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c++stack_和_queue用法

c++stack_和_queue用法
c++stack_和_queue用法

STL--stack/queue的使用方法

2010-01-0517:36

stack(栈)和queue(队列)也是在程序设计中经常会用到的数据容器,STL为我们提供了方便的stack(栈)的queue(队列)的实现。

准确地说,STL中的stack和queue不同于vector、list等容器,而是对这些容器的重新包装。这里我们不去深入讨论STL的stack和queue的实现细节,而是来了解一些他们的基本使用。

1、stack

stack模板类的定义在头文件中。

stack模板类需要两个模板参数,一个是元素类型,一个容器类型,但只有元素类型是必要的,在不指定容器类型时,默认的容器类型为deque。

定义stack对象的示例代码如下:

stacks1;

stacks2;

stack的基本操作有:

入栈,如例:s.push(x);

出栈,如例:s.pop();注意,出栈操作只是删除栈顶元素,并不返回该元素。

访问栈顶,如例:s.top()

判断栈空,如例:s.empty(),当栈空时,返回true。

访问栈中的元素个数,如例:s.size()

2、queue

queue模板类的定义在头文件中。

与stack模板类很相似,queue模板类也需要两个模板参数,一个是元素类型,一个容器类型,元素类型是必要的,容器类型是可选的,默认为deque类型。

定义queue对象的示例代码如下:

queueq1;

queueq2;

queue的基本操作有:

入队,如例:q.push(x);将x接到队列的末端。

出队,如例:q.pop();弹出队列的第一个元素,注意,并不会返回被弹出元素的值。

访问队首元素,如例:q.front(),即最早被压入队列的元素。

访问队尾元素,如例:q.back(),即最后被压入队列的元素。

判断队列空,如例:q.empty(),当队列空时,返回true。

访问队列中的元素个数,如例:q.size()

3、priority_queue

头文件中,还定义了另一个非常有用的模板类priority_queue(优先队列)。优先队列与队列的差别在于优先队列不是按照入队的顺序出队,而是按照队列中元素的优先权顺序出队(默认为大者优先,也可以通过指定算子来指定自己的优先顺序)。

priority_queue模板类有三个模板参数,第一个是元素类型,第二个容器类型,第三个是比较算子。其中后两个都可以省略,默认容器为vector,默认算子为less,即小的往前排,大的往后排(出队时序列尾的元素出队)。

定义priority_queue对象的示例代码如下:

priority_queueq1;

priority_queue>q2;//注意在两个尖括号之间一定要留空格。

priority_queue,greater>q3;//定义小的先出队

priority_queue的基本操作与queue相同。

初学者在使用priority_queue时,最困难的可能就是如何定义比较算子了。

如果是基本数据类型,或已定义了比较运算符的类,可以直接用STL的less算子和greater 算子——默认为使用less算子,即小的往前排,大的先出队。

如果要定义自己的比较算子,方法有多种,这里介绍其中的一种:重载比较运算符。优先队列试图将两个元素x和y代入比较运算符(对less算子,调用xy),若结果为真,则x排在y前面,y将先于x出队,反之,则将y排在x前面,x将先出队。

看下面这个简单的示例:

#include

#include

using namespace std;

class T

{

public:

int x,y,z;

T(int a,int b,int c):x(a),y(b),z(c)

{

}

};

bool operator<(const T&t1,const T&t2)

{

return t1.z

main()

{

priority_queueq;

q.push(T(4,4,3));

q.push(T(2,2,5));

q.push(T(1,5,4));

q.push(T(3,3,6));

while(!q.empty())

{

T t=q.top();q.pop();

cout<

}

return1;

}

输出结果为(注意是按照z的顺序从大到小出队的):

336

225

154

443

再看一个按照z的顺序从小到大出队的例子:

#include

#include

using namespace std;

class T

{

public:

int x,y,z;

T(int a,int b,int c):x(a),y(b),z(c)

{

}

};

bool operator>(const T&t1,const T&t2)

{

return t1.z>t2.z;

}

main()

{

priority_queue,greater>q;

q.push(T(4,4,3));

q.push(T(2,2,5));

q.push(T(1,5,4));

q.push(T(3,3,6));

while(!q.empty())

{

T t=q.top();q.pop();

cout<

}

return1;

}

输出结果为:

443

154

225

336

如果我们把第一个例子中的比较运算符重载为:

bool operator<(const T&t1,const T&t2)

{

return t1.z>t2.z;//按照z的顺序来决定t1和t2的顺序

}

则第一个例子的程序会得到和第二个例子的程序相同的输出结果。

1.6nth_element指定元素排序

nth_element一个容易看懂但解释比较麻烦的排序。用例子说会更方便:

班上有10个学生,我想知道分数排在倒数第4名的学生。

如果要满足上述需求,可以用sort排好序,然后取第4位(因为是由小到大排),更聪明的朋友会用partial_sort,只排前4位,然后得到第4位。其实这是你还是浪费,因为前两位你根本没有必要排序,此时,你就需要nth_element:

template

void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first,RandomAccessIterator nth, RandomAccessIterator last);

template

void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first,RandomAccessIterator nth, RandomAccessIterator last,StrictWeakOrdering comp);

对于上述实例需求,你只需要按下面要求修改1.4中的程序:

stable_sort(vect.begin(),vect.end(),less());

替换为:

nth_element(vect.begin(),vect.begin()+3,vect.end(),less());

运行结果为:

------before sort...

Tom:74

Jimy:56

Mary:92

Jessy:85

Jone:56

Bush:52

Winter:77

Andyer:63

Lily:76

Maryia:89

-----after sort....

Jone:56

Bush:52

Jimy:56

Andyer:63

Jessy:85

Mary:92

Winter:77

Tom:74

Lily:76

Maryia:89

第四个是谁?Andyer,这个倒霉的家伙。为什么是begin()+3而不是+4?我开始写这篇文章的时候也没有在意,后来在ilovevc的提醒下,发现了这个问题。begin()是第一个,begin()+1是第二个,...begin()+3当然就是第四个了。

中考英语口语辅导:consider的用法

中考英语口语辅导:consider的用法 表示“考虑”,其后可接动名词,但不能接不定式。如He is considering changing his job. 他在考虑调换工作。I’ve never really considered getting married. 我从未考虑过结婚的事。注:consider 之后虽然不能直接跟不定式,但可跟“疑问词+不定式”结构。如Have you considered how to get there / how you could get there. 你是否考虑过何到那儿去?2. 表示“认为”、“把……看作”,下面三个句型值得注意(有时三者可互换) (1) consider +that从句(2) consider+宾语+(as +)名词或形容词(3) consider+宾语+(to be +)名词或形容词I consider him (as) honest (或an honest man). I consider him (to be) honest (或an honest man). I consider that he is honest (或an honest man). 注:(1) 以上备句意思大致相同,对于consider 之后能否接as 的问题,尚有不同看法(即有人认为不能接as ,有人认为可以拉as,但实际上接as 的用法已很普遍)。(2) 在“consider+宾语”之后除可接to be 外,有时也可to do 型动词(但多为完成形式)。如We all considered him to have acted disgracefully. 我们都认为他的行为很不光彩。

疑问代词用法总结及练习

疑问代词用法总结及练习 句子是英语学习的核心。从句子使用的目的来分,它可分为四类 1、陈述句(肯定句和否定句) 2、疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和选择疑问句) 3、祈使句(肯定句和否定句) 4、感叹句。 四大句子类型的相互转换,对于学生来讲是个难点,为此,可通过说顺口溜的形式来帮助学生解决这一难题。 如:将陈述句变成一般疑问句,可以变成这样的顺口留:疑问疑问调个头,把be(系动词“is are am”)放在最前头。 如:将陈述句的肯定句变成否定句,我们就可以这样说:否定,否定加“not”,加在何处,加在系动词的后面。 在句子相互转换的题型中,最难的要算“就下列划线部分提问”或是“看答句,写问句”这种题型了,其实,我们只要熟练掌握疑问词(what,what time, what colour, where, when, who, whose, which, how, how old ,how tall, how long, how big, how heavy , how much, how many等等)具体用法。

习题 一、选择正确的单词填空 (who, where, when) is that pretty girl She is my sister. are Jack and Tom They are behind you. do you go to school I go to school from Monday to Friday. has a beautiful flower John has a beautiful flower.

are they They are my parents. is my mother She is in the living room. are you going We are going to the bakery(面包坊). Jim and Wendy play ball They play ball in the afternoon. does he jog He jogs in the park. are you from I'm from Changchun city. 11. _______ is your birthday –On May 2nd. 12、_______ are you --- I`m in the office. 13. are you ---- I`m Alice. 二.用(what time, what color, what day, what)填空。 1. A: ______ _______ is it B: It is nine o’clock. 2. A: ______ _______ does your mother get up B: My mother gets up at 6:30. 3. A: ______ _______ do you go to bed B: I go to bed at 10:00. 4. A: ______ _______ do Diana and Fiona have supper B: Diana and Fiona have supper at 18:00. 5. A: ______ _______is it B: It is purple. 6. A: ______ _______ is the sky B: The sky is blue. 7. A: ______ _______ is your coat B: My coat is black. 8. A: ______ _______ is the dog B: The dog is white. 9. A: ______ _______ is today B: Today is Monday. 10. A: ______ _______ is tomorrow B: Tomorrow is Tuesday. 11. A: ______ _______ was yesterday B: Yesterday was Sunday. 12. A: ______ _______ do you like B: I like red. 13. A: ______ is this This is a computer. 14. A: ______ are you doing B: We are playing basketball.

Make短语总结

Make短语总结 1.make good use of/make full use of 2.Both husband and wife had to work to make ends meet.使收支平衡。 3.After years as an unsuccessful businessman, he finally made it.成功 4.What a strange person she is!I can’t make her out at all.理解,明白 5.The explanation in the schoolbook makes no sense, because the words are hard.讲不通,没意义,不能被理解 6.The teacher asked the children to make up a story about a trip to the moon.编造 7.The actors were making up when we arrived.打扮 8.Mary had to make up for the time she missed in school when she was sick, by studying very hard.弥补 9.The team is made up of nine players.由。。组成 10.He’ll make a good lawyer.有条件成为 11.The large print makes for easier reading.有助于,有利于 12.People in the West make it a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends. 13.The teacher raised his voice so that he could make himself heard. 14.“Make yourself at home,”the hostess said to me as soon as I entered the house.别拘束,随便 Exercises: 1.(2012年陕西卷13题)No matter where he is , he makes_____ a rule

consider的基本用法及与regardthinkofabout

consider的基本用法及与regard,think ofabout和look(up)on as的区别 consider的基本用法及与regard,think of/about和look(up)on as的区别 consider一词在历年高考中是一个常考的要点,其用法应分为两部分来讲。第一、作“考虑、思考”时的搭配如下: 1.consider+n./pron.,例如: Have you considered the suggestion? That’s what we have to consider now. 2.consider+v-ing,但不能接不定式的一般式,例如: We considered going to see the doctor the next day. Have you considered moving to shanghai recently? You must consider to tell him something about it.(错误) 3.consider+疑问词+不定式,例如: He is considering how to improve his English. We must consider what to do next.

4.consider+从句,例如: We didn’t consider whether he should go or not. Have you considered when we should go there? 第二、作“认为、把……当作/看作”等意思时的搭配如下:1.consider+sb/sth+(to be/as)+n./adj.,例如: I consider him to(be/as)my best friend. Everyone considers him(to be)clever. He considered it much improved. 2.consider+sb./sth.+不定式短语(作宾语补足语),不能接不定式的一般式,例如: We consider them to be working very hard. We consider them to have finished the work. We consider him to be the clever in our class. We must consider him to go there at once.(错误) 3.consider+it+adj./n.+不定式短语,其中it为形式宾语,不定式短语为真正的宾语,例如: Jiao Yulu considered it his duty to serve the people heart and soul. They consider it necessary to set the slaves free.

英语一般疑问句用法总结

英语一般疑问句用法总结 1. 基本用法及结构 一般疑问句用于对某一情况提出疑问,通常可用yes和no来回答,读时用升调。其基本结构是“be / have / 助动词+主语+谓语(表语)”: Is he interested in going? 他有兴趣去吗? Have you ever been to Japan? 你到过日本吗? Does she often have colds? 她常常感冒吗? Did you ask her which to buy? 你问没问她该买哪一个? 2. 陈述句变一般疑问句的方法 (1) 动词be的否定式。动词be根据不同的时态和人称可以有am, is, are, was, were等不同形式,可用作连系动词(表示“是”、“在”等)和助动词(用于构成进行时态和被动语态等),但不管何种情况,构成疑问式时,一律将动词be的适当形式置于句首: Am I right? 我是对的吗? Are you feeling better today? 你今天感到好些了吗? Was he late for school? 他上学迟到了吗? (2) 动词have的疑问式。动词have根据不同的时态和人称可以有have, has, had等形式,可以用作实意动词和助动词,分以下情况讨论:

①用作实意动词表示状态,如表示拥有、患病或用于have to 表示“必须”等,在构成构成式时可以直接将have, has, had置于句首,也可根据情况在句首使用do, does, did: Does he have [Has he] anything to say? 他有什么话要说吗? Do you have [Have you] to leave so soon? 你必须这么早走吗? Did you have [Had you] any friends then? 他当时有朋友吗? ②用作实意动词表示动作,如表示“吃(=eat)”、“喝(=drin k)”、“拿(=take)”、“收到(=receive)”、“度过(=spend)”等,构成疑问式时不能将have提前至句首,而应在句首使用do, does, did: Does he have breakfast at home? 他在家吃早餐吗? Did you have a good time at the party? 你在晚会上玩得高兴吗? ③用作助动词构成完成时态,其疑问式总是将have等置于句首: Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了吗? Has he left when you arrived? 你到达时他已离开了吗? (3) 情态动词的疑问式。情态动词的疑问式通常是将情态动词置于句首: Can you speak English? 你会说英语吗?

完整word版make用法及短语总结推荐文档

make 用法及短语 、 make 的复合宾语。英语中 make 一词用法甚多,是使用频率最高的动词之一,而 作使役动词的用法也很常见。 意思是“使成为”、“使作为”、“使变成”, 其后的复合宾语 (即 宾语 +宾语补足语)有以下表达方式: 1. make +宾语 +名词(作宾语补足语) Most pop singers make music their career. 大多数流行歌手把音乐当作他们的职业。 Bill Gates ' Microsoft makes him a phenomenon in the business world. 比尔?盖茨的微软使他成为商界的一个奇才。 What makes the ocean such a great place to live? 究竟是什么东西使大海成为如此优越的生活场所呢 European football is played in 80 countries , making it the most popular sport in the world. 80 个国家踢欧式足球,使它成为世界上最受欢迎的运动。 After all , what makes a new invention such a wonderful thing is that it allows us to do something we could not do before . 毕竟, 一项发明之所以成为如此奇妙的事情就在于它可以让我们做以前不能做的事。 2. make +宾语+不带 to 的不定式(作宾语语补足语) Nobody made us go to bed at a certain time. 没有人让我们在某一固定时间就寝。 Pop music makes people feel easy and forget about the real world ; rock music makes people think about the world and how to make their life better . 流行音乐令人松弛安心, 忘记这真实的世界, 而摇滚乐使人思考这个世界和如何改善 自己的生活。 Nothing can make me turn against my country . Love may create the wonder , and may make people become satisfied and optimistic . 爱可以创造奇迹, 可以让人变得满足和乐观。 Children should be made to understand the importance of saving water . 应该让孩子们理解节水的重要性。 3. make +宾语+形容词(作宾语补足语) But I was happy to help because I knew it was to realize our dream of making black and make 什么也不能使我背叛我的祖国。 注意:但改成被动语态时, 则要加 to 。

Consider的用法

Consider的用法: -Have you considered_____ the job ss a teacher? -Yes.I like it because a teacher is often considered _______ a gardener. A.to take,to be B.to take,being C.taking,being D.taking,to be 答案:d译文:你考虑过做老师的工作吗? 是的,我非常喜欢,因为老师通常被认为是园丁 一、consider作“考虑”解,常用于以下句型: 1.consider+名词/代词/动名词。 You'd better consider my suggestion. 你最好考虑我的建议。 I’m considering going abroad some day.我一直考虑有一天出国。 2.consider+从句或“疑问词+不定式”。 Have you considered what he suggested? 你们考虑他的建议了吗? We must consider what to do next. 我们必须考虑下一步要做什么。 二.consider作“认为”解时,常用于以下句型: 1.consider sb./sth+.(as)+形容词/名词。其中,as可以省略。 We consider him honest. 我们认为他很诚实。 At first they considered me as a doctor.起初他们认为我是医生。 2.consider+sb./sth.+不定式。其中,不定式通常是to be(可以省略)或其他动词的完成式。We consider this matter to be very important. 我们认为这件事很重要。 We all consider him to have stolen the bike.我们都认为他偷了自行车。 3.consider+it+形容词/名词+不定式短语。 We consider it hard to study English well.我们认为学好英语很难。 I consider it my duty to help you with your studies.我认为帮助你学习英语是我的职责。 4.consider+宾语从句。 We consider that the music is well worth listening to.我们这首音乐很值得一听。 在该题中,前一个句子中的consider作“考虑”解,后接动名词作宾语,但不可接不定式,由此可以排除A, B; 后一个句子中的consider作“认为”解,用到句型consider+sb./sth.+不定式,此处使用的是被动语态结构。故答案为D项。 请看下面两道考题,均考查“with+宾语+非谓语动词”结构: 1.—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. —Sorry. With so much work _________my mind, I almost break down. A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled 2.John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _________, he gladly acc epted it. A.finished B.finishing C.having finished D.was finished 以上两题答案分别为B和A,均考查“with+宾语+非谓语动词”结构。该结果中的“非谓语动词”可以是不定式、现在分词、过去分词,它们在用法上的区别如下:

一般疑问句、选择疑问句的详细用法备课讲稿

一般疑问句、选择疑问句的详细用法

一般疑问句、 (一)一般疑问句 1、一般疑问句概述 一般疑问句(general questions),也可称为“yes/no” questions(是否型问句),因为它一般是由yes或no回答的,如: —Can you swim to the other side?你能游到对岸吗? —Yes, I can.是的,我能。 —No,I can’t.不,我不能。 —Have you locked the door?你锁门了吗? —Yes,I have.是的,锁了。 —No,I haven’t. 不,没有锁。 2一般疑问句的结构 (1)基本的结构为:be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+(其他),句子要读升调,如: Are they your friends?他们是你的朋友吗? Does he go to school on foot?他是步行去上学吗? Will you be free tonight?你今晚有空吗? Can you play basketball?你会打篮球吗? (2)陈述句亦可用作一般疑问句,多用在非正式文体中,句末有问号,用升调,如: Somebody is with you?有人和你一起吗? He didn’t finish the work?他没有做完活吗? You are fresh from America,I suppose?我猜,你刚从美国回来吧? 3、一般疑问句的答语 (1)一般疑问句一般由yes或no来回答,如: —Are you tired?你累了吗? —Yes,I am.是的,累了。 —No, I’m not.不,不累。 —Does she do the cleaning?她扫除了吗?

make用法及短语总结资料讲解

m a k e用法及短语总结

make用法及短语 一、make的复合宾语。英语中make一词用法甚多,是使用频率最高的动词之一,而make作使役动词的用法也很常见。意思是“使成为”、“使作为”、“使变成”,其后的复合宾语(即宾语+宾语补足语)有以下表达方式: 1. make +宾语+名词(作宾语补足语) Most pop singers make music their career.大多数流行歌手把音乐当作他们的职业。 Bill Gates’ Microsoft makes him a phenomenon in the business world. 比尔·盖茨的微软使他成为商界的一个奇才。 What makes the ocean such a great place to live? 究竟是什么东西使大海成为如此优越的生活场所呢? European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. 80个国家踢欧式足球,使它成为世界上最受欢迎的运动。 After all, what makes a new invention such a wonderful thing is that it allows us to do something we could not do before. 毕竟,一项发明之所以成为如此奇妙的事情就在于它可以让我们做以前不能做的事。 2. make +宾语+不带to的不定式(作宾语语补足语) Nobody made us go to bed at a certain time.没有人让我们在某一固定时间就寝。 Pop music makes people feel easy and forget about the real world; rock music makes people think about the world and how to make their life better.

consider的用法归纳有哪些

consider的用法归纳有哪些 consider的用法:作名词 consideration作名词,意为careful thought and attention斟酌,考虑 Several considerations have influenced my decision.好几个因素影响了我的决定。 1.Consideration for顾及,体贴 He has never shown much consideration for his wife’s needs.他从来不顾及他妻 子的需要。 2.Under consideration在讨论/考虑中 Several projects are under consideration.好几个项目在讨论中。 There are some proposals under consideration. 有几个建议在审议中。 3.Take sth. into consideration考虑到某事,体谅 Your teachers will take your recent illness into consideration when marking your exams. 你的几位老师在给你的考试评分时,会考虑你最近生病这一情况的。 4.Leave sth. out of consideration 忽略/不重视某事 It was wrong to leave my feelings out of consideration.不顾及我的情感是不对的。 5.Show consideration for体谅,顾及 Jeff never shows any consideration for his mother’s feelings.杰夫从来不体谅他 母亲的感受。 6.of. No / little consideration无关紧要的,不重要的 Whether he would go with us or not was of no consideration. 他是否跟我们一起 去是无关紧要的。 7.In consideration of sth.作为对……的汇报,考虑到 It’s a small payment in consideration of your services.这是答谢您服务的微薄酬金。 consider的用法:作动词 1.Consider作动词,意为think about sth.考虑,斟酌 常用搭配:consider sth. / doing sth. / where(how, why)+to do /that clause; all things considered通盘考虑,考虑到问题的各个方面。如:

Until的详细用法总结

Until的详细用法总结 你们知道until用法吗?我们一起来学习学习吧,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。 Until的用法 比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。 肯定句: I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 (在肯定句中可用before代替Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.) 否定句: She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.

她直到6点才到。 until 用法上的三个难点 一、 1. until用在肯定句,谓语动词通常是延续性动词,如stand, stay, talk, wait等,表示主句动作终止的时间。如: ③I waited until he cam e back.我一直等到他回来。 ④The war lasted until 1945.战争持续到1945年。 如果用在否定句,谓语动词通常是瞬间性动词,如open, start, leave, arrive, finish, stop等,强调主句动作开始的时间。如: ⑤I didnt leave the boy until his mother turned up.直到这孩子的母亲来,我才离开。 ⑥The noise of the street didnt stop until it wa s midnight.街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。 2.连词until引导的从句中谓语动词的时态 1)until后面的从句中不能用一般将来时,应该用一般现在时代替。所谓的“主将从现”。 He will stay here until his mother comes back.

MAKE的用法

71. Make的用法和判别 一、make作“做”、“制造”、“构成”等解: 1. They make many kinds of machines. 他们制造许多种机器。 2. We made two experiments yesterday. 我们昨天作了两个实验。 3. Hydrogen and oxygen make water. 氢和氧构成水。 4. Two and three make five. 二加三等于五。 5. They are making us a new-type device. 他们正在为我们制造一台新型装置。 二、“make+某些抽象名词”表示作出某种举动。例如: 1. to make an answer 作出答复 2. to make measurement 量度 3. to make efforts to fulfill the plan 努力完成计划 4. to make contributions to the revolution 对革命作出贡献 5. to make adjustments 进行调节 6. to make a calculation 计算 7. to make application 应用,使用 8. to make a correction 校正、更正 9. to make use of…利用…… 10. to make much account of oil 很重视石油 在科技英语中,诸如此类的搭配用法甚多,必须予以注意。翻译时多半译出名词的意思即可。 三、make作“行走”、“行使”解: This automobile makes 70 kilometers an hour. 这辆汽车每小时行驶70公里。 四、“make+直接宾语+宾语补语(名词、形容词、不带to的不定式、过去分词、介词短语等)”,其中make作“使得”、“使……成为”解:

not until的北京中考用法

【中考链接】 1.Not until 1. 托尼经过和老师长时间地反复讨论之后,才下定决心尝试这个新想法。(09西城一模) Tony didn’t ________________________ discussing it with his teacher again and again. 2. 这本小说太长了,我直到昨天才读完。(09丰台二模) The novel was so long _________________________________________ until yesterday. 3. 昨天晚上比尔直到十二点钟才上床睡觉。(09顺义二模) Bill _____________________________ 12 o’clock last night. 4. 昨天下午我直到写完作业才回家。(09石景山模拟) I __________ go home yesterday afternoon ______________ I finished my homework. 5.刘先生过去总抽烟。知道病得严重了,他才戒烟。(11延庆二模) Mr Liu used to smoke a lot.______________ he was seriously ill. 6. 昨天李英洗完衣服才做作业。(11房山一模) Li Ying ________________ her clothes yesterday. 主将从现 1.Be confident! Everyone will succeed if he ___________ in himself. (11 海淀一模) A.believe B. believes C.believed D.will believe 2.You won't have the chance to succeed when you ____________.(11 海淀二模) A.gave up B.give up C. will give up D.are giving up 3.----What will you do tomorrow? (11 西城二模) ----- I will go out for fun if it ___________ fine. A.is B.be C. will be D. Was 4.We ____________ for Dalian as soon as we get the train tickets.(11 东城一模) A.leave B. left C.will leave D.were leaving 4.George will send us an e-mail as soon as he ________in London.(11 东城二模) A.work B.working C. worked D. To work 6.Difficult work___________ easy if you do it very carefully.(11朝阳一模) A.become B.became C.will become D.has become 2.Make 的用法 1.Let's ____________ goodbye to plastic bags in order to protect the environment .(11海淀一模) A. say B. said C. saying D. to say 2.Sarah always makes her son ___________ his hands before eating. (11海淀二模) A.wash B. washed C.washing D.to wash 3.My mother made me ___________ the piano when I was very young . Now, I begin to understand her. (11西城一模) A.play B. to play C. playing D. play 4.----Don't always make Tony ________ this or that. He is already a big boy.(11朝阳一模) ----Maybe you're right. A.do B.done C. to do D.doing 5.让我们忘记分歧,做好朋友吧。(11海淀二模) ____________ forget our differences and be good friends. 6.今天下午没课。让我们去公园吧!(11东城二模) We're free this afternoon.__________ go to the park.

特殊疑问句和一般疑问句的用法

(一)由be(am,is,are)引导的一般疑问句 1、Am I a student? 我是学生吗? Yes,you are./ No,you aren’t. 2、Is this /that/it a chair?这/那/它/是一把椅子吗? Yes,it is. /No,it isn’t. 3、Is she/Amy your sister?她/艾米是你的妹妹吗?Yes,she is ./ No,she isn’t. 4、Is he/Mike your brother?他/迈克是你的哥哥吗?Yes,he is./No,he isn’t. 5、Is your brother helpful at home? 你哥哥在家有用吗?Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t. 6、Is there a forest in the park? 在公园有一个森林吗? Yes,there is./No,there isn’t. 是的,有。/不,没有。 7、Are there any panda s in the mountains?在山上有熊猫吗? Yes,there are./No,there aren’t.是的,有。/不,没有。 8、Are they dusk s? 它们是鸭子吗?(问物) Yes, they are. /No,they aren’t.是的,它们是。/不,它们不是。 9、Are they famers? 他们是农民吗?(问人) Yes, they are. /No,they aren’t. 是的,他们是。/不,他们不是。 10、Are you a teacher?你是一个老师吗?(问you 用I回答) Yes, I am./No,I’m not.是的,我是。/不,我不是。 11、Are you teacher s?你们是老师吗? Yes,we are./No,we aren’t.是的,我们是。/不,我们不是。 (二)、由do引导的一般疑问句

(完整版)make短语初中用法

make 短语初中用法 1. make的意思是“做、制造、制作”时, (1) make sth. (to do sth.)意为“制造某物”。 She can make kites. 她会制作风筝。 (2) make sb. sth. / make sth. for sb.意为“为某人制作某物”。例如: His mother made him a beautiful coat. / His mother made a beautiful coat for him. 他的母亲为他缝制了一件漂亮的外衣。 (3) 被动语态中常用be made of / from, be made in, be made by 等短语来表示“……是由……制成的”,“……是在……制成的”和“……是 被……制成的。 Wine is made from grapes. 酒是由葡萄酿制成的。 These cars were made in Changchun. 这些汽车是在长春制造的。 2. make是“使、使得”时,一般用于“make + 宾语+ 宾补”结构, (1) make + sb. / sth. + adj.意为“使某人或某物处于某种状态” The news made him happy. 这个消息使他很高兴。 在此句型中,通常用it作形式宾语,而动词不定式或从句才是真正的宾语,而且要后置。 Computers make it easier to learn English. 电脑使英语学习更加容易。 当然,除了接形容词作宾补外,还可以接名词、动词的过去分词等作宾补。 They all want to make Jim their monitor. (名词)他们都想让吉姆当班长。 I spoke loudly in order to make my voice heard.(过去分词) 我大声地讲话,以便让别人听到。 (2) make + sb. / sth. + 省略to的动词不定式,意为“使某人或某物做某事”。 Our English teacher often makes us retell the texts. 我们的英语老师经常让我们复述课文。 当把这样的句子变为被动语态时,原句中省略的动词不定式符号to必须要还原。 We are often made to retell the texts (by our English teacher). 3. make还可以构成大量短语:be made of/ from 由……制成be made in 在……制造be made up of 由……组成make sth. into…把……制成…make the bed 铺床 make a fire 生火 make a plan 订计划 make trouble 惹是生非make faces 做鬼脸 make friends 交朋友make cakes 做蛋糕make soup 做汤make noises 制造噪音 make paper 造纸 make money 赚钱 make yourself at home 请自便make oneself understood 使别人理解make progress 取得进步 make up 编造/化妆/构成make a decision 下决定 make sure 确信、弄清楚make up one's mind 下决心 make a mistake 犯错误 make a telephone call to sb. 打电话给…make a promise 许诺

until用法归纳

使用注意事项: ◇注意事项一 until用于肯定句中,表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“……直到……为止”。在这种用法中,主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词(非瞬间动词),如live, wait , last, love, like, stay, work, continue 等。 until用于否定句中,表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生,或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。一般可译为“直到……才”。 ◇注意事项二 until后面的从句中不能用一般将来时,应该用一般现在时代替。所谓的“主将从现”。 He will stay here until his mother comes back. They will study at the school until their parents come to take them home. ◇注意事项三(该考点为高中内容) till和until的意思基本相同,用法也基本一样,但until语气较重,多用于较正式的文体里。till多用于英式英语,until多用于美式英语;till不能用在句首,也不能用在not开头的短语或从句里,而until可以。在这种情况下应用倒装语序。 Until he came home, we knew the news. 在他到家之前,我们不知道这消息。Not until nine o’clock yesterday evening did we fi nish the work. 直到昨晚九点,我们才完成这项工作。 ◇注意事项四(该考点在初中阶段基本不涉及)

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