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汉英语言对比 期末考试

汉英语言对比 期末考试
汉英语言对比 期末考试

2011-2012学年第二学期《汉英语言对比》期末考试试题

1.英语汉语的差别,可以大致分为八类:刚性与柔性; 聚集与流散; 形合与意合; 物称与人称; 被动与主动; 静态与动态; 抽象与具体; 显性与隐性。选取其中之一,结合所学内容,按照自己理解,自拟题目,写结课论文一篇,字数不少于1000字。要求:立论明晰,例证充分,方法合理,结构完整。

或:

2.下列是朱自清散文《匆匆》中的一段话和三个译本,试从汉英语言对比角度,简单评述。要求:字数不得少于150字。

燕子去了,有再来的时候;杨柳枯了,有再青的时候;桃花谢了,有再开的时候。但是,聪明的,你告诉我,我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?——是有人偷了他们吧:那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了吧:现在又到了哪里呢?

我不知道他们给了我多少日子;但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。在默默里算着,八千多日子已经从我手中溜去;像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里,我的日子滴在时间的流里,没有声音,也没有影子。我不禁汗涔涔而泪潸潸了。

1)Rush (translated by Zhu Chunshen)

Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of re-greening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? — If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide then? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment?

I do not know how many days I have been given to spend, but I do feel my hands are getting empty. Taking stock silently, I find that more than eight thousand days has already slid away from me. Like a drop of water from the point of a needle disappearing into the ocean, my days are dripping into the stream of time, soundless, traceless. Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tears welling up in my eyes.

2)Transient Days (translated by Zhang Peiji)

If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment?

I don't know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away. Counting up silently, I find that more than 8,000 days have already slipped away through my fingers. Like a drop of water falling off a needle point into the ocean, my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace. At the thought of this, sweat oozes from my forehead and tears trickle down my cheeks.

3)Days Gone By (translated by Zhang Mengjing)

When the swallows have gone, there is still time to return; when the poplar and willow trees have become withered, there is still time to see green; when the peach flowers have already faded, there is still time to blossom. But please tell me, the genius, why then have my days gone and never returned? If some people have stolen them, then who are they? And where are they hidden? If they have escaped by themselves, then where are they now?

I don't know how many days I have been given, but the in my hands are becoming numbered. Counting silently, eight thousand days have slipped by. Just like water drops a pinpoint dripping slowly into the vast ocean, my days been dripping into the river of time, quietly and invisibly. I can’t help dripping with sweat and weeping many tears.

注:格式:5号宋体(英语部分用times new roman),题目用黑体。正文12磅行距。并于6月18日前统一交由何丹打包发送试卷电子文稿至434813040@https://www.doczj.com/doc/238424970.html,备查。打印版于6月20日前统一交给何丹,过期不候。

从英汉语言文化差异谈翻译论文

2.称呼方式 近年来,很多说英语的人倾向于用名来称呼别人,这个现象在美国人当中尤其普遍,甚至是初次见面的时候。这个不仅适用于同龄人,也适用于年龄不同的人。听到一个小孩称呼一个年龄很大的人为joe, ben, may, helen是很平常的事。很多大学生直呼他们教授的名字,教授不把这个看作是一种不尊敬或不熟悉,而是把他看作是一种谦恭有礼和平等。 中国人称呼自己的家人、亲戚或近邻为二哥,三姐,四婶,周大伯,而这些不应当被转译成英语。中国人的称呼方式通常是使用一个人的头衔、办公室、职业等,比如,黄局长、林经理、马校长,但是很少听到说英语的人说“bureau director”, “manager jackson”, “principle morris”。 英汉亲属称谓的文化差异与互译 中文摘要 语言是文化的载体,称谓不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化现象。英汉语言中亲属称谓的不同,可以说从一个侧面反映了东西方文化的差异。本文试图从人们较为熟悉的英汉亲属称谓习惯和语义进行比较分析,揭示其中所隐含的文化意蕴。它们属于不同的称谓制度,具有不同的称谓习惯和泛化现象。家庭类型、血缘关系、宗法观念、文化取向、礼貌原则等是造成两者文化差异的主要原因。因此通过对亲属称谓的属性和用法的分析和对比,可以对一个民族的传统文化窥见一斑。汉英称谓在形式、语用意图、文化内涵上存在诸多差异,通过两种语言称谓系统的归纳对比,挖掘各自的文化内涵,对中英称谓语的翻译提出三种方法。关键词: 亲属称谓;文化差异;比较;翻译

Cultural Differences and Translation between English and Chinese Kinship Terms Abstract Language is the carrier of culture, kinship term is not only a part of language but also a kind of culture. The differences between English and Chinese kinship terms reflect the cultural differences between East and West to some extend. From the comparative analys is of usages and meanings of kinship addressing system between Chinese and English which people familiar with,the paper is to reveal the cultural implication in it. They belong to different kinship addressing systems also have different usages of kinship terms and developments. The main reasons for cultural differences lie in the family structure, consanguinity, patriarchy concept, culture adoption and courtesy principle. The comparative analysis of its features and usages can help us to understand the cultural differences between Chinese and English. Based on the great differences in the title and kinship addressing system between Chinese and English, and their complicated pragmatic intentions and cultural implications in use, the paper systematically compares the two systems, and reveals their respective culture specific implications. Finally, three methods are presented on how to translate addressing forms between Chinese and English. Key words: kinship term; cultural difference; comparison; translation 语言是文化的载体,称谓不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化现象。英汉语言中亲属称谓的不同,可以说从一个侧面反映了东西方文化的差异。因此通过对亲属称谓的属性和用法的分析和对比,可以对一个民族的传统文化窥见一斑。 一、英汉亲属称谓的差异 (一)、英汉亲属称谓的复杂程度差异 汉语亲属称谓复杂,英语简单。“亲属称谓(Kinship term)是一定的亲属制度(Kinship system)所产生的文化符号,它以简单的术语形式反映复杂的亲属制度。”[1](P139)汉语称谓语要比英语称谓语繁杂细致得多,汉语要区分血亲姻亲,如伯父、叔父、姨母和伯母、婶母、姨父;区分宗族非宗族,如爷爷、侄儿、孙子和外公、外甥、外孙等;区分父系母系,如叔叔、姑妈、堂兄和舅舅、姨妈、表兄等;区分长幼辈份,如哥哥、姐姐和弟弟、妹妹等。而英语的亲属称谓就显得简单得多,仅用几个词就能全部涵盖,如grandparent(爷爷,外公,奶奶,外婆),brother(哥哥,弟弟),sister(姐姐,妹妹),uncle(伯父,叔父,姨父,舅舅,姑父),另外,英语中的一些亲属称谓非常笼统,没有指明具体关系。所以像Linda?s bother married Michelle?s sister这句话就很难准确地译成汉语,因为不知道brother是Linda的哥哥还是弟弟,sister是Michelle的姐姐还是妹妹。还有cousin这个称谓,有时连男女都不分了。在西方国家,亲属关系的涵盖和延伸范围远没有中国那么广阔。 (二)、英汉亲属称谓关系表达清楚性差异

英汉语言差异比较研究

英汉语言差异比较研究 廖国强夏宏钟 (四川理工学院,四川643000) 摘要:在经济全球化的当今世界,我们对外交往中跨文化的言语交际显得愈发重要。本文通过对英汉语言的对比研究,就两种语言中常见的差异点进行了分析与归纳。 关键词:英语汉语差异 语言是文化的载体, 不同的文化氛围自然会呈现不同的文化形态,而这种文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异。著名语言学家赵元任认为,“所谓语言学理论,实际上就是世界各民族语言综合比较分析研究得出的科学结论。”通过对比分析和研究,我们不仅可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性与差异,认识不同语言的各个层面的相似性和差异性,而且能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法,有利于跨文化交际中防止语言表达错误,避免运用失当,从而达到成功交际的目的。 1. 谱系的差异 作为世界通用语言的英语,属于印欧语系(Indo-European language family),是一种拼音(alphabetic)文字,单词有重音、次重音等,没有四种声调(tone),但句子可以有不同的语调(intonation);汉语属于汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan language family),是一种表意(ideographic)文字,音节有四种声调变化,语调也很丰富。 2. 语言类型的差异 英汉语言从形态学分类来看,英语属于综合分析语(synthetic-analytic language),是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言,即主要通过词本身形态变化(inflected forms)来表达语法意义;汉语是以分析型为主的语言(analytic language),即语法关系不是通过词本身的形态变化来表达,而是通过虚词和词序(word order)等手段来表示。 3.词汇的差异 1)功能上的差异 英语的冠词和汉语的量词、助词为各自语言所独有,通常无直接对应。英语中无汉语中的助词,但可通过动词的时态和体式、句式陈述与疑问等与汉语的助词功能相对应;汉语中也没有英语中的关系词和反身代词,但可通过词组、短句和相应的词汇运用来替代;英语中谓语动词的使用要受一定限制,汉语中动词的使用灵活,受限小,因而导致汉语多用动词,英语多用名词的现象;英语中的连词和介词的使用频率比汉语中更高;英汉语言都有许多相同的构词手段,但重叠法汉语常用,如千千万万、家家户户、干干净净等,英语罕用;英语的典型特征是词缀丰富,汉语的典型特征是形态变化少;英语多代词,汉语多实称;英语多变化,力戒重复,常常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复。汉语用词不怕重复,常常运用实称、还原、复说的表达方法。如:He hated failure,he had conquered it all his life,risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败,他一生曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。 2)词序上的差异 英语句中单词修饰语一般放在中心词前面,短语和从句一般放在中心词后面,汉语定语无论单词还是词组一般放在中心词前面;英语的谓词状语一般可出现在动词前后,汉语的谓词状语常在动词之前;英语中叙述和说明事物时,习惯于从小到大,从特殊到一般,从个体到整体,从近到远。汉语的顺序一般则是从大到小,从一般到特殊,从整体到个体,从远到近,两者顺序完全相反。 3)词义上的差异

汉英语言对比 重点知识

对比分析在外语教学中可以用于什么方面? 摹声格与Onomatopoeia的差异(汉语的摹声格与Onomatopoeia的区别) 1.以语音的形式对自然界发出的声音进行直接的摹拟就是汉语的摹声格与英语 的Onomatopoeia。2.汉语的摹声格使用迭音词或迭音结构,大多表达为四种模式:AA,ABB,AABB,ABAB.英语的Onomatopoeia没有这种叠音形式,英语的拟声词绝大部分是单音节词,这与汉语正好相反。3.差异:1、不同语言的民族各自固有的语音系统影响或限制。2、在摹拟相同的自然声响时,摹拟的角度不同。 3、“摹拟”过程中,加上自己民族的主观色彩或凭借自己的想象力去自由发挥,极力拓展,以便使各自的语言更为形象,生动,逼真的结果。 双声,叠韵与Alliteration, Assonance的辨别 汉英隐喻的共性、个性分析-来源(汉英隐喻共性和个性产生的原则) 1.汉英隐喻的共性来源于人类隐喻思维的共性。人类在认识和了解世界的过程中,总是不断地以已知经验去认知未知的自然现象。对未知事物的理解也总是建立在已知事物的基础上。“未知事物”究竟是什么,只有在同已知事物的对比中找出相似点,才能弄清。这便是隐喻思维逐渐形成的过程,它实际上包含了一个类比、推理的思维过程。这一过程逐渐模式化,最后形成了隐喻这一人类的思维方式。 2.地域民族不同,社会文化,政治宗教,风土人情的差异以及时代进程的快慢会使人类获取的直接经验有所不同,因而人们对一事物与它事物间的联想就不同。汉英隐喻个性产生。 隐喻:当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要术语,概念和理论。汉英隐喻都是一种比喻方式,是根据联想,抓住不同事物的相似性,用它事物来阐明所要描绘的事物。

英汉语言对比练习

Chapter 1 Ⅰ. Answer Questions Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? 2. What are analytical languages(分析语)? How are they characterized? 3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change(形态变化)in Chinese language? 4. Why English language is more flexible is word order(语序)? Why is it not so in Chinese? 5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences? 6. What are the E—C differences in formal words(形式词)? 7. How many kinds of formal words (形式词)are there in English language? 8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one? 9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms? 10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language(声调语言)? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11.综合语的特征是,分析语的特征是。 12. 英语有变化,词序比汉语,但相对。 13. 英语属于语言。 14. 、和是表达语法意义的三大手段。 15. 形态变化就是词的变化,包括形态和形态。 16. 现代英语的变化主要包括、、、、、、、等变化。 17. 汉语的数量助词有,动态助词有、和等。 18. 汉语结构助词、、类似于应用英语形态变化,但缺乏普遍性。 19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是顺序。 20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的,英语的定语一般放在名词的。 21. 汉语没有形态变化,少用或不用词,没有从句,名词之前定语的长度。 22. 汉语的事件顺序和逻辑顺序是按照、、的顺序。 23.英语的虚词包括、、、、。 24.汉语的虚词包括、和。 25. 英语的语音系统由、、和组成。 26. 汉语的语音系统由、和组成 Ⅲ.Translation between E/C Languages Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief. 27. 中国人也好,外国人也好,死人也好,活人也好,对的就是对的,不对的就是不对的。(what is right is right, what is wrong is wrong, no matter he is a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive). 28. 她有野心,她姐姐野心更大,想成为一个大明星。 29. 在当今中国,人人都在练功夫,功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。 30.上学的,上学了;下海的,下海了。(some went to college, and the other got into business) 31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。 32. 周恩来举止优雅,待人体贴。 33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价,我方将不胜感激。

英汉语言对比研究论文

摘要 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济全球化,各国人们之间的交流已是一个必然趋势,我们对外交往中,跨文化的言语交际也显得愈发重要。 语言是文化的载体,文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异,不同的国家和民族的语言表现出的文化背景和思维模式都有所不同,因此我们有必要把英语与母语进行对比分析,进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异,从而促进文化交际。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合,四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析,从细节之处去感受两种语言的微妙差别,从而对英语的学习有更深刻的认识。 关键词:语言与文化综合语与分析语刚性与柔性 形合与意合英汉两种语言

内容 一、引言 二、教材篇 1.语言与文化 2.综合语与分析语 3.刚性与柔性 4.形合与意合 三、课堂篇 四、疑惑篇 五、结语

英汉对比研究 语言是一面镜子,它反映着一个民族的文化,揭示该民族文化的内容;语言既是社会的产物,又是人类历史和文化的结晶。同时语言与文化互相影响,互相作用;理解语言必须了解文化,理解文化必须了解语言。 汉语和英语则是在不同的历史背景和社会形态中形成 的两种截然不同的语种,本质上都浸透着各自民族文化的特征,但是由于东西方不同的历史文化背景又使得汉英两种语言在交流中产生了碰撞。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合,四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析,进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异从而对英语的学习有更 深刻的认识,进而促进文化交际。 一、教材篇 1.语言与文化 语言和文化之间有着必不可分的内在联系:一方面,语言是文化的一个重要的因素,另一方面,文化的许多要素需要借助语言来表达,即:语言是文化的重要载体,文化是语言的管轨。语言是文化的基石——没有语言,就没有文化;语言又受文化的影响,反映文化。可以说,语言反映一个民

汉英语言对比之静态与动态

汉英语言对比 ——静态与动态(Stative vs.Dynamic)

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