更好些。我们可以让他当一整天的荣誉消防队员。星期三早上七点我去接他来我们的驻地，一有火警电话我们就山发。对了，请给我他穿衣服的尺码，我们给他定做一套消防员的小制服，还有真正的带护颈的钢盔——可不是玩具店卖的那种，上面有我们凤凰城消防队的徽（huī）章，还有油布雨衣和橡胶靴（xuē）子。” 星期三的早上，鲍伯到医院来接帕尔斯，他带来了他答应下的一切。瘦弱、苍白的小帕尔斯穿上了合身的消防员制服，戴上了头盔，他一扫病态，双目明亮，满面笑容。医生护士和小病人们都跑来看，
啊，真是棒极了!大家兴奋地为他鼓掌。在鲍伯的护卫下，他离开病床走到院子里，登上了正在等待他的真正的救火车一一鲜红的，有一大排闪光信号灯、有可旋转云梯和大吊钩的救火车。 消防队员们排着队欢迎小帕尔斯，还有两名，女队员呢！帕尔斯和他们一起在餐厅吃早饭。这是一顿普通的但营养丰富的早餐，帕尔斯觉得这是他一生中最好吃的一顿饭。 这一天共接到3个火灾电话，每次救火帕尔斯都跟着出发。他坐了一次救火车，一次救护车，一次救火指挥车。凤凰城电视台抢拍新闻时把帕尔斯 也拍了进去，并介绍说：“他是帕尔斯，消防队的小荣誉队员，是消防队的接班人。” 帕尔斯的愿望实现了。他说：“我真是幸福极了，我是最最幸福的孩子。”他比医生估计的多活了3个月。在这3个月里，他每天都要回想起这件事。 一天晚上，帕尔斯已经走到了他生命的尽头，他的母亲、父亲都守在他身边。当班的护士长给消防队打了电话，希望能有一名穿了制服的消防队员也来陪伴帕尔斯。 鲍伯在电话中说：“我们还可以做得更多、更好些。我们5分钟后就到，当听到警笛声、看到红灯闪时，请告诉医院的保安部门这不是火灾，是消防队来看望他们的小队员。另外，请打开帕尔斯病房的窗户。”
马克思主义哲学随堂练习（参考答案是正确）
第一章马克思主义哲学是科学的世界观和方法论 1. 大学生的培养目标主要是（）。 A、实现其思维能力的提高和思维方式的转变 B、培养其熟练的技巧 C、认识大师 D、享受大学教育 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：A 问题解析： 2. 名牌大学的毕业生大都在工作中表现出较强的竞争能力，因为（）。 A、他们有名牌效应 B、他们有比较深厚的理论基础和正确的思维方式 C、他们有较好的教育条件 D、他们有天才 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：B 问题解析： 3. 马克思主义哲学是（）。 A、马克思本人的哲学思想 B、马克思和恩格斯的哲学思想 C、马克思创立的理论体系 D、一种具有科学形态的世界观和方法论 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：D 问题解析： 4. 大师是指（）。 A、有知识的人 B、有高级职称的人 C、有教养的人 D、有新思想的人 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：D 问题解析： 5. 我们研究哲学的性质，目的是（）。 A、使人们认识到学习哲学在人生中的意义 B、为了掌握一门生产知识 C、为了认识科学之科学 D、使人们一劳永逸
答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：A 问题解析： 6. 智慧是（）。 A、人的认识能力和实践能力的高度统一 B、一门生产知识 C、很玄的知识 D、不变的知识 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：A 问题解析： 7. 世界观是（）。 A、关于世界的观点 B、人们对整个世界的根本观点 C、世界上的所有观点 D、世界大观的简称 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：B 问题解析： 8. 方法论是（）。 A、关于方法的理论体系 B、一种方法 C、方法和理论的对立统一 D、人们认识世界、改造世界的根本方法。 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：D 问题解析： 9. 反思是（）。 A、反过来思考 B、人们通过对自身实践和认识的结果进行反复思考，形成更深刻思想的过程。 C、反向思维 D、反复无常，思潮起伏 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：B 问题解析： 10. 哲学的基本问题是（）。
Unit Six Alternative Evaluation and Choice Text A Feasibility determination Every decision involves at least two options. Even though a single proposal was presented, decision makers have a choice between the proposal and doing nothing. Evaluation appraises the positive impacts and the negative impacts of alternative options in terms of either a single or multiple decision criteria. Determining relevant impacts to particular decision and specifying the appropriate decision criteria are related to the value system within which the choice is to be made. In the case of transportation decisions in the public sector, the operating value system is not that of any single individual or subgroup but that of the community as a whole. There exist conflicting value systems within society. Consequently, transportation decision also entails the resolution of conflicts. 每一项抉择至少包含两个选项，即使是一个单一的提议，决策者也可以选择执行这个提议或什么也不做。不管是根据单一的还是多样化的决策标准，评估的目的在于评价每个选项的积极影响和消极影响。（人们）在做决定时，确立具体抉择的相关影响并详细说明合理的评判标准与其价值体系是相关联的。在公共部门的交通决策中，其价值体系代表的不仅是某一个人或小团体的利益，而是整个社区的价值体系。社会中常存在着相互冲突的价值体系，因此，交通决策也包含着解决（价值冲突）的问题。 Two types of evaluation studies are commonly undertaken: pre-implementation studies, which facilitate the choice of the best course of action from among several alternative proposals, and post-implementation studies, which assess the performance of already implemented action. Post-implementation studies are important for two reasons. First, they help to discover whether or not the implemented alternative performs well, and second, they help to determine whether or not it continues to perform properly over time. This is especially important in the case of transportation systems, which are subject to changing conditions and also to evolving goals and objectives. Continuous monitoring and periodic performance evaluation can help identify emerging problems and also provide guidance to the design of possible improvements. （交通决策中）通常存在着两种类型的评估调查：实施前调查，这有助于在几种备选方案中选出最佳方案；实施后调查，用于评估实施项目的各项性能指标。实施后调查非常重要，原因有二：第一，它有助于发现实施项目是否运行良好；第二，它有助于确定（实施项目）随着时间流逝仍然能良好运行。在易受条件、目标和目的改变影响的交通运输系统中，（实施后调查）显得尤为重要。持续的监测和周期性的性能评估有助于发现问题，为可能的改进设计提供帮助。 An alternative must be both feasible and superior to all others in order to be selected for implementation. The prerequisites to the admission of an alternative to the list of acceptable options include the conditions of technological feasibility, economic efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, and availability of the needed resources. We present the fundamental elements of efficiency and effectiveness evaluation techniques, along with brief description of their conceptual foundations and their major strengths and weaknesses. 用于实施的选择方案必须具有可行性且优于其他备选方案。（项目中）能够进入候选名单的