Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervilles
《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析
Abstract Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic.
Key Words Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character
摘要托马斯．哈代是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家，《德伯家的苔丝》是他最为有影响力的一部巨著。该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。文章通过对小说中社会环境的描写，再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运是那个社会所造成的，是一个时代思想，传统，秩序的局限所造成的结果。除此之外,这与她自身性格的弱点也是分不开的，因为她对命运有着反抗的一面也有妥协的一面。所以，作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样，被沦为社会的牺牲品。
关键词苔丝的悲剧; 社会环境; 家庭环境；伦理道德; 个体性格
Introduction Tess of the d’Urbervilles can be regarded as one of the greatest tragedies in prose in the history of English literature. Though Hardy mainly writes about the common country people in Wessex, southwestern part of England, he shows grandeur and dignity in his tragedies similar to what we find in Greek tragedy and his grave and elaborate style contributes to the tragic sense of life. Hardy is remarkable
for his tremendous power of producing tragedies comparable to classic tragedies. Tess was a poor peasant girl who wanted to rely on her hands to pursuit individual happiness right, but the power forces of society can’t letting off a weak girl, in the end caused her tragedy. In this novel, the great intense counter- religion, ant feudal moral, counter- bourgeoisie law tendency，although meet opposition in the English upper society, received loving of the common readers. Research this novel can let us know the view of morality and ethic in the hypocritical bourgeoisie in the Britains Victorian era, Tess’s tragedy is due to the moral root of society and the stable view of women chastity in the society which male is center. In sharp opposition this view when Hardy guiding Tess’s behave of mind, the critique spear point refers society and Christian church which protect this view. We are feeling that imaging put writer’s discussion in the Britains Victorian era more than one hundred years ago , we amazing the avant-garde mind of Hardy, he melted this kind of mind at times when he create Tess this character, from that only then entrusts with this image richer connotation and the more profound social critique. This book became the one of the most great works in the late of Victorian era, because it boldly expose hypocritical moral in the Capitalist society and condemned the Capitalism in the late 19th century caused impoverishment and decay of small farmers in rural England .
I. Introduction of Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy, (1840---1928), one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the 19th century, he was also a poet; He is famous for novels of character and Environment. His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland; this natural environment formed the main environment in the Hardy’s writes. His father was a stonecutter, but like music, his parents paid more attention on Hardy’s education. In his childhood, he received the education for theology, but when he grew up, he turned to learn the literature. Hardy left school became a architects apprentice in 1856。And then went to Landon became a post of the building draftsman in 1862，also in this time he took advanced courses for language in Landon University and began literature creative。His literature career began with poetry, but due to not have the good fortune to publish, changed the matter for novel creation. His first long novel was published in 1871, the celebrated
work was his fourth novel Farm from Madding Crowd in 1874, from then on, and he dropped construction industry and devoted to the novel creation There were early 20 long novels in Hardy’s life, the most famous novels are Tess of the D’Urbervilles(1891) ,Jude the Obscure(1895), The Mayor of Cascetbridge(1901). Hardy’s works reflected the changed of social economy, political, moral and tradition when the hypocritical bourgeoisie invaded the countries in England, especially exposed women’s tragic life and hypocrisy of bourgeoisie morals, legal and religious。His works not only inherited the great tradition of England realism，but also pioneering the way for 20th century British literature.
II. Background of the Novel This story happened in the late of Britains Victorian era，in this time, Capitalist class controlled all right, and the law were serviced for them. Farmers were at the bottle of the society, they had never equal right as the capitalist class. Tess as a woman in the Victorian era，she cannot avoided the “Hegemony” father right consciousness to “woman” nature understanding and severe social etiquette。And the patriarchal social system made women lost their independent status.。In the male consciousness, By the Capitalist invasion，those Self-reliant farmers who had a small amount of land and the means of production had followed the insolvency。Female beauty not only regarded as the "Troubles" but also become an excuse for men to shirk their crime；The male requests feminine to be loyal and the bodily pure and chaste, actually disregards own indulging. But in under male power suppression, feminine thought pattern also was controlled solidly by this kind of strong trend was even melting. Tess of the D’Urbervilles was a very influential work of Hardy, which told the tragic life story of a beautiful country girl. Tess was a poor peasant girl. Sented by her mother to claim kindred with a more prosperous branch of the D’Urbervilles family, she was seduced by the young master of the house, Alec, and had to return home in disgrace. After giving birth to a child who died in infancy, she went to work as wage-laborer at a daisy farm at Talbothays. There she met Angel Clare, a son of clergyman, and he felled in love with her and married her. On the wedding night, Tess and Clare told each other about their pasts, and Clare, after hearing Tess’s confession left her abruptly for Brazil. Poverty forced Tess to seek for
work and she worked for a long time at a capitalist farm at Flint comb-Ash where she was insulted and oppressed by the master. Then the news of her father’s death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage drived her to seek for assistance from Alec, and the latter, now a preacher, soon resumes his former illicit relations with her. Angel Clare returned repentant and ready to be reconciled to Tess, but the girl found that her living with Alec hinders her from returning to Clare. She killed Alec and then was speedily arrested, tried and hanged.
III. Two Deep Stratification of the Tess’ tragedy in the Novel
A. Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy
1. Family Background of Tess At the beginning of the novel, Tess was a daughter of poverty descent which had once magnificent .She was a dairymaid, who lived in the country, as a daisy on the village roadside, beautiful but humble, and being with her family was broken up and decimated sixty years ago before the story began. And as the writer expres s emotion, “Normans descent, not for the support of Victoria 1800, the wealth, a very inconsequential!” Distinguished background doesn’t bring any benefits to Tess, but her tragic life was begun. Tess’s father was a poor countryside hawker, who had the natural disposition is lazy and constantly excessive drinking also benighted, Tess’s mother was a dairymaid, who sloppy superstition and mind simply.They were pitiful creature who chart admires the vanity and listened to depend on the time wind and rain willfully to devastate. Just as such terrible patents became the setter of a bad example of Tess’s tragedy. In order to showed off own so-called "aristocrat" status and satisfied mere vanity, Tess’s parents wanted to by "acknowledges as relatives", "marries" to improve own status. Although Tess obnoxious parents’ hypocrisy, despised noble origin, and persisted thought oneself is peasant familys daughter who living on own labor, but she was the oldest in the family, parents’ incompetent made the heavy burden on h erself early. She loved her little sisters and brothers deeply that cannot cruel enough to looked they suffer hardships. Unfortunately, when the old horse died what her family living on it, Tess great reluctance obeyed the aunt to assign to go for shelter richly adulteration relative with same surname, in the result she suffered devastating, became the sacrificial
victim and the Confucianism criminal which the beast wants. Afterwards, in order to her family Tess forced to leave native place, everywhere the wooden scoop anchors, experiences the vicissitudes. When end of hills and rivers, Tess came back to Alecaga in for family, received in exchange for family members warm and sufficient condition by own human body. The God gave Tess a woman of high stations soul, let she has the fine dust does not dye, unusual refined, but the reality actually gave her to fall the soul the family background that made she got rid of between this mortal world incapably all sorts of troubled. This kind of spirit extreme is not harmonious with the meat caused Tess’s tragic fate.
2. Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System Tess was lived in the Victorian era which capitalism invasion the rural England. She was a hardworking, kind-hearted, intelligent and beautiful girl；but regard as a laborer, a man of poor agricultural workers, she has low social status that naturally will received oppression and humiliation in the capitalist society。Research this novel we can know at that time in Victoria dynasty time England bourgeois societys moral ethics view, Tess’s tragedy was due to social morals root mainly is in the masculine central society that kind of firm woman chastity idea. In the capitalist society, legal regime and moral outlook all were take maintains the exploiting class the benefit and the acknowledgment exploiting class oppresses peoples authority as the premise, were serviced for protect reactionary control. Alec wildly dominated in the township, did all kinds of evil things, but she was protected by the law. Tess actually is condemned the death penalty. This just was explaining bourgeoisie politics system reactionary, indicated the unimportant persons in the lower level social class were impossible to obtain the fair treatment in the society. We may see in the novel, such as Alec this thunder actually receives the bourgeoisie state apparatus and the religious morals protection.
3. Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers This story has happened in the southern countries of England. Small farmers impoverishment and the decay which the writer really describes these which to be hired the farmers and seeks the work. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. Let us see the
economy condition in the 19th century. In the late 19th century, the economic crisis took place there in bourgeois world; it led to the social change. The change made many peasants lose their lands and became peasant workers. Large quantities of peasants were bankrupt. It is the same with the D’Urbervilles. Their narrow minds and stupidity make them puzzled. The society is so cruel that it does not give them a chance to live and makes them discard their children. Tess was born into the family of a poor rural tradesman. Her father drinks a lot and doesn’t work hard. Her mo ther herself is like a child and never thinks about the future. There are many children in their family. Her family is poor and when the old horse “Prince” is killed by accident, the economic condition of her family was worse, that means the bankrupt of the family. Her mother sends her to claim kin with a distant relative of noble D’Urbervilles family in the hope of changing the poor and miserable condition of the family. Her disjoint from the country leads to her later tragedy: the young master Alec seduces her and the following pregnancy compels Tess to return home in disgrace. Her tragic life was begun.
B. Characters Analysis in the Novel In one novel, people’s character also takes a very important part，in this novel, the writer though the environment to describe Tess’s tragic fate, but the other reasons caused this result is people’s character，Alec and Clare are very closely to Tess’s fate. Let’s focus on Tess first.
1. Tess’s Character Tess was a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer. Her nature character concentrated reflection human nature industrious and brave, is refracting the quality of human nature’s brave benevolence. Tess’s beauty and temperament are harmony with the nature, she was “the nature’s daughter”, and her mind which is contaminated after the common custom has not been good and the rich sympathy, she never even a fly, worms are not cruel enough to injury and a little bird in a cage can make she cry. Tess this own character decided she has no ability to protect herself, and the efforts required to pay in excess of her endurance. The tragedy of her fate set the tone early, and the tragedy’s happen only the problem of time or might different in form. Tess experienced major changes in human relationships. She obviously has the dual nature of the social character---- resistance
and compromise. Tess was in a difficult position, but she never spiritless. Tess was her parents climb recognize the chip which D’Urbervilles family marries, this field confirmed blood relations transaction has ruined her pure and chaste, and also made Tess doubt her own nature. From then on, “Almost at a leap Tess thus changed from simple girl to complex woman.”(Thomas Hardy, 145) Marries the tentative plan is disillusioned; Tess’s inner asked “Wo mans chastity, really time has lost, forever has lost? All organisms have the ability to restore the source, why shouldnt the sole maidens chastity have this kind of ability?” (Thomas Hardy, 164)“why the s un do shine on the just and the unjust alike？”（Thomas Hardy,184）Treat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly. Although she became a disgrace woman, she always holds an inviolable attitude to Alec. She dropped originally may enjoy easy and comfortable life, fostered the child lonely. Periphery discriminates the judgment has not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. In order to after because the child who gives birth to die can be peaceful, she does not attend to blaspheme the canon, own begins to the child to execute the baptism. Although life gave her only attack and disaster，she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remains unmoved, Tess was not willing to comp romise. The disaster arrived, Tess’s father died and her family was expelled the village. Tess entrusted the body once again in Alec in order to her mother and little brothers and sisters have a place to live，but anti-makes in light of this had not ended, submits is only temporary. In the end, she used a knife killed Alec; this is inevitable result of her innermost feelings revolt. Tess had the ending of violent resistance to evil just her character to a higher level. The other side of Tess’s social charac ter is resigned to bad conditions. Tess adopts completely another kind of manner to treat Clare. The relationship between lovers should be equal, but Tess constantly disparages herself and raises Clare. At the beginning of love “she loves he extremely, she looks he as the god.”(Thomas Hard, 261) “To her sublime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be - knew all that a guide, philosopher,, and friend should know. She thought every line in the
contour of his person the perfection of masculine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer……The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her lift up her heart to him in devotion.”(Thomas Hard, 276) This is a love which how strong is blazing actually acts sterilely. In front of love, Tess has lost herself, has lost the dignity. Just this kind of blind, unequal love make Tess dropped the happy right as a wife, deepened her tragedy. Tess write a confession letter to Clare before married, and then tell her “crime”, but Clare is the traditional morals defender of traditional moral principles, his “new mind” demand Tess gives forgiveness and tolerant for his profligate behavior in the past, Tess has done, but the tragic past of Tess, actually cannot obtain Clare repays -like the intolerance. Tess has not done revolts slightly face Clare heartless abandonment. Oppositely, she said:” I certainly like a low pitiful slave of yours, absolute obeys you, if you ask me not to be able to fall to the ground, suicide killed, and I do not violate you.” (Tomas Hard, 352) Clare cruel-heartedly leaves; Tess never reduces her love to Clare. A passionate letter actually cannot call Clares ice-cold heart. The disaster layer on layer causes her to be able not but makes the choice in the social role and the natural disposition, she started to Clares revolt. Harbors to Clares despairing, she went to Alec’s thunder bosom who called himself the Satan. However she submits the ratio to the Alec thunder to lose the pure and chaste humiliation. In the end, when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband’s repudiation of her. Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in addition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She stabbed him as he slept. Then she ran out of the house and followed Angel. They had a few happy days together. Living with the husband she truly loved, she was ready for her punishment. Just because of her contradictory and tragic character, Tess had such miserable fate.
2. Alec and Clare’s Characters In this novel to male leading haracters description has reflected at that time the capitalist society darkness and false capitalism morals view. Alec is the emerging bourgeoisies representatives; he is representing the bourgeois societys authority, the wealth and the evil, Tess’s tragic life reason to him.
His father is a rich merchant, but after crown by aristocrat D’Urbervilles surname。This young man lay on his father’s money and power dominates the native place. When he meets Tess, the dissolute lascivious countenance is completely unmasked; he supposes the snare that destroyed young girls pure and chaste and the life happiness. Harms others to benefit him, resorts to all means to satisfy own absurd fleshly desires, and not only displayed the countryside landlord classs essential characteristic, but also manifested the property realistic characteristic. Although afterwards he changed in old pastor Clare help next evilly reforms, however, several dozens years abuse eradicates by no means. When he meets Tess again, has temptations regeneration. Alec in order to control Tess even uses the money and the power and influence strength to cause region which liver Tess’s family is in has no home. It can be said, Tess’s life is the might and the violence victim which the Alec thunder represents. If someone say Alec representatives evil force is the direct reason to cause Tess’s tragedy, then the traditional ethics morality survives on Angel Clare devastates to Tess is one kind invisible, the more fearful spirit injures. Angel Clare is a complex artistic image. On his body, not only has the certain enlightened thought, but also is retaining the traditional moral prejudice. Although he born in a pastor family, not willing to be a pastor "serves for God", he is willing to work at farming, "serves for the humanity". He despises the class prejudice and the rank idea, tires of abandons the metropolis lively life, he wants to go the country to do the arduous physical labor as those farmers, tries hard to grasp each kind of class the agricultural technology. In nature bosom, he feels the village life is simple and fresh when he stays with the innocent peasant family young girls. In treats feminine and in the love question, he mild-mannered and cultivated, serious and earnest, pay more attention on emotion, all of these are different with Alec. This explanations he was the Bourgeois intellectuals who has the free thought at that time，but he departs from to this social class also is extremely limited, He will be engaged in the agricultural production the goal is for later to be a large landed estate. He contacts with Tess has not always abandoned the traditional ideas the fetter. He not only as soon as starts to recognize Tess could be a good steward in the future, the most important is he love Tess not like her to love his
such selfless and sincere. In his eyes, Tess is “nature’s new born daughter”, however, once she confessed the insult to him which receives, then on his body preserves the inherent morals have strangled in his heart the real sentiment. Although he also have had the profligate behavior, and obtained Tess’s forgiving, but actually is not willing to forgive originally innocent Tess. This indicated his hearts core traditional morals ethics idea ingrained, he regards a woman from traditional chastity view to be chaste or not, this has given Tess by devastating attack. If we say because the Alec thunder ferocious adversary caused the chastity losing to bring the deep pain to Tess, but has not been able to disappear the desire and the future hope of her live. Then, Clare to her abandonment, said in some kind of degree, then has destroyed her spiritual prop (because Tess really loves him). Thus, his return caused her to feel the humiliation which own received, thus caused its pain, the lamentation; to despair has achieved the apex. Her finally killed Alec, not only must prove own helpless, simultaneously also are must to the person which loves prove own innocence. From this, may say that, is precisely by Alec representatives evil force and Clare himself preserves the traditional ethics morality, together pushed Tess to the tragic abyss.
Conclusion A lot of reflection was left b y Hardy through his creation of Tess’s tragedy. Tess was a strong woman throughout the novel. She stood up for herself and refused to crumble under pressure. It is true Tess should deserve respect because of enduring a great deal of pain. Yet, for her tragedy, it is not proper to blame solely on the unequal society that Tess lived in. Reading over this book, maybe someone think if does not have such unexpected event; perhaps Tess has the happy life and safely completes her life, but there are some factors which could not think in her each important life stage, these factors cause her tragedy. In actually, this was the time which she lived and her natural weakness invested her in this poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Face such a serious situation, her individuality weakness suits the accomplice. In a word, Tess has shown a powerful womans image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on
the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring .
Acknowledgements I want to take this chance to thanks to my tutor----Chen Shunjiang, a lecturer of School of Foreign Languages and Cultures. In the process of composing this paper, he gives me many academic and constructive advices, and helps me to correct my paper. Except these, he also gave me the opportunity to do my teaching practice. At the same time, I would like to appreciate my literature teacher, who gives me useful literature knowledge and information in this paper. He is Liu Youlong. At last, I am very grateful of my dear friends, Xu Yanling, Li Hong, who offered me the confidence and discuss with me about my paper. Of course, I do need to thanks my father, Yu Guicheng, my mother, Yang Subi, because of their warm care I can grow up well.
Bibliography ［1］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press,2004. ［2］Chenxia.. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” ［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998. ［3］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing Teachers’ College, 2005. ［4］Zhang Xiaodong. Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］. Journal of Chaohu College, 2004. ［5］YuYang. From the Spirit of Revolt of the Tragic View Tess. Beijing: ShangWu Press, 1971. ［6］陈焘宇编选：《哈代创作论集》，北京，中国社会科学出版社，1982. ［7］张中载，《托马斯哈代――思想和创作》，外语教学与研究出版社，1987. ［8］霍恩比著.李北达译：《牛津高阶汉英双解词典》，北京：商务出版社，2002. ［9］张世君，《<德伯家的苔丝>鉴赏》,重庆出版社, 1986. ［10］苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所编. 英国文学史1870-1955. 北京：人民文学出版社. 1983. ［11］欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义. 中国社会科学出版社. 1980年. ［12］秦玲. 苔丝悲剧的形成原因. 南阳师范学院. 2005. ［13］姚佩芝，董俊峰.《德伯家的苔丝》——哈代综合悲剧观的完美体现. 湖南师范大学社会科学学报.
2003. ［14］杨周翰、吴达之、赵萝蕤，《欧洲文学史》，人民文学出版社，1979年10 月. Causes,of,Tragedy,of,Tess,of,the,D’Urbervilles
TESS 评分标准 TESS原版本要求对每项症状作三方面的评定：严重度，症状和药物的关系以及采取的措施。 其中“症状和药物关系”栏分为：无关；基本无关；可能有关；很可能有关和肯定有关等5个等 级。 “采取措施”栏，评定针对副反应所作处理，分成0～6分7个等级。（0）不需任何处理； （l）加强观察；（2）于持抗药；（3）改变剂量；（4）改变剂量并予站抗药；（5）暂停治疗；（6）终止治疗。 “严重度”栏，评定症状的严重水平（0～4）：（0）无该项症状；（1）极轻或可疑；（2）轻度：指不影响功能活动，病人因之稍有烦恼，只有模棱两可的证据证明症状存在，或完全基 于病人的报告；（3）中度：一定程度的功能影响，但对生活无严重影响，病人因而感到不舒服 或不安，可直接观察到症状的存在；（4）重度：严重影响病人的活动和生活，就具体症状而言， 有些症状只要肯定存在，其严重度至少达到中度。原版本提出了一份用于成人的严重度评定指 南，简介如下（有些项目的评定标准，原版中闹如，由量表协作组补定，以*号标出）。 1．中毒性意识模糊：（3）仅见于晚上，短暂；（4）持续至白天。 2．兴奋激越：（2）有焦虑或恐惧；（3）有非持续性的激越性运动行为；（4）持续激越，如捶首，顿足和控手等。 3．情绪抑郁：（2）问出来的心境抑郁；（）主动诉述抑郁绝望，易哭；（4）伴阻滞的符合诊断标准的重症抑郁发作。 4．活动增加：（2）非持续性，能自行控制；（3）持续性，不需外力控制；（4）持续，需他人干涉。 * 5. 活动减退：（2）主动活动减少；（3）需外力推动才活动；（4）木僵或亚木僵。 6．失眠：（2）is平时睡眠减少2小时；（3）减少3～6小时；（4）减少6小时以上。 7．嗜睡：（2）白天嗜睡或睡觉2小时；（3）白天睡眠3～8小时；（4）白天睡8小时以上。 * 8．血象异常：（3）血象化验异常，如白细胞减少；（4）严重异常；如白细胞缺乏。 9．肝功能：（3）化验异常；（4）黄疽。 * 10.尿化验异常：（3）化验结果为肯定异常；（4）严重异常。 11．肌强直：（2）肌张力轻度增高，不影响活动，（3）肌张力明显增高（未用抬抗药）；（4）肌张力极高，即使使用持抗药亦不能逆转。 12．震颤；（2）自觉有震颤感，或闭目平伸双手有轻度震颤；（3）明显可见的震颤，影响精细活动；（4）震颤严重，影响生活，如无法进食。 13．扭转运动：（2）有，但不影响活动；（3）影响活动但不影响生活；（4）影响生活。 14．静坐不能：（2）自觉心烦，缺乏耐心，能自控；（3）因缺乏耐心，会谈时或工作中起立行走；（4）无法静坐，无法完成任务，不能自控。
The Tragedy of Tess in Tess of the D’ Urberville Abstract:Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the famous British novelist and poet Thomas hardy’s masterpiece. It is known as the treasure of English literature and world literature. The novel describes a pure gir l’s tragic fate. This thesis tries to probe the inevitable factors and significance of her tragedy from the aspects of social environment, religion, moral, family, nature and so on. Key Words:tragedy; factor; Tess; Alec; Angel. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the time of the 19th century. In his whole life he published fourteen accomplished novel, forty-seven short stories, more than nine hundred poems. In his youth, Hardy had been greatly influenced by some liberal thinkers such as Darwin and John Stuart Mill. In his novels, Hardy incorporated many of these themes in order to portray a real world. Darwin’s challenge led Hardy to lose faith in Christianity, and this lack of faith gave his novels their tragic, bleak element. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, is a tragic story of a beautiful country girl, Tess Durbeyfield, who is the daughter of a poor villager. She is a pure and loyal young woman. In order to support the poor family, she has to follow her parents’ advice and visit the so-called distant relative—D’Urbervilles. Later, she is seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, the son of a rich merchant. From then on her destiny changes greatly. At last, Tess manages to elude Alec and gives birth to her baby, but she loses the baby finally. After the death of her baby, she leaves home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Clare, a pastor’s son. They fall in love and get married. On their wedding night Angel confesses to her the sins of his past, Tess forgives him and tells him her story with Alec, b ut Angel can’t accept the truth, he deserts her and leaves her to Brazil. After Angel’s leaving, Tess lives a very hard life. She meets Alec again and is pursued by him once more. Without hope for Angel’s back, Tess has no choice but go to Alec again. Unfortunately, Angel comes to find Tess and tell her he still loves her. Now, Tess hates Alec deeply. With deep sad she kills Alec and runs away with Angel. They live a
悲惨的命运 一只小蝴蝶在花丛中自由自在的飞来飞去，她很快乐。 这只蝴蝶是一位女士，哦，准确的说，她是一位姑娘，而且还是最美的姑娘呢！为此，她深感自豪。 她从来不担心食物的事，瞧，她的家就在无边的花海之中：那儿堆满了数不清、吃不完、用不尽的花粉和花蜜。她总在花和花之间来回游离，直到花粉沾满全身，飞也飞不动的时候才停下来，她就停在一朵最小、最不起眼，但是很舒服的花儿上面休息。 她不愁吃、不愁住的生活着，虽然蝴蝶的生命是有限的。但对于蝴蝶来说，她算年轻的，正是享受的大好年华。 她有一个愿望，就是有一天，游遍这无边的花海，直累得自己趴在地上飞也飞不动的时候才停下来。 可是，她一直没有去实现这个愿望。 终有一天，她对这种吃了玩，玩了睡，睡了吃的生活厌烦了，她开始讨厌这种单点乏味而且无聊的生活。 她要出发了，要去实现自己的愿望。 蝴蝶的寿命真的太短了，现在，她飞起来时感到有点累了。 她要马上实现愿望，不然，就可能没机会了，况且她也不相信返老还童、转世投胎的歪门邪说。 现在小蝴蝶已经变成了大蝴蝶，以后会变成老蝴蝶，最后会变成死蝴蝶。 可是有件事让她怎么也想不到。 她飞啊飞，飞啊飞，在花海中游行，她想找到花海的边。她快乐的玩耍着，就像回到了小时候—那个无忧无虑的年华。 她在路上遇到许多伙伴，他们木纳呆板的模样让蝴蝶感到很困惑。为什么呢？
哎，还没到海边啊，这花海真大！ 忽然，一阵风吹来，单薄的蝴蝶支撑不住，差点摔到地上，待她好不容易又飞了起来，又一阵风吹过，把她刮到了一朵花的蕊上，摔得她满身花粉！ 蝴蝶想在花蕊上休息会儿，她感到累了。但是，一双大脚走过，重重的踩在了他旁边的花上。那双脚真大真重，真的连蝴蝶所在的那朵花也摇动起来。 他赶快飞起来，这一飞却惹事了：那双大脚像是发现了目标似的朝他走来，他马上就行高空飞翔，以防被大脚踩到。 然后呢，她就飞了起来，但是后面有一双眼珠子跟着，另外还有一双手想要抓住她。她好害怕啊！ 她就这样一直被紧紧跟着，他不停的飞啊飞，不知飞了有多远，她看到前面有不同于花的颜色的东西，便飞得更快了，然后，就一头栽了过去，她只感到头很疼很疼，像快要死了一般，于是，她就晕过去了。 在她醒来时，她发现周围一片漆黑，如同晚上一般，但她肯定这绝不是晚上：因为她听到了鸟的叫声——这种鸟在晚上是绝不会叫的。 她试着动了一下，发现自己根本动不了，周围的东西压得太紧了，用人类的话来形容：这就像地震后你被水泥板死死压住的感觉一样。 她渐渐地没力气了，就不再动了。 过了几天，她好饿，她想她现在一定面黄肌瘦很难看。又过了几天，她气若游丝，她感觉自己身上的水分正在被周围的东西吸走。 终于，她在第九天，失去了所有的意识和力气，死掉了。 她的灵魂在飘荡。 在一个明媚的下午，压着她的东西——一本书，被打开了，在打开的同时，我们会听到一声赞叹：“好漂亮的标本
最新专业原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 大学英语教师课堂话语礼貌现象研究 2 中英社交禁忌习俗异同之比较分析 3 A Naturalistic Approach to Jude’s Tragedy in Jude the Obscure 4 幸福婚姻中爱情与金钱并重——论《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观 5 从译者主体性视角看文言语体在英文歌词 6 从广交会现场洽谈角度论英语委婉语在国际商务谈判中的功能与应用 7 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 8 论《最后的莫西干人》中的印第安情结 9 Research on the Expression of the Speaker’s Intention in English and Chinese Conversation 10 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 11 论《马丁伊登》中一个成功者的幻灭 12 An Analysis of the Family Membership In Death of a Salesman 13 Unreliable Narration – The Approach to Irony in Pride and Prejudice 14 分析与比较中美电视新闻的娱乐化，及其未来的发展 15 Yellow Peril–the Image of Fu Manchu in the West 16 解读奥斯卡王尔德的《莎乐美》中的女性意识 17 《大地》中赛珍珠女权主义分析 18 论福斯塔夫的性格 19 浅析《儿子与情人》中扭曲的人物关系 20 英语专业学生课外网络自主学习问题研究 21 对鲁滨逊性格特征的分析 22 《嘉莉妹妹》中女主人公的服饰所反映的女性意识 23 生态视角下解读《荒野的呼唤》 24 浅析《哈克贝利费恩历险记》的写作风格 25 从礼貌原则看英语委婉语的构成和社会功能 26 论托马斯哈代《还乡》的悲剧效果 27 跨文化交际背景下英语禁忌语探析 28 英语词汇中的性别歧视现象及回避方式 29 浅析广告发展现状及其未来发展趋势 30 An Analysis of the Names in Tess of the d’Urbervilles 31 社会阶层与语言关系在《雾都孤儿》中的投射研究 32 从Hofstede的文化维度角度解析中美家庭教育的差异 33 北京奥运会与中国品牌发展 34 A Comparison of Chinese and Western Taboos of Social Communication 35 奥斯卡王尔德童话中的理想与现实 36 母语在小学英语学习中的正迁移 37 论《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象 38 非传统式英雄——从女性主义批评角度看《名利场》 39 论英语写作中中式英语的成因及解决策略 40 互动在高中英语阅读课的应用 41 The Relationship Between Oscar Wilde and Dorian Gray
锥体外系反应 锥体外系反应 【药师学习百科】——20090604 执业药师之路坎坷崎岖、荆棘密布，每个“执考”之人都莫不都是忧云缠身、辛酸之泪洒满岁月的道路。可能很多人是第一次考、甚至还抱着过与不过无所谓的态度，其实你们有没有想过那些连续考了2年，3年……5年、8年的人呢。我们俱是身经百战的勇士，许多人倒下了、还会有更多的人站起来，不管结果会如何，执业药师凡乎是每个药学之人都梦想拿到的证书，哪怕它不能带不给我们好的工作、哪位它不能给我们带来金钱、哪所……但最最起码它能满足我们一种自我的自豪感，实现我们一种专业意识的责任感。 跟学员接触了这么长时间以来，感觉执业药师之路是一项系统的大工程，自从决定参考考试以来，就需要我们点滴积累，逐个攻破。其实这么长时间以来，我们在一起，我们一直在一起，共了一个共同的目标而在一起。 为了促进学员的积极性、也为了能使学员对知识更容理解，把我们执业药师论坛办成一个有特色、有品味、有益处的论坛，从今天起，我会不定期发布“药师学习百科”的帖子，帖子的内容为学员在学习过程中遇到的一些扩展性或总结性的的知识点，帮助学员理解，学员
了解即可。 需要注意的是，帖子的内容由发帖人根据某些参考书籍和（或）网络帖子集合整理，部分知识点由于涉及的知识面太宽、太深、太偏，发帖人不能保证内容的准确性与全面性，但会广查资料，使之尽可能地接近于完善。 当然欢迎学员对已发的帖子进行评点、跟帖、讨论，指出其中纰误，斑主会尽时修改原帖。欢迎学员也把自己总结的知识发布的论坛上来，我们的门槛不高，反正大家共同来完善它。 锥体外系反应 <药理学-第二十一章精神药物-氯丙嗪> 锥体外系 人体控制运动的神经细胞和传导纤维主要分为锥体系（由大脑皮质运动区的锥体细胞及其发出的皮质脊髓束和皮质脑干束中的传导纤维 组成）和锥体外系。 除锥体束外的所有其它的运动神经核和运动传导束为锥体外系。锥体外系发自大脑皮层后，它们在下行途中先与纹状体发生联系，然后经
悲惨命运 [英国]威·毛姆 有些人，在拜访别人或晚上与人聊天的时候，总觉得告辞是一件艰难的事。时间一分接一分地过去，到了拜访者觉得自己真的该走的时候了，他站起来吞吞吐吐地说：“呃，我想我……”紧接着主人就说：“噢，你这就要走吗？时间真的还早哩！”于是拜访者拿不定主意的尴尬就接踵而至了。 在我所知的这类事情中，最悲惨的例子要数我可怜的朋友梅尔帕梅纽斯·琼斯先生的遭遇了，他简直不知道如何从所拜访的人家里脱身：他是那么忠厚，又是那么规矩，从不愿失礼。在他放暑假的第一天下午，他去他的一个朋友家拜访。他在那儿聊了一会儿天，喝了两杯茶，然后好不容易鼓起了勇气说：“呃，我想我……” 可是女主人说：“噢，别急！琼斯先生，你真不能再多呆一会儿吗？” 琼斯从来都是说实话的。“噢，能，”他说，“当然，我——呃——可以再呆一会儿。”他留了下来，喝了十一杯茶。夜幕开始降临了，他再一次站起身来。 “呃，现在，我想我真的……” “你非要走吗？”女主人客气地说，“我还以为你可以留下来吃饭哩……” “呃，是可以的，”琼斯说，“假如……” “那就留下来吧，我肯定我丈夫会很高兴的。” “好吧，那就留下来吧。”他颓然坐回到椅子上，灌了一肚子茶水，怪难受的。 男主人回来了。他们开始吃饭，席间琼斯从头到尾都坐在那儿盘算着要在八点三十分告辞。主人一家都在纳闷，不知琼斯到底是因为呆笨而显得郁闷不乐呢，还是仅仅只是呆头呆脑。 吃完饭之后，女主人想“打开他的话匣子”，于是就拿出照片来给他看。她把家里珍藏的所有照片都拿了出来，总共有好多哩。到八点三十分的时候，琼斯已看了七十一张照片，大约还有六十张没看。琼斯站了起来：“现在我得告辞了。”他以恳求的口吻说。 “告辞？”他们说，“才八点三十哩！你有什么事要去办吗？” “没什么事。”他承认，接着又闷声闷气地坐下，然后苦笑了一下。 就在这时候，大家发现主人家的宝贝儿子——那个可爱的小调皮鬼把琼斯先生的帽子给藏起来了，因此，男主人说，琼斯先生非留下来不可了，于是就请琼斯一起抽烟和聊天。琼斯时时刻刻都想果断地离去，可就是办不到。后来男主人开始厌烦琼斯了，用反话挖苦说：“琼斯先生最好留下来过夜，我们可以给你临时搭一个铺。”琼斯误解了他的本意，竟热泪盈眶地向他连连道谢。于是男主人便把他安顿在一间空房里，内心却在狠狠地诅咒他。 第二天吃完早饭后，男主人进城上班去了，留下琼斯和在家的宝贝儿子玩。琼斯这一天一直在琢磨要离去，可他又左右为难。男主人傍晚下班回去，发现琼斯居然还在家里，大感吃惊和恼火。他想开个玩笑把琼斯支走，于是就说，他认为该向琼斯先生收房租和伙食费了！那个不幸的小伙子目瞪口呆了一阵子，然后紧紧握住男主人的手，向他预付了一个月的食宿费。 在接下来的日子里，他神情忧郁，最后他终于垮了。他发烧可真厉害，根本就神志不清。后来病情进一步恶化，怪可怕的。有时候，他会从床上惊坐起来，尖叫道：“呃，我想……”紧接着又倒回到枕头上，同时发出一声令人毛骨悚然的大笑。再过一会儿，他又会跳起来，大叫道：“再来一杯茶，再拿些照片来！哈！” 最后，经过一个月的痛苦折磨，在他假期的最后一天，他去世了。人们说在他临终之际，他坐在床上说：“噢！天使们在召唤我，我想我真的该走了，再见！”
阅读下面的文字，完成小题。（25分）悲惨命运[英]威廉·萨默赛特·毛姆有些人，在拜访别人或晚上与人聊天的时候，总觉得告辞是一件很难的事。时间一分接一分地过去了，到拜访者觉得自己真的该走了的时候，他站起来吞吞吐吐地说：“呃，我想我……”紧接着主人就说：“噢，你这就要走吗？时间真的还早呢！”于是拜访者拿不定主意的尴尬就接踵而至了。在我所知的这类事情中，最悲惨的例子要数我可怜的朋友动三先生了。他简直不知道该如何从所拜访的人家里脱身。他是那么忠厚，又是那么规矩，从不愿失礼。在他放暑假的第一天下午，天空一片浅蓝，颜色很浅。他到一个朋友家里拜访。他在那儿聊了一会儿天，喝了两杯茶，然后好不容易鼓起勇气说：“呃，我想我……”可是女主人说：“噢，别急！动三先生，你真不能再多待一会儿吗？”动三从来都是说实话的。“噢，我能。”他说，“当然，我--呃--可以再待一会儿。”他留了下来，喝了十一杯茶。夜幕开始降临了，他再一次站起来。“呃， “我还以为你可以留下来吃饭呢……”现在，我想我真的……”“你非要走吗？”女主人客气地说， “呃，是可以的。”动三说，“假如……”“那就留下来吧。我肯定我的丈夫会很高兴的。”“好吧，那就留下来吧。”他颓然回到椅子上，灌了一肚子的茶水，怪难受的。男主人回来了，他们开始吃饭。动三从头到尾都在盘算着要在八点三十分告辞。主人一家都在纳闷，不知动三到底是因呆笨而显得闷闷不乐呢，还是仅仅只是呆头呆脑的。吃完饭后。女主人想打开他的话匣子，于是拿出照片给他看。她把家里珍藏的所有的照片都拿了出来。到八点三十分的时候，动三已经看了七十一张，大约还有六十张没看完。动三站起来：“现在告辞了。”他以恳求的口吻说。“告辞？”他们说，“才八点三十分，你有什么事要去办吗？”“没什么事。”他承认，然后苦笑了一下，接着又闷声闷气地坐下来。就在这时候，大家发现主人的宝贝儿子--那个可爱的小调皮鬼把动三的帽子给藏起来了，因此，男主人说，动三先生非留下来不可了，于是就请动三一起抽烟聊天。动三时时刻刻都在想着果断地离去，可是办不到。后来男主人开始厌烦他了，就用反话挖苦他说：“动三先生最好留下来过夜，我们可以给你临时搭一个铺。”动三误解了他的意思，竟然连连道谢。于是男主人便为他安排了一个空房间，内心却狠狠地诅咒他。第二天，吃完早饭后，男主人进城上班了，留下动三和家里的宝贝儿子玩。动三一天一直在琢磨着回去，可他又左右为难。男主人傍晚下班回来了，他发现动三还在家里，大感吃惊和恼火。他想开个玩笑把动三支走，于是说：“我认为该向动三先生收房租和伙食费了！”那个不幸的小伙子目瞪口呆一阵，然后紧紧握住男主人的手，向他预付了一个月的食宿费。在接下来的一个月的日子里，他神情忧郁，最后他垮了。他发烧得厉害，神志不清。后来病情进一步恶化，怪可怕的。有时候他从床上惊坐起来，尖叫着：“呃，我想……”紧接着又倒在枕头上，同时发出一声令人毛骨悚然的大笑。再一会儿，他又跳起来，大叫着：“再来一杯茶，再拿照片来！哈！”在动三假期的最后一天，大雨“哗哗哗”地下个不停，仿佛天上有个巨大的喷壶，在往地上倒水。经过一个月的痛苦折磨，动三去世了。人们说在他临终之际，他在床上说：“噢！天使们在召唤我，我想我真的该走了。再见！”（选自《小说选刊》2011年第12期，有删改）1.下列对小说有关内容的分析和概括，最恰当的两项是（5分）（）（）A．本文描写人物时运用了语言、动作、心理、神态等描写方法。如动作描写：“有时候他从床上惊坐起来，尖叫着，再一会儿，他又跳起来，大叫着。”B．小说结尾描写“大雨‘哗哗哗’地下个不停，仿佛天上有个巨大的喷壶，在往地上倒水”，主要目的是照应开头“天空一片浅蓝，颜色很浅”一句。C．小说以动三的悲惨命运为线索，以人物行踪为顺序，文脉清晰。作者自始至终抓住人物的语言来塑造人物形象，字里行间流露出对动三的同情和褒扬。D．女主人把家里珍藏的所有的照片都拿了出来，但动三只看了七十一张，大约还有六十张没看完就站起来想走，这表明动三心不在焉，急着告辞回家。E．在接下来的一个月的日子里，动三神情忧郁，最后他垮了。他发烧得厉害，神志不清。造成这种结局的原因是预付食宿费、被主人误解带来的思想折磨等。2.文章开头“有些人，在拜访别人或晚上与人
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 荒诞与抵抗——《局外人》中莫尔索的荒诞表现之原因分析 2 通往真正的人性之路：《紫色》中西丽的转变 3 功能对等视角下汉语广告的英译策略 4 浅析中西文化数字含义的差异与原因 5 称呼语的语用分析—个案分析：以《傲慢与偏见》中的称呼语为例 6 Social Features and Language Characteristics in Pride and Prejudice 7 浅析中英恭维语 8 What to Love and Hate －－－－on "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" 9 “It be Adj of sb to do sth”中形容词语义的构式语法研究 10 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 175 567 12 48 11 浅析英语新闻标题的语言特征 12 浅谈《鲁滨逊漂流记》中现实主义元素 13 从会话含义角度解读《老友记》的言语幽默效果 14 目的论视角下公益广告的翻译 15 情感因素对英语教学的影响 16 析《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿的人生选择 17 《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征艺术 18 论《牧师的黑面纱》中的宗教讽刺 19 独立学院英语专业大一学生阅读策略使用情况调查与分析 20 《织工马南》中马南的性格 21 红色，英汉词汇差异的文化理据 22 从主角与配角之间关系的角度探讨《老人与海》中的生存主题 23 论《第二十二条军规》的写作手法 24 Lexical Differences between British English and American English 25 从伦理道德的角度解读《红字》中的清教主义 26 从电影《功夫熊猫》看中国英语的发展 27 中学英语口语互动教学的现状及存在的问题 28 A Popular Form of Subtitles Translation by Fansub Group on the Internet 29 《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义解读 30 中西社交礼仪差异的历史文化原因探析 31 《远大前程》中皮普的性格发展与外界环境的关系 32 霍桑的罪恶观在《红字》中的体现 33 《白鲸》主人公亚哈的悲剧性格分析 34 广告中的文化差异及翻译策略 35 庞德诗歌《在地铁站里》的意象分析 36 Roberta’s Role in An American Tragedy 37 [毕业论文](经贸英语系毕业论文)优衣库创意营销策略 38 澳大利亚英语词汇和澳大利亚文化（开题报告+论） 39 英汉味觉词“酸甜苦辣”的比较分析 40 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 41 怎样提高初中生的英语口语 42 浅析中学生英语学习中的情感因数
Chapter Three: The cause of Tess’s tragedy genera ted. Ⅰ. Social reason 1.1 Poverty T he past century, Tess’s tragedy had move thousands of hund reds of people all over the world. T ess was beguiled and viola ted by a young landlord, Alec, then pregnancy, so that she w as deprived of receiving the authentic love so as to be discar ded by her husband, Angel, during the wedding night. Extrem ely having no alternative, she regained the Alec’s, but titular h usband was coming back from Brazil unawares and looking fo r her. For her authentic love, Tess killed Alec who devastated her life. After Tess just spending her last three-day-and-night’s happy time in her poor life with Angel, the gods had tinished their sport with Tess. The social background of this story was changing society at the turning point of feudalism to capitalis m when thousands of decayed peasants suffering. And the hu man factors here mainly concern two men—Alec and Angel. T hough the first two causes played an important role in Tess’s tragedy, Take root reason was the sex discrimination. The solu
问答题目：某日凌晨，一惊恐万分之男士搀扶其新婚妻子入急诊科，该女士系妊娠两月，两眼上翻凝视，张大口，吐出长长的舌头，头转向右侧。男士大哭，诉他使劲也不能把其妻子的头转过来，其状极为恐怖。追问病史，平素体健，因妊娠剧吐难忍于两小时前在社区医院用过葡萄糖、氯化钾等补液治疗，同时口服硫糖铝口服混悬液，注射胃复安。作为急诊科大夫，您认为选用下列哪种药物可能最为合适：A山莨菪碱（654-2）B地西泮C氟哌啶醇D异丙嗪E东莨菪碱此类患者极为常见，儿科病人更多，诊断不难，为药物所引起的锥体外系症状，通常被称为药物性锥体外系反应。 能够引发锥体外系症状的药物，从类型来说，主要有四类药，即抗精神病药、中枢性镇吐药、抗癫痫药和抗组胺药；从具体药物来说，发生率由高到低依次为胃复安（灭吐灵）、氯丙嗪、卡马西平、多潘立酮、舒必利、扑尔敏、氟桂利嗪和异丙嗪等。 一般情况下，这些药物虽有引起锥体外系症状的潜在危险，但在常规 剂量时较少出现不良反应。只有在大剂量用药、连续用药或者血脑屏障发育尚不完善的儿童患者应用过程中，由于药物进入中枢神经系统量大或在中枢神经系统蓄积过量，才有可能通过影响多种神经递质的功能而致锥体外系功能发生改变，导致患者出现震颤、肌张力增高和肌阵挛等复杂多样的锥体外系症状。
很多朋友都很快就辨识出这是胃复安引起的锥体外系副反应，但是在选择治疗药物的时候还是有不少人出错。在备选答案中，有几个药物也是有锥体外系的副作用，居然也有不少朋友选择，比如氟哌啶醇。 目前认为这一副作用与阻断黑质-纹状体通路的多巴胺受体，使纹状体中多巴胺功能减退，而乙酰胆碱功能占优势有关.由于乙酰胆碱和多巴胺有拮抗作用。 所以多数有锥体外系症状群者，可用抗胆碱能药物，山莨菪碱不易透过血脑屏障，中枢作用很小。而东莨菪碱能透过血脑屏障，对震颤麻痹症有缓解流涎、震颤和肌肉强直的效果，可能与拮抗中枢神经的乙酰胆碱作用有关，属中枢神经性抗胆碱药，而且对中枢神经的抑制作用较强，所以东莨菪碱注射液治疗锥体外系反应，可收到良好效果。 因此正确答案是E东莨菪碱 （注：专业文档是经验性极强的领域，无法思考和涵盖全面，素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。可复制、编制，期待你的好评与关注）
悲惨时代的悲惨命运—《骆驼祥子》读后感 闲暇，总爱看看书。也许是现今社会有了太多的修饰，使得自己越发爱看老舍平实的文章，欣赏他的语言艺术。他的文学作品始终运用着风味独具的北京大白话，字里行间流露出质朴，简洁，幽默和风趣。读他写的故事，有时会觉得很好笑，但有时却因为其的沉重丽无法笑出来。 我读《骆驼祥子》时 ___。祥子，一生好似一只海上颠簸的小舟——三起三落。作为一个普通的人力车夫，他的身上有着劳动人民许多优良品质：善良纯朴，热爱劳动，勤奋要强。他是那么充满希望：拥有一辆属于自己的车，成为上等车夫。……然而一系列的变故，使他连续三次地买车卖车。失车的痛苦，劫款的无奈，婚姻的不幸使他精神崩溃，走向了坠落，他再也鼓不起勇气生活，最后成为了一具失去灵魂的行尸走肉。看看祥子买车时的心理活动：“祥子的手哆嗦得厉害了，揣起保单，拉起车，几乎要哭出来。拉到个僻静地方，细细端详自己的车，在漆板上试着照照自己的脸!越看越可爱，就是那不尽合自己的理想的地方也都可以原谅了。“看着这段描写，我们看到了此刻充满了希望和幸福的祥子，我们也能深深体会到祥子爱车的心情。可是，一个如此热爱生活、如此勤劳纯朴的人怎么会最终沦落为—天为混两个饱的潦倒汉子？没有了精神寄托和奋斗目标，“就跟条狗一样，一天的动作只为捡些白薯皮的须子吃”。是天意弄人？可上帝为什么要把那么多苦难降落到一个如
此老实厚道的穷人身生？这不是太不公平了吗？我反复咀嚼着祥子的故事，最终只好忧伤地承认：这就是社会，是社会决定了一个无辜者如此悲惨的结局。作品中有一句话可谓“一剑封喉”：“雨下给富人，也下给穷人；下给义人，也下给不义的人。其实，雨并不公道，因为下落在一个没有公道的世界上。”祥子生活的那个社会是不公道的，他的命运、他周围的人如虎妞、小福子、老马祖孙和刘四爷等人的命运都不外是那个不公道的社会演绎出的“合理”答案。也许我们愿意这样设想，如果祥子在经历了最后的那段痛苦与不幸后，仍然顽强地振作起来，也许就能摆脱悲惨的命运。可是依照祥子的性格和包围着他的社会环境，他不可能有另外的结局。“经验是生活的肥料，有什么样的经验便交成什么样的人，就像在沙漠中是养不出牡丹的一样。祥子这样一个善良、纯朴的个人奋斗者，在那样一个没有公道的黑暗社会里是可以说是没有成功可能的。最终祥子也明白了这个道理，他在看到小马死在祖父老马怀抱里后叹道：“我算是明白了，干苦活儿的打算独自一个人混好，比登天还难。” 《骆驼祥子》中的主人公之所以和骆驼联系在了一起，不仅仅是因为他曾经在混战中拉了三匹骆驼，更因为他本有着骆驼般积极，坚韧的品格。正如骆驼毕竟无法适应占地球陆地3，4的平地，离开沙漠便是它的悲剧开始上演一样，祥子在他生活的那个社会里也注定
悲惨的命运和痛苦的考验不仅降临在普通人的身上，同样也降临在伟人的身上。 ——题记（罗曼·罗兰） 回味了罗曼·罗兰在扉页上的话语，我看到这样一个不让我理解的结论：悲惨＋痛苦=伟人。 人们都说，伟人、英雄这一张风光的笑脸背后，是一张勤奋努力，辛勤的汗水流淌着的身躯，但我却无法想象，在这些伟人成功之前，所经历的种种悲惨、痛苦的情形的确让人无法想象。 当人们陶醉在《第九交响曲》的震撼中时，贝多芬在抗争贫困、残疾、孤独中带着他的箴言而逝：“用苦难换来欢乐，”从《大卫》到《垂死的奴隶》，再到《最后的审判》，米开朗基罗把他的力量和精神寄托到了雕塑上，而孤独悲惨而痛苦的生活将他缓缓地送进那文艺复兴时期意大利的无垠的青天中去。带着《战争与和平》，《安娜·卡列尼娜》以及顶峰巨著《复活》在教会以及政府人员的威逼下，不屈的列夫·托尔斯泰下定了他摆脱教堂、贵族的决心。 合上《名人传》，我又翻开了语文书，“天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身……”孟子所说的正是对这三位功绩卓越的伟人生活的一生最好的解释。 友人说罗曼·罗兰悲，因为他将贝多芬、米开朗基罗、托尔斯泰所受的苦难放大，而把他们的光辉收拢，而我却认为，也正是因为有了这些苦难，才创造出了这么一位位栩栩如生的名人；友人说曹雪芹苦，因为他将香菱、林黛玉、紫鹃所受的苦难缩小，而把整张大观园的美图展现，而我却认为，在这张大观园祥和图之后，饱含了一位位红颜薄命的弱女子的凄惨生活；友人说施耐庵难，因为他把水泊梁山一百零八将的宏图拆开，而把他们单独描写，而我却认为，不同的人不同的结局背后，隐藏着那个封建社会的阴暗。这些足以证明“悲惨＋痛苦=伟人”。 从手持笔杆，坚守宫刑之苦的史学家司马迁，到尝百草、读万卷书、行万里路的医学家李时珍，从卧薪尝胆的越王勾践到两弹元勋的邓稼先，都让我真正明白了：悲惨＋痛苦=伟人。 放眼初三的一年，我已经踏上了冲刺的起跑线，带着贝多芬的箴言，不断向前奔跑：用奋斗换来硕果！ 也许我们曾经在挫折面前彷徨过，绝望过；也许我们曾经意外的得到挫折带给我们的馈赠，体验过战胜之后的快乐……这些都是我们成长历程中不可多得的宝贵财富，选择坚强是最有用的资源。 世界上的名人大部分都是经过风吹雨打的，所以说彩虹，经过与雷电的激战之后才出现。每一个名人的背后都有着一个感人的故事，每一个感人的事情，不仅能让你吸收情感和知识，还能用来反省自己是否坚强过？
本科毕业设计（论文）On Tess' Tragedy in Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Abstract Tess is a country girl in Tess of the D'Urbervilles written by Hardy, a famous English novel writer. Her life is filled with different kinds of adversities. She is seduced by one man and deserted by the other, but unlike conventional women, she says goodbye to her past life by her optimistic attitude and pursuits new life confidently. She is depicted as an attractive and pure woman, who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. In spite of her continuous rebel, she can't change her tragic life. At last, Tess becomes a murderer and she is sentenced to death. Through analyzing the novel, we can reveal the reasons for Tess’ tragedy better and understand deeply about the social environment, countryside, farmers’ fate and social values of the Britain at the end of the 19th century. And we can also have a conclusion that Tess' tragedy is unavoidable, because under such social conditions, although Tess has many excellent qualities, she still has no chance to escape from patriarchal fence and social conventions. Key words: Tess; social environment; family; fate tragedy
女性主义批评视野下的《苔丝》 Ξ ———兼评有关苔丝命运悲剧的历史观点 何亚敏1,2 (1.浙江大学 人文学院,浙江 杭州310028;2.浙江邮电职业技术学院 公共外语教研室,浙江 绍兴312016)摘 要:哈代的代表作《苔丝》历来受到众多学者与读者的关注,而关注的焦点大多聚焦在造成苔丝悲惨命运的根源上。本文论述了其他历史观点的不足,从而认为只有从女性主义批评视野入手才能真正找到苔丝悲剧的源动力,使苔丝式的悲剧不再重演,实现女性真正的解放。 关键词:哈代;苔丝;悲剧根源;女性主义批评 中图分类号:I561.44 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-293X (2009)02-0072-04 一、序言 托马斯?哈代(Thomas Hardy1840-1928)英国19世纪末20世纪初最杰出的批判现实主义文学巨匠,被伍尔夫(W oolf )誉为“英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧大师”。其作品横跨两个世纪,承上启下,即承接了英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现二十世纪的文学创新,气势磅礴,博大精深,特别对19世纪末资本主义入侵农村后,个体农民破产与遭受的悲惨命运进行了批判性的悲剧思索。而在其作品中最具代表性,历久弥 新,折射文学家伟大思想光芒的作品,毋庸置疑首推其经典名著《苔丝》(《T ess of the D ’urbervilles 》 )。小说以苔丝(T ess )悲惨而短暂的一生遭遇为主要情节,描述了这位纯洁姑娘的不幸命运:纯真、善良的花季少女苔丝初入社会,涉世未深,由于老马“王子”惨死,使家庭经济陷入困境,迫于家庭生计与家人压力来到地主恶少亚雷克(Alec )家谋生,不料却遭亚雷克诱奸而致怀孕,苔丝义无反顾地回到家乡,苔丝悲情的一生至此拉开序幕;在孩子夭折后,苔丝来到远离家乡的一牛奶场做工,相识了克莱尔(Clare )并与之相爱;新婚夜苔丝出于爱与忠诚,把自己受辱失身的经历坦诚相告,不料被“习俗与成见的奴隶”克莱尔抛弃,苔丝再次陷入困境;而屋漏偏逢连夜雨,苔丝的娘家此时也陷入极度贫困之中,流离失所,在这种窘境下为了家人,苔丝怀着自我牺牲的精神不得不再次接受了亚雷克的庇护与其同居;而克莱尔此时从国外突然归来,苔丝近于疯狂,为了爱,她毅然杀死亚雷克,在与丈夫短暂相聚度过一生中最美好的几天后,被捕,凄美地走上了绞刑架。 《苔丝》创作于1891年,“差不多一个世纪过去了,可我们读到它时,还时常觉得在读当代的作品”〔1〕。 为什么当今读者对问世一百多年的《苔丝》情有独钟,一往情深呢?除了其结构、语言、修辞等艺术品质外,更重要的是在艺术品质烘托与承载之上的思想内涵。苔丝从一位纯情、善良、勤劳的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯,究竟是何种邪恶力量在迫害、摧残、毁灭着这有“诗一般优美、清新气韵,也有诗一般激情……非人工 的抒情诗”〔2〕。究竟是何种意志把苔丝这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?各个时代不同的 人们大到伟大的思想家、文学批评家小到平凡的读者从不同的视野中发出了不同的话语。 二、对苔丝命运悲剧根源探索似是而非、以偏概全的不同历史观点的批评 哈代,苔丝这一19世纪最优美的文学女性形象的缔造者,无疑对苔丝悲剧命运根源最具发言权。遗憾的是由于“哈代深受叔本华(Schopenhauer )和哈特曼(Hartman )的影响,认为宇宙间存在着一种超自然的 内在意志力(Immanent Will ),它无所不在,没有意志,不知善恶,盲目作用,控制着宇宙间的一切”〔2〕。诚 然,哈代体察到社会阴暗现状,并也用文学的武器予以揭露,他也曾批判粉饰太平的虚伪乐观主义者,说 第29卷第2期2009年3月 绍 兴 文 理 学 院 学 报JOURNA L OF SH AOXI NG UNI VERSITY V ol.29N o.2Mar.2009 Ξ收稿日期:2008-08-21 作者简介:何亚敏(1977-),男,江西九江人,浙江大学07级比较文学与世界文学硕士研究生,浙江邮电职业技术学院公共外语教研室助教。