高中语法项目------虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood 一：分类
1在英语中有三种语气，陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气
2 虚拟语气表示说话的人的一种愿望、意见、命令、要求，有时候是一种非真实的假设、料想或者是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。
二、形式
虚拟语气经常用在if引导的条件状语从句中，在条件句中做出和事实不相符的一种假设。
a.和现在事实相反的假设
If从句主句
主语+动词过去式+其它(be动词用were) 主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形+其它
如：If I were you, I would study hard. If he had enough money, he would buy a computer.
b.和过去事实相反的假设
If从句主句
主语+had done+其它
主语+had been done+其它主语+would/should/could/might +have done
主语+would/should/could/might +have been done(被动)
如：If you had come five minutes earlier, you would have met him.
If they had been treated in time, they would not have died.
c.和将来事实相反的假设
If从句主句
主语+were to do+其它
主语+动词过去式+其它
主语+should+动词原形+其它
主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
如：If I were to do it, I would do it in another day.
If it rained tomorrow, we wouldn’t be able to go on picnic.
d.混合条件句
混合条件句是指条件句是对过去事实相反的假设，而主句则表示现在的某种情况。
If从句主句
主语+had done+其它主语+would/should/could/ might +be+表语主语+would/should/could/might +be+doing 主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
三、注意事项
①如果从句中有were、had或者should时，则可以省略if，并将were、had或者should提前至句首，构成部分倒装，但如果是否定句，则否定词not不提前。
如：Were I to be young again, I would study medicine.
=If I were to be young again, I would study medicine.
Had you not left so early, you might have missed the train.
=If you had not left so early, you might have missed the train.
②用介词短语代替条件状语从句，常用的介词有with, without, but for.
如：Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
=But for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
=If it had not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
=Had it not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
③在句中出现了表示转折的连词，如or, or else, otherwise等，如果句意和事实不符也要用
虚拟语气。
如：You did what you were asked to, otherwise you would have been punished.
④如果句子中有短语for fear that, lest, in case时，要用should+动词原形来表示虚拟，should
可以省略。
如：He is working hard for fear that he fail.
⑤如果句子前半部分是虚拟，句中出现了but，后面句子则不用虚拟语气。
如:I would have come earlier, but I didn’t know that you were waiting for me.
The house would have been burnt down but the firefighters arrived in time.
四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用
1.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中
a.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中，不表示“和事实相反的假设”而表示说话者的一种意愿、决心、要求、命令和建议。“一、二、三、四”
“一坚持insist二命令order, command三建议advise, suggest, propose
四要求ask, require, request, dem and”
虚拟形式“在从句谓语动词前加should，should可以省略。
My teacher suggested that I (should) spend more time learning English.
She suggested we (should)leave here at once.
The doctor ordered she should be operated.
注意：当suggest翻译成“暗示、表明”；insist翻译成“坚持认为、坚持说”，坚持的是一种事实，而不是表示一种命令或者要求时，不应该用虚拟语气，应该用陈述语气。
The smile on her face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
The man insisted that he had never stolen the monry.
b.在would rather后的宾语从句中也要用虚拟语气。
对现在、将来虚拟：一般过去时(did/be用were)
would rather
对过去的虚拟：过去完成时(had done0
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would rather they didn’t hear of the news.
c. wish + 宾语从句表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。。
对现在虚拟一般过去时(did/be用were)
对过去虚拟过去完成时(had done)
对将来虚拟过去将来时(would do)
I wish I were a flying bird and could fly freely in the sky.
I wish I had met that film star yesterday.
How I wish it would be fine tomorrow!
注意：how I wish…=if only(要是……就好了)，虚拟和wish虚拟用法一致。
2.虚拟语气用在主语从句中
a. It is/was +adj.+ that+主语+should do (should可以省略)
adj:advisable,amazing,astonishing,better,clear,certain,desirable,good,interesting,impo-ssible, normal,necessary,possible…
It is natural that he (should) think so.
It was necessary that the plan should be planned carefully.
b. It is/ was+ n.+ that+主语+should do(should可以省略)
①表示“惊奇、怀疑、遗憾”等意义的名词词组，如: a fact, a good thing, a pity, a shame, a wonder …
②表示“请求、命令、建议、决心”等意义的名词，如advice, demand, decision, order, proposal, requirement, suggestion …
It is a pity she should say so.
It was her order that the matter should be discussed.
③It is/was+过去分词+that+主语+should do(should可以省略)
用在该句型中的动词过去分词表示“请求、命令、建议”等。
It is requested that Miss Li should give a performance at the party.
④It is (high) time that+主语+did/should do，should不可以省略
到做……的时间了。
It’s time that I picked up my daughter.
It’s high time we were going.
3.虚拟语气用在表语从句中
用在advise, idea, order, plan, suggestion, demand, proposal等后面的表语从句，需用“should do”构成谓语，should可以省略。
What I suggest is that we should start the work at once.
His order is that the meeting should be called off.
4.虚拟语气用在同位语从句中
当demand, insist, decide, determine, recommend, suggest这些动词的名词形式后跟同位语从句时，要用虚拟语气，用should do表示虚拟。
Not all of them agreed to my suggestion that more money should be given to them.
His request that he should be given a rise was turned down at the meeting.
5.虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中，in order that, so that…用情态动词
I got up early this morning so that I could catch the bus to Boston.
6.在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中
a. as if, as though引导的状语从句是否用虚拟取决于从句所描绘的情况，如果情况与事实相符就可以不用虚拟，否则就要用虚拟语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
She acted as if nothing had happened.
b.对将来的虚拟as if/as though+主语+would/could/should/might +do（动词原形）
It looks as if the old man could live another 10 years.
c.对现在的虚拟as if/as though+主语+did(动词过去式)
The old man is lying on the ground as if he were dead.
d. as if/ as though+主语+were doing(对现在进行虚拟)
They ran as fast as they could as if a ghost were chasing them.
e. as if’/as though+主语+had done(对过去事实的虚拟)
He ate as if he hadn’t had a meal for years.
精典名题导解
1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______.
A.breaks
B.has broken
C.were broken
D.had been broken
解析：答案为C。
2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94)
A.has come
B.did come
C.came
D.had come
解析：答案为D。
3. —If he ___________, he ________that food.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93)
A.was warned; would not take
B.had been warned; would not have taken
C.would be warned; had not taken
D.would have been warned; had not taken
解析：答案为B。
虚拟语气
1．I enjoyed the movie very much．I wish I the book from which it was made．A．have read B．had read C．should have read D．am reading
2．You are late．If you a few minutes earlier,you him．
A．came；Would meetB．had come；Would have met
C．come；Will meet D．had come；would meet
3．I can’t stand him．He always talks as though he everything·
A．knew B．knows C．has know D．had known
4．His doctor suggested that he short trip abroad．
A．will take B．would take C．take D．took
5．We might have failed if you us a helping hand．
A．have not given B．would not give C．had not given D．did not give 6．The law requires that everyrone his car checked at least once a month．A．has B．have C．had D．will have
7．He was busy yesterday，otherwise he to the meeting．
A．would come B．would have been C．could have been D．would be
8．If there were no subjunctive mood，English much easier．
A．will be B．would have been C．could have been D．would be
9．the fog，we should have reached our schoo1．
A．Because of B．In spite of C．In case of D．But for
10．—What will you do during winter vacation?
—I don’t know，but it’s about time something·
A．I decided B．I’ll decide C．I’d decided D．I’m deciding
11．He was very busy yesterday，otherwise，he to your birthday party．A．would come B．came C．would have come D．should come
12．The two strangers talked as if they friends for years．
A．should be B．had been C．have been D．were
13．Look! What you’ve done!You have been more careful．
A．should B．may C．ought D．would
14．Without electricity，what ?
A．will the world be like B．would the world be like
C．the world will be like D．the World Would be like
15．With your ability，you out the puzzle within a few minutes．
A．could have worked B．need have worked
B．C．ought have worked D．must have worked
16．My suggestion is that the sick boy to hospital as soon as possible．
A．is taken B．must be taken C．be taken D．has to be taken
17．If we had not missed the bus，we lunch at home now．
A．would have had B．would have C．must be having D．would be having 18．here yesterday，he would attend the lecture with us today．
A．Had he been B．If he were C．Were he D．Should be he
19．His tired face suggested that he really tired after the 1ong walk．
A．had been B．was C．be D．should be
20．Do you feel that I the problem in a different way the other day?
A．should come B．should have solved C．have solved D．solved
21．0ur chairman hasn’t come yet．If he on time，we would have to put off the meeting．A．should come B．would come C．shouldn’t come D．doesn’t come 22．He insisted that he really very tried and that he to have a rest．A．was；be allowed B．was；must be allowed
C．should be；must be allowed D．should be；be allowed
23．He did his best in everything；he would not have been what he was．A．and B．but C．otherwise D．but that
24．I do I could give you a hand．
A．hope B．wish C．expect D．think
25．I Would rather she tomorrow than today．
A．come B．came C．should D．has come
26．The guard at the gate insisted that everybody the rules．
A．obeys B．obey C．will obey D．Would obey
27．I her if I thought she would understand．
A．would tell B．will tell C．Would have to1d D．told
28．The teacher requires Rose by heart 15 English words each day．
A．1earn B．to learn C．must learn D．1earning
29．—If he ，he that food．
—Luckily he was sent to the hospita1 immediate1y．
A．Was warmed；would not take B．had been warmed；wou1d not have taken C．would be warmed；had not taken D．would have been warmed；had not taken 30．Without electricity human life quite different today．
A．is B．will be C．would have been D．Would be
一、强调句句型
1. 陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who （当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。 e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2. 一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping？
3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？ e.g. When and where was it that you were born？
4. 强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
5. 注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that， who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that， who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was …… ，其余的时态用It is …… .
二not … until … 句型的强调句
1. 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn‘t go to bed until/ t ill his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till.但如果不是强调句型，till， until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not …… 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
三、谓语动词的强调
1. It is/ was …… that …… 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does 或did. e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2. 注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
常见强调句练习
一,强调句型的强调部分必须是对that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示强调,如果把
"It is (was)...that "去掉,该句应该意思完整,不缺任何句子成分:
1. Is it _____ who wants to see you.
A. him
B. he
C. his
D. himself
2. It was _____ who respected all their teachers.
A. them
B. their
C. they
D. themselves
3. --- What is Mary
--- Was it _____ that you were referred to
A. he
B. she
C. her
D. they
4. It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .
A. was
B. are
C. were
D. had been
5. It _____ at Christmas that John Smith gave Mary a handbag.
A. must have
B. will be
C. might have been
D. may have had
6. ---Was that new school master who walked by
--- _____.
A. It must be that
B. It must have been
C. He must be
D. This must have been
【题解】强调部分如果是人称代词,应根据句子需要选择它的主格或宾格形式:如第⒈⒉⒊小题.注意谓语动词形式与整个句子语境的一致性:如第⒋⒌⒍小题.
二,强调部分为疑问词时:
7. _____ electricity plays an important part in our daily life
A. Why was it that
B. Why is it that
C. Why is it
D. Why it is that
8. Who was it _____ wanted to see me just now
A. that
B. who
C. when
D. when
9. _____ you met the foreigner from Canada
A. Where it was that
B. Who it was that
C. Where was it that
D. Where was that
【题解】强调部分为疑问代词或疑问副词时,该强调句句型结构与特殊疑问句句型相同,即:"疑问词+ 一般疑问句"
三,强调部分为" not ... until " 句型:
10. It was not until late in the evening _____ her husband arrived home .
A. which
B. when
C. that
D. how
11. It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began.
A. which
B. when
C. that
D. since
12. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.
A. when ; that
B. until ; that
C. until ; when
D. when ; then
【题解】注意" not ... until " 句型的变化.比较下列三个句子:
She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.
Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
四,复合句中的强调句型:
13. I can't quite remember _____ you started doing the work .
A. that it was when
B. when it was that
C. when was it that
D. that was it when
14. She wants to know if it is 600 miles an hour _____ the newest plane can go.
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. on which
15. Was it _____ he was seriously ill that he didn't come to school yesterday .
A. although
B. that
C. because
D. since
16. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty .
A. until
B. that
C. then
D. so
17. _____ he came back home that we knew what had happened .
A. When it was
B. It was when
C. Was it when
D. When was it
18. It was the training _____ he had as a young man _____ made him such a good engineer.
A. what ; that
B. that ; what
C. that ; which
D. which : that
19. It was _____ he said _____ disappointed me at that time.
A. what ; that
B. that ; that
C. what ; what
D. that ; what
【题解】当强调部分为从句或含从句的短语时,应首先确定它在句子中的作用.第⒔⒕小题为宾语从句;第⒖⒗⒘小题为状语从句,此时不能对for, as , since , although 引导的从句表示强调; 第⒙小题的强调部分又被一个由which 引导的定语从句修饰; 第⒚小题的强调部分则为what 引导的主语从句.
五,强调部分为介词短语:
20. It was through Jack _____ Mary got to know Bob .
21. It was _____ great care that they did the job. A. for B. about C. with D. in
22. It was on October 1st 1949 _____ new China was founded .
A. which
B. when
C. as
D. that
23. Was it in this palace _____ the last emperor died
A. that
B. in which
C. in where
D. which
24. It was the school gate ______ I met an old friend of mine after class .
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. why
【题解】强调部分为介词短语时,①应特别注意能引起误解的干扰选项,如第20小题; ②表示时间或地点时,应注意与定语从句的区别,如第24小题.
倒装句◇全部倒装
1.由here, there引起，谓语通常用be, come, g o eg：Look ! Here comes your sister. There goes the bell.
2. 由介词短语引起，谓语通常用be, stand, lie, live, live, sit, come, go,rise
Along the wall stand four big chairs. At the top of the hill lay the dying soldiers.
3. 由up, down, on, in, off, away, out, back引起，谓语通常用come, go ,run, rush, fly
Out rushed the boy. Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
4.以上情况主语如果是代词，主谓不倒装Her e’s your watch. (Here it is.)Up it went.
5.由个别副词引起，谓语通常是be, lie North of the city lies (is) a railway.
6. 由such引起，谓语通常用be Such is what he said. Such are his words.
◇部分倒装
指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装，通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前
1. 由never, hardly, seldom, little, not until引起
Seldom did he make any mistakes. Not until yesterday did I receive his letter.
2. not only…but also连接两个单句时，前面的倒装
Not only was she working hard, but also she was verypolite.
3. neither…nor连接两个单句时，两个句子都倒装Neither is he studying, nor is he working.
4. no sooner…than, hardly (scarcely)…when
No sooner had we got into the room than the telephonerang.
5. 由only + 状语，so + adj. (adv.) 引起
Only then (Only at the age of 18) did he realize theimportance of the problem.
6. 由as引起Child as he is, he can work out the problem.
7. 虚拟语气的倒装Were I you, I would work harder.
Had you come yesterday, you would have known that. Should it rain tomorrow, you wouldn’t leave.◇so (neither, nor) + be (do, have, 情态动词，助动词)+ 主语
You should work harder and so should I. She hasn’t been to Berlin and nor have I
--I went to the zoo yesterday. --So you did. --She is a tailor.--So is she. / So she is.
1. No sooner ________ themselves in their seats in the theatre ________ the curtain went up.
A. they have settled; before
B. had they settled; than
C. have they settled; when
D. they had settled; than
2. I wonder if your girl friend will go to the ball. If she ________ , so ________ mine.
A. does; does
B. does; will
C. will; does
D. would; will
3. It’s necessary that not only ________ to see a doctor but also stay at home for a good sleep.
A. Bob should go
B. did Bob go
C. Bob’s going
D. should Bob go
4. In ________ , but out ________ again.
A. came the teacher; he went
B. came the teacher; went he
C. did the teacher come; he went
D. the teacher came; went he
5. It’s beyond description. Nowhere else in the world ________ such a quiet, beautiful place.
A. can there be
B. you can find
C. there can be
D. can find you
6. Not until Dec. 2003 ________ caught by the US soldiers, and it was a great victory for the USA.
A. was Saddam Hussein
B. Saddam Hussein was
C. had Saddam Hussein been
D. Saddam Hussein had been
7. Only after ________ his homework ________ to watch TV.
A. he has finished; is he allowed
B. has he finished; is he allowed
C. he has finished; he is allowed
D. has he finished; he is allowed
8. Form then on we never saw her again, nor ________ from her.
A. heard we
B. had we heard
C. we have heard
D. did we hear
9.“Never ____ to hurt your feeling while I was expressing myself in the discussion”explained Jim.
A. I expected
B. expected I
C. had I expected
D. did I expect
10. ________ our bus; we’ll have to wait for the next.
A. Does there go
B. It goes
C. There goes
D. Does it go
11.－It was careless of you to have left your new bike outside all night. －My god!
________ .
A. So did I
B. So I did
C. So was I
D. So were you
12. What a naughty boy he was! ________ .
A. Down jumped he from the desk
B. From the desk jumped he down
C. He down jumped from the desk
D. Down he jumped from the desk
13. On the opposite wall ________ one map ________ dozens of pictures.
A. hang; including
B. are hung; together with
C. is hanged; with
D. is hanging; as well as
14. You can never use my computer. At no time ________ that machine.
A. you should touch
B. should you touch
C. touch should you
D. you touch
15. Not until all the fish died in the river ________ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn’t the villagers realize
【答案解析】
1. B. 因为以否定词或半否定词开头的句子，要用部分倒装，排除A和D。另外，no sooner…than…(一…就…)是固定答搭配，且no sooner分句中的谓语通常用过去完成时，而than分句中的谓语用一般过去时。
2. B. 因为由前句判现在还没有去舞会，是将来时态；又因为在条件状语从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，所以正确答案是B。If she does, so will mine. =If she goes to the ball, my girl friend will go, too.
3. D. 当not only…but also…不是连接两个不同的主语时，以not only开头的句子要用部分倒装，排除A和C。又因为it is necessary后的that从句一般要用should +动词原形，所以只有D正确。
4. A. 主句是名词时，其后要倒装，但是代词时不用倒装。
5. A. 因为是nowhere否定词，以否定词开头的句子，要用部分否定。
6. A. 因为以否定词not until开头的句子要用部分倒装，排除B和D；又因为2003年12月是过去时间，用一般过去时，所以选A。
7. A. 因为“only+状语”放在句首时，句子要用部分倒装；但这个“状语”是从句时，从句不要倒装，所以只有A正确。
8. D. 因为“nor +情态动词、助动词或be+主语”表示“…也不”之意，又由前文的saw可知hear也是一般过去时态，所以用助动词did。
10. C. 因为以here, there, up, down, in, out, now, then, away, off等副词开头时，常用完全倒装。句意是：我们要坐的公共汽车走了，我们将不得不等下一辆。
11. B. 因为这里不是表示“…也一样”，而是对对方所言表示赞同：“的确如此”，所以不用倒装。
12. D. 句子以副词down开头，本来应该要用完全倒装，但由于主语为代词，所以不用倒装。(from https://www.doczj.com/doc/203497450.html,)
13. D. 因为以作状语的介词短语开头，句子要用完全倒装；又hang作“(某物) 悬挂在”解是不及物动词，不用于被动语态，排除B和C；又因one map与dozens of pictures没有包含关系，排除A。
14. B. 因为以否定词at no time(永不, 在任何时候都不)开头，句子要用部分倒装。
15. A. 因为以否定词not until开头，句子用部分倒装
省略句1、概述
为了避免重复，省略句子的一个或几个句子成分，使语句简练，结构紧凑，收到一定的修辞效果，这种语法现象称为省略。
2、不用替代词的省略
（1）省掉主语
(I) Beg your pardon.请再说一遍。(It) Sounds like a good idea.听起来是一个好主意。
(I) See you later.回头见。(I) Thank you for your help.谢谢你的帮助。
（2）省略谓语或谓语的一部分
They learn French and we (learn) English.他们学法语，我们学英语。
(Is there ) Anything I can do for you ? 要我帮忙吗？
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。He is a teacher, and his wife (is ) a doctor.他是位教师，他的妻子是一名医生。
（3）省略表语
-Are you a teacher? 你是教师吗？-Yes, I am (a teacher).是的，我是。
（4）省略宾语This is the book (that) I'm looking for.这是我正在找的书。
-Is Mr.King in his office?
-Sorry, I don't know (whether he is or not).金先生在办公室吗？对不起，我不知道。
（5）省略主语和谓语或主谓和谓语的一部分
(Come )This way, please. 请走这边。
-What does he want to eat? -他想吃什么？
-(He wants) Some rice and vegetables. -米饭和蔬菜。
In winter it is colder in Beijing than (it is )in Nanjing.北京的冬天比南京要冷。
What a good boy (he is )! 他是多好的学生啊！
What a wonderful victory (it is )for Wilma! 对威尔玛来说这是多么了不起的胜利啊！
(It is) my mistake.我的错。
（6）省略主、谓或宾
-To whom did you lend the book?你把书借给谁了？-To John.(I lend the book)约翰。
-What do you think made John so upset?你人为什么使约翰如此难过？
-(I think)Losing his wallet (made John so upset).他丢了钱包。
（7）as…as结构中的省略
这种结构中，从句于主句重复的词可以省略；把两个时间地点等相比较时，第一个as可省略。She looked after the baby as carefully as (she looked) after her own.她就像照顾自己的孩子一样照顾那个婴儿。
He can be( as )happy in hard times as in good days.他在艰难岁月里能像在好时光时一样幸福。He was (as) delighted as (he was) in middle school.他就将在中学时一样快乐。
（8）所有格后的名词
名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、办公室、店铺、教堂或上文己暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。
We'll go to the doctor's （clinic）in a minute.一会儿我们要到医务室去。
No dustmen come to the Turner's (street). 没有垃圾清运工到特纳家所在的街道上来。
（9）状语从句中的主谓省略
①在以if、when、though、unless、as、as if等连词引导的从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,而且从句中的谓语动词是be，可以将状语从句中的主谓省略。
When (he was ) walking in the street, he met a friend.他在街上走的时候，遇到了一位朋友。
He will not come unless (he is ) invited.除非邀请他才肯来。
The research is so well designed that once(it is ) begun it can never be stopped.研究设计得如此好，一旦启动就无法停止。
② 如果从句主谓语是it is或it was，可以省略主谓结构， if it is possible, when it is necessary 等都是这种结构。
He ran as fast as (it was) possible.他拼命跑。
If （it is ）necessary, put a comma.有必要的话，加一个逗号。
注意：由after, because, before等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等，用-ing代替动词。Because he was ill he didn’t attend the meeting.因为他病了，所以未出席会议。
Because of being ill, he didn’t attend the meeting.
Because ill, he didn’t attend the meeting.(误)
(10)在限制性定语从句中作状语的关系副词when、why、where也可以省去。
This is the very reason (why) I want to kill you. 这就是我为何要杀死你的理由。
This was the first time (when) I had visited Beijing.这是我第一次参观北京。
（11）当wh-疑问从句作宾语时如果其内容与上文重复可以省略从句，只保留wh-疑问词。He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back). 他将回来，但不知道什么时间。
(12) 在状语的独立分词结构中，分词往往可以省略
The meeting (being)over, they walked out of the hall.会议结束了，他们走出了大厅。
The work (having been) done, he left the office.做完工作后，他离开办公室。
3、用替代词的省略
（1）to代替不定式
to代替不定式，常同refuse, want, seem, intend, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try等动词连用。
-Would you like to come to the party? -你愿意参加晚会吗？
-I'd like to (come to the party).-我愿意。
You may go with them if you want to (go).如果你愿意的话，也可以和他们一起去。
注意：如果不定式中含有be, have,或have been，一般要保留be, have或have been。
-Are you on holiday?你放假了吗？
-No, but I’d like to be ( on holiday).没有。不过我真愿意。
-She hasn’t done it yet.她还没有做。
-She ought to (have done it).她该做。
（2）so 和not
so 可以代替单词、词组或句子，做call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, tell, think, believe, be afraid, see, notice等宾语；not代替句子,用法和so相似，并可以放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后面。
-Is the famous singer going to give any performance at the evening party? 这位著名歌手在晚会上要表演节目的吧?
-I expect so. 我想是吧。-I expect not. (I don't expect so.)我认为不会。
He must be a teacher. I imagine so.他一定是老师。我认为是。
-Do you think so? 你是这样想吗?-Absolutely not. 当然不是。
注意：so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，口气比较委婉，不表示肯定，也不表示否定，因此，在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。再know和ask后也不可用so。
-Are they coming to the party?-I’m sure of it.（正）I doubt it. （正）
- I’m sure so.（误）-I doubt so. （误）
He knows that. （正）He knows so. （误）
（3）do do可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
-Did you see the film?你去看那场电影了吗？-Yes. I did.是的，去看了。
He speaks English more fluently than you do.他英语讲得比你流畅。
（4）do so, do that,和do it
①do so 可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语。
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.她说她要和我一起去，但她没有。
Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you have done so.赶快浇完花，等你浇完时通知我。
②do so 替代动词加宾语时，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的语气。Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too.亨利打算做试验，他曾想让我也做。
He played cards after supper and I watched them do that.他们吃完晚饭后玩牌，我看着他们玩。
③do so, do that,和do it一般只用于替代动态动词，而不适合替代静态动词。
- Alice feels better today.爱丽斯今天感觉很好。- I think she does. （正）-Yes, so does she. （正）-I think she does so. （误）-I think she does that. （误）I think she does it. （误）
（5）one和ones
one和ones具有泛指的性质，常指替代单数或复数名词，不能替代不可数名词。使用时应注意：
①one和ones与其所替代的名词在数方面和句法功能上可以不一致以及所指意义上可以不同。
I prefer the new edition to the old ones.和旧版本相比我更喜欢新版本。（数不一致）
Do you see the teachers over there? The one wearing blue coat is his father.你看见那些老师了吗？那个穿蓝上衣的是他爸爸。（句法功能上不一致）
I don’t like this film. I like a more interesting one.我不喜欢这部电影。我喜欢看更有趣的。（所指对想不同）
②one前面有this或that，ones 前面有these或those，或者前面又形成对比的形容词、最高级或the next, the last时one和ones可以省略。
Let’s finish the exercise so we can do the next （one）.我们做完这个练习，好做下一个。
③所有格my, your, our, her, their 被其相应的物主代词mine等代替时。不用one或ones. This is my pen, not yours.(不能说yours one)
I prefer to use my own.(不能说my own one)
④Whose和名词所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。
Whose is it?(不能说whose one)
Her bike is better than her brother’s.（不能说brother’s one）
（6）one和that作替代词时的区别
①one 可以代替人或物，that只能代替物。
I haven't a book; can you lend me one? 我没有书，你能借我一本吗?
I have a brother, one in the army.我有一个哥哥，他在部队。
Look at the clock, that the wall.看那座钟，墙上那座。
②one只能代替可数名词；that可替代可数名词与不可数名词。
The novel is as interesting as the one I read last year.这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。The weather here is rather hotter than that in Beijing.这里的天气比北京的热。
③one 可以有前置或后置定语；而that只能有后置定语。
Your answer is better than that of hers.你的答案比她的好。
This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.这是一枝红钢笔，我还有三只别的。
Please look at the map, the one on the right wall.请看地图，右边墙上的那幅。
④one（不加定语）表示泛指；that表示特指。
The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.这首曲子和我昨天听的那首一样美。
A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.美国作家写的诗通常比中国作家写得难懂。
省略句练习
1. _____, I will help you with your work.
A. If I am possible
B. If it possible
C. If possible
D. Possible
2. —Do you follow me? —Yes, _____.
A. it is good
B. I will
C. perfectly
D. very good
3. —How are you getting on with your work ?
—Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as _____.
A. plans
B. planning
C. planned
D. to plan
4. —Are you a teacher?
—No, but I _____. I worked in a middle school for three years.
A. am
B. will
C. do
D. was
5. —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010?
—There will be only a few, if _____.
A. much
B. some
C. any
D. many
6. —Why didn’t you come to Mike’s birthday party yesterday ?
—Well, I_____, but I forgot it.
A. should
B. must
C. should have
D. must have
7. Doctors have s aid that as many as 50% of patients don’t take medicine _____.
A. like directed
B. to be directed
C. as directed
D. so that directed
1. --- I won't do it any more. --- ________?
A. Why don't
B. Why don't do it any more
C. Why not
D. Why not to
2. Although ________ to stop, he kept on working.
A. tell
B. telling
C. having told
D. told
3. --- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________.
A. I not
B. don't
C. not
D. no
4. --- Mary didn't attend the lecture, did she? --- Yes, she ________.
A. attended
B. didn't attend
C. didn't
D. did
5. --- What's Joan doing? ---_________ newspapers in the room.
A. She reading
B. She reads
C. To read
D. Reading
6. _________ always succeed.
A. Honest and clever students
B. Students who honest and clever
C. Honest students and clever
D. Students are honest and clever
7. --- Can you climb that tree, my boy? --- __________ ?
A. I
B. Myself
C. Mine
D. Me
8. Some people are against the plan but _______ support it.
A. any more
B. many more
C. much more
D. no more
9. --- I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
--- Not at all. _________.
A. I've no time
B. I'd rather not
C. I'd like to
D. I'd be happy to
10. --- Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? --- _________. It's too expensive.
A. Why not
B. I agree
C. I'm afraid not
D. I'm sure
11. _____, I will help you with your work.
A. If I am possible
B. If it possible
C. If possible
D. Possible
12. —Do you follow me? —Yes, _____.
A. it is good
B. I will
C. perfectly
D. very good
13. —How are you getting on with your work?
—Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as _____.
A. plans
B. planning
C. planned
D. to plan
14. —Are you a teacher?
—No, but I _____. I worked in a middle school for three years.
A. am
B. will
C. do
D. was
15. —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010?
—There will be only a few, if _____.
A. much
B. some
C. any
D. many
16. —Why didn’t you come to Mike’s birthday party ye sterday ?
—Well, I_____, but I forgot it.
A. should
B. must
C. should have
D. must have
17. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients don’t take medicine _____.
A. like directed
B. to be directed
C. as directed
D. so that directed 答案：CDCDD ADBDCCCCDCCC
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。 If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你，我就去试试。 If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑 I would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。 If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。 If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。 The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。 If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。 If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？ Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......） Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......） Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......） If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在）If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（从句说明过去，主句说明将来。） If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来） He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中) But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中) This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中) He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.
英语四级翻译模拟试题及解析 英语四级翻译模拟试题及解析 孙武是春秋末期(thelateSpringandAutumnPeriod)杰出的军事家(strategist)。他所著的《孙子兵法》(SunZi'sArtofWar)是中国古 代最著名的兵书，也是世界上现存最早的兵书。《孙子兵法》现存 13篇，共6000字。在这不长的篇幅中，孙武全面论述了自己对战 争的看法，提出了诸如知彼知己、集中优势兵力打败敌人等许多作 战思想。《孙子兵法》已被译为多种文字，在世界上也享有很高的 声誉。 参考译文： SunWuwasanoutstandingstrategistinthelateSpringandAutumnP eriod.Hiswork,SunZi'sArtofWar,wasthemostfamousworkofmilitar yscienceinancientChina,alsotheearliestoneexistingintheworld .SunZi'sArtofWarconsistsof13characters.Inthislimitedspace,S unWuelaboratedhiswide- rangingviewsonwar.Heputforwardmanymilitaryphilosophies,such asknowingyourselfandknowingyourenemy,andconcentratingsuperi orforcetothoroughlydefeattheenemy.SunZi'sArtofWarhasbeentra nslatedintomanydifferentlanguagesandenjoysahighinternationa lreputation. 题目解析： 1.在第2句中，两个并列的谓语部分较长，因此定语“他所著的”不宜再后置，而采用“减词”译法把“所著”省略，用hiswork也 能表达原意。翻译“是……，也是……”结构时，可以承前省略第 2个系动词be，将“也是......”的内容作为同位语，使句子更简 洁明了。
If sb had done sth ( 对过去虚拟) 1.如果昨天我知道你的电话号码 2.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库 3.你要是听了我的建议 4.如果你昨天不看电视 5.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话 6.今天早上要是没下雨 If sb did/ were sth (对现在虚拟) 1,。我要是你 2.她要是有时间 3.如果需要的话 If sb should do(万一) /were to do (打算) / did sth （对将来虚拟） 1.明天如果他在这里的话 2.明天要是星期天的话 3.要是他们把我当奴隶对待 4.你要是把杯子掉下来 5.如果幻想能成为马匹 6.要是我做这项工作 7.假如校长来了 Sb would/ should/ could / might have done sth 某人就会/ 应该/ 能够 / 可能做了。。。（过去） 1 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。 2 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。 3 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。 4 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。 Sb would/ should/ could / might do/ be doing sth 某人就会/ 应该/ 能够 / 可能做/在做。。。（现在、将来） 1 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。 2 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。 3 我要是你，我就去试试。 4 如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑
5 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。 综合练习 一、翻译下列条件句，并改为倒装结构 1.明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 2.你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 3.她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 4.要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。 5.假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢 6.如果需要的话，我可以立即去。 7.要是有时间，我就去看她。 8.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。 9.如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。 10.要不是由于你的粗心大意，我们就赢了比赛了 11.要不是因为即将到来的考试，我今天晚上就和你一起去晚会。 二、请用所给词翻译下列句子 1.没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(without) 2.要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(But for) 3.他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(or) 4.她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（otherwise） 5.我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（but） 6.假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办（suppose/supposing/providing） 三、特殊词练习 1. wish 1.但愿我是一只小鸟。 2.我要是知道答案就好了。 3.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。
真题精讲之英语四级翻译满分冲刺策略 2015年12月英语四级已经进入最后倒计时的紧张阶段，文都网校的广大童鞋们，临时抱佛脚也是需要技巧的哦，大学英语四级满分冲刺策略，赶快get！ 1. 增译法 在使用增译法时，需要注意以下原则：符合上下文的需要;符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗;符合英美人的思维方式。具体请看下面的例子： 例1.【试题原句】中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。(2015年6月四级真题) 【思路分析】SVO=中国+给(在线零售商)+机会;“以极具竞争力的价格”为方式状语，可译为“at a highly competitive price”，“销售商品的”为定语，修饰“机会”。 【参考译文】China provides millions of online retailers with an opportunity to sell their goods at a very competitive price. 【技巧探秘】本句的主干部分为“中国给……零售商……机会”，为了便于理解，可以进一步将原句理解为“中国给数百万在线零售商(提供了)以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会”，这种情况下，主干为“中国给……零售商(提供)……机会”，此时就可以考虑使用“provide sb with sth…”的结构译出。此外，该句还根据语义将“销售商品”补充为“销售(他们的)商品”，译为“their products”，再次强调“商品”的所有者为前面提到的“在线零售商”。 例2.【试题原句】随着旅行多了，年轻人在大城市和著名景点花的时间少了，他们反而更为偏远的地方所吸引，有些人甚至选择长途背包旅行。(2014年12月四级真题) 【思路分析】“随着旅行多了”作伴随状语，将其译作“with more travel”，置于句首。因其余分句的内容均独立完整，故可将其分译成三句。“年轻人……的时间少了，他们反而更为……所吸引”，两句间表对比，可用 instead连接。另外，也可以将这两句简化为“年轻人更加喜欢偏远的地方，而不是大城市和著名景点”，将其处理为“…do …, rather tha n …更喜欢……而不是……”。处理最后一个分句时，注意“甚至”表示递进，可将其译作“furthermore”，或者“even”均可。若将主语“有些人”逐字译作“some people”，则稍显笼统，可依上文，具体译作“some young tourists”。 【参考译文】With more travel experience, youngsters tend to spend more time in remote areas，rather than big cities and famous resorts. Furthermore, some young tourists would choose backpacking.
翻译大纲样题： 中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。Chinese New Year, known as Spring Festival in China, is the most important one among all traditional Chinese festival.新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始 一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。New Year celebrations start on Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month in Chinese lunar calendar, and last to the Lantern Festival, the 15th day of the first month (of the next year).各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from
place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.为驱厄运、迎 好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们 还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财 和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红 包和探访亲友等。People also stick the red couplets on the door which topics are health, wealth, and fortune, and do other activities such as setting off firework, sending red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends. 首先，这段关于中国春节的小文章 难词较多，比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、“除夕”、“延续”、“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等， 这些词有的比较抽象，有的不太常见， 或者有的是中国特有的说法，英文中没
1.Had he worked harder, _______________ (他就会通过考试) he would have passed the test. 2.It is essential that _________________ (这些申请表被送回) as early as possible. these application forms should be sent back 3.If I had worked harder at school, I ________________ (可能正坐在舒适的办公室里). would be sitting in the comfortable office now 4.But for the storm, the ship __________________ (可能会准时到达目的地). would have arrived at the destination on time 5.I suggested he _____________（使自己适应）his new conditions. should adapt himself to 6.It is recommended that _______________ (工程不动工)until all preparations have been made. the project not be started 7.But for his help, I___________________(不可能这么早完成) wouldn’t have finished it so early 8.If you had_____________________ （听从了我的劝告，你就不会陷入麻烦） followed my advice, you wouldn’t have been in trouble. 9.I’d rather________________(你别发表任何意见) on the issue for the time being. 10.We insist that _________________________ (让杰克立刻进医院) 11.It is high time that __________________________(你该睡觉了) 12.I didn’t have enough money, otherwise ______________ (我会买那本书的) 1.he would have got through the exams 2.these application forms be sent back 3.would be sitting in a comfortable office now 4.would have reached its destination on time 5.should adapt himself to
虚拟语气翻译 If 条件句 1.与现在事实相反 从句：动词过去式（be 动词多用were） 主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形 If I were you, I should accept the invitation. If I had time, I would go there. 2.与过去事实相反 从句：had+过去分词 主句：would/should/could/might + have done If you had come earlier, you couldn’t have missed the bus. If he had seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book. 3.与将来事实相反 从句：should+动词原形 were to+动词原形 动词过去式（be 动词多用were）+ 将来时间状语 主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off. If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass, it would break. 4.混合时间条件句与主句 If you had reviewed the lesson, you would answer the question now. If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now. If I were you, I would have gone home. 5.条件句与主句的省略 I would /should have it, but I was too busy then. I was surprised that you didn’t like this job, you could have done it better. 6. 含蓄条件句与主句 without=but for代替if从句 Without your help, we wouldn’t have made such great progress. = if there had been no help from you, we wouldn’t have made such great progress. Without air, there would be no living things. 6.as if/as though引导的状语从句中用法 表现在：从句用过去式（be 动词多用were） 表将来：从句would/should/could/might+动词原形 表过去：从句had done The man speaks as if he were a foreigner. The speaker told us a lot about that country as though he had been there many times. They talked as if they had been good friends for years. 7.wish宾语从句中的用法
12月英语四级翻译题汇总及要点解析(文都版) 新浪教育[微博]讯 2014年12月20日全国大学英语四级考试已结束，本次考试为多题多卷，新浪外语第一时间收集整理不同版本试题，供考生参考，以下是新浪网教育频道第一时间收集整理不同版本试题，供考生参考，以下为文都教育提供的四级翻译试题及参考答案汇总： 2014年12月英语四级考试已经结束，由于是国家水平等级考试，所以在难度系数的控制上，处于稳定状态，和具有选拔性质的研究生考试相比，题目偏容易，而且在考查形式上也有所差异，前者是汉译英，而后者是英译汉。正是由于考查形式的不同，要求我们所有的考生对于翻译的要点要了然于胸。 由于中英文间在表达上的差异，当几个动词出现在文章中时，中文可以用排比的方式直接引出，而英文则需要用灵活多变的结构来表达。 例如在<题目三>中， 最近调查显示，很多年轻人想要通过旅行体验不同的文化、丰富知识、扩展视野。 其中“体验，丰富，扩展”这三个动词，用英文表达的话可以有如下两种表达形式： ① The latest survey shows that a large number of young people want toexperience different culture, enrich knowledge and broaden the vision by traveling. (全用动词表达) ② The latest survey shows that by traveling，a large number of young people want to experience different culture ,enriching knowledge and broadening the vision 。(后两个用非谓语动词形式表达) 以上两种表达从内容呈现上，都能拿到分数。但第二种表达相较之第一种，在结构上更为灵活多变，希望各位同学能熟练掌握相关结构。 再比如，在题目<二>中， 美国网民更多的是受实际需要的驱使，用互联网为工具发电子邮件、买卖商品、规划旅程或付款。 其中出现了这样一些动词“用互联网，发电子邮件，买卖商品，规划旅程，付款”，在表述上依旧可以借鉴上面知识要点。
2013年12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目 许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill bu t also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Alth ough cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Sinc e food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between ce real, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Informati on Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this ph enomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not necessary, for s tudents should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of people think it is a nee d, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Inf ormation Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coff ee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discove red by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease . During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drin king spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it s pread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chine se tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或
翻译训练 一、倍数增减的表示法 1) Force N1 is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 (考点：倍数+ 形容词/副词比较级+ than) (比力N2大2.5倍). 2) This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one (考点：倍数+ as + 形容词/副词+ as) (反应速度 是另外那种物质的三倍). 3) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon (考点：倍数+ 名词) (是月球大小的49倍). 4) The landlord wants to raise the rent by a third (考点：动词+ by + 数词/百分比/倍数) (想将租金提高三 分之一). 5) They plan to double their investment (考点：double + 名词) (计划将投资增加一倍). 二、时态 1) Be quick, ) or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church (考点：将来完成时) (否则等我 们到达教结束了). 2) When she got home, the children had fallen asleep (考点：过去完成时) (孩子们已经睡着了). 3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside (考点： 将来进行时) (我姐姐将在海边度假). 4) I have been revising my resume all the morning (考点：现在完成进行时) _(一上午都在修改我的简历). 5) Do you often go on holiday? No. It has been five years since I went on holiday (考点：It has been …since sb. did sth. 表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了) (不，我已经有五年没有度假了). 6) He joined the army in October, 2001. He has been in the army for 5 years (考点：1. 现在完成时;2.要用持续性 动词才能接一段时间) (他参军已五年了). 三、被动语态 1) The blackboard and chalk _ is being replaced by the computer and the projector (考点：被动语态的现在进行 时) (正在被电脑和投影机所取代). 2) The book will have been published by the end of this year (考点：被动语态的将来完成时) (到今年年底就将 已出版). 3) Computer models can be used to demonstrate the way that cells work (考点：1. 被动语态与情态动词联用; 2. 汉语有些没有“被”字等标志词的句子也表示被动, 要译成英语的被动语态) (可以用来演示细胞工作的方式). 4) When the bill of fare was brought, I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated (考点：同“3”的考点2) (我惊呆了，价格大大超出了我的预料).
虚拟语气单项选择题： 1. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. (2012 湖南) A. have had B. had had C. have D. had 2. If my car ____ more reliable, I would have driven to Lasa instead of flying last summer. （2012 陕西） A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be 3. We ____ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me? （2012 北京） A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced 4. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ____ more places of interest yesterday. （2012 福建） A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited 5. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she ____ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often. (2012 安徽) A. lives B. would live C. having asked D. were to live 6. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.（2009 福建） A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 7. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ____ it without you.（2008 山东） A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed 8. _____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. （2006 湖北） A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be 9. — Do you mind if I open the window? —____ I feel a bit cold. （2004 广东） A. Of course not B. I’d rather you didn’t C. Go ahead D. Why not? 10. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. （2002 上海） A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 11. What would have happened ____, as far as the riverbank? （2001 上海） A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
四级翻译新题型练习题整理 1.波士顿咨询公司最近做的一项研究显示，到2020年中国将会有 2.2亿家庭收入在2万到100万美元的富裕消费者。这些消费者中75%住在“较小城市”。随着网络的发展，较小城市的消费者的一种必 然趋势是他们更加依赖社交网络服务上的信息。很多网络顾客都是 通过微信、微博和QQ空间分组的。据估计今年中国将会有2.5亿消费者进行网购，位于四线城市的消费者平均每人会花费他们50%或 者更高的工资在网购上，这一数据要比一线城市的消费者的花费高。【参考译文】A recent study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group says there will be 220 million affluent consumers, who are from households earning between $ 20,000 to $ 1 million in China by 2020, and 75 percent of them will live in “smaller” cities. With the development of the Internet, an inevitable trend among these consumers is they are much more dependent on information from social networking services. Many of the website’s customers are “grouped” by Wechat, Weibo and QQ Zones. It is now estimated that 250 million Chinese consumers will shop online this year and the average shopper in a fourth-tier city in China will spend 50 percent or more of their income on e-commerce than those in top-tier cities. 2.聘金是中国传统习俗的一部分。这一习惯在整个中国都很普遍。 但是近几年来其标准不断上升，致使大多数家庭都很难达到。高额 的聘礼常常“抢劫”了新郎父母必生的积蓄，甚至引起家庭纠纷。 此外，许多新婚夫妇被迫举行奢侈的婚礼宴会，在这个过程中，大 量债务的累积可能使他们的新婚生活变得辛酸，至少在最初阶段是 这样。想想老一辈节俭的婚礼，虽然简简单单，但也幸福美满，没 有给他们婚后的生活带来任何负担。 【参考译文】Endowment may be part of Chinese tradition, but the standards have become so high in recent years that a majority of families are finding it difficult to meet them. The high endowment amounts often rob grooms’ parents of their life’s savings and causes family disputes. Besides, many newly married couples are forced to host extravagant wedding ceremonies to keep up with the Joneses and, in the process, run up huge debts that could turn their married life sour, at least in the initial phase. Considering the frugal wedding of many parents, simple but happiness, didn’t have any bearing on their married life. 3.我整整一生都处于对武术的痴迷之中。但是当我搬到一个有功夫 俱乐部的城市时，我才真正体会到了武术的魅力，同时也完全理解
87.The substance does not dissolve in water ________________(不管是否加热)。 88.Not only _______________(他向我收费过高)，but he didn’t do a good repair job either. 89. Y our losses in trade this year are nothing ____________________(与我的相比)。 90. On average, it is said, visitors spend only _____________________(一半的钱) in a day in Leeds as in London. 91. By contrast, American mothers were more likely____________________ (把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent. 参考答案： 87. whether (it is) heated or not 测试点：whether引导让步状语从句；类似no matter (how/what/who/where)从句 88. Not only did he charge me too much或Not only did he overcharge me 测试点：Not only…but also 用法（倒装）；类似as, neither… nor, not until 等易产倒装结构 89. compared with mine 或in comparison with mine 测试点：固定短语搭配be compared with/ in comparison with 90. half as much(money) 测试点：结构as much/many as扩展用法；类似比较级、最高级、同级比较用法。倍数的表达“A+谓语+倍数+as+计量形容词原形+as+B, “一半”用half 表示” 91. to attribute/ascribe their children’s success to 测试点：固定短语be (more) likely to (该短语考了不下三次)；类似it is likely that…及与possible，probable区别。 06.6 87 Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble ______(找到去历史博物馆的路). 88 __________(为了挣钱供我上学), Mother often takes on more work than is good for her. 89 The professor required that __________________(我们交研究报告)。 90 The more you explain, _________________(我愈糊涂). 91 Though a skilled worker, _______________(他被公司解雇了) last week because of the economic crisis. 参考答案 87. finding the way to the history museum 测试点：固定短语搭配have (no) trouble (in) doing sth. 88. In order to support my university studies (或：to finance my education;to pay for my education/to pay my tuition fees) 测试点：表示目的短语+特殊表达。 89. we(should) hand in our/the research report(s) 测试点：虚拟语气（命令要求类动词）+“上交”表达。 90. the more confused I am 测试点：特殊句型the more… the more +“糊涂”的准确表达 91. he was fired by the company 测试点：主从句判断+“解雇”表达 06.12 87. Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to___(适应不同文化中的生活) 88. Since my childhood I have found that ___________(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力) 89. The victim___________ (本来有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.