1. 一般功能词汇
因果关系
→导致，产生give rise to, lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt
解析：give rise to, lead to, result in表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成”；be
responsible for 不仅表示“为…负责”，也可以表示“产生”（being a source or
cause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局面”；prompt表示“激发”（To
move to act; spur; incite），有“快速产生”之意。
Fast-paced modern life is responsible for the consumption of junk food.
The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political
parties.
Sharon Stone’s remarks about China’s Sichuan earthquake prompted angry
responses from the Chinese public.
→产生于result from, originate in (from)
解析：result from表示“产生于”；originate in (from)表示“发源自”
例句：Youtiao originated in China.
→归因于attribute ...to, blame…on, be the (main) culprit of
解析：attribute A to B表示“将A归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“将A（负
面的）归咎于B”；culprit本意表示“罪犯”(one charged with a crime or an
offense)，比喻义表示“造成某种负面后果的原因”（the reason for a
particular problem or difficulty）
例句：Children today are getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe that
excessive consumption is the main culprit.
→使某人做某事prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth
解析：prompt指“令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发”；
motivate指“成为某人的做某事的动机”
Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money.
→原因cause, reason
解析：cause指“造成某事客观原因”，reason指“用来解释的理由”。Reason
并不一定就是cause.跟cause有关的几种常用搭配：
真实原因real cause,
根本原因root cause, underlying cause
主要原因major cause, primary cause
可能的原因likely cause, possible cause
contributory cause
例句：The reason he gave for his poor academic performances is that he had
recently went through an emotional meltdown. But I know that is not the
real cause.
Unhealthy eating habits have many other contributory causes.
事物数量
→几个several, a number of, a couple of
解析：several略显非正式；A number of 是正式表达。
A couple of days
Across the street from me there are a couple of police officers standing guard →很多个可数a large (vast) number of, numerous, a host of, a legion of , a flock of , flock to do sth
解析：A host of表示“大量的”指”事物“。Legion本意指“军团”、flock本意
表“羊群”，legion和flock都表示“大量的某一类人”。
例句：Making public transportation free might create a host of problems.
Flocks of consumers are buying products that they have no real use for.
→很多，大量不可数a large(adequate) deal (amount, supply, quantity) of 辨析：quantity指“可以装在容器中的某物”；supply指“提供的某物”
例句：A large quantity of drugs, a large quantity of food and drink, a large
supply of oxygen, a large supply of food
→很多可数&不可数plenty of
辨析：plenty of可修饰可数和不可数名词
→充足的sufficient, adequate
辨析：指“数量”、“质量“、”效力”能够满足需求的。
例句：Sufficient income, an adequate supply of food, a sufficient supply of
useful information
→不充足的insufficient, inadequate
→十分充足的ample
辨析：指more than enough，搭配较为局限。
例句：Ample evidence, ample opportunity, ample time
重要性
→重要的basic, fundamental, essential, vital, integral, indispensable 解析：essential表示“因为是本质，所以必不可少的”；integral表示“因
为是构成整体的一部分，所以必不可少的”，经常出现在integral part这样
的搭配中；indispensable表示“必不可少的”。
Pets are an integral part of the American way of life
→重要must, necessity, precondition, prerequisite, priority
解析：must做名词，表示“必要的某物”（Something indispensable）；
prerequisite表示“先决条件”（Required or necessary as a prior condition）
If you live in a city, a car is a must.
The seriousness of traffic jams highlights the necessity of controlling
automobiles in cities.
In the modern society, having a college diploma is almost a prerequisite for/to
success.
A sufficient TOEFL score is almost a prerequisite for applying for American
colleges or universities.
→使…成为必要necessitate
Applying for American colleges or universities necessitates taking TOEFL.
Having music classes necessitates buying musical instruments, which can be
very expensive.
→紧迫urgent, pressing, imperative
Imperative表示“需要立刻关注或采取行动的”。（Compelling immediate
attention）
There is an urgent need for fresh water and ample food.
Pressing need/matter/problem
It is imperative to protect the endangered animals.
→不重要minor, secondary, low priority, take the second place
Protecting the environment is urgent, but it does not mean that investing in
medical care takes a back seat
事物的大小和程度
→较大considerable, significant, considerably, significantly
→巨大tremendous(ly), enormous(ly)
→过度excessive, excessively
→极度extreme, extremely
在极端情况下In extreme circumstances, in extreme cases
→合理适度reasonable, reasonably, moderate, moderately
相似性
→相同的be similar (to), alike, comparable
解析：similar和comparable既可以做表语也可以作定语，alike做定语和
状语。
The Chinese culture and the Korean culture are alike (similar, comparable) in
many aspects.
The girls are of comparable (similar) ages.
Lawyers and politicians alike （只能用alike）require a strong ability to speak.
→不同的different, distinct
（Readily distinguishable 解析：distinct表示“差异一望而知的，截然不同的。”
from all others）
Traveling in foreign countries allow people to get a taste of distinct cultures. 方面
→aspect, facet
解析：facet本意是宝石的切面，比喻义“多个方面中的一个”（One of
numerous aspects, as of a subject.）
The Internet has had tremendous impacts on every facet of the modern life.
→In terms of在“某方面”
变化
增加不及物increase, grow, rise, ascend
使…增加及物increase, boost,
变少及物decrease, dwindle to(减少到)
使…减少不及物decrease, reduce, cut, trim, slash, descend, decline
越来越increasingly, progressively
时间
→开始advent
解释：advent指“某重大事件的开始”（The coming or arrival, especially of
something extremely important）
...the leap forward in communication made possible by the advent of the
mobile phone.
→及时up-to-date, keep up with, catch up with
It is important to keep up with news.
→过时out-of-date, render…obsolete
The advent of digital books will render paper books obsolete eventually.
→代替take the place of, replace, supplant
→短期的temporary, short term
→长期的lasting, long term
→最终eventually
意愿
→强制的有义务的mandatory
→选择的optional selective
可能性
→可能possible, likely, probable, chances are good that, conceivable possibility, likelihood, probability
解析：possible可能性最小, likely和probable最大, chances are good that
相当于likely或probable
If the public transportation system is made free, chances are good that bus or
subway companies will have difficulty operating.
There is a possibility (likelihood, probability) 相当于it is possible that；there
is a strong possibility (likelihood, probability) that相当于probable；in all
probability和in all likelihood表示almost certain
→必定be certain to , be sure to, be bound to
解析：be bound to 表示“必定会”
The tuitions are certain (sure, bound) to increase if teachers are paid more.
→不可能impossible, unlikely, improbable
→可行的practical, viable
Solar power is now a viable alternative to oil-fired water heaters.
→不可行的impractical
利弊分析
→好事/坏事blessing, curse
→有益bring benefits to, benefit from
→有害cause damage/harm to
→改善，提高及物improve, enhance
→削弱及物weaken, undermine, take a toll on
→提供provide, offer, afford
→获得gain, acquire
→帮助be helpful to, be instrumental in, go a long way towards
Practice is instrumental in achieving top scores in TOEFL.
→培养develop, foster, hone
Foster an interest, foster a sense of community, foster democracy and
prosperity
It takes time to hone management skills.
→促成contribute to, a contributing factor to
Fast-paced life is a major contributing factor to unhealthy habits.
→使…；令…make, enable, allow, make it possible
优秀的
→excellent, outstanding, stand out from，distinguished
平庸的
→mediocre
差的
→poor
→awful, terrible
安全和危险
→保护protect, safeguard
Safeguard interests, safeguard rights, safeguard welfare
→危害endanger, put..in danger, be at risk of
动作
→做do, engage in
According to a recent survey, only 10 percentage of Chinese high school
students engage in regular physical activity because academics take too much
of their time.
→参与take part in, participate in
→
endeavor to
The government should endeavor to improve the horrible conditions of the
inner city slums.
→不做fail to, abstain from, stay away from
证明和举例
→证明back up, validate
The research has validated the long-held belief that single-gender classes
have positive impacts on student’s academic performances.
→举例…is a case in point. Take... for example.
比较
→compare favorably with, be superior to, be preferable to
解析：compare favorably with 表示“和在…比较中占优”
Chinese students compare favorably with their American peers in terms of
math performance.
托福综合写作7范文托福作文的综合写作应该写托福作文写作应该分为三个层次，也就是我们确定中心思想后应该找三个理由来支持。托福写作还有一个五段论，第一段为中心思想，二三四为支持段落，第五段总结观点。这个就是所谓的八股文。但是形式不能太明显，在表达中多加入自己的思想，八股文的形式会隐晦一些。一般这种写作可以助你在托福作文中取得高分。 构建综合写作整体，你可以从以下这几个方面入手：第一，将听力及阅读中的核心观点提炼出来，并指明对应的两个观点是支持还是对立；第二，分为几个段落，分别从不同角度总结出两个观点的论据。最后，重申主要论证观点并注意切忌掺加个人观点。听力结束后，考生还会有时间回看阅读文章，所以不用完整记忆阅读文章的论点和论据，记下核心即可。 有问题，可以再问我。 我觉得 ___老师讲的不太对，我自己本身也在 ___培训过，感觉他们讲的方法都是很过时的方法，不太适用于新托福的考试。下面是我自己考了四次托福的感想： 2、其实考试的时候，观点找错的情况似乎不太会发生。。。因为阅读里面都有提示了啊。。。一般不会弄错的，所以不用担心，
重点是细节不要搞错，要挺清楚细节说了那几点，尽量不要落下那个点，细节齐全 3、写得时候模板适当用用，但是表全部都用，那样文章就有点僵硬了，你自己读着通顺就好啊。 4、文章内部用词要有多样性，要适当地用一些高级的词汇，如重要的这个意思，你不要只用important, 这样显得你不认识多少单词，可以用significant, vital, essential, of great importance, core, 这种意思相近的单词或者是意群来表达，这样他们就认为你词汇量大了。 5、写综合写作最能体现你的词汇量和句型的多边性，所以不要直接照抄听力或者是阅读的内容，这样就表现不出你自己了，多看看新概念4里面的表达方法，哪些句型神马的都很好，对考试很有用！！！ 6、模板没有对错之分，你自己需要好一个模板，然后自己用自己弄出来的，这样比较好，不过这种东西都差不多，重点还是看个人的表达神马的，还有词汇量什么的。
写作关键用词及短语汇总
数量词 一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of 无数innumerable ; countless 许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample 非常多（大）的tremendous 依序列举list in sequence 时间词 过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic 短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 一再time after time ; again and again 初始的preliminary 前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former 自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult 老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated 偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times 时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly 永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 目前so far ; by far 一次就可完成的事one-time event 正/反意见（opinion） 骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove 支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior 做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite 归咎blam e…on ; put the blam e on … ;…is to blame 瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts 支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 不会犯错的infallible 意见不和clashes of opinion 一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of…我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. 我愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to 有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 有意义的meaningful; fulfilling 他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit thi s… 在大家同意下by common consent of… 否定deny; withhold; negate 承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use 使…受益benefit…; do good t o…; is good for…; is of great benefit t o… 成语及俗语及搭配方式 想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 想出come up with 找出come up with; find out 利用use; take advantage of
考场上面通常我们脑子会很紧张很乱，很难在短时间之内想到好的综合写作的好的模板，包括转折句，开头结尾，递进等等之类的东西，这会耽误我们很多时间，更重要的是用平凡普通的词汇句子也会影响整体分数。以下这个模板是我在一边作文书上找到的，非常非常 好用，大家可以选一篇机经里的综合写作试试看，制定出一个适合自 己的模板，然后熟记，在考场上可以节省很多时间，同时，对字数和分数的提高也很有帮助。LZ就是靠这个模板在124的考试里在结尾没写完的情况下依旧writing部分28分，虽然没有牛到30分，但是对于上一次只有17分的我来说着实提高了很多。希望这个模板可以帮助正在努力攻克托福的你，good luck! 红色的字体是可以替换的部分。 The reading passage explores the issue of …The professo' s lecture deals with the same issue?However, he/she thinks that ?…, which contradicts what the reading states And in the lecture, he/she uses three specific poin to support his/her idea. First, even though the reading passage suggeststhat …,the professor argues in the lecture that …This is because…,which means …Obviously, the professor ' argument disproves its counterpart in the reading. Moreover, despite the statement in the reading that …,the professorcontendsthat …Then he/she supports this point with the fact that …In other words,
托福写作必备英文句型 在托福写作中，有一些常用的万能句型，跟托福写作模板的作用相似，都可以套用在托福写作中，帮助你在托福写作考试中取得高分。下面天道小编为大家列举了35种托福写作句型。 一、~~~ the + ~ est +名词+ (that) +主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read,etc) ~~~themost+形容词+名词+(that)+主词 +haveever+seen( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much. (再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO11综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福TPO11综合写作阅读原文文本： A recent study reveals that people especially young people are reading far less literature,novels, plays, and poems, than they used to. This is troubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public, for culture in general, and for the future of literature itself. While there has been a decline in book reading generally, the decline has been especially sharp for literature. This is unfortunate because nothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does. Literature encourages us to exercise our imaginations, empathize with others, and expand our understanding of language. So by reading less literature, the reading public is missing out on important benefits. Unfortunately, missing out on the benefits of literature is not the only problem. What are people reading instead? Consider the prevalence of self-help books on lists of best sellers. These are usually superficial poorly written, and intellectually undemanding. Additionally, instead of sitting down with a challenging novel, many persons are now more likely to turn on the television, watch a music video, or read a Web page. Clearly, diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivial forms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general. The trend of reading less literature is all the more regrettable because it is taking place during a period when good literature is being written. There are many talented writers today, but theylack an audience. This fact is bound to lead publishers to invest less in literature and so support fewer serious writers. Thus, the writing as well as the reading of literature is likely to decline because of the poor standards of today's readers. 托福TPO11综合写作听力原文文本： ProfessorIt is often said that people are reading less literature today than they used to. What should of this?Well first, a book doesn't have to be literature to be intellectually stimulating. Science writing history, political analysis and so forth aren't literature perhaps, but they are often of high quality and these kinds of books can be just as creative and well-written as a novel or a play. They can stimulate the imagination. So don't assume that someone who isn't reading literature isn't reading a good book.But let's say that people aren't just spending less time with literature, they are also spending less time with books in general. Does that mean that the cultures is in decline? No, there's plenty of culturally valuable material that isn't written-music and movies, for example. Are people wasting their time when they listen to a brilliant song or watch a good movie? Do these non-literary activities lower cultural standards? Of course not. Culture has changed. In today's culture, there are many forms of expression available other than novels and poems. And some of these creative forms speak more directly to contemporary concerns than literature does.Finally, it's probably true that there's less support for literature today than
托福写作高级词汇整理 在托福的写作中，我们使用一些高级词汇去替换掉那些陈谷子烂芝麻的词汇可以帮助我们提高分数，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家带来托福写作高级词汇整理。 托福写作高级词汇 1) Come a long way 有很大的进步 Human being has come a long from drinking and eating raw food to talking through cell phones. 2) It is worthwhile to / it is worth doing It is worthwhile to spend time in learning music and art, because they can benefit me for life time. 3) Give credit for 归功于 The convenience that commuters (通勤者 )has now should give credit for the newly opened subway lines. 4) Give sb. a competitive edge 给某人竞争优势 Learning multiple languages give people a competitive edge in this demanding society. 5) Remove the barrier for 为(发展，交流等)消除障碍 Learning English is a way to remove the barrier for communicating with many foreigners./exchanging with exotic cultures. 6) Be the cornerstone of 是的基石 Believing in the correlation of hardworking and success is the cornerstone of American spirit. 7) Be an essential ingredient of 是的条件 A sound health is an essential ingredient of excellent academic performance. 8) profit from/benefit from 从中获益 People can profit/benefit from the advancement of modern technology, such as computers, the Internet and many digital devices. 9) is an indispensable part of 是中不可或缺的一部分 Advertising has become an indispensable part of our lives and it has been exerting profound influence on the way we live, work , play and learn. 10) plays a pivotal role in 扮演者至关重要的角色
模板素材 一、综合写作常用词汇： 1、对材料的指称： ①听力： the speaker the lecturer the professor the listening material the lecture the talk ②阅读： the writer the author the reading material the writing the passage 2、表示要点间的关系的词和短语： ①质疑、驳斥关系的词或短语： refute = rebut + n 驳倒, 反驳 disprove + n 反驳, 证明...为误 deny + n 或+ that 否定，否认 challenge sth. 或者challenge sb on sth 置疑(…的正确性) question + n 置疑(…的正确性或合理性) cast doubt on / raise doubt over + n 怀疑 doubt + n 或+ that 怀疑 oppose + n 反对 object to = disagree with + n 反对，不赞成 be opposing to / sb be opposed to 反对
be against 反对 be contrary 相反 be opposite to 相反 contradict + n 同...矛盾/抵触be contradictory to 同...矛盾/抵触conflict vi 抵触，有分歧A and B conflict 或者A conflict with B be conflicting to 抵触，有分歧differ from + n 与.. 不同 ②支持、强化关系的词或短语： support + n 支持 back + n 支持 enhance + n 增强，强化 strengthen + n 加强 uphold + n 支持，维护 justify + n 为…辩护，证明…的是正当的 3、陈述材料内容的词和短语：say according to the lecture (reading passage) adv. state + that 说; 陈述 remark + that 谈起，说 make the point that + 从句 take the position that + 从句 propose + to do / + that 提议，主张 maintain + that 主张，认为 argue + that 争辩到, 认为 indicate + that 表明，指出
托福综合写作的阅读听力部分如何应对 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家一些托福考试作文小技巧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福综合写作阅读部分：寻找核心句关键词 英美人写文章的总体逻辑可以概括为总分或总分总。而托福综合写作的阅读材料多为前者布局，且多为四段式(首段总起，三段分别展开)。 首段主要用来提供背景信息或者提出话题，而作者的立场或论点多位于首段的最后一句，聪明的考生会把注意力多集中于首段的尾句，确定作者的立论点，从而对于下一阶段的听力大致话题和论述做到心中有底。 随后的段落即展开给出作者之所以立论的三个分论点或论据，在单个的段落当中，又遵循了西方人惯有的总分模式，单个段落的首句多为topic sentence，考生可以只关注三个段落的首句以快速获取段落主要内容，从而避免全文通读速度不够而导致的来不及看完阅读。 托福综合写作听力部分：判断说话人立场、记录观点和支持性论据
听力环节的笔记很重要，是决定综合写作能否顺利完成的关键因素。没有经过训练或者疏于练习的同学会对于该记什么无从下手，结果就是笔记做了，自己看不懂，或者笔记太过凌乱，毫无可利用性。 要知道听力该记什么怎么记，此时应当牢记心里的仍然是西方人的逻辑性。"总分"表明了在听力的开始段是表明说话者立场和论点的，那么按照我们之前分析的，阅读和听力必然是同主题，所以听力开始时候大家不必忙着乱记一通，事实上，什么都不用写，镇定情绪，听清说话者的立场即可。 接着，和阅读中相似，说话者会从三个方面阐述支持自己的观点，很多情况下，这三点和阅读中的三点是刚好契合一一对应的。 但听力三方面的分论据往往是从阅读中无法推断的，所以分论点及论据是需要同学进行笔记的，应当记的是key words，切忌洋洋洒洒想记全一句话，最后自己也难以读懂。 托福综合写作高分还需要提升记忆容量
教育 学校教育schooling 家庭教育upbringing; parenting 课程大纲curriculum 教学大纲syllabus 必修课required/compulsory courses, 选修课elective/optional courses 课外活动extra-curricular activities 社团活动club activities 志愿者服务volunteer service 社区工作community work 实习internship 学生会student union 男生/女生联谊会fraternity & sorority 校园生活school/campus life 学校是社会的缩影a school is society in miniature 文科liberal arts/ liberal studies 理科sciences 工科engineering 人文学科humanities 社会学科social science 艺术arts 学科subject/discipline 基础科学basic sciences 应用科学applied sciences 小学教育primary-level education; elementary education 中学教育secondary-level education 大学教育tertiary-level education; higher education 职业教育vocational education/training 接受教育enter/get access to schools/ education 学位degree (bachelor, master, doctor/PhD) 文凭diploma, 证书certificate 青少年teenagers/adolescents/the young generation/the youths 学生students (fresh man, sophomore, junior, senior) 上课attend classes 逃课skip class, be absent from class 老师/学生为中心的课堂teacher-centered/ student-centered/ classroom 有能力的/有资格的/有经验的/良好培训的老师 competent/qualified/experienced/well-trained teachers 无能力的/不够格的/欠经验的老师 incompetent/disqualified/inexperienced/poorly-trained teachers well-equipped/ well-appointed/ well-decorated classrooms 设施良好的/装修良好的教室先进的教学设施up-to-date teaching facilities
2019年托福写作：TPO42综合写作阅读题目 TPO42综合写作题目文本 Integrated Writing Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows. There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds. One-Way Glass One solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, they will understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it. Colorful Designs A second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass. Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.
1. 一般功能词汇 因果关系 →导致，产生give rise to, lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt 解析：give rise to, lead to, result in表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成”；be responsible for 不仅表示“为…负责”，也可以表示“产生”（being a source or cause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局面”；prompt表示“激发”（To move to act; spur; incite），有“快速产生”之意。 Fast-paced modern life is responsible for the consumption of junk food. The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. Sharon Stone’s remarks about China’s Sichuan earthquake prompted angry responses from the Chinese public. →产生于result from, originate in (from) 解析：result from表示“产生于”；originate in (from)表示“发源自” 例句：Youtiao originated in China. →归因于attribute ...to, blame…on, be the (main) culprit of 解析：attribute A to B表示“将A归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“将A（负 面的）归咎于B”；culprit本意表示“罪犯”(one charged with a crime or an offense)，比喻义表示“造成某种负面后果的原因”（the reason for a particular problem or difficulty） 例句：Children today are getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe that excessive consumption is the main culprit. →使某人做某事prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth 解析：prompt指“令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发”； motivate指“成为某人的做某事的动机” Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money. →原因cause, reason 解析：cause指“造成某事客观原因”，reason指“用来解释的理由”。Reason 并不一定就是cause.跟cause有关的几种常用搭配： 真实原因real cause,
托福TPO13综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文 【雷哥托福整理】 在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。 考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！ 雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。文末教你如何使用这个材料。TPO13 综合写作听力+阅读原文 Reading Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public. The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.
新托福独立写作必背分类话题词汇 一、Education教育 二、Technology科技 三、Media媒体 四、Success 成功 五、Work 工作 六、Government 政府七、Friends 朋友 八、Old vs. Y oung 九、Transportation 交通 十、Environment 环境 十一、Money 金钱 十二、Leisure 休闲 十三、Family 家庭 十四、Animals 动物 十五、Food 食物 十六、Safety安全 十七、Health健康 十八、Food 食物 一、Education教育 作业n. assignment（可数)与homework不同选修课n. elective course 学分n. credit 青少年n. ；青春期的adj. adolescent 适应adapt to sth. / become accustomed to sth. 应用v. apply 团队精神team spirit 独立思考think independently 在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding 学生的反馈students’ feedback 学生评价老师的教学students appraise/ evaluate their teachers’ performance 通才n. generalist 专才n. specialist 全面发展的adj. well-rounded 多才多艺的adj. versatile 为社会健康发展做贡献contribute to societal well-being (or welfare) 工科n. engineering 学科（通称）；纪律n. 管教vt. discipline 互动vt. interact 自制力n. self-discipline 小（中、大）学教育primary-level (or secondary-level/ tertiary-level ) education 职业教育vocational education 学校给学生的教育n. schooling 学校提供的课程总称n. curriculum ( pl. curricula) 心理的adj. psychological 参与n. participation 熟练掌握……be proficient in 榜样role model 同龄人n. peer 对孩子/弱者过度保护adj. overprotective 家长给小孩的教育n. parenting 批判眼光看问题能力critical thinking abilities 有创造力的adj. creative/original 表现出色perform well 为…打好基础lay a solid foundation for 评估n. evaluation 对…非常好的掌握n. mastery 好奇心n. curiosity 精英n. elite 应试教育test-oriented education 富于想象力的imaginative 无知的adj. ignorant 误入歧途go astray 文盲（的）n.&adj. illiterate 给人动力的adj. motivating 未成年人n. minors 溺爱vt. spoil 青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency 欺负（n. “喜欢欺负人的孩子”）vt. bully 植物学n. botany 天文学n. astronomy 培养v. cultivate/ foster/ nurture 促进学生身心发展promote the student’s physical/mental (or intellectual) and emotional development 心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare 给学生以动力give the students motivation to do sth/ motivate the students to do sth 传授知识impart/ inculcate knowledge 灌输高尚的道德观instill high moral values 给学生以灵感give the students inspiration 学生对老师所教知识的掌握students’grasp (or command) of what has been taught 就业技能employable skills 填鸭式教法教学生force-feed the students 死记硬背learn things by rote 责任感sense of obligation/ duty/ responsibility 记忆方程式、公式、定理、定律memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws 盲从follow sth. blindly