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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译51采煤工作面无线传感器网络物理层设计UWB技术

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译51采煤工作面无线传感器网络物理层设计UWB技术
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译51采煤工作面无线传感器网络物理层设计UWB技术

翻译部分

英文原文

Coal Face Wireless Sensor Network Physical Layer Design Based

On UWB Technology

Abstract

In order to guarantee the safety of coal face production, it is necessary to monitor and surveillance face Shearer, scraper transport planes, hydraulic support, transport machines, broken machines etc . At present, it is difficult for the cable transmission mode to adapt to changes in the work site of the coal face. Transmission lines are often damaged and snapped for various factors, we use wireless sensor network (WSN), which is flexible to be placed and extensible, to resolve this problem. This paper discuss the design of the WSN transceiver for coal face with UWB technology. This kind of transceiver has some useful advantage such as low cost, low power consumption, simple structure, easy to implement the design of the hardware, no need to estimate the coal face Channel characteristics. However, detection efficiency is slightly lower, but the error rate can meet the requirement.

1.Introduction

Coal face must face the complicated geological conditions and poor working conditions. In order to ensure the safety of production in the coal face, it is necessary to monitor real-time the face Shearer, scraper transport machine, hydraulic support, reprint machine, broken machines and other large equipments. In addition, we must monitor the ground pressure, gas, carbon monoxide, dust and other environmental parameters. At the same time, mobile voice and image communications is required. At present, the signal monitored and derived from the coal face is transmitted by cable. As the face is moving constantly and the going of the coal mining process, all kinds of large-scale iron and steel equipments in the coal face need to be boosted circularly and continually. The shape of the space is constantly changing with the change of the relative position of the equipments. Correspondingly, communication in cable is difficult to be applicable with the working scene changing, so transmission lines is damaged or snapped frequently ,and the coal face mobile voice and image communication is impossible .All these issues cause many latent trouble to the Safety of the

production. We think wireless sensor network (WSN) is feasible to implement monitoring and surveillance to the coal face, for it has some useful characters of placing flexibly, expanding simply, moving easily and self-organization.

2.WSN architecture in the coal face

The sensor network system structure of the mining Coal face is shown in Figure 1. In this Figure, the sensor nodes send the information of acquistion through one or more jumps to the cluster node, the base station (sink node) is responsible for the collection of data, and transmit them to task management node through up-slot network, task management Node is responsible for the integrated process the data and also issued instruction to sensor networks. The tunnel of coal face is a limited space. Bracket, shearer, transport and other large metal equipments are layout and coal, rocks and other media is a non-uniform restricted space, which all make the transmission channel more complex, fading and multi-path phenomena more serious in the transmission of wireless sensor nodes signal. These are different from sensor networks on the ground. Therefore,

the design of transceiver node of it is

particularly important. At present,

there are three main technologies of

the physical layer in wireless sensor

networks: narrow-band modulation

technology, spread spectrum

technology and ultra-wideband

(UWB) technology. While UWB technology possesses some attractive advantages such as low power spectrum density, low-complexity system, Low sensitivity to the channel fading, better security and so on. Considering the advantages and the characteristics of coal face naturally, we have adopted Impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) technology, and the reasons are followed: 1) UWB technology consumes lower power and has lower power spectrum. Low power consumption, low-cost and small size are the most important feature of wireless sensor network nodes. Narrow-band modulation technology, spread spectrum modulation technology generally use sine carrier , IF and RF circuits exist in the systems, so consuming more power than the UWB technology with no carrier.

Transmission medium in the coal face is non-uniform, which leading to more transmission loss than wireless communications systems on the ground. Therefore low power consumption becomes particularly important. In the coal face, as WSN node presents zonal distribution, nodes just need to communicate with neighbor-nodes. The WSN system based on UWB, consuming lower transmission power, can meet the requirements and avoid the interference with each other in the narrow-band communications node. In addition, the low power consumption and high penetrating power help to design safe equipment and transmit disaster relief signal. 2) Strong anti-interference ability. In the coal face, electrical and mechanical equipment has narrow distribution. When equipment starts or stop, electrical sparkle may cause a lot of electromagnetic interference. So good anti-interference capability is strongly required in the wireless communication. 3) Good Anti-interference to multi-path ability. Coal face has some inherent characters, such as narrow space, more types of media, a multi-path intensive channel, while IR-UWB can be applied to this complicated environment with its advantages: narrow Pulse width, small pulse duration ratio, high multi-path resolution, strong anti-multi-path and fading Capacity. 4) Simple structure. The characters of IR-UWB, such as no modulation and up/down conversing frequency, simple transmitter structure, lower power consumption, make it more acceptable. According to the complexity of the node and power consumption into considerations, IR-UWB technology is very applicable to the design of the wireless sensor network physical layer. Therefore, compared to narrow-band modulation technology, spread spectrum technology, the wireless communication system based on the UWB technology present a good performance on the energy consumption, robustness, anti-multi-path and anti-noise, and so on.

The modulation of IR-UWB are mainly PAM (OOK), PPM and BPM (Bi-Phase Modulation), but the presence of lines spectrum in PAM and PPM not only make ultra-wideband pulse signal difficult to meet a certain spectrum Requirements, but also reduce the power utilization, thereby it increases energy consumption. Several IR-UWB signals in the frequency spectrum are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 . As WSN system requires low power consumption, PAM modulation often use OOK method, which has simple structure. But OOK has poor performance on the BER(Bit Error Rate), anti-noise performance of BPM

modulation such as anti-Jitter noise is better. ISI would be intensified if we adopted PPM under the conditions of intensive multi-path environment in the coal face. Therefore, we use BPM forms in the transceiver system of the coal face.

A. The design of transmitting system

The transmitter which adopts BPM forms is shown in Figure 4. The signal distortion, interference and noise brought by the special environment in coal face need encoded protection through channel coding interweave module. Data rate of the original information is lower, which make it difficult to meet the requirements of FCC in the absence of modulation. We need to use spread spectrum code transform the original information which has a larger duration ratio into a smaller duration ratio (nanosecond). Then we can generate BPM pulse signal through the pulse formation circuit, which can meet the requirement of FCC. Finally use filters to optimize BPM signal further to enlarge the spectrum and send it out from the antenna.

The system uses Gaussian pulse to be the form of UWB signal. If a wave transmitted is the first order derivative Rayleigh pulse, the signal after sending out through the antenna is transformed to be the second order derivative of the Gaussian pulse in ideal circumstances. In addition, the lower the order of the Gaussian pulse is, the farther the signal can be sent under the same data rate. Here we select the Gaussian doublet, whose hardware circuit is relatively easy to implement and consume lower energy. Although interference of narrow-band communication system is exist in the ground wireless communications, the higher order of the Gaussian is , the better Gaussian narrow pulse shape. But we do not need to consider interference to the other narrow-band communications in the coal face, for so far, wireless communications systems is basically non-existent in the mine's coal face. A second Gaussian pulse shape can be expressed as:

()()2

22222214t t d t t P e dt παπα-??==- ??? Here,α is used to express the pulse width, Suppose that the input signal is {}k α , each bit is expressed by i a and its cycle is f T .After the channel encoder, every bit of the sequence {}k α kare repeated by N times. The code duration

time is s T , so each bit is composed by N pulse width. If we suppose the

pseudo-random sequence of sensors node k is (

){}k j C , the length of the

sequence is N, the duration of the code slice is The sequence of (

){}

k j C can be

replaced by ()()()(){}12,,,,k k k k m N C C C C Λ and the (

)1k j C =±.The time coordinate of i-th bit in the frame date stream sent by sensor node k is i t .

(

)f k i s c t =t -i T -j T -τ

()()()()()()(

)()()

N *k k k m j s c i =-j =1N k k m j s c i=-j=1

S

t =p t d C δt-iT -jT -τ=d C p t-iT -jT -τ∞∞∞∞∑∑∑∑ 21,m i d a =- when 0,1,i m a d ==-when 1,1i m a d ==.We can think

s f c f T =NT ,T =T in practical application.

When N=1, the UWB waves and waveform sent are shown in the Figure 5. Waveform in the Figure from the top to the end is the UWB waveform (the waveform of code “0” and the waveform “1”); the waveform generated when

several code are send out; UWB waveform when get through band-pass filter.

B. The design of receiver system

The recerver structure is shown in figure 6. The signal received through the receiving antenna will go through the low noise amplifier and filter. Then the amplitude of the signal will be detected using tunnel diodes peak detector. Then we can get a pulse waveform which own longer code duration time when the signal detected after passing through high-pass filter and pulse stretch circuit. The last step is sample and judge.

In this design, we make use of the characters of the negative resistance region of tunnel diode. In this region, the current decreases as the voltage is increased. This negative resistance results in a very fast switching time. After detected by the tunnel and passed through high-pass filter and comparator, the signal can be stretched and delayed by RS latch. We can directly sampling and judge the signal, for the width of the signal we get is wider than we first received .The kind of the receiver is different from the method we previously used. Such as, literature 555 tell the technology about relevant receiver. As we know, the general complexity of the relevant receiver, which own integrator circuit and need precision clock, is much higher. Sometimes, general relevant receiver need matching filter according to channel model parameters, which can be required by channel estimation. Because channel characteristics under the mine well are extremely complex, the possibility to use channel estimation is small. In addition, the receiver does not need ADC conversion devices, for the comparator has fixed the position of the code “0”and”1”.Furthermore, the code stretched has a relative longer duration time, which do not need higher judgment pulse precision. Therefore, in the whole, the receiver does not need complicated channel estimation and ADC conversion devices, which make the energy-consumption and complexity much lower. But we can not ignore the disadvantage of this kind

of receiver; it has bigger signal fading, lower detection efficiency.

C. Anti-noise performance of BPM

The propagation environment of the coal face belongs to dense multi-path. And the theoretical channel model we referred to is proposed by combining Saleh-Valenzu channel model, which is the foundation, and the characteristic of the coal face under the mine. Suppose the discrete pulse response is()

h t, r(t) is

i

r t=s t*h t.

the signal received by one node. Then , ()()()

i

The distance between receiver and transmitter is about 5-8 meters, which can satisfy the requirement of the distribution of the nodes in the coal face. The code duration time is 25ns, the duration time of GASSION waves is80ps. Under this conditions , we can get the curve, just as shown in the Figure 8.

In fact, when we carried out the experiment of BER test, the performance shown in Figure 8 is not easy to be seen because of the complexity of the channel character. According to the research result, the performance of anti-noise became abnormal, such as the fading of the signal is not in proportion to the distance and the amount of the path increase and decrease in a large scale. Because the relevant coefficient of transmitted waves of the BPM is passive relevance when we adopted relevant receiver, the performance of anti-noise of

BPM in relevant receiver is superior to PPM and OOK. Take the structure simplification of the receiver and the special character of the coal face into consideration, BPM is preferable in the whole,ever if the receiver we discussed in this paper is not superior to the relevant receiver on the anti-noise performance.

3.Conclusion

Because of the limited space of a non-uniform medium and the complicated channel character in the coal face, the choice of the model we send and receive the signal is extremely important. Taking into account that BPM do not have discrete spectrum when “0” and ”1” emerged in a same probability, if not, the amount of discrete spectrum is small, which is attractive to WSN system, for the low energy consumption is strongly required. Therefore, the communication mode can be used in the coal face. The Gaussian doublet, which can meet the requirement of FCC, is used to send the source signal. Take the complexity of the transmission channels, the receiver use non-coherent receiving method, use tunnel diode to detect signal, execute sampling and judgment after the signal go through the comparator and stretch circuit. This Method does not need channel estimation and ADC circuits, higher pulse sampling accuracy, which together decides the probability to simplify the structure of the receiver greatly. However, the method of receiving has a greater attenuation and bad anti-noise performance than the traditional relevant receiver. But let’s takes every important fac tor into consideration, the receiving method is suitable for the special environment of the coal face.

中文译文

采煤工作面无线传感器网络物理层设计UWB技术

摘要

为了保证安全生产的工作面,监测和监视采煤机,刮板运输机,液压支架,运输机械,破碎机等是必要的。目前,它是很难的电缆传输模式,以适应变化的工作场所的采煤工作面。因为各种各样的因素输电线路被损坏和折断,我们使用无线传感器网络(无线传感器网络),可以灵活的放置和可扩展性来解决这一问题。本文讨论了设计中的无线传感器网络收发工作面与UWB技术。这种收发器有一些有用的优势,如成本低,能耗低,结构简单,易于实现的设计,硬件,无需估计工作面通道的特点。然而,探测效率略低,但错误率能满足要求。

1 、导言

采煤工作面必须面对复杂地质条件和工作条件差等问题。为了确保安全生产的工作面,以监测实时面对采煤机,刮板运输机械,液压支架,转载机,破碎机和其他大型设备是必要的。此外,我们必须监测地面的压力、天然气、一氧化碳、灰尘及其他环境参数。同时,移动语音和图像通信是必需的。目前,信号监测来自于采煤工作面的电缆。由于面临正在持续不断的煤炭开采过程中,各种大型钢铁设备的采煤工作面需要推动和不断循环。空间的形状是不断变化在设备相对位置变化的同时。相应地,通讯电缆是难以适用于不断变化的工作场景,使输电线路损坏或终结频繁和使采煤工作面的移动语音和图像通信不可能。所有这些问题都造成许多潜在安全生产的麻烦。我们认为无线传感器网络(无线传感器网络)是可行的实施监测和监督的工作面,因为它有放置灵活,扩展简单,移动方便,自主调节等一些有用的特性。

2 、无线传感器网络体系结构中的采煤工作面

传感器网络系统结构的采矿工作面是如图1所示。图形中,该传感器节

点发送的信息的采集,通过一个或

多个跳跃的群集节点,基站(汇节

点)负责数据的收集,并传输给任

务管理节点,通过了插槽网络,任

务管理节点负责综合处理数据,并

对传感器网络发出指示。隧道工作

面是一个有限的空间。支架,采煤

机,运输和其他大型金属设备的布

局和煤,岩石和其他媒体是一个非

均匀受限制的空间,这一切使传输通道更加复杂,传输无线传感器节点的信号衰退和多路径的现象较为严重。这些是传感器网络在地面上不同的。因此,收发器的设计节点来说尤其重要。目前,有三个主要技术的物理层的无线传感器网络:窄带调制技术,扩频技术和超宽带( UWB )技术。虽然UWB技术具有一定吸引力的优势,如低功率谱密度,低复杂系统,低灵敏度的频道衰落,更好的安全性,等等。考虑到工作面的优势和特点,我们已经采用脉冲无线电超宽带公司( IR - UWB )技术,原因是: 1 ) UWB技术消耗低功耗和低功率谱。低功耗,低成本和小尺寸是最重要的特点,无线传感器网络节点。窄带调制技术,扩频调制技术,通常使用正弦载波,中频和射频电路中存在的系统,所以消耗更多的功耗比UWB技术。传输介质在采煤工作面是不统一的,这导致比无线通信系统在地面上更多的传输损耗。因此,低功耗变得尤为重要。在采煤工作面,作为无线传感器网络节点呈现带状分布,节点只需要沟通邻近节点。在无线传感器网络系统基础上的UWB ,消费较低的传输能量,能满足要求,并避免干扰对方在窄带通信节点。此外,低功耗和高穿透力帮助设计安全设备和传输救灾信号。 2 )强大的抗干扰能力。在采煤工作面,电力及机械设备已分布较窄。当设备启动或停止,电器火花可能会导致大量的电磁干扰。因此,良好的抗干扰能力是强烈需要在无线通信中应用。3 )良好的抗干扰多路径的能力。采煤工作面有一定的内在特征,如狭窄的空间,更多类型的媒体,多路密集的通道,而红外UWB可以适用于这一复杂的环境与发挥自己的优势:窄脉冲宽度,脉冲持续时间的比例小,高多路径决议,较强的抗多径和衰落能力。 4 )结构简单。红外超宽带,如没有调制和上/下变频频率,发射器结构简单,能耗更低等特征,使其更加可以接受。根据复杂的节点和能耗纳入考虑,红外、UWB技术是非常适用于设计无线传感器网络物理层。因此,相比窄带调制技术,扩频技术,无线通信系统基于UWB技术目前在能源消耗,强度,抗多径和抗噪声等等方面有着良好表现。

调节红外UWB的主要是脉冲幅度放大调制( OOK ), PPM和BPM(双相位调制),但存在的脉冲幅度放大调制和PPM不仅使超宽带脉冲信号难以满足一定的频谱要求,还减少用电,从而增加能源消耗。几个红外超宽带信号的频谱如图2和图3 所示。由于无线传感器网络系统需要低功耗,脉冲幅度放大调制经常使用OOK调制方法,它结构简单。但是OOK一直表现不佳的误码率(误码率),抗噪性能的BPM调制如反抖动噪声更好。工业标准将会加强,如果我们通过手册的情况下,密集多径环境的采煤工作面。因此,我们使用BPM形式收发器系统的工作面。

A、传输系统的设计

变送器采用的BPM形式如图4所示。信号失真,干扰和噪音所带来的特殊环境工作面需要编码保护信道编码交织模块。数据传输速率的原始资料较低,这使得它在未模块化时难以满足FCC的要求。我们需要利用扩频码转换的原始资料,由较大的时间比转换到一个较小的时间比率(纳秒)。然后,我们可以通过脉冲形成电路产生脉冲信号的BPM,可满足要求FCC的要求。最后使用过滤器来优化BMP进一步放大信号的频谱,并把它从天线发送出去。

该系统使用的高斯脉冲形式的UWB 信号。如果波传播的是一阶导数的Rayleigh 脉冲信号发出后,在理想的情况通过天线转化为二阶导数的高斯脉冲。此外,较低的顺序高斯脉冲是,在更远的信号可以发送出相同的数据速率。在这里,我们选择高斯双,其硬件电路比较容易执行和降低能源消耗。虽然干涉窄带通信系统中存在地面无线通信,高阶的高斯是更好地高斯窄脉冲形状。但是,在采煤工作面我们并不需要考虑干扰其他窄带通信,迄今为止,无线通信系统基本上在矿采煤工作面不存在的。第二高斯脉冲形状可以表示为:

()()2

22222214t t d t t P e dt παπα-??==- ??? 在这里α是用来表示脉冲宽度,假设输入信号是{}k α,每个位i a 表示其

周期f T 。通道编码后,每一个位的序列{}k α重复了N 次。代码持续时间s T ,所以每比特由N 脉冲宽度组成。如果我们假设的伪随机序列的传感器节点K

是(

){}k j C ,长度为N 的顺序,时间的长短码片序列(

){}

k j C 可被

()()()(){}k k k k 12m N C ,C ,Λ,C ,C 和()k j C =1±替代。

时间坐标的i-th 框架传感器节点K 发出的i t 。 ()f k i s c t t iT jT τ=---

()()()()()()()()()

*

1

1N

k k k m j s c i j N k k m j s c i j S

t p t d C t iT jT d C p t iT jT δττ∞=-∞=∞=-∞==---=

---∑∑∑∑ 21,m i d a =-当0,1,i m a d ==-当1,1i m a d ==,我们可以认为,s f c f T NT T T ==在实际应用中当N = 1 时, UWB 波和波形传送显示如图5 。波形图中从顶

部到底的超宽带波形是UWB波形(波形的代码“ 0 ”和波形“ 1 ”) ; 当几个代码发送波形产生; 通过带通滤波器获得UWB脉冲。

B、接收系统的设计

接收结构见图 6 。通过接收天线将通过低噪声放大器和滤波器收到信号。然后振幅的信号将被检测隧道二极管峰值检测器查处。然后我们就可以得到一个长持续时间代码的脉冲波形 ,这个信号检测经过高通滤波和脉冲伸展的电路。最后一步是取样和判断。

在这个设计里,我们使用字符的负阻区的隧道二极管。在这一区域,目前的下跌是由于电压增加。这种消极抵抗的结果导致非常快的切换时间。经过检测隧道和通过高通滤波器和比较器,信号可以延伸和延时遥感门闩。我们能直接取样和判断信号,因为信号的宽度,我们得到的比我们第一次收到更广泛。接收的种类不同于我们以前使用的方法。例如,文献555告诉有关接收器的技术。正如我们所知,一般相关接收器的本身集成的电路、精确时钟的复杂性是要高得多。有时,一般要求信道估计有关接收机需要匹配滤波器据信道模型参数。由于地下煤层通道特性极其复杂,使用信道估计的可能性就很小了。此外,接收不需要的ADC 转换设备,因为比较器有固定的位置代码“ 0 ”和“ 1 ” 。此外,拉伸的代码有一个相对较长的持续时间,这并不需要较高的判断脉冲精度。因此,整体而言,接收器并不需要复杂的信道估计和ADC 转换装置,使能源消耗和复杂性大大降低。但是,我们不能忽视的缺点是这种接收机有更大的信号衰减,较低的检测效率。

C 、BPM 的抗噪声性能

采煤工作面的传播环境属于密集多径型。我们提到的信道模型的理论被建议和Saleh-Valenzu 的渠道模式相结合,这是矿井采煤工作面的基础和特征。假设离散脉冲响应为()i h t ,r(t)是所收到的信号的一个节点。那么, ()()()i r t s t h t =*.

接收器和发射器之间的距离约5-8米,可满足节点在采煤工作面的分布要求。代码持续时间是25ns ,持续时间的GASSION 波是80ps 。根据这一条件,我们可以得到的曲线,正如图8中所示.

事实上,当我们进行了实验的误码率测试,因为煤层通道复杂性的特点

性能如图8是不容易看到的。根据研究结果,抗噪声性能变得异常,如衰落的信号和距离和路径数额的大规模增加和减少不成比例的。

因为当我们采用相关的接收器,BMP传输波的相关系数为被动关联,高性能的抗噪声的BPM相关接收机优于PPM和OOK 。考虑到结构简化的接收器和以及特殊性质的采煤工作面,即使我们在本文讨论的接收器不优于有关接收机的抗噪声性能,BMP从整体上看是较合适。

3 、结论

由于有限的空间的非均匀介质和复杂的通道性质的采煤工作面,我们发送和接收的信号的模式选择是非常重要的。考虑到的BPM没有离散频谱时,“ 0 ”和“ 1 ”出现在相同的概率,如果没有,离散频谱的数额就小,对能耗低的强烈要求是无线传感器网络系统具有的吸引力。因此,通信方式可用于采煤工作面。利用高斯分布来发送信号的来源可满足地层校正要求。采取复杂的传输信道,使用非相干接收的方法,使用隧道二极管检测信号,信号经过比较和伸展电路进行取样和执行判断。这种方法不需要信道估计和ADC电路,脉冲采样精度较高,这些决定了简化接收机的结构的可能性很大。然而,该方法比传统的相关接收器得到了更大的衰减和坏的抗噪性能。但是让我们考虑进每一个重要的因素,接收方法适用于特殊环境的采煤工作面。

致谢

通过毕业设计,使我了解了采煤机的基本结构和功能以及工作原理,掌握了采煤机行走部的一般设计方法。在这期间,我的指导教师杜长龙教授给了我许多重要的参考意见,每周都和我们讨论并帮助解决设计过程遇到的难题,不厌其烦地给我讲解不明白的地方,给予了极大支持。同时,研究室的师兄刘送永、我的同学和朋友也给予了很多帮助,在他们的帮助下我才最终完成了本次毕业设计,衷心的向杜长龙教授、刘送永师兄和关心帮助我的同学致以诚挚的谢意!

最后,感谢各位专家和学者在百忙之中阅读我的论文,并给予宝贵的指导,在此谨向各位专家和学者表示深深的谢意!

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好氧池进行生物处理,二级好氧池主要是去除COD 、色度。从好氧池出来的水进入沉淀池进行沉淀,沉淀后的水进入生物活性炭池进行进一步脱色,达标后出水排放。生化污泥浓缩池的污泥一部份用于污泥回流,剩余污泥进入污泥浓缩池进行浓缩,浓缩后的污泥和物化污泥浓缩池的污泥通过带式压滤机进行脱水,泥饼外运,浓缩池的上清液及脱水的滤液则进入调节池。 2 主要构筑物计算 2.1筛网 设计说明 1选定网眼尺寸 污水中的悬浮物为纤维素类物质,所以筛网的网眼应小于2000um 。 2筛网的种类 根据生产的产品规格性能,选用倾斜式筛网,材料为不锈钢,水力负荷0.6~2.4m 3/(min*m 2) 3所需筛网面积A 参数 水力负荷q= 2.0m 3/(min*m 2) 设计流量Q=3015m 3/d=2.1m 3/min 面积 2.1 1.05 2.0 Q A q = ==m 2 设计取A=1.1m 2 2.2调节池 1在周期的平均流量为 33015125.625/24 W Q m h T = ==设计取130m 3/h 2水力停留时间t=8h

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不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反,有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了,然而,如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导,那么,得以发展的就只能是好的结构,并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何,要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计,两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论,但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低,中高度的建筑中常用的体系,它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系,或者和其他体系结合起来使用,以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑,可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系,这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS,STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地,由于柱梁节点固有柔性,并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点,所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然,在设计的后期阶段,实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强,在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色,它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑,并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

结构毕业设计计算书

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51单片机外文文献

The Introduction of AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Function characteristic The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, one 5 vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, one-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description VCC:Supply voltage. GND:Ground.

51单片机实用汇编程序库(word)

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五、定时器功能实例 5.1 定时1 秒报警 程序介绍:定时器1 每隔1 秒钟将p1.o 的输出状态改变1 次,以达到定时报警的目的。实际应用例如:定时报警器。程序实例(DIN1.ASM): ORG 0000H AJMP MAIN ORG 000BH AJMP DIN0 ;定时器0 入口 MAIN: TFLA G EQU 34H ;时间秒标志,判是否到50 个 0.2 秒,即50*0.2=1 秒 MOV TMOD,#00000001B;定时器0 工作于方式 1 MOV TL0,#0AFH MOV TH0,#3CH ;设定时时间为0.05 秒,定时 20 次则一秒 11 SETB EA ;开总中断 SETB ET0 ;开定时器0 中断允许 SETB TR0 ;开定时0 运行 SETB P1.0 LOOP: AJMP LOOP DIN0: ;是否到一秒//////////////////////////////////////// INCC: INC TFLAG MOV A,TFLAG CJNE A,#20,RE MOV TFLAG,#00H CPL P1.0 ;////////////////////////////////////////////////// RE: MOV TL0,#0AFH MOV TH0,#3CH ;设定时时间为0.05 秒,定时 20 次则一秒 RETI END 5.2 频率输出公式 介绍:f=1/t s51 使用12M 晶振,一个周期是1 微秒使用定时器1 工作于方式0,最大值为65535,以产生200HZ 的频率为例: 200=1/t:推出t=0.005 秒,即5000 微秒,即一个高电

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1 建筑设计 1.1 建筑方案的比选与确定 根据毕业设计任务书的要求,在参观了一些办公大楼的基础上,我先后做出了三个方案,经过初选,摈弃方案三,现将方案一与方案二做一比较,以此确定最终的建筑设计方案。 1.1.1建筑功能比较 由于此保险公司办公楼要求有营业大厅,故可以采用两种方式,一种是将营业大厅单独设置在一边,即采用裙楼的方式,主楼办公区8层,裙楼2层,这样功能划分明确,且建筑物有错落感,外形美观,但结构布置和计算麻烦些;另一种则用对称的柱网,一楼设置营业大厅,与办公区2-8层的布置不同,这样主要的问题就是底层的功能划分了,考虑方便,美观,防火等,此方案绘图和计算相对容易些,考虑到是初次设计完整的一栋框架结构,主要目的是掌握思想方法,故采用方案2,柱网完全采用对称布置。关于底层平面的布置的问题又有如下两种方案: 方案一建筑底层平面布置完全对称,这样有利于引导人流,且外形较好,里面效果好,现浇整体布局较为紧凑,便于设计计算和施工;由于底层有大型的营业大厅,而且要求与办公区隔离,该方案楼梯布置比较困难,若分两边布置,则使建筑无门厅主楼梯,不利于交通组织,将其因为对称布局带来的优势丧失,且将对电梯的布置带来问题;若于中门厅处布置一部主楼梯,则为了防火需要(以防形成“袋形走廊”),要在建筑两侧加设防火楼梯与防火出口,造成不经济,且将楼梯置于建筑两头不利于抗震设计。 方案二建筑底层平面非对称布置,可能导致交通组织不明确,但在设置两个入口后问题得到解决,营业大厅不布置在中间,而是放在最右边,有其单独的入口,中间用一道门即可与办公区的门厅隔离,达到设计要求。该方案楼梯布置较为合理,于门厅布置主楼梯一部,通向楼顶,设置防火卷门,即起到消防楼梯的作用,引导人流且同两部电

单片机外文翻译--STC89C52处理芯片

外文资料翻译 STC89C52 processi ng chip Prime features: With MCS - 51 SCM product compatibility, 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash memory, 1000 times CaXie cycle, the static operation: 0Hz ~ 33Hz, triple encryption program memory, 32 programmed I/O port, three 16 timer/counter, the eight uninterrupted dual-career UART serial passage, low power consumption, leisure and fall after fall electric power mode can be awakened and continuous watchdog timer and double-number poin ter, power ide ntifier. Efficacy: characteristics STC89C52 is one kind of low power consumption, high CMOS8 bit micro-co ntroller, 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-de nsity nonv olatile storage tech no logy, and in dustrial 80C51 product in structi on and pin fully compatible. The Flash memory chips allows programs in the system, also suitable for programmable conventional programming. In a single chip, have clever 8 bits CPU and on li ne system programmable Flash, in crease STC89C52 for many embedded control system to provide high vigorous application and useful solutions. STC89C52 has following standard efficacy: 8k byte Flash RAM, 256 bytes, 32 I/O port, the watchdog timer, two, three pointer numerical 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 continuous structure, the serial port, working within crystals and horological circuit. In addition, 0Hz AT89S52 can drop to the static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, and allows the RAM, timer/c oun ters, serial, continu ous to work. Protectio n asa na patter n, RAM content is survival, vibrators frozen, SCM, until all the work under a continuous or hardware reset. 8-bit microcontrollers 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash AT89S52 devices. Mouth: P0 P0 mouth is a two-way ope n drain I/O. As export, each can drive eight TTL logic level. For P0 port to write "1", foot as the high impeda nee in put. When access to exter nal programs and nu merical memory, also known as

51单片机中的汇编语言与C语言.

51单片机中的汇编语言与 C 语言 C 语言, 更多的是为了掌握单片机的应用, C 语言是高效的应用程序开发工具, 与汇编语言比却不是开发高效应用程序的工具。就目前而言, 更多的是为了应用单片机, 开发应用程序, 更多的是强调开发效率, 而不是程序的运行效率 (相对而言。再就是应用程序对单片机内部资源的使用效率, 这在过去, 单片机内部资源紧缺的年代, 特别的强调, 现在已经不是特别重要了。所以, 大多数人都认为,只用 C 语言,就可以应对大多数单片机的应用开发了。 其实,汇编语言跟 C 语言在本质上一样的,只是语言形式不同而已,一个接近底层逻辑, 一个接近人类语言, 本质上都是对寄存器或存储器的读写操作而已。 汇编语言中,用 MOV 来回传送数据, C 语言里,用等号表示数据传送。汇编语言中,用 call 转去执行子过程程序, C 语言里,用个函数名调用子程序。汇编语言中,用 JMP 完成分支转移, C 语言里用 if 、 switch 、 while 、 for 来判断跳转。汇编语言跟 C 一样可以给寄存器指定命名,然后对定义的名称进行操作。汇编语言提供了对很多标志位的操作, C51根据需要也进行了改进, C 语言可以通过 #include给存储器命名来简化操作。 我觉得, C 语言是最接近汇编语言的一种高级语言, 要说不同, 也许具有大量函数的函数库,是 C 语言与汇编语言的最大区别,也是 C 语言比汇编语言有更大开发效率的原因。 在应用汇编语言进行应用程序开发时, 如果精心规划好程序结构, 设计好各种数据结构、子程序、中断程序,积累大量的算法程序(相当于函数库,也可以高效率的用汇编语言进行单片机开发。倒是兼容性、可移植性是汇编语言的最大限制,因为不同单片机有不同的指令系统,而 C 语言把这个问题,交给了机器也就是编译器去解决了。其实, 计算机的发展, 就是把尽可能多的事情交个机器去解决。

土木工程专业毕业设计完整计算书

该工程为某大学实验楼,钢筋混凝土框架结构;建筑层数为8层,总建筑面积11305.82m2,宽度为39.95m,长度为60.56m ;底层层高4.2m ,其它层层高3.6m ,室内外高差0.6m 。 该工程的梁、柱、板、楼梯、基础均采用现浇,因考虑抗震的要求,需要设置变形缝,宽度为130mm 。 1.1.1设计资料 (1)气象条件 该地区年平均气温为20 C o . 冻土深度25cm ,基本风压m2,基本雪压 kN/m2,以西北风为主导方向,年降水量1000mm 。 (2)地质条件 该工程场区地势平坦,土层分布比较规律。地基承载力特征值240a f kPa 。 (3)地震烈度 7度。 (4)抗震设防 7度近震。 1.1.2材料 梁、柱、基础均采用C30;纵筋采用HRB335,箍筋采用HPB235;单向板和双向板均采用C30,受力筋和分布筋均为HPB235;楼梯采用C20,除平台梁中纵筋采用HRB335外,其余均采用HPB235。 工程特点 本工程为8层,主体高度为29m 左右,为高层建筑。其特点在于:建造高层建筑可以获得更多的建筑面积,缩小城市的平面规模,缩短城市道路和各种管线的长度,从而节省城市建设于管理的投资;其竖向交通一般由电梯来完成,这样就回增加建筑物的造价;从建筑防火的角度来看,高层建筑的防火要求要高于中低层建筑;以结构受力特性来看,侧向荷载(风荷载和地震作用)在高层建筑分析和设计中将起着重要的作用,因此无论从结构分析,还是结构设计来说,其过程都比较复杂。

在框架结构体系中,高层建筑的结构平面布置应力求简单,结构的主要抗侧力构件应对称均匀布置,尽量使结构的刚心与质心重合,避免地震时引起结构扭转及局部突变,并尽可能降低建筑物的重心,以利于结构的整体稳定性;合理地设置变形缝,其缝的宽度视建筑物的高度和抗震设防而定。 该工程的设计,根据工程地震勘探和所属地区的条件,要求有灵活的空间布置和较大的跨度,故采用钢筋混凝土框架结构体系。 本章小结 本章主要论述了本次设计的工程简况和工程特点,特别对于高层建筑的优点和框架结构中高层建筑的布置原则作了详细阐述。 2 结构设计 框架设计 2.1.1 工程简况 该实验楼为八层钢筋混凝土框架结构体系,建筑面积11305.82m2,建筑平面

外文翻译(结构设计背景)

第三部分:外文翻译 结构设计背景 Background for Structural Design 1. Practice versus Theory We hear much of the conflict between theory and practice. Actually, of course, there will be no conflict between good theory and good practice, although the two frequently seem at cross-purposes, particularly when both are bad. Bad theory develops from unjustifiably crude assumptions, while bad practice follows unjustifiably crude methods. When theory can be based upon correct premises and practice can be controlled by one who understands the theory involved, the two will agree. Nevertheless, there are certain considerations of practice that must be allowed to control design, particularly to facilitate construction. A few of the many problems that should influence the thinking of the designer and of the construction engineer will be discussed. 2. Analytical Calculations Since analysis precedes design, it will be useful to think over the process of analysis from the point of view of the practical designer. Analysis, to serve a useful purpose, must finally reach expression in terms of tons of steel, cubic yards of concrete, and board feet of structural timber. It is useless for the analyst or the designer to expect the construction engineer to worry about increasing the unit stress in a steel beam by a few hundred pounds per square inch above the allowable stress by the shifting of a partition. The field man knows that there are decisions he will have to make during erection that may influence the stress to a greater extent than the amount mentioned. For the same reason, he is not likely to be sympathetic when the blueprint carries a statement that a field connection is to be welded at a distance of 5 j ^ in. from a sheared edge.

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