ASHRAE STANDARD
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1791 T ullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,
Standard Method for Measurement of
Proportion of Lubricant in Liquid Refrigerant
BSR/ASHRAE Standard 41.4-1996 (RA 2006)
Reaffirmation of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.4-1996
Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on October 29, 1995, and reaffirmed on January 21, 2006; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on February 22, 1996, and reaffirmed on January 26, 2006; and by the American National Standards Institute on May 28, 1996, and reaffirmed on January 27, 2006.
ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest copies may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: orders@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,. Fax: 404-321-5478. Tele-phone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada).? Copyright 2006 ASHRAE, Inc.
ISSN 1041-2336
When addenda, interpretations, or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of
charge from the ASHRAE Web site at https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,.
SPECIAL NOTE
This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.”Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.
ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.
ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The Project Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees.
The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:
a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,
b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard,
d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.
ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS
ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely voluntary.
In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied, that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.
DISCLAIMER
ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.
ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2005-2006
Richard D. Hermans, Chair David E. Knebel, Vice-Chair Donald L. Brandt Steven T. Bushby Paul W. Cabot Hugh F . Crowther Samuel D. Cummings, Jr.Robert G. Doerr Hakim Elmahdy Roger L. Hedrick John F . Hogan Frank E. Jakob Stephen D. Kennedy
Jay A. Kohler James D. Lutz Merle F . McBride Mark P . Modera Cyrus H. Nasseri Stephen V . Santoro Stephen V . Skalko David R. T ree Jerry W. White, Jr.James E. Woods William E. Murphy, BOD ExO Ronald E. Jarnagin, CO Claire B. Ramspeck, Assistant Director of Technology for Standards and Special Projects
ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 41.4Cognizant TC: TC 1.2, Instruments and Measurements
SPLS Liaison: Bill Richards
David A. Didion, Chair*Michael B. Pate*Ullrich Hesse*Roberto Pereira*Daniel C. Leaver*
William F . Walter*
* Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication.
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CONTENTS
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.4-1996 (RA 2006)
Standard Method for Measurement of Proportion of
Lubricant in Liquid Refrigerant
SECTION PAGE Foreword (2)
1 Purpose (2)
2 Scope (2)
3 Definitions (2)
4 List of Required Equipment (2)
5 Method of Test (2)
6 Test Procedure (4)
7 Data to be Recorded (5)
8 Calculation of Results (5)
9 Symbols (6)
10 References (6)
Appendix:Recommended Sampling Procedure (6)
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NOTE
When addenda, interpretations, or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,.
? Copyright 2006 American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1791 Tullie Circle NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,
All rights reserved.
(This foreword is not a part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conforma nce to the sta nda rd. It ha s not been processed a ccording to the ANSI requirements for a sta nda rd a nd ma y conta in ma teria l tha t ha s not been subject to public review or a consensus process.) FOREWORD
This is a reaffirmation of ASHRAE Standard 41.4-1996. This standard was prepared under the auspices of the Ameri-can Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). It may be used, in whole or in part, by an association or government agency with due credit to ASHRAE. Adherence is strictly on a voluntary basis and merely in the interests of obtaining uniform standards throughout the industry.
The change made for the 2006 reaffirmation was that the name of the standard was added to the Contents page.
1.PURPOSE
This standard sets forth standard procedures for experi-
mentally determining the weight concentration of miscible lubricant-and-liquid-refrigerant mixtures and, in limited cases, immiscible mixtures.
2.SCOPE
2.1This standard provides a method for measurement of proportion of lubricant in liquid refrigerant.
2.2This standard
a.defines specialized terms,
b.specifies the required data and minimum precision,
c.specifies the methods of computation that should be used,
and
d.describes the equipment required.
2.3This standard is intended to apply only where it is known, or possible to determine, that the sample is of a mis-cible lubricant and liquid refrigerant mixture. This restriction is not intended to prevent the application of this standard to determine lubricant concentration in cases where lubricant immiscibility exists provided that the sample is confined entirely to either the lubricant-rich or refrigerant-rich layer.
2.4This standard does not apply to measurement of lubri-cant concentrations when the total amount of lubricant col-lected is less than .001 g.
2.5This standard provides for a primary (gravimetric) method but does not prohibit the use of other methods using new technologies, provided these methods are calibrated against the primary method.
3.DEFINITIONS
resolution: the minimum observable difference between two values of a measured characteristic.lubricant concentration, sample basis: the ratio of the weight of lubricant to the total weight of the refrigerant and lubricant in the sample.
lubricant concentration, pure refrigerant basis: the ratio of the weight of lubricant to the weight of the pure refrigerant in the sample.
4.LIST OF REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
1. A high-pressure type 304 stainless steel or aluminum alloy
cylinder with needle valve. (Stainless steel provides better corrosion resistance but is heavier.) The cylinder shall have
a bursting pressure not less than five times the saturation
pressure exerted by the refrigerant under test at 60°C.1 The cylinder shall have a rupture disc or a relief valve rated at not more than one-half of the cylinder burst pressure. (See Table 1 or Figure 1 for cylinder sizing.)
2.Analytical balance capable of weighing to 0.0001 g.
3.Top-loading balance capable of weighing to 0.01 g.
4. Pipe thread sealant compatible with the refrigerant/lubri-
cant mixture.
5. Hot plate.
6. Forced-air oven capable of attaining 150°C.
7.Filter paper capable of retaining particles ≥3 μm.
8.Beakers, 150 mL and 50 mL capacity.
9.V acuum pump with gauge capable of measuring vacuum
down to 100 μm Hg.
10.Solvent (e.g., pentane and acetone), reagent grade or better.
5.METHOD OF TEST
5.1This section is a summary of the overall method of test. Details are provided in Section
6.
The cylinder assembly shall be evacuated and weighed (W1). A sample of liquid whose lubricant content is to be Figure 1Maximum container size.
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T A B L E 1 L u b r i c a n t E s t i m a t e s f o r S a m p l i n g *
R e f r i g e r a t o r s
S m . U n i t A /C M i d -R a n g e A /C S u p e r m a r k e t . R e f .L a r g e U n i t A /C L g e P k g C h i l l .X -L g e C h i l l
C a p a c i t y , k W (t o n s ) 0.7 (0.2)
1.76 (0.5) 3.52 (1)
17.6 (5) 26.4 (7.5) 70.4 (20) 52.8 (15) 141 (40) 211 (60) 422 (120) 458 (130) 1408 (400) 1760 (500)
17600 (5000)
E s t . R e f . C h a r g e , k g (l b ) 0.20 (0.44)
0.45 (1.0)
1.12 (
2.5)
5.67 (12.5) 8.44 (18.75) 22.70 (50) 17.00 (37.5) 45.4 (100) 68.1 (150)13
6.2 (300)14
7.55 (325)454.00 (1000)567.50 (1250)
5675(12500)
E s t . L u b r i c a n t C h a r g e , L
(g a l )
0.19 (0.05)
0.42 (0.11)
0.50 (0.13)
2.50 (0.66)
3.79 (1.00) 10.0 (2.64) 2.0 (0.53) 5.3 (1.40) 8.0 (2.12) 16.0 (
4.25) 17.4 (4.6) 26.5 (7.0)
26.5 (7.0)
26.5 (7.0)
M a x . C o n t a i n e r S i z e , L
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
L u b r i c a n t i n S a m p l e , g
0.10% 0.043
0.043
0.043 0.043 0.043 0.128 0.128 0.425 0.425 0.425
0.425
0.425
0.425
0.425
0.20% 0.085
0.085
0.085 0.085 0.085 0.255 0.255 0.85 0.85 0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.50% 0.213
0.213
0.213 0.213 0.213 0.638 0.638 2.125 2.125
2.125
2.125
2.125
2.125
2.125
1.00%
0.425
0.425
0.425 0.425 0.425 1.275 1.275 4.25 4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25
2.00%
0.85
0.85
0.85 0.85 0.85 2.55 2.55 8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
5.00%
2.125
2.125
2.125 2.125 2.125 6.375 6.375 21.25
21.25
21.25
21.25
21.25
21.25
21.25
10.00%
4.25
4.25
4.25 4.25 4.25 12.75 12.75
42.5
42.5
42.5
42.5
42.5
42.5
42.5
15.00% 6.375
6.375 6.375 6.375 6.375 19.13 19.13
63.75
63.75
63.75
63.75
63.75
63.75
63.75
*
T h i s t a b l e i s f o r i n f o r m a t i v e p u r p o s e s o n l y a n d t h e u n i t s h a v e b e e n s e l e c t e d f o r t h e c o n v e n i e n c e o f t h e u s e r .
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determined is drawn into the cylinder and weighed (W 2). The refrigerant is allowed to evaporate slowly so that minimum lubricant is entrained with the leaving vapor. The cylinder shall be evacuated again to strip out remaining refrigerant dissolved in the lubricant.
For concentrations ≥1%, the cylinder assembly with the remaining lubricant is reweighed (W 3).
For concentrations <1%, the cylinder assembly is washed with solvent. The washings are filtered into a tared beaker (W 4) and the solvent slowly evaporated on a hot plate. The beaker is then reweighed with the remaining oil (W 5). (See Table 3.)
The weight of lubricant in the sample is the difference between the third and first weighings (W 3 ? W 1) for lubricant concentrations ≥1%, or the difference between the fifth and fourth weighings (W 5 ? W 4) for lubricant concentrations <1%.
The arithmetic mean of at least three independent deter-minations differing less than 5% shall be the lubricant concen-tration. The lubricant weight concentration shall be expressed as the mean plus or minus (±) three times the standard devia-tion of the mean (SDM) calculated in accord with Section 8.5.2Other secondary test methods may be used, but they shall be calibrated against the primary method over the range of application for verification purposes.6.TEST PROCEDURE 6.1
Preparing the Sample Cylinder
6.1.1 The cylinder shall be thoroughly cleaned with sol-vent to remove any organic residue. To do this, remove fittings from both ends and remove all sealants. Rinse all parts with solvent, dry in a vented forced-air oven for 15 minutes at 150°C, and reassemble using new sealant.
6.1.2 The assembled cylinder shall be heated in a 150°C oven for 15 minutes in order to evacuate to less than 100 μm Hg. Allow to cool to room temperature.
6.1.3The cylinder assembly shall be weighed to 0.1 g.Record this weight as (W 1).
6.2Sampling
6.2.1The maximum weight of sample to be collected shall be determined by multiplying the cylinder volume by 0.8and the density of the liquid refrigerant. (See Table 2.)
6.2.2The cylinder assembly shall be connected to the sys-tem at the point where the liquid refrigerant is to be sampled and evacuated via connecting tubing, tee connection, and vac-uum pump. All connecting tubing shall be metal (e.g., soft copper or stainless steel) and shall be kept as short as possible.6.2.3The cylinder assembly shall be placed in an ice bath.6.2.4Close valve to vacuum pump, then open the valve on the cylinder, and finally, open the valve on the system.
6.2.5After no more than 80% of the volume of cylinder is filled, the desired amount has been collected, or the maximum weight has been reached, close the valve on the sample source as well as the valve on the cylinder.
CAUTION: Lack of sufficient vapor space can create a dangerous overpressure situation if cylinder temperature is increased.
6.2.6The connecting tubing shall be carefully discon-nected immediately after sample has been withdrawn to pre-vent overpressurization of liquid line.
CAUTION: Liquid refrigerant may be released at this point.Wear protective gloves and safety glasses.
6.2.7The cylinder shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g and this weight shall be recorded as (W 2). The sample weight shall not exceed the weight determined in 6.2.1. (Note: Cyl-inder surface must be dry.)
6.3Separating Refrigerant from Lubricant
6.3.1The cylinder shall be connected to the low-pressure side of a recovery system. Consult the pressure-temperature chart for the refrigerant and adjust the cylinder temperature by heating or cooling so that the pressure within the cylinder is
TABLE 2 Liquid Densities of Selected Refrigerants
(Reference 2)
TABLE 3 Detection Limits
Note:This table gives the minimum amounts of lubricant that can be accurately
measured using this standard. It includes the assumption that 0.001 g of lubricant is the smallest quantity that can be collected and weighed accurately.
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50 kPA + 15 kPa higher than the lower side pressure of the recovery system being used.
6.3.2The valve shall be opened slowly so that only vapor is removed; it shall be left open until outward flow has stopped.
6.3.3The cylinder shall be connected to a vacuum pump and evacuated to a pressure of 2000 μm Hg. The valves shall be closed and disconnected from the vacuum pump.
6.3.4The mass of the evacuated cylinder shall be deter-mined to ±0.1 g (W3). If the amount of lubricant (W3? W1) is ≤3 g, continue with step 6.3.5. If the amount of lubricant is >3
g, the weight of the cylinder shall be recorded as (W3) and then proceed to Section 8.
6.3.5If a double-ended cylinder is used, the pipe plug shall be removed from the end of the cylinder. In any case, the inside walls of the cylinder (and the pipe plug) shall be thor-oughly rinsed with reagent-grade solvent to remove any lubri-cant. Pentane is to be used for mineral oil and alkylbenzene. Acetone is to be used for POE and PAG lubricants. Or, alter-natively, a pentane rinse followed by acetone would ensure that all lubricants are removed from the cylinder. The solvent wash shall be collected in a 150-mL beaker. For safety rea-sons, this should be done in a laboratory hood.
6.3.6The hot plate shall be used to evaporate the solvent down to 10-20 mL. The temperature of this process should be controlled such that no lubricant is expelled out of the beaker (solvent boiling point is +10°C). The sample shall be trans-ferred into a 50-mL beaker, preweighed to the nearest 0.0001g (W4). If the sample contains solids, it shall be filtered through filter paper capable of retaining particles ≥3 mm. The 150-mL beaker, and filter paper if necessary, shall be rinsed with sol-vent to remove any lubricant left behind.
6.3.7The solvent shall be evaporated in the 50-mL beaker down to a few milliliters using a hot plate or preferably an oven set low enough that rapid boiling does not expel lubri-cant out of the beaker. The beaker shall be transferred into a forced-air vented oven set at 121°C for a minimum of two hours to remove the remaining solvent. The beaker shall then be transferred to a desiccator until cool. The beaker contain-ing the lubricant shall be reweighed until constant weight is obtained. This weight shall be recorded as (W5).
7.DATA TO BE RECORDED
A form similar to that below should be used for recording original data as they are taken.
8.CALCULATION OF RESULTS
8.1The concentration of lubricant shall be calculated by the following formulas.
8.1.1Sample Basis
Where lubricant 1%
Where lubricant 1%
8.1.2Pure Refrigerant Basis
Where lubricant 1%
Where lubricant 1%
8.2Arithmetic Mean Concentration
≥
C s
W3W1
–
W2W1
–
--------------------=
≤
C s
W5W4
–
W2W1
–
--------------------
=
≥
C R
W3W1
–
W2W3
–
--------------------
=
≤
C R
W5W4
–
W2W3
–
--------------------
=
C
C1C2C3. . . C n
++
n
------------------------------------------------
=
-
-
`
,
,
`
`
`
,
,
,
,
`
`
`
`
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
8.3Standard Deviation of the Mean
9.SYMBOLS
W1=weight of the cylinder when empty
W2=weight of the cylinder with sample
W3=weight of the cylinder with residual lubricant from the sample
W4=50-mL beaker (tare weight)
W5=50-mL beaker plus remaining lubricant
C R=concentration of lubricant based on the weight of
refrigerant only in the sample
C S=concentration of lubricant based on the weight of the
refrigerant and lubricant in the sample
C=arithmetic mean of the independent observations of lubricant concentration in a given sample (C R or C S) n=number of independent observations of lubricant concentration made on a given sample
10.REFERENCES
1UL 207, “Standard for Safety: Refrigerant Containing Components and Accessories, Nonelectrical,” 5th ed., December, 1986, revised October 3, 1989.
2NIST Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant-Mixtures Database (RE F PROP 3.03), Gaithersburg, MD, USA (1991).
(This a ppendix is not pa rt of the sta nda rd a nd is provided for information only.)
APPENDIX
RECOMMENDED SAMPLING PROCEDURE Step 1
?Estimate the refrigerant charge in the system.
–Avoid removing more than 1% of the system charge by sampling if you intend to continue sys-
tem operation.Step 2
?The estimated lubricant charge in the system typically will follow the following rules.
–For very small systems the typical lubricant charge is 200 mL (approximately 6.7 oz) of oil.
–For systems from 3.5 to 422.5 kW (approximately 1 to 120 tons), the estimated lubricant charge is
.25lb/nom ton.
–F or very large systems above 422 kW (approxi-mately 120 tons), the estimated lubricant charge is
26.5 L (7.0 gal).
–The idea is to avoid removing too much lubricant charge or refrigerant charge through sampling so
that further system operation could be detrimental
to the equipment. This is particularly true in the
smallest systems.
Step 3
?Select a sample container size.
–This will depend upon the system size (estimated lubricant in system) and the scale accuracy avail-
able. (See Figure 1 or Table 1.)
–The smallest container size is 50 mL. (This is a practical limit.)
–The largest container size is 500 mL to avoid dis-posal problems.
Step 4
?Examination of Table 1 shows a shaded area.
–The shaded area shows when an analytical scale is required to ensure the resolution (0.0001 g).
–For the unshaded area, a top-loading scale will pro-vide satisfactory resolution (0.01 g).
–Some knowledge of the expected lubricant circula-tion rate is helpful.
For rotary compressors in small refrigerators, 1.0%
to 1.3% of circulating fluid is oil.
For reciprocating compressors, lubricant circulation
rates of 0.5% to 1.0% are typical.
For large chillers, lubricant circulation rates less than
1% are typical.
Note: This procedure is usually conducted in an engineering laboratory, so I-P units are included for the user’s convenience.
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POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAE’S CONCERN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES
ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members’ activities on both the indoor and outdoor environment. ASHRAE’s members will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of the systems and components in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide, consistent with accepted standards and the practical state of the art.
ASHRAE’s short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact the indoor and outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the standards and guidelines as established by itself and other responsible bodies.
As an ongoing goal, ASHR AE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive technical committee structure, continue to generate up-to-date standards and guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote those new and revised standards developed by other responsible organizations.
Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date standards and design considerations as the material is systematically revised.
ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest and will seek out and disseminate information from other responsible organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updating standards and guidelines.
The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of the system’s intended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered.
ASHR AE’s primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHR AE’s scope operates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source and energy transportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selection should be made by its members.
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86107 PC 2/06--` , , ` ` ` , , , , ` ` ` ` -` -` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` ---
ASHRAE’s Groundbreaking Environmental Class Changes Class Changes Presented by Don Beaty, DLB Associates ?ASHRAE 2011
Opening Comments Two concerns of many data center operators are: f d 1)Did I cause an expensive outage? 2)Did I void a warranty on expensive equipment? In 2004, ASHRAE TC 9.9 standardized data center temperature and humidity. Created a common set of vendor neutral environmental guidelines that the IT d f d l i l id li h h OEMs would agre e did NOT violate their warranties. In 2008, ASHRAE TC 9.9, 20°C to 25°C range became 18°C to 27°C while still being within warranty requirements. In 2011, White Paper provides scenarios for ranges as wide as 5°C to 45°C. ?ASHRAE 2011
2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS I-P Edition Supported by ASHRAE Research
2005 ASHRAE? HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS Inch-Pound Edition American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329 (404) 636-8400https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,
Copyright ?2005 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE. V olunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site. DISCLAIMER ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user. ISBN 1-931862-70-2
ASHRAE STANDARD American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 T ullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html, Standard Method for Measurement of Proportion of Lubricant in Liquid Refrigerant BSR/ASHRAE Standard 41.4-1996 (RA 2006) Reaffirmation of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.4-1996 Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on October 29, 1995, and reaffirmed on January 21, 2006; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on February 22, 1996, and reaffirmed on January 26, 2006; and by the American National Standards Institute on May 28, 1996, and reaffirmed on January 27, 2006. ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest copies may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: orders@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,. Fax: 404-321-5478. Tele-phone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada).? Copyright 2006 ASHRAE, Inc. ISSN 1041-2336 When addenda, interpretations, or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,.
ASHRAE标准 American Society of Heating，Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers，Inc.；美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会 创建机构：American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 机构类型：协会学会语种：英文国别：美国学科分类：机械工程关键词：heating, refrigerating, air-conditioning， ventilation；采暖，制冷，空调，通风资源地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html, 资源类型：期刊；标准；指南；手册；会议论文；会议录；研究报告；软件 资源描述：美国采暖, 制冷与空调工程师学会是一个拥有50,000多个会员，分会遍及全球的国际性组织。该学会唯一目的是造福社会公众，通过开展科学研究，提供标准、准则、继续教育和出版物，促进加热、通风、空调和制冷（HVAC&R）方面的科学技术的发展。美国采暖, 制冷与空调工程师学会是国际标准化组织（ISO）指定的唯一负责制冷、空调方面的国际标准认证组织。目前，ASHRAE 标准已被所有国家的制冷设备标准制订机构和制冷设备制造商所采用。各国的制冷剂生产厂商均将自己的产品送交ASHRAE组织进行安全性检验和商业化认证，并申请编号。因为只有通过ASHRAE组织严格的毒性、可燃性等安全性检测，并列入其发布以“R”为首的标准制冷剂名单中，才能得到国际制冷行业的认可，成为世界通用的商品化制冷剂。迄今为止，国际知名的制冷剂生产厂商所生产和销售的产品均已取得了ASHRAE标准编号。新产品的研发者也都积极地为新开发的产品进行安全性检验并申请编号，以期尽快地使其新产品商品化和国际化。未经ASHRAE认证的、以任何其它形式命名的产品只能算做是化学品，不能作为制冷剂在市场上销售。该网站的Bookstore栏目：集中收集了ASHRAE 的所有出版物，其中突出的包括：（1）Books & Software：ASHARE的在线书店，定期更新。给购买ASHARE出版物的用户提供查询。（2）Papers & Articles (1995-present)：ASHRAE出版的学术会议论文和ASHRAE期刊文章。（3）Standards & Guidelines：ASHARE工业标准和准则。（4）ASHARE Handbook： （5）Courses ：该手册采用192条简明、完全、权威的HVAC&R主题的处理方法。 自学课程提供了一条在HVAC&R领域进行继续教育的便利灵活的途径。（6）Free Mailings & Forums：提供ASHRAE的免费新闻与更新情况。（7）Abstract Archives (1980-1997)：文摘中心是7000条ASHRAE论文和出版物文摘的在线索引，包括了ASHRAE学术会议论文、ASHRAE期刊文章、ASHRAE联合主办会议论文和ASHRAE图书的全部文摘和题录。
1、AHRI简介 AHRI（The Air-conditioning，Heating，and Refrigeration Institute ），中文名称：美国空调、供热及制冷工业协会。2008年1月1日，美国空调制冷协会（ARI）与美国气体设备生产商协会（GAMA）合二为一，组建成规模更大、实力更强的空调供热制冷协会（AHRI)。自此，AHRI成为认证项目的新总部，负责制定和发布美国的制冷、空调设备的技术标准，为检测及验证产品性能制定等级标准和程序，其标准中关于制冷设备配套的制冷剂选用范围，完全采用了ASHRAE 标准。 2、ASHRAE 简介 ASHRAE （American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.）的简称，中文译为美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会。ASHRAE 组织成立与1894年，是制定标准的组织，也是一个国际性组织，其空调制冷方面在世界上起着领导作用，原来是由美国采暖与空气工程师协会（ASHAE:American Society of Heating and Air-conditioning Engineers）与美国制冷工程师协会(ASRE:American Society of Refrigerating Engineers)在1959年合并，采用现名。ASHRAE在全球分13个区，有来自这些区的50000名会员，设有20多个委员会，负责标准的有标准委员会的标准指导计划委员会负责标准的制定和修订工作。ASHRAE是ISO制定的唯一负责制冷、空调方面的国际标准认证组织。目前ASHRAE标准已被所有国家的制冷设备标准制定机构和制冷设备制造商所采用，AHRI在其标准中关于制冷设备配套的制冷剂选用范围，完全采用了ASHRAE标准。世界范围内知名的制冷设备制造商也无一例外的采用已列入ASHRAE 标准中的制冷剂为自己设计和制造的制冷设备进行配套。 各国的制冷剂生产厂商均将自己的产品递交ASHRAE组织进行安全性检验和商业化论证，并申请编号。因为只有通过ASHRAE组织严格的毒性，可燃性等安全检测，并列入其发布以“R”为首的标准制冷剂名单中，才能得到国际制冷行业的认可，成为世界通用的商品化制冷剂。迄今为止，国际知名的制冷剂生产厂商所生产和销售的产品均已取得了ASHRAE标准编号。新产品的研发者也都积极地为新开发的产品进行安全检验并申请编号，以期尽快地使其新产品商品化和国际化。除此之外，以任何其他形式命名的产品只能算是化学品，不能作为制冷剂在市场上销售。在美国，法律明文规定：经营销售未经ASHRAE标准认证的制冷剂是违法行为，将收到法律的制裁。
理解并应用ASHRAE（美国采暖 、制冷和空调工程师协会）标准， 以提高 高HVAC（采暖、通风和空调 采暖 空 ）性能
?2007 Fluke Corporation
Understanding and Applying ASHRAE Standards to Drive HVAC Performance
?#?
综述
? 节省能源当前是设施所有人考虑的首要问题
? HVAC 系统通常是能源消费大户 ? 基于每平方英尺所节省能源提供退税。 ? 节省HVAC 能源成本可能引发重大的IAQ（室内空气质量）问题。 （室内空气质量）问题
? 住户的环保意识和诉讼带动了IAQ行业的发展。
? 较差的室内空气质量影响了生产率
? 设施管理者受到如何均衡这些问题的挑战 ? ASHRAE 提供了关键的指导准则。
? 温度、湿度、通风和二氧化碳等
的基本标准。
?2007 Fluke Corporation
Understanding and Applying ASHRAE Standards to Drive HVAC Performance
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控制能源成本
? 控制能源成本是设备管理者关心的主要问题。 ? 2004 年的研究显示：
? 68% 的设备管理者承担有能源管理的任务。
? 比前一年上升8%。
? 58%的设备管理者的预算与上年相比不变或者有所下降。
? 根据美国环保局的说法，45%的办公楼能源成本是由环流供 暖/制冷造成的。 ? 美国环保局研究显示，15 cfm 的气流差异可使每年的HVAC 能源成本上下浮动 ±8%。
? 所有一切都是为了符合 ASHRAE 通风指导准则。
?2007 Fluke Corporation
Understanding and Applying ASHRAE Standards to Drive HVAC Performance
?#?
Public Review Draft _____________________________________ ASHRAE?Guideline Proposed New Guideline 10, Criteria for Achieving Acceptable Indoor Environments First Public Review (May 2005) (Complete Draft for Full Review) This draft has been recommended for public review by the responsible project committee. To submit a comment on this proposed new guideline, use the comment form and instructions provided with this draft. The draft is subject to modification until it is approved for publication by the responsible project committee, the ASHRAE Standards Committee, and the Board of Directors. The current edition of any guideline or standard may be purchased from the ASHRAE Bookstore @ http://www/https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html, or by calling 404-636-8400 or 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in the U.S. or Canada). The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this public review document does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, or design, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims such. ? March 30, 2005. This draft is covered under ASHRAE copyright. Permission to reproduce or redistribute all or any part of this document must be obtained from the ASHRAE Manager of Standards, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. Phone: 404-636-8400, Ext. 1125. Fax: 404-321-5478. E-mail: standards.section@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta GA 30329-2305
ASHRAE标准部分内容整理 一、ASHRAE52.2 —1999标准及空气过滤器 1999年，美国采暖制冷空调工程师协会(ASHRAE)颁布了一项新的空气过滤器测试方法，ASHRAE52.2—1999标准《一般通风用空气洁净设备分级粒径效率的测试方法》。该标准改变了传统的空气洁净设备全效率的测试方法，打开了通向建立实际过滤器技术规范的大门。 1、效率检测方法 检测空气过滤器效率的方法有很多:如比色法、计重法、浓度法(包括钠焰法、油雾法、荧光法、DOP法)以及粒子计数法等。由于采用的尘源不同，每种方法所能测量的粒径范围不同，因而使用各种方法的检测的结果差异很大。所以给出过滤器效率时，必须注明所用尘源种类和检测方法。各国标准采用的检测方法大致如下:1964年美国过滤器研究所(AFI)标准和美国国家标准局(NRS)标准、1968年美国ASHRAE协会制定的ASHRAE52—68标准,1976年制定的ASHRAE52—76标准,1992年制定的ANSVASHRAE52.1—1992标准以及欧洲空气处理设备制造商协会标准EUROVENT4/5和欧洲标准化协会CEN EN779标准等都采用大气尘比色法与人工尘计重法；中国国家标准GB12218—89采用大气尘分组计数法与人工尘计重法。可见，在过去40年里，过滤器效率检测方法主要采用大气尘比色法和人工尘计重法。 所谓大气尘比色法，就是以大气尘为尘源，利用滤纸采样前后通光量的变化来测量过滤器效率。这种过滤器效率被称为大气尘比色效率。所谓人工尘计重法是以人工尘为尘源，通过测量过滤前后人工尘质量的变化来测定过滤器效率，这时的过滤效率被称为人工尘计重效率。人工尘的主要成分是经过筛选的规定地区的尘土，并混入规定量的碳黑和短纤维测试期间，分为几个阶段进行发尘，直至达到所要求的终阻力。测量各阶段的过滤效率，得到过滤器效率随容尘量的变化曲线。人工尘计重法主要用于对过滤器容尘量及容尘后效率、阻力的变化情况进行测试。但是这两种方法每次测定给出的是单一的总效率，没有过滤效率随颗粒大小变化的任何信息。而事实上粒径一直是影响过滤器效率的重要参数。过滤器效率是随粒径的改变而变化的，全粒径效率不可能反映过滤器的真实特性。因此，新标准ANSVASHRAE52.2中确定的是以计数为基础的分级粒径效率。所谓粒径计数效率是指过滤器从空气流中除去的某个粒径的颗粒个数，除以进人此过滤器的该粒径的颗粒总数，所得商用百分数表示。就不同粒径大小效率而言，各种粒径大小的颗粒都必须进行计数。随着激光粒子计数器、凝聚核粒子计数器等新型检测仪器的出现和气溶胶技术的发展，为测量粒径计数效率提供了必要的方法和手段。目前国外已研制并生产测量0.IKm粒子的激光粒子计数器，最近又研制成功测量更小粒径0.01μm的粒子计数器。ASHRAE52.2标准中采用激光粒子计数器测0.310fun粒子范围的计数效率。 2、试验用尘源 就成分而言，试验粉尘的成分应该与过滤器捕集对象的组成相近，但实际上空气过滤器因使用场所、季节不同，所过滤空气中灰尘颗粒分散度、物理化学性质、带电状况都不相同，故而过滤器的初始效率、积尘后的过滤效率、压力损失的变化及容尘量等均不相同。除了极个别专用的过滤器外，不可能按各种用途分别制备人工粉尘以检测过滤器在实际使用过程中的技术性能。因此，每
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 87.2-2002 In-Situ Method of Testing Propeller Fans for Reliability Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee June 22,2002; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors June 26, 2002;and by the American National Standards Institute August 14, 2002. ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest copies may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Ser-vice, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:orders@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for or-ders in U.S. and Canada). ?Copyright 2002 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ISSN 1041-2336 When addenda or interpretations to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Home Page at https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,/STAN-DARDS/ addenda.htm or https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,/STANDARDS/intpstd.htm . --``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers is the world’s fore-most technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify needs, support research, and write the industry’s standards for testing and practice. The result is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors for generations to come. One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and industry’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research. Thousands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, ena-bling ASHRAE to report new data about material properties and building physics and to promote the ap-plication of innovative technologies. Chapters in the ASHRAE Handbook are updated through the experience of members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and through results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE meetings and pub-lished in ASHRAE special publications and in ASHRAE Transactions. For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a member, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Cir-cle, Atlanta, GA 30329; telephone: 404-636-8400; https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,. 这是每本手册上都有的一段话，觉得很大气诚实，话语者是个人和 团体，对象是所有人和世界，很有暖通境界。 一、说明 ASHARE的手册一共四本，包括：Fundamentals、Refrigeration、HVAC-Application、HVAC Systems and Equipment。他们是每年轮流更新的，比如笔者编写这份目录的依据就是2009 Fun-damentals、2010 Refrigeration、2011 HVAC-Application和2008 HVAC Systems and Equipment。虽然手册内容每一年都在更新，但是它的基本框架确是相对稳定的，因此虽然没有找到最新版本，但笔者认为以上述资料为依据编写的目录仍是很有意义的。每本手册都有两个版本，即国际单位制版本SI Edition和英制单位版本I-P Edition。 每本书的开头专门的页目用于Contributors、Preface、（Technical Committees, Task Groups ,and Technical Resource Groups），书的末尾也都有专门的页目用于Additions and Corrections、Index，但这与本目录册的目标（让读者对ASHARE的知识体系和组织方式有一个基本了解，并且为这套手册的使用提供方便）所涉不多，所以本目录册略去这些内容，以手册的基本内容为依据进行编写。语言方面的考虑是以英文原文为主体，仅对部分英文做中文注释，注释内容尽量与国内标准《制冷设备属于(GB/T 7249-1994)》和《采暖、通风、空调、净化设备术语(GB/T 16803-1997)》协调一致。
说明2008 ASHRAE手册，空调系统和设备 2008年ASHRAE手册，空调系统和设备讨论了各种系统及设备（部件或组件）组成他们，并介绍了功能和差异。这些信息有助于在选择和使用设备的系统设计和操作。随附的CD - ROM包含在IP和SI单位的所有卷的章节。 这个版本包括两个新的篇章，说明如下： ?第16章，紫外线灯系统，包括了能源的紫外线杀菌对微生物的影响的基本审查;如何紫外线杀菌灯产生辐射能量，共同办法的紫外线照射灭菌系统高层大气空间应用，风管和表面清洗;和人类安全和维修的问题进行审查。 ?第17章，燃机进气冷却（纺织信息中心），提供了如何纺织信息中心是用于帮助提高燃气轮机性能的详细讨论。 的修改和卷的其余部分补充如下： ?1至5章各自修改，以包括新的系统和过程流程图，以及新的讨论内容的调试，楼宇自动化，维护管理，可持续性/绿色设计，安全性，以及各种系统（如，地板送风，冷冻光束）。 ?第7章，热电联产系统，原题为热电系统和发动机，涡轮机驱动器，进行了改组，以及新技术的更新。 ?第11章，区域供热和制冷，具有新的建设成本考虑的指导下，中央植物和分配系统。 ?第12章，水力加热和冷却，已修订了系统设计的所有方面，包括设计过程，水的温度，传热，分配损失，文字和数字常量和变速泵，大小控制阀和终端单位。 ?第18章，管施工，已安装的柔性管道新的指导。 ?第19章，房间空调器配电设备，进行改组，以协调其在暖通空调应用的同伴一章，以增加对设备内容的分层和局部分层系统。 ?第24章，抽湿机及相关机械部件，也对安装和服务，室内泳池除湿机新的内容，以及各种设备类型的应用考虑。?第30章，全自动燃油燃烧系统，广泛的重组和调整，包含了最新的新技术和法规要求的信息。 ?第31章，锅炉，冷凝式锅炉已在新材料，燃烧器类型，操作系统和安全控制。 ?第32章，火炉，已被彻底修订，以反映新的技术和法规要求。 ?第34章，烟囱，通风，和壁炉系统，已改组为清楚起见，并在设计的壁炉和烟囱的新内容。 ?第36章，太阳能设备，进行了改组，并具有新的内容光伏系统和测试/评级。 ?第37章，压缩机，已进行了改组，并在轴承和变速驱动技术的更新。 ?第38章，冷凝器，包含的内容修订了空气冷却冷凝器，尤其是在类型说明，传热，压降测试/度，安装和维护。 ?第40章，蒸发式冷却设备，有一个间接冷却器改写部分。 ?第42章，液体冷却系统，具有在制冷剂的选择和变流冷却水系统进行新的讨论，以及新的和改进的数字。 ?第44章，汽车，马达控制和调速器，具有新技术和代码更新。 ?第48章，单元式空调和热泵，曾在多分裂单位，变制冷剂流量（VRF的）设备，认证，和可持续性的新内容。 本书的出版，既是约束的印刷量和电子格式的CD - ROM两种版本：一个使用英寸磅（IP）的计量单位，其他使用单位（SI）的国际体系。 读者的意见，踊跃参加。建议改进的一章，请评论ASHRAE上使用网站的形式或写信给编辑手册，ASHRAE，1791年图利别墅圈，亚特兰大，GA 30329，传真678-539-2187，或电子邮件莫文@ ashrae。牛津。 马克美国欧文 编辑器
ASHRAE STANDARD American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 T ullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality ANSI/ASHRAE Stand ard 62.1-2007 (Supersed es ANSI/ASHRAE Stand ard 62.1-2004) Includes ANSI/ASHRAE Addenda listed in Appendix I https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html, See Appendix I for approval dates by the ASHRAE Standards Committee, the ASHRAE Board of Directors, and the American National Standards Institute. This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Committee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions,including procedures for timely, documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the stan-dard. The change submittal form, instructions, and deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE Web site, https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,, or in paper form from the Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305.E-mail: orders@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c6296578.html,. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada).? Copyright 2007 ASHRAE, Inc. ISSN 1041-2336