商法考点
Chapter 1
1. International law is not really law since there is no worldwide legislature to enact it. F
2. Comity is not law because countries do not regard it as something they are required to respect. T
3. International law exists when there is a consensus of the international community. T
4. To establish the existence of a customary rule of international law, one must show that the international community has observed the rule for a long period of time. F
5. General principles of international law are based on legal rules that are common to both (or all) the state parties to a dispute. T
6. International tribunals generally regard states as having an obligation to bring their municipal law into compliance with international norms. T
7. A self-executing treaty is one that contains a provision that says the treaty will apply in the parties’ municipal cou rts once the parties have adopted domestic enabling legislation. F
8. Recognition of a government is usually made in a bilateral agreement. F
9. When a part of the territory of State X shifts and becomes part of the territory of State Y, the treaties made by State X continue to apply to that territory. F
10. An intergovernmental organization is a permanent organization set up by two or more states to carry on activities of common interest. T
11. State A disintegrates into States B and State C. The public property of State A located in State D becomes the property of D. F
12. Territorial sovereignty is the absolute and unqualified right of a state to exercise its functions within a territory. F
13. The phrase “United Nations System” refers to the rules of international law enacted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. F
14. The European Parliament must approve all of the international treaties that the European Union enters into. T
15. Traditionally, an individual’s rights under international law are only protected by his state of nationality. T
16. The Roman law was first codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis around the year 534 A.D. F
17. The name “common law” (as it is used in England) is derived from the theory that the king’s courts repre sented the common custom of the realm, as opposed to the local customary law practiced in the county and manorial courts. F
18. The Shari’a is primarily a moral and ethical code. F
19. Equitable remedies are available only when legal remedies are unavailable or inadequate.T
20. The German Civil Code of 1896 is noted for being precise and technical. T
Chapter 3
Diplomacy is the process of reconciling the parties to a disagreement by negotiation, mediation, or inquiry. T
Negotiation is the process of reaching an agreement by discussion. T
Mediation is the use of a third party who transmits and interprets the proposals of the principal parties, and sometimes, advances independent proposals. T
Inquiries are a popular way to resolve disputes between states, with many thousands of
international inquiries having been made in the last 50 years. F
A decision of the International Court of Justice has no binding force except between the parties and only in respect of the particular case. T
Panelists who serve on a WTO dispute settlement panel serve as representatives of their member states. F
The International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) was created to encourage private investment in underdeveloped countries. T
Under international law, the jurisdiction of a municipal court to try an international dispute is essentially unlimited. F
A municipal court has in personam jurisdiction when an individual or juridical person is physically present within the forum state. T
Sovereign or state immunity is a doctrine that says that domestic courts must decline to hear cases against foreign sovereigns out of deference to their roles as sovereigns. T Choice of law clauses are valid and enforceable in all municipal courts so long as they were freely entered into. T
According to the doctrine of forum non conveniens, a court is required to dismiss a case when it would be either unfair to one of the parties to go ahead and hear the case or it would be a burden on the court if it were to go ahead. F
An antisuit injunction forbids a litigant from bringing a suit within the litigant’s home state. F According to the vesting of rights doctrine, a court is to apply the law of the state where the rights of the parties to a suit legally became effective. T
Chapter 4
In civil law countries, a company can be an association of persons or of capital. T
None of the partners in a civil law limited partnership have no personal liability for the debts of the business. F
In a civil law country, a person may be both a limited partner and a general partner in the same limited partnership. F
A civil law stock corporation can raise money in the public marketplace through the sale of freely transferable shares. T
The limited partners in a common law limited partnership can openly participate in the management of the business without incurring liability for the debts of the business. F Civil law limited liability companies are a popular business form widely used when setting up subsidiaries. T
All of the partners in a common law secret partnership have unlimited personal liability for the debts of the business. T
In common law countries, more shares may be authorized for issuance by a public corporation than are required to get a business started. T
The owners of a company (or corporation) may act on its behalf both as agents and as representatives. F
A nonmultinational is a domestic firm functioning in the international marketplace through a foreign agent. T
A national multinational is a firm in one country that operates in other countries through branches and subsidiaries. T
An international multinational is a business organization with two or more parent
companies located in different states operating through jointly owned subsidiaries. T
A joint venture is a subsidiary company that in turn owns other subsidiaries. F
Host states may regulate foreign firms in the same way that they regulate local firms. T
Negligence and Strict liability may be used in Japan to impose product liability on a manufacturer of a defective product. F
Chapter 7
1. The World Trade Organization is a new supranational organization with the power to usurp sovereignty from its member states.T
2. The membership of the WTO is limited to states. Colonies, territories, provinces, and so forth, are not eligible for membership, even if they are responsible for conducting their own trade policies. F
3. The WTO Ministerial Council meets at least every other year to oversee the operation of the WTO.T
4. Consensus is the making of a decision by a super-majority vote, such as by two-thirds or three-quarters of the representatives present. F
5. The WTO’s Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes establishes a unified system for settling disputes that arise under the WTO Agreement and its annexes. T
6. the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was substantially rewritten in 1994, and the provisions of GATT 1994 differ dramatically from those of GATT 194
7. F
7. None of the provisions of GATT 1994 are directly effective; that is, a private person in a suit may invoke none of them. F
8. GATT 1994’s “Most Favored Nation Rule” requires a country to treat products equally with its own domestic products once they are inside that border. F
9. GATT 1994’s “South-South Preferences” allows developi ng countries to exchange tariff preferences among themselves without extending the same preferences to developed countries. T
10. GATT 1994 forbids (with few exceptions) member states from protecting their domestic industries by any means other than tariffs. T
11. GATT 1994 requires member states to disclose to other member states and the public the rules, regulations, and practices that they follow in their domestic trade systems. T
12. Once a free trade agreement or customs union is established, The GATT rules apply to the union or area as a whole and not to its constituent states. T
Chapter 7- Case Analysis
Country A, a WTO member state, imposes a 25 percent tax on sales of “cola” soft drinks. All other soft drinks are taxed at a 5 percent rate.
Cola soft drinks make up 70 percent of the soft drink market in Country A, and all of the cola soft drinks are imported.
The non-cola soft drinks are all manufactured locally. Country B, another WTO member state, complained to Country A that its tax on co la soft drinks violates the GATT’s national treatment rule.
Country A disagreed. Country B has now asked the WTO to establish a panel to resolve this dispute.
How should the panel rule?
Chapter 7- Case Analysis
GATT Art. III(1) says that taxes should not be imposed so as “to afford protection to domestic production.”
The meaning of the phrase “like products” must be determined on a case-by-case basis. In particular, the products need to share common end-users and have essentially the same physical characteristics.
Here cola and non-cola soft drinks seem to share the same end users and have the same basic physical characteristics. They are like products.
GATT Art. III(2) requires that taxes on imported products not exceed those of domestic products, so the tax on the cola soft drinks must be reduced to 5 percent.
Chapter 10-Q2
No. The retailer made an invitation to treat, then there is no contract in this case.
Under Article 14, an offer must be “addressed to one or more specific persons… ”
In this case, the catalogue was addressed to the public, because the retailer ordinarily intend for their catalogues to have as wide a circulation as possible, and they would be happy to have them passed on to others. The phrase “offers addressed to specific persons” actually means “offers restricted to the particular addressees.”
To conclude, the catalogue does not meet the requirements of an offer under Art.14 of CISG, then there is no contract in this case.
Chapter 10-Q3
There is no contract under CISG, because the withdrawal was effective.
CISG Article 15(2) states that firm offers may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree “before or at the same time” as the offer.
In this case, the withdrawal reached the offeree before the offer, since the recorded withdrawal message was delivered to Buyer’s place of business prior to Buyer’s receipt of the offer.
Therefore, there is no contract in this case.
Chapter 10-Q4
There is no contract under CISG, because buyer rejected the offer.
CISG Article 17 clearly states that “an offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.” Because the rejection reached the Seller before the acceptance, the offer is rejected.
Therefore, there is no contract in this case.
Chapter 10-Q5
Buyer need do nothing.
Under CISG Article 18, an offeror cannot make silence or inactivity grounds for acceptance of his offer. Only if the offeree had agreed in advance that his silence or inactivity would constitute acceptance would there be a contract in this situation.
Therefore, the buyer has not responsibility to accept the offer.
Chapter 10-Q6
Buyer breach the contract.
Article 29(2) says that “a contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement.”
It goes on to add, however, that “a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct.”
In this case, clearly, Seller relied on Buyer’s conduct.
Chapter 10-Q7
No, the buyer is not able to avoid the contract.
The notice Buyer gave Seller does not amount to an Article 47 Nachfrist notice, because it did not set a fixed date nor demand final performance by that date.
The wire should have said something such as “The last date on which Buyer will accept delivery is February 1.”
Chapter 10-Q8
Buyer bears the risk.
Article 68 says that the risk passed to Buyer at the time the contract was signed since the goods were already in transit.
If Buyer has insurance, he may have a difficult time collecting on it, since the time when the damage occurred is uncertain.
By agreement, Seller and Buyer could have agreed that the risk passed to Buyer at the outset of the voyage. For the purpose of asserting an insurance claim, this would have simplified matters.
Chapter 10-Q9
Under Article 73, Buyer may avoid the entire contract since the three programs are clearly interdependent.
Seller will have to take back the programs delivered in January and February (and return the price Buyer paid), and Buyer may refuse delivery of the third (the March) program.
Chapter 10-Q10
Buyer may ask for damages.
If Buyer does not obtain substitute barrels, he will be entitled (under Article 76) to the current price at the place of delivery; that is, $18 a barrel, or $450.
If this had been a case involving force majeure, Buyer would not have been entitled to damages, but only a price reduction. Article 50 provides for a proportionate price reduction, so under that rule, the final price would be reduced to $14 a barrel, or $350.
考点解析：
Chapter One：
1. International Law(国际法): 3 kinds of international relationships: states and states; states and persons; persons and persons.
国际公法): Historically, dealt with the rules and norms regulating the
Private international law(国际私法):with growth of relationships between persons and
礼让): is the practice between states of treating each other with goodwill and civility. It is not law, because states do not regard it as something they are required to respect.
3. Sources of International law: Treaties or conventions; International custom; General principles of law recognized by civilized nations; Judicial decisions and teachings of highly qualified legal writers. (This list, as contained in Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, implies a hierarchy, or order, in which these sources are to be relied on.)Treaties(条约): are
legally binding agreements between two or more states. Conventions: (公约)legally binding agreement between states sponsored by an international organization. (Eg: UN) Custom: a long-established tradition or usage that becomes customary law(习惯法) if it is：consistently and regularly observed, and (evidence of this found in official statements of governments, opinions of legal advisors, executive decrees, orders to military forces, and court decisions.); recognized by those states observing it as a practice that they must obligatorily follow. General Principles of law and Jus Cogens:Courts will often rely upon general principles of law that are common to the legal systems of the world to solve international disputes.
Jus cogens is a peremptory norm of general international law, recognized by the
international community as a norm from which no derogation is permitted.
Jus cogens - states must respect certain fundamental principles. Treaties are void if they conflict with jus cogens.
4. International Persons:
①States: (含义) are political entities that have a territory, a population, a government capable of entering into international relations, and government capable of controlling its territory and peoples.
Independent states: free from the political control of other states and free to enter into
agreements with other international persons.
Dependent states: have formally surrendered some aspect of their political and governmental functions to another state.
Inchoate states: lack some attribute required to be treated as a fully independent state; most commonly they lack territory or population.
②With a change in sovereignty over territory, several legal consequences arise and we apply the following rules: Successor states are bound by dispositive treaties–treaties concerned with rights over territory (boundaries & servitudes.) Merger Rule– treaties in effect in a former state remain in effect in its territory when it becomes part of a new state. (Ex: Treaties of both Egypt and Syria remained in effect when they merged into the United Arab Republic). Moving Boundaries Rule–treaties of state absorbing new territory become effective within absorbed territory.
③International Organizations: Intergovernmental organization (IGO)—is a permanent organization set up by two or more states to carry on activities of common interest. Private or nongovernmental organizations (NGO)—is an international organization made up of organizations other than states. May be nonprofit NGO or for-profit multinational enterprise (MNE). IGO must be recognized to have legal capacity—the qualification or authority to deal with other international persons.
A: The United Nations: most important IGO; its charter is a multilateral treaty; operates though its organs—an agency that carries on specific functions within a larger organizations. UN organs are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the International court of Justice, the Trusteeship Council, and the Economic and Social Council.
United Nations System Name given to various autonomous organizations (also IGOs) that have entered into agreements with the UN to be UN agencies.(如图所示)
B：The European Union: The European Union is a 25-member IGO created by the founding states in order to integrate their economies and political institutions;The European Treaty in 1992 established a: political union；Common citizenship for nationals of
member states; Social Charter, monetary union, Central Bank and common currency (the euro).
EU has supranational powers: are powers surrendered by member states to an IGO. EU law is superior to the laws of member states. This means: the member states are required to bring their internal laws into compliance with EU law, and the EU law is directly effective within member states.The main institutions of the EU are the:
European Commission欧盟委员会–EU’s executive branch with some legislative function comprised 27 individuals appointed by Parliament.
Duties are to:
1.Ensure that EU rules are respected
2.Propose measures to the European Council
3.Implement EU policies
4.Manage the funds that make up the EU budget
Main decision-making body of the EU. Council of the European Union欧盟理事会Exercises co-decisions with Parliament.
Role is to:
1.Adopt legislation (with Parliament)
2.Adopt annual budget (with Parliament)
3.Adopt international agreements
4.Coordinate the economic policies of the member states
Co-legislative body and main supervisory institution of the EU. European Parliament欧洲议会
786 members elected every five years.
Arranged by political parties, not by nationality.
Three main roles:
1.Oversight authority over all EU institutions
2.Shares legislative power with Council of the EU
3.Determines the EU’s annual budget with Council
European Court of Justice欧洲法院Is the supreme tribunal of the EU.
Comprised of 27 judges and 8 advocates general.
Advocate general briefs case for judges and suggest how case should be decided.
Sits in chambers of three to five judges.
Hears four kinds of cases:
1.appeals from the Court of First Instance
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c14497167.html,plaints brought by the commission or by one member against another
member
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c14497167.html,plaints brought by member against EU institution
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c14497167.html,plaints to annul EU legal measure
customs unions(关税同盟): are intended to eliminate trade barriers between their members and to establish common external tariffs. Free trade area(自由贸易区): are set up to eliminate trade barriers between member states without establishing a common external tariff. Economic consultative association(经济咨询协会)：to gather and exchange statistics and information, to coordinate the economic policies of member states, and to promote mutual trade cooperation.
5. Municipal Legal Systems:Civil law set out in national law codes.
Romano-Germanic Civil Law: Civil law deals only with rights of private citizens as opposed to public law that deals with constitutional and administrative issues. Guidance for decisions comes only from the civil code, not court decisions. Developed from many sources, including the jus commune or common law of Europe and the lex mercatoria (merchant law) of the Renaissance. Led to development of the French Civil Code of 1804 and the German Civil Code of 1896 which are followed by many countries today.
Anglo-American Common Law : Common law is based primarily on court-made rules of precedent. Developed fundamental doctrine of supremacy of the law. All persons, including the sovereign, are subordinate to the rule of law. Precedent used prior acts or instances as a model for deciding later similar cases. Equity courts based upon being just, impartial, and fair in circumstances not covered by rules of law have now merged with law courts.
Islamic Law:The Islamic legal system is known as Shari’a(伊斯蘭教教法).
Shari’a is derived from the following sources and are listed in order of importance:
1.The Koran(《可蘭經》)
2.The teachings and practices of the Prophet Mohammad
3.The writings of Islamic scholars
4.Consensus of the legal community
Chapter Three
1. Means of dispute settlement: (4kinds) Negotiation: is the process of reaching an agreement by discussion. It may be done through diplomatic authorities, commissions, or at a summit conference. Mediation:means that an neutral third party transmits and interprets the proposals of the principal parties, and, sometimes, advances independent proposals. Inquiry: is the process used to determine a disputed fact or facts by an independent third party. Arbitration:
2. Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals ①If diplomacy fails, the parties usually turn to a court to resolve the dispute.②Disputes between states or IGOs are taken to an international tribunal, such as the ICJ or a dispute resolution panel of the World Trade Organization.③Disputes involving a private or company usually end up in arbitration or in a municipal court of a state. World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures
WTO DSU(the Dispute Settlement Understanding or DUS)
Dispute Settlement Organs: the organs charged with administering and carrying out the DSU are (a) the Dispute Settlement Body.(b) the Dispute Settlement Panels, and (c) the Appellate Body. The DSU encourages states to resolve disputes through consultation. Parties must enter into consultation within 30 days or Dispute Settlement Panel is formed.
3. Four nexuses justify criminal jurisdiction:
1.Territorial nexus–(属地管辖)place where the crime is committed
determines jurisdiction.
2.Nationality nexus–(属人管辖)looks at nationality of person committing
the crime to determine jurisdiction.
3.Protective nexus–(保护管辖)jurisdiction lies when national or
international interest of the forum is injured.
Universality nexus–(普遍管辖) courts have jurisdiction over crimes of universal concern, such as slavery and hijacking
4. such jurisdiction is based on either in personam or in rem. 在民事案件中，国内法院的管辖权有两类：对人管辖和对物管辖权In personal jurisdiction对人的管辖权—parties appearing must be a state party and national of another contracting state. A state party is the state itself, its agencies, or its subdivisions. The national of another contracting state can be a natural person (human) or a juridical person (business entity). Juridical person must have a home state outside the investment state. (51% foreign ownership or foreign management.) Subject Matter Jurisdiction—ICSID arbitrations panels can only decide matters that are: Disputes—can not be a collusive action in which the parties are not at odds. Must be a legal dispute where there is a disagreement as to the existence of a legal right or obligation. Arise out of an investment—the ICSID convention does not define investment. Absent an agreement, given the ordinary meaning of putting capital into a venture with the expectation of receiving a profit. In rem jurisdiction—is the power of a court to determine the ownership rights of all persons with respect to particular property located within the territory of the forum state.
5. Choice of law:法律选择courts use what are called choice of law rules to determine if they should apply their own law or the law of another state in settling civil disputes. Choice of law clause: 法律选择条款By using a choice of law clause in an agreement, the parties agree in advance as to what law should apply to any dispute that arises.
Parties may agree by their statements to a court or by stating their position in pleadings.
On rare occasions, courts will infer the intention of the parties as to choice of law based upon their actions. Court will most always skip over this option and look to statutory provisions.
The most significant relationship doctrine(最密切联系原则) has a court apply the law of the state that has the most contacts with the parties and their transaction.
The governmental interest doctrine （政府利益）
Chapter Four
1. The business forms: a. the civil law—French and German law; b. the common law—English law. Business forms in civil law states: company(社团): in the civil law states,
such as France or Germany, every form of business organization is a company that must register with the state. (societe anonyme in French, Gesellschaft in German). Juridical entities(法人): In French, all companies are regarded as being juridical entities, that is, they have a legal existence that is independent of their owners. In Germany, as in the United States, corporations are juridical entities, but partnerships are not. Partnership: is a company of two or more persons who co-own and manage a business; each person in the
Large business firms use differing organizational structures to carry on operations internationally. Parent companies take on the following forms: The Non-multinational Enterprise: a firm organized in one country contracts with an independent foreign firm to carry out sales or purchasing abroad. The National Multinational Enterprise: An enterprise organized around a parent firm established in one state that operates through branches and subsidiaries in
other states. ①
Branch–a unit or a part of the parent (assembly plant, purchasing office,
manufacturing plant).②Subsidiary– a company organized as a separate entity that is owned by the parent. The International Multinational Enterprise: an enterprise made up of two or more parents from different states that co-own subordinate operating businesses in two or more states.
Representative office – A contact point where interested parties can obtain information. It does not conduct business.
Agent– An independent person or company with authority to act on behalf of another.
Branch–Unit or part of a company, such as an assembly plant. It is not separately
incorporated.
Subsidiary–Company owned by a parent or a parent’s holding company. Unli ke a branch, it is separately incorporated.
Joint venture– An association of persons or companies collaborating in a business venture.
Holding company– Company owned by a parent or parents to supervise and coordinate the operations of subsidiary companies
3. Product liability产品责任: laws attempt to discourage manufacturers from putting defective products into the marketplace. Three theories: b reach of contract; negligence; strict liability. (Japan uses only theories 1 and 2. US uses all three. EU relies on 3. ) JP--remedies based on two rules: ①a seller’s breach of an implied warranty not to deliver a defective product;②a seller’s failure to perform.(P150) Negligence is a more likely basis for imposing liability. Plaintiff must establish: 1. The existence of a defect 2.That the defect was the result of defendant’s conduct 3. That plaintiff suffered an injury
4.That the injury was caused by the defect
5. That the defendant breached the duty of care to the plaintiff. Strict liability严格责任imposes liability on an actor regardless of fault.(Defendant can be held liable for acts that are unreasonably dangerous whether or not they exercised due care. Major advantage of this theory is that it does not require a showing of negligence.) Unreasonably dangerous means: 1.That the product was dangerous beyond the expectations of the ordinary consumer or. 2. A less dangerous alternative was feasible but not used.
Chapter Seven
1. “The rich get richer” has become a battle cry for ant globalization protesters at most large international economic and trade meetings.
2. The Great Depression of the 1930s in many ways was a direct consequence of protectionism. The Bretton Woods system: the negotiators who met for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods in July 1944 were determined to create a system that would promote trade liberalization and multilateral economic cooperation. The Bretton Woods System was meant to be an integrated undertaking by then international community to establish a multilateral institutional framework of rules and obligations. As originally planned, the Bretton Woods System was to have had at its core three major international organizations: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRU or World Bank), and the ill-fated International Trade Organization (ITO).
3. 1.The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT关税贸易总协定) Trade discrimination forbidden. ①Most-favored-nation status最惠国待遇②National treatment principle国民待遇2.Only barriers that one contracting state could use to limit the importation of goods from another contracting state were customs tariffs. 3. The trade regulations of contracting states had to be transparent.
4.Customs unions and free trade agreements between contracting states were acceptable for liberalizing trade so long as they did not discriminate against third-party GATT states. GATT states were only allowed certain charges on imported goods: Import tax equal to internal taxes, antidumping duties, countervailing duties to counteract foreign export duties, Fees and proper charges for services rendered
To update GATT 1947, contracting parties participated in multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs), which are known as rounds. The first five rounds were mostly devoted to reducing tariffs. The last three completed rounds expanded to handle non-tariff matters. The eight rounds were: Geneva 1947, Annecy France (1949), Torquay England (1950--1951), Geneva (1955--1956), Dillon
Round-Geneva (1961--1962), Kennedy Round—Geneva (1964-1967), Tokyo Round-Geneva (1973-1979), Uruguay Round—in four cities (1986--1994). Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
4.The WTO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for:
①Implementing, administering, and carrying out the WTO Agreement and its annexes. ②Acting as a forum for ongoing MTNs. ③Serving as a tribunal for resolving disputes.④Reviewing the trade policies and practices of WTO members. The WTO has five main organs :a Ministerial Conference,a General Council (acts as Dispute Settlement Body and Trade Policy Review Body),a Council for Trade in Goods,a Council for Trade in Services, and a Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. (All members belong to the Ministerial Conference and the General Council. The General Council names the members of the other organs.)
5. The changes in the text of GATT1994 amount mainly to changes in terminology (member replaces contracting party and references to the “contracting parties acting jointly” are taken to mean to the WTO or its Ministerial Conference) even so despite the similarity between GATT1994 and GATT1947, they are described by the WTO Agreement as “legally distinct” instruments.
6. The MFN Rule GATT requires each member to apply its tariff rules equally to all other members. The rule does not apply to: The use of measures to counter dumping and subsidization; the creation of customs unions and free trade zones; Restrictions that protect public health, safety, welfare, and national security; Developed states may also adopt measures that give preference to developing states. The National Treatment Rule Once imported goods are within the territory of a state, that state must treat those goods no less favorably than it treats its own domestic goods; Article III requires the same nondiscriminatory requirement with respect to internal taxes.
7. Protection Only Through Tariffs
Each member state may protect its domestic industries only through the use of tariffs that must be collected only at the time of importation. Quotas are not allowed. Exceptions to the principle of protection through tariffs include: 1.Imposition of temporary export prohibitions to prevent critical shortages https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c14497167.html,e of restrictions related to application of standards for classifying, grading, or marking commodities https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c14497167.html,e of quantitative restrictions on import of agricultural and fisheries products to stabilize national agricultural markets https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c14497167.html,e of quantitative restrictions to safeguard a state’s balance of payments https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c14497167.html,e of quantitative restrictions by a developing state to further its economic development. (Tariff reductions are recorded at Schedules of Concessions annexed to GATT. A bound tariff rate represents the highest tariff rate a WTO member may set on imports from another state.) GATT encourages WTO members to participate in: Free trade areas–a group of states that have reduced or eliminated tariffs among themselves that maintain their own individual tariffs in dealing with other states.
Customs unions– a group of states that have reduced or eliminated tariffs among themselves and have also established a common external tariff.
GATT rules apply to the free trade area or customs union as a whole and not to its constituent states.
General exception(一般例外) excuse a member state from complying with its GATT obligation so long as this is not done as “a means of arbitrary or unjustified discrimination” or as “a disguised restriction on international trade.”
Subsidy(补贴): is a financial contribution made by a government (or other public body) that confers a benefit on an enterprise, a group of enterprises, or an industry.
Chapter Ten
1. CISG is organized in four parts: Part I (Articles 1 to 13) contains the convention’s general provisions, including rules on the scope of its applications and rules of interpretation. Part II (Articles 14to 24) governs the formation of contracts. Part III(Article 25 to 88) governs the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers. Part IV (Article 89 to 101) contains provisions for the ratification and the entry into force of the Convention.
CISG applies to contracts for the international sale of goods—that is, the buyer and seller must have their places of business in different states. In addition, either(1)both of the states must be contracting parties to the convention or (2)the rules of private international law must” lead to the application of the law of a contracting state.”
CISG does not directly define sales. GOOD DEFINE: the excluded transactions are :including⑴goods bought for personal, family, or household use ⑵auction sales ⑶sales on execution or otherwise by authority of law. not including ⑴stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments, or money ⑵ships, vessels, hovercraft, or aircraft ⑶electricity.
2. courts face a variety of issues in determining if a contract should be enforced or if a remedy should be granted when a contract is breached. CISG only deals with: (1) the formation of the contract and (2) the remedies available to the buyer and seller. It specifically excludes questions about (1) the legality of the contract, (2) the competency of the parties, (3) the rights of third parties, and (4) liability for death or personal injury.
3. offer: is a proposal addressed to specific persons indicating an intention by the offeror to be bound to the sale or purchase of particular goods for a price. Acceptance is a statement or conduct by the offeree indicating assent that is communicated to the offeror.
4. An offeree may withdraw his/her acceptance any time before or simultaneous with its receipt.
A rejection becomes effective when it reaches the offeror. If the offeree sends both an acceptance and a rejection, the one that reached the offeror first would be given effect
5. Fundamental BreachWhen one party breaches, the other party may avoid the contract or make a demand for specific performance.
A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him or her of what he or she is entitled to expect under the contract.
The injured party may use the remedy of avoidance by notifying the other party and returning any goods already received.
6. Passage ofRisk: The legal concept of passage or risk is the point in time when the buyer becomes responsible for losses to the goods. Once the risk passes, the buyer must pay for the goods. Even if they are damaged or destroyed. CISG allows the parties to allocate risk and specify when risk will pass. The parties usually show passage of risk through the usage of trade terms, such as Free on Board (FOB) or Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF).
7. Buyer’s Remedies The buyer’s remedies are cumulative, meaning they are able to be joined or taken together. The remedies unique to the buyer are:
1.to compel specific performance,
2.to avoid the contract,
3.to reduce the price,
4.to refuse early delivery, and to refuse excess quantities
The buyer may avoid a contract if either
1The seller commits a fundamental breach or
2The buyer gives the seller a Nachfrist notice and the seller rejects it or does not perform within the period it specifies.
A buyer’s Nachfrist notice is the fixing of an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his or her obligations.
During the Nachfrist period, the seller is entitled to correct or cure the nonconformity at his or her own expense.
8. Seller’s Remedies The seller’s remedies mirror those of the buyer.
●The seller’s remedies are both cumulative and immediate.
●The remedies unique to the seller are:
1.To compel specific performance,
2.To avoid the contract for a fundamental breach or failure to cure a defect, and
●To obtain missing specifications. Remedies available to both are:
1.Suspension of performance,
2.Avoidance in anticipation of a fundamental breach,
● A remedy available to either party when it becomes clear that the
other party will commit a fundamental breach.
3.Avoidance of an installment contract, and
4.Damages.
● A breaching party is liable only for those damages that he/she foresaw
or ought to have foreseen.
国际商法复习提纲 以下内容为国际商法教学大纲中需理解掌握的内容。第一章绪论 国际商法 国际商事法(International Business Law)，简称国际商法，它是指调整国际商事交易和商事组织的各种法律规范的总称 法的渊源 国际(商务)条约 国际惯例国内法 (国际商事法与国际经济法的联系与区别 共同点：都是调整跨国之间商事活动(包括商事组织本身)的各种关系的法律规范总和不同点：国际经济法的主体更加广泛) 大陆法系概念、特点 大陆法系(continental family)，又称民法法系(civil lawfamily) 一般是指以罗马法为基础而形成和发展起来的一个完整的法律体系的总称。 法国法系 大陆法系1 -德国法系大陆法系是以法国和德国为主的，还包括了意大利、西班牙等欧洲大陆国家，还有日本和美国的路易斯安那州及加拿大的魁北克省法律。 大陆法系的特点 强调成文法的作用 区分公法和私法 进行大规模的法典编纂工作 英美法系概念、特点 英美法系，又称普通法系(common law)，是指英国中世纪以来的法律，特别是指以普通法为基础的、与以罗马法为基础的民法法系相比较而存在的一种法律制度英美法系的特征 以判例法为主要法律渊源法官对法律的发展所起 的作用举足轻重以归纳为主要推理方法不严格划 分公法和私法 两大法系比较第二章代理法无权代理(狭义的无权代理、表见代理) 大陆法的规定：狭义的无权代理、表见代理英美法的规定：违反有代理权的默示担保狭义的无权代理：行为人既没有本人的实际授权，也没有足以使第三人善意误信其有代理权的外观，但行为人与第三人所为 行为之利益牵连与本人的法律关系。 表见代理：行为人虽无代理权，但善意第三人客观上有充分理由相信行为人具有代理权，而与其为法律行为，该法律行为的后果直接由本人承担的无权代理。 因表示行为而产生授权表象的表见代理 因越权行为而产生的表见代理 因行为延续而产生的表见代理 代理权消灭的原因 根据本人与代理人之间的协议终止代理权 授权代理的事务完成 本人撤销代理权或者代理人放弃代理权 根据代理协议适用的法律规定而终止 两大法系关于本人及代理人同第三人的关系的规定 大陆法系所采取的标准 在确定第三人究竟是同代理人还是同本人订立了合同的问 题时，大陆法所采取的标准是看代理人是以代表的身份同 第三人订立合同，还是以他自己个人的身份同第三人订立 合同。 英美法系所采用的标准 代理人在同第三人订约时具体指出本人的姓名 代理人表示岀自己的代理身份，但不指岀本人的姓名代理 人事实上有代理权，但他在订约时不披露代理关系的存在 第三章票据法 汇票、本票和支票的概念及其区别 汇票是岀票人签发的，委托他人在见票时或指定日期无条 件付款的一种票据 汇票属于票据的一种；汇票是委托他人付款的票据；汇票 要求在见票时或指定日期无条件支付给收款人或持票人一 定的金额；汇票关系中有岀票人、付款人和收款人三个基 本当事人 本票是岀票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定 的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据 支票是岀票人委托银行或其他金融机构在见票时无条件支 付给收款人或持票人一定金额的票据 支票的两个基本特点：付款人有资格限制；见票即付本票 与汇票的主要区别 本票由岀票人承担付款责任，汇票由岀票人委托第三人支 付票款 汇票经过承兑之后，才能确定付款人到期付款的责任, 主 债务人是承兑人；本票无须承兑，岀票人始终处于主债务 人的地位，对持票人负有绝对清偿义务支票与汇票的区别 支票的付款人限于银行，汇票的付款人不以银行为限支票 是见票即付，汇票不限于见票即付 支票无须承兑，承兑是汇票特有制度 支票的付款人可以引用资金关系对抗出票人，汇票的付款 人原则上不能以资金关系的理由对抗持票人 票据的法律特征 票据是完全有价证券 票据是设权证券，票据权利产生于票据做成之时 票据是要式证券
名词解释： 1、普通合伙企业：简称GP,是指依法设立的、由全体合伙人对合伙企业的债务承担无限连带责任的合伙企业。 2、有限合伙：简称LP，指由至少一名普通合伙人和至少一名有限合伙组成的企业，前者对合伙企业的债务负无限责任，后者则只负有限责任，即仅以其出资额为限对合伙承担有限责任。 3、有限责任合伙：简称LLP，是指由两个或两个以上的合伙人组成，经依法核准登记入册，以合伙财产对合伙债务承担责任，各合伙人对自己的行为引起的合伙组织债务承担无限责任，对于其他合伙人的疏忽、不当、渎职等行为引起的合伙组织债务以自己在合伙中的利益为限承担有限责任的实体。 4、有限责任公司：也称有限公司，是指由股东出资组成的，股东对公司的债务以其出资额为限承担有限责任，公司以其全部财产对外承担责任的企业法人。 5、股份有限公司：也称股份公司，是指公司资产分为若干等额股份，有一定以上的股东人数组成，股东以其认购持有的股份为限对公司承担有限责任的公司。 6、意定代理：指代理人根据被代理人的授权而产生的代理。 7、法定代理：指被代理人于法律上或事实上不能为法律行为时，按照法律直接规定由他人代为进行法律行为的代理。 8、直接代理：代理人在代理权限内以代理人的身份，即以被代理人的名义与第三人订立合同的行为。 9、间接代理：代理人以自己的名义，但是为了被代理人的利益与第三人订立合同，日后再将其权利与义务通过另外一个合同让与被代理人的行为。 10、表见代理：是指代理人虽不具备代理权，但因某种表象，足以使善意第三人相信代理人对本人有代理权而与代理人为法律行为，由此产生的法律效果依法直接归本人承担的代理。 11、显名代理：代理人在订约时不但表明了自己的代理身份，而且还表明了被代理人的身份或姓名、商号。 12、隐名代理：代理人在订约时根本不披露有代理关系的存在，既不表明自己的代理身份，因为表明被代理人的存在。 13、给付不能：指债务人由于种种原因不可能履行其合同义务，而不是指有可能履行合同而不去履行。 14、违反条件：即指违反合同中的重要条款。（时间、地点、品质及数量、支付工具及方式等条款） 15、违反担保：指违反合同的次要条款或随附条款。 16、根本违约：如果一方当事人违反合同的结果，使另一方当事人蒙受损害，以至于实际上剥夺了他根据合同有权期待得到的东西，即为根本违反合同。构成根本违约的基本标准是，实际上剥夺了受损一方根据合同有权期待得到的东西，即受害方预期利益的丧失，同时还必须满足两个标准：违约方应当预知这种结果，第三人能预知这种结果（客观标准）。 17、票据行为：指具备票据法规定的特定要件，能够发生、变更、消灭票据法律关系的行为。 18、汇票：出票人签发的委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。 19、本票：出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。 20、支票：出票人签发的，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或者金其他融机构在见票时无
（本科）试卷（ A 卷） 2005-2006 学年第二学期 开课单位： 04商务英语本科班，考试形式：开卷，允许带相关资料 入 场 1．国际商法主要规范是关于公法领域方面的规定。 2．美国法官的断案思维运用是从一般法律规定到个案的思维。 3．中国合同法包括人身关系方面合同的相关规定。 4．合同成立并不会导致合同必然生效。 5．要约即使没有送达他人要约也生效。 6．依照我国法律的规定，承诺可以撤销。 7．在我国，通过EDI签订的合同因为其缺乏相关的法律规定的形式而无效。 8．在我国，解除合同是违约救济的一种形式。 9．在四组国际贸易术语中，CIF中的卖方义务比FOB中卖方义务要大。 10 信用证支付方式中，银行承担对受益人第一性的付款责任，而在票据法律关系中，银行并不当然承担对受款人第一性的付款责任。 11．国际贸易中，如果卖方提交的单据表面符合信用证所规定的要求，即使买卖双方的交易关系不符合法律规定要求，银行也必须根据信用证要求付款。 12 在一次国际运输中，船长签发了清洁提单，船舶到达目的地后，收货人发现货物的内在品质不符合规定，收货人有权拒绝收取货物而要求船方赔偿。 13 甲在商场买回一热水器，乙在甲家冲凉时由于热水器本身质量问题而导致煤气泄漏，乙因此死亡。乙的家人要求商场赔偿，商场以乙与商
场之间无买卖合同关系加以抗辩。依照我国法律，商场的抗辩成立，乙的损失商场不应赔偿。 14．甲从乙处购买家具，用远期汇票进行支付。乙由于资金周转困难，将汇票背书转让给丙。丙在提示承兑时遭到拒绝，于是丙直接向甲进行追索。甲以乙交付的货物有严重质量问题以及甲并非丙的直接前手而拒绝。甲之拒绝可以得到法律的支持。 15．甲乙共同办一家企业，甲打算采取合伙企业的形式，乙说：“我只想我们作为出资人对今后成立的企业债务承担有限责任，如果不能成立公司，我将成立独资企业。” 乙说：“独资企业也要负无限责任，合伙企业的出资人对企业债务承担无限连带责任，综合利弊，还是考虑合伙企业吧。”乙关于企业性质的法律分析是正确的。 二：单项选择题（每题2.5分，共25分）。 1．下列哪个说法是正确的： A.合同的成立并不都要有承诺这个过程 B.要约的内容不必确定 C.依照我国法律规定承诺可以撤回 D.财产保险合同中，被保险人就是保险合同中做出承诺的当事人 2．某甲去商场购买电视机，商场将次品当成正品卖给甲。甲用支票支付，商场经过背书转让给乙。电视机在使用过程中爆炸伤了丙。 A.如果乙被付款人拒付，乙无权向甲追索 B.丙的伤害只能请求甲赔偿，因为丙和商场之间无买卖合同关系 C.该买卖合同从订立起便无法律效力 D. 乙被付款人拒付，可以向商场追索 3.美国甲公司于2005年5月向中国乙公司发出要约称有优质大麦500万吨出卖，按FOB方式美国港口交付，付款方式为不可撤销信用证。双方约定合同适用《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》。 A. 如果甲公司卖给乙公司的是飞机，则合同不能适用《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》 B.如果乙公司发出电文称接受甲公司250万吨货物则合同成立 C. 在本合同中，甲公司有义务为货物投保 D. 如果甲公司卖给乙公司的是船舶，则合同能适用《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》
第一章国际商法总论 一、概念术语 1、国际商法:又称为国际商事法,就是调整国际商事关系的各种法律规范的总称。 2、国际商法的渊源:就是指国际商法的存在及表现形式,包括国际条约、国际惯例与国内法。 3、国际条约:就是指两国或两个以上国际法主体依据国际法确立其相互权利与义务而缔结的国际书面协 议。 4、国际惯例:就是指在国际商事交往的长期实践中形成的,受到各国普遍承认与遵守的习惯做法、商事原 则与规则。 5、大陆法系:它就是指包括欧洲大陆大部分国家从19世纪初以罗马法为基础建立起来的,以1804年《法 国民法典》与1900年《德国民法典》为代表的法律制度以及其她国家与地区效仿这种制度而建立的法律制度。 6、英美法系:就是指英国从11世纪起主要以源于日耳曼习惯的普通法为基础逐渐形成的一种独特的法律 制度,以及效仿英国的其她国家与地区的法律制度总称。 7、法律解释:就是指由一定的国家机关、组织或个人,为适应与遵守法律,根据有关法律规定、政策、公平 正义观念、法学理论与惯例对现行的法律规范、法律条文的含义、内容、概念、术语、以及适应的条件等所作的说明。 8、仲裁制度:就是指民事争议的双方当事人达成协议,自愿将争议提交选定的第三者,根据一定程序规则 与公正原则作出裁决,并有义务履行裁决的一种法律制度。 二、思考题 1、如何理解国际商法的国际性？ 答:国际商法的国际性,就就是指在商事法律关系的主体、客体与内容三要素中,至少有一个因素涉及国外,或者说,至少有一个因素具有涉外性。 2、简答国际商法的渊源。 答:国际商法的渊源就是指国际商法的存在及表现形式,包括国际条约、国际惯例与国内法。 （1）国际条约:就是指两国或两个以上国际法主体依据国际法确立其相互权利与义务而缔结的国际书面协议。 （2）国际惯例:就是指在国际商事交往的长期实践中形成的,受到各国普遍承认与遵守的习惯做法、商事原则与规则。 （3）国内法:就是指一国为调整国际商事法关系所进行的国内立法。 3、大陆法系与英美法系各自的主要特点。 （1）大陆法系的主要特点: ①全面继受罗马法 ②实行法典化 ③将法律分为公法与私法两大部分 ④在法律推理形式与方法上采取演绎法 ⑤法学在推动法律发展中起重要作用 （2）英美法系的主要特点: ①判例法就是英美法系的主要渊源 ②遵循“先例约束力原则”处理案件 ③普通法与衡平法就是法律的两种基本形式 ④诉讼程序上一般采取对抗制 4、大陆法系与英美法系的区别。 答:(1)法律渊源的不同
第一章国际商法导论 一、单项选择题 1、我国法律最重要的渊源是（） A.制定法 B.立法解释 C.判例 D.司法解释 2、下列国家中，属于普通法体系的有( )。 A．新西兰B．比利时C．荷兰 D.瑞士 3、英国的普通法来源于( )。 A．成文法B．判例法C．衡平法 D.普通法 4、大陆法的主要特点是( )。 A．法典化B．受罗马法影响小C．先例约束力原则 D.民商合一 5、判例在法律上和理论上不被认为是法律的渊源的国家是( )。 A．英国B．美国C．德国D、香港 6、大陆法各国都把全部法律分为公法和私法两大部分，这种分类法最早是由( )提出来的。 A．法国法学家B．罗马法学家C．德国法学家D、美国法学家 7、英国法的主要渊源是（） A、学理 B、判例法 C、成文法 D、习惯 8、英国法的主要特点是( ) A、法典化 B、条理化 C、逻辑性 D、二元性 9、普通法来源于( ) A、成文法 B、习惯法 C、衡平法 D、判例法 10、中国法律最重要的渊源是( ) A、判例法 B、成文法 C、宪法 D、习惯法 11、大陆法系国家最主要的法律渊源是（） A、成文法 B、判例法 C、习惯法 D、国际法 12、大陆法的结构特点之一是把全部法律分为( ) A、普通法与平衡法 B、实体法与程序法 C、国内法与国际法 D、公法与私法 二、多项选择题 1、传统的商法主要包括( )。 A．公司法B．票据法C．海商法D．保险法E．产品责任法 2、下列国家中，属于大陆法系的是( )。 A．法国B．加拿大C．美国 D.英国 E.意大利 3、大陆法中的公法包括( )。 A．民法B．宪法C．行政法D．刑法E．诉讼法 4、大陆法的渊源主要有( )。 A．法律B．法理C．习惯D．判例E．法典 5、普通法与衡平法的主要区别有（） A．救济方法不同B．诉讼程序不同C、法院的组织系统不同D．法律术语不同E．管辖权不同 6、在国际上从事国际商事交易的主体基本上是( ) A、国家 B、企业 C、公司 D、国际机构 E、国际组织
国际商法期末考试试题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 1. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，下列各项中，属于发价的是（） A.普通商业广告 B. 商品目录 C. 商品价目表 D. 一项包含货物名称、数量和价格的订约建议 2．乙公司对甲公司发价的接受通知于8月5日从乙地发出，8月9日到达甲公司所在地，8月10日下午到达甲公司传达室，8月11日上午甲公司经理阅及此通知。依《国际货物买卖合同公约》，乙公司接受的生效时间是（） A. 8月5日 B. 8月9日 C. 8月10日 D. 8月11日 3.产品责任法的目的是保护（） A. 生产厂家的利益 B.零售商的利益 C.买方的亲友的利益 D.消费者的利益 4.下列国际公约中我国是其成员国的是（） A．《联合国销售合同公约》 B.《海牙规则》 C.《国际贸易术语解释通则2000》 D.《维斯比规则》 5.承诺是对要约的接受，这种接受原则上（） A．不得附加条件 B.可以附加一定条件 C. 可以变更一些条件 D. 可以限制一些条件 6.船舶所有人保留船舶的所有权，而将船舶的占有权转移给租船人以供运输，由租 船人雇用船长、船员、并按照使用船舶的时间支付租金的合同称之为（） A.航次租船合同 B.光船租赁合同 C.定期租船合同 D.提单运输合同 7.联合国《国际销售合同公约》不涉及的内容有（） A.合同的订立 B.买卖双方的义务 C.违约及其救济方法 D.合同的有效性 8.依大陆法，由于本人的意思而产生的代理为（） A.意定代理 B.法定代理 C.指定代理 D.意定代理和指定代理 9.国际商事合同通则不适用于下列哪个合同（） A.消费者合同 B.国际知识产权合同 C.国际货物买卖合同 D.国际服务贸易合同 10.下列国家属于大陆法系的是（） A. 英国 B.法国 C. 美国 D. 新加坡 三、判断正误（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.各国有关商事的国内立法不能作为国际商法的渊源。（） 2.营业地在英国的公司和营业地在中国的公司签订的货物买卖合同，不适用联合国销 售合同公约。（） 3.无论大陆法系还是英美法系，都认为广告是邀约邀请。（） 4.《国际货物买卖法》与《国际产品责任法》性质相同。（） 5.保险合同成立后，除法律或者保险合同另有规定外，被保险人不得解除保险合同。 （）
仲裁: 仲裁是指买卖双方在纠纷发生之前或发生之后，签订书面协议，自愿将纠纷提交双方所同意的第三者予以裁决，以解决纠纷的一种方式。 提存: 提存的概念，由于债权人的原因，债务人无法向债权人给付合同标的物时，债务人将合同标的物交付提存机关而消灭合同关系的法律制度。 股份有限公司: 股份有限公司全部注册资本由等额股份构成并通过发行股票(或股权证)筹集资本,公司以其全部资产对公司债务承担有限责任的企业法人。 代理: 代理是指代理人以被代理人（又称本人）的名义，在代理权限内与第三人（又称相对人）实施民事行为，其法律后果直接由被代理人承受的民事法律制度。 提单： 提单是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。 海运提单是承运人收到货物后出具的货物收据，也是承运人所签署的运输契约的证明，提单还代表所载货物的所有权，是一种具有物权特性的凭证。 要约: 要约，在外贸业务中又称为发盘或发价，它是一方当事人向对方提出意愿根据一定的条件与对方订立合同，并且包含了一旦该要约被对方承诺时就对提出要约的一方产生约束力的意思表示。 不可抗力： 对市场和电力系统有严重影响的不可预期和不可控制的事件及其产生的后果。包括自然灾害和战争等。符号“f”。背书： 票据的收款人或持有人在转让票据时，在票据背面签名或书写文句的手续。背书的人就会对这张支票负某种程度、类似担保的偿还责任，之后就引申为担保、保证的意思。即为自己的事情或为自己说的话作担保、保证 专利： 一项发明创造的首创者所拥有的受保护的独享权益。专利的三种类型：发明专利、实用新型专利、外观设计专利。专利权是一种专有权，这种权利具有独占的排他性。非专利权人要想使用他人的专利技术，必须依法征得专利权人的同意或许可。 有限责任公司： 有限责任公司，又称有限公司（CO，LTD）。有限责任公司指根据《中华人民共和国公司登记管理条例》规定登记注册，由两个以上、五十个以下的股东共同出资，每个股东以其所认缴的出资额对公司承担有限责任，公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任的经济组织。有限责任公司包括国有独资公司以及其他有限责任公司。 简答题 1、要约与承诺的要件分别是什么? （一）要约是特定合同当事人的意思表示。（二）要约必须向要约人希望与之缔结合同的相对人发出。（三）要约必须具有缔约目的并表明经承诺即受此意思表示的拘束。 （四）要约的内容必须具备足以使合同成立的主要条件。 1)承诺必须是受要约人作出。 2)承诺的方式符合要约的要求 3)承诺必须在要约的有效期限内到达要约人。 4)承诺的内容必须与要约的内容相一致。 2、提单的性质和作用是什么? （1）提单是承运人或其代理人签发的货物收据，证明已按提单所列内容收到货物。 （2）提单是一种货物所有权的凭证 （3）提单是托运人与承运人之间所订立的运输契约的证明3.知识产权的特征. 1)知识产权具有时间性。 2)知识产权具有地域性。 3)知识产权具有专有性。 4)知识产权须经法律直接确认。 5)知识产权的客体属无形财产。 4.大陆法关于合同消灭的原因有哪些? 1、清偿，是指按合同的约定实现债权的的行为。 2、抵销，是指双方互债务时，各以其债权充当债务之清偿，而使其债务与对方的债务在对等额内相互消灭。 3、提存，是指由于债权人的原因而无法向其交付合标的物时，债务人将该交给提存部门而消灭合同的制度。 4、免除，是指债权人免除债务人的债务，亦即债权人放弃其债权，从而消灭合同关系及其他债之关系的单方面行为。 5、混同，是指债权与债务同属于一个人，即同一个人既是债权人同时又是债务人。 5.代理的特征 1、被代理人和代理人之间是一种法律关系。 2、代理是一种涉及被代理人、代理人和第三人之间的三方关系。 3、被代理人与代理人之间是一种信任关系。 6.保险的基本原则 L、最大诚信原则 2、可保利益原则 3、补偿原则 4、近因原则 论述题： 一、股份有限公司和有限责任公司的特点 有限责任公司和股份有限公司是两种常见的公司形式，它们都是股份制企业，具有企业法人资格，股东承担的是有限责任，公司以营利为目的，依法设立。这些是主要的共同之处，同时，它们又各有一些特点，主要表现在： 1．筹资能力不同。有限责任公司股东人数是有限制，股份有限公司股东人数是无限制，股份有限公司的筹资能力强于有限责任公司。 2．组成因素有差别。股份有限公司以资本联合为基础而组成，这是其显著特点，而有限责任公司除了资本的联合之外，还考虑了人的因素，就是股东之间是相互了解的并有一定的
国际商法考点整理
国际公法概念：rules and norms regulating the relationships between states is called public international law 法律渊源概念：Legal source Definition : sources in legal sense refer to something (such as a constitution, treaty, statute, or custom )that provide authority for legislation and for judicial decisions. 母公司子公司分公司关系： 发起人Promoters are people who bring a corporation into being, the one who sign on the initial constitution of the corporation 权利义务成立过程中的责任： The legal liability法律责任of Promoters: ? Liability to the other Promoters: the promoters assume joint liability each other to the total cost and debt in
incorporating process. ? Liability to the Corporation: Fiduciary duty to the corporation: the duties of full disclosure, good faith and absolute honesty to the corporation ?Liability to the shareholders and creditors: Merger merger by amalgamation（吸收合并） (when a corporation has another corporation amalgamated with it, it is merger by amalgamation, and the amalgamated corporation shall be dissolved) merger by new establishment（新设合并） (when two or more corporations merge to establish a new corporation, it is merger for new establishment, and all parties being merged shall be dissolved) ? when corporations merge, the claims and debts债权债务 of all the parties to the merger shall be succeeded to by the corporation that continues to exist after the merger or by the newly established corporation. 股权equity债权debt区别：股票债券的区别 ??? Corporation with Limited Liability ◆shareholders assume limited liability to corporation
国际商法自学考试试题及参考答案
一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.英国的普通法来源于() A.衡平法 B.习惯法 C.判例法 D.法院解释 2.对宪法和法律的条文本身可作进一步明确界限或做补充规定的是() A.全国人大 B.全国人大常委会 C.最高法院 D.国务院 3.在中国无法律拘束力的法律解释是() A.立法解释 B.司法解释 C.行政解释 D.学理解释 4.英美普通法强调合同的实质在于当事人所作
出的() A.合意 B.法律行为 C.协议 D.许诺 5.对违约金的性质，下列表示正确的是() A.德国认为是损害赔偿性 B.英美法认为是损害赔偿性 C.德国认为是罚金 D.法国认为是罚金 6.重大违约与轻微违约的法律后果的区别是() A.受损害方都能够拒绝履行自己的合同义务 B.受损害方都不能够拒绝履行自己的合同义务 C.受损害方都能够要求解除合同 D.对于前者，受损害方能够解除合同，即解除自己应履行的义务；对于后者，受损害方不能拒绝履行自己的合同义务 7.根本违反合同的基本标准是() A.违约方剥夺了对方根据合同有权期待得到的东西 B.违约方剥夺了对方非依合同有权得到的利益
C.违约方并不预知而且同样一个通情达理的人处于相同情况中也没有理由预知会使对方因此失去有权期待得到的利益 D.违约方剥夺了对方根据合同无权期待得到的东西 8.确定出口商品价格的基本要素是() A.货物风险 B.卖方责任 C.货物质量 D.贸易术语 9.下列哪个术语表示，卖方承担最重的义务?() A.EXW B.DDP C.FAS D.DDU 10.1990年国际贸易术语解释通则把13种贸易术语分为E、F、C、D四组，它的排列是按照() A.贸易术语各自适应的运输方式 B.以前通则的习惯做法 C.买方责任的由小到大顺序 D.卖方责任的由小到大顺序
第一章 第二章 第十一章国际商法绪论 1. 国际商法的概念: 国际商事法（International Business Law），简称国际商法，它是指调整国际商事交易和商事组织的各种法律规范的总称 2.国际商事法与国际经济法的联系与区别 共同点：都是调整跨国之间商事活动（包括商事组织本身）的各种关系的法律规范总和 不同点：国际经济法的主体更加广泛 3.大陆法系与英美法系的区别 大陆法系的特点：强调成文法的作用；区分公法和私法；进行大规模的法典编纂工作 英美法系的特征：以判例法为主要法律渊源；法官对法律的发展所起的作用举足轻重；以归纳为主要推理方法；不严格划分公法和私法 4.中国法律的渊源：制定法；法律解释；判例 第十二章代理法 1.代理的概念：所谓代理是指代理人按照本人的授权，代表本人同第三人订立 合同或作其他的法律行为，由此而产生的权利与义务直接对本人发生效力2.狭义的无权代理与表见代理 狭义的无权代理：行为人既没有本人的实际授权，也没有足以使第三人善意误信其有代理权的外观，但行为人与第三人所为行为之利益牵连与本人的法律关系。 表见代理：行为人虽无代理权，但善意第三人客观上有充分理由相信行为人具有代理权，而与其为法律行为，该法律行为的后果直接由本人承担的无权代理。 3.代理人的义务：代理人应勤勉地履行其代理职责；代理人对本人应诚信、忠 实；代理人不得泄露他在代理业务中所获得的保密情报和资料；代理人须向本人申报账目；代理人不得把他的代理权委托给他人 4.代理权消灭的原因：根据本人与代理人之间的协议终止代理权；授权代理的 事务完成；本人撤销代理权或者代理人放弃代理权；根据代理协议适用的法律规定而终止 5.间接代理的规定（大陆法、英美法、我国合同法） 大陆法系所采取的标准：在确定第三人究竟是同代理人还是同本人订立了合同的问题时，大陆法所采取的标准是看代理人是以代表的身份同第三人订立合同，还是以他自己个人的身份同第三人订立合同。 英美法系所采用的标准：代理人在同第三人订约时具体指出本人的姓名；代理人表示出自己的代理身份，但不指出本人的姓名；代理人事实上有代理权，但他在订约时不披露代理关系的存在 我国合同法：
一、名词解释： 1、权利担保义务：是指卖方应保证对其所出售的货物享有合法的权利，没有侵犯任何第三人的权利，并且任何第三人都不会就该项货物向买方主张任何权利。 2、提存：指在债务人履行债务时，由于债权人受领延迟，债务人有权把应给付的金钱或其他物品寄托于法庭的提存所，从而使债的关系归于消灭的一种行为。 3、提供：所谓提供就是合同当事人旨在履行其合同义务的一种表示。 4、适销品质：指在商品的买卖合同中，卖方应承担一项默示担保义务，即保证他所出售的货物必须具有适合商销的品质 5、情势变迁：是指在法律关系成立之后，作为该项法律关系的基础的情事，由于不可归责于当事人的原因，发生了非当初所能预料得到的变化，如果任然坚持原来的法律效力，将会产生有失公平的结果，因此，应当对原来的法律效力做相应的变更。 6、不当得利：不当得利是指没有法律上的根据，使他人受到损失而自己获得利益。 7、海上路货：当卖方先把货物装上开往某个目的地的船舶，然后在寻找适当的买方订立买卖合同时，这种交易就只在运输途中进行的货物买卖，在外贸业务中称之为“海上路货”。 8、信托：是英国衡平法上的一种制度，他通常是指信托人把财产交给受托人，而指定一个第三人做为受益人。 二、简答题 1、试述代理人的义务： （1）代理人应勤勉地履行其代理职责 （2）代理人对本人应诚信、忠实(good faith and loyalty) A、代理人必须向本人公开他所掌握的有关客户的一切必要的情况，以供本人考虑决定是否同该客户订立合同。B、代理人不得以本人的名义同代理人自己订立合同，除非事先征得本人的同意。C、代理人不得受贿或密谋私利，或与第三人串通损害本人的利益。代理人不得谋取超出本人给他的佣金或酬金以外的任何私利。 （3）代理人不得泄露他在代理业务中所获得的保密情报和资料。但在代理合同终止后，除经双方同意的合理的贸易上的限制外，本人也不得不适当地限制代理人使用他在代理期间所获得的技术、经验和资料； （4）代理人须向本人申报账目； （5）代理人不得把他的代理权委托给他人 2、什么是诉讼时效的中断？有几种情况？ 在诉讼时效进行中，如果发生了法律规定的情事，以前经过的时效时间不算，等法定中断的情事终结之后，诉讼时效开始重新计算，这就叫做诉讼时效。分为以下三种情况： （1）起诉。如权利人向法院提起诉讼，要求法院保护其权利，则时效从起诉是中断。
名词解释 1、公司：是指一般依法设立的，有独立的法人财产、以盈利为目的的企业法人。其两种主要形式为有限责任公司和股份有限公司。 2、合同：①合同是指设立做或不做某一特别事情义务的协议。②合同不是任何一种单方的行为或事件，而是由两个或多个人之间意思表示一致的协议；合同的内容可以是做某特别事情，也可以是不做某特别事情；合同在当事人之间设立了义务。 3、要约：①要约是指一方向另一方发出订立合同的肯定和明确的建议。发出要约的一方是要约人，要约被发向的另一方为受要约人。②要约是关于订立合同肯定建议；要约是关于订立合同的明确建议。 4、承诺：是指受要约人声明或以其他行为同意要约的意思表示。除法律和要约有相反规定外，要约一经有效承诺，合同自承诺生效时即告成立，对当事人各方均有约束力。 5、提单：是指用于证明海上货物运输合同和货物已由承运人接收或装船以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。 6、国际货物运输保险：是指保险人（保险公司）与投保人（国际贸易中的买方或卖方）签订合同约定，投保人支付规定的保险费，在货物遭受国际运输途中的保险事故损害时，由保险人负责给予保险受益人（被保险人）补偿的行为。 7、产品：①必须是经过加工、制作过的工业品，不包括自然物品。但如农作物、渔牧业产品收获后经过加工处理则属于本法所指的产品；②必须是用于销售的物品；③必须是可移动的物品，不包括土地、房屋等类不动产，但建筑工程所使用的建筑材料、建筑构配件和设备包括在内。 8、产品质量：是指在商品经济范畴内，企业依据特定的标准，对产品进行规划、设计、制造、检测、计量、运输、储存、销售、售后服务、生态回收等全程的必要的信息披露。 9、产品质量责任：是指产品的生产者、销售者以及对产品质量负直接责任的人违反产品质量法规定的产品质量义务的后果应承担的法律后果。 10、两大法系：①以德国和法国为代表的大陆法系又称为民法法系或罗马法系；②以英国与美国为代表的普通法系又称英美法系。 11、对价：通常指为换取某一允诺而付出的具有法律价值的代价。具有法律价值的代价可以是一项回报的允诺，也可以是允诺外的行为或不行为，还可以是一种法律关系的成立、变更或消灭。 12、违约：广义上的违约是指当事人的任何与合同不符的行为。狭义上，违约是指当事人无合法理由而不履行或不完全履行具有法律约束力的合同义务的行为。一方当事人只能对另一方当事人狭义上的违约行为采取法律上的救济。 13、合同的内容：是由明示条款和未用及不能用明示条款排除的暗示条款或默示义务共同构成的。暗示条款包括：当事人双方的交易习惯、民商事惯例、法定暗示条款（强制性暗示条款、任意性暗示条款）。
商法试题及答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.依照英国法，下列各项中会使合同无效的是() A. 一方当事人意思表示的错误 B. 一方当事人判断上的错误 C. 一方当事人对自己履约能力的估计错误 D. 在认定当事人上发生错误 2. 依照法国法，合同违约责任的归责原则是() A. 过失责任原则 B. 无过失责任原则 C. 结果责任原则 D. 公平责任原则 3. 依美国法，法院通常会作出实际履行的判决的合同是() A. 提供个人劳务的合同 B. 土地买卖合同 C. 当事人一方为未成年人的合同 D. 建筑合同 4. 依照英国法，一方违约，对方既可以解除合同，又可以要求赔偿损失的，是指违反了() A. 条件条款 B. 担保条款 C. 条件条款和担保条款 D. 条件条款或担保条款 5. 依照我国《合同法》，适用诉讼时效期间为4 年的合同是() A. 国际货物买卖合同 B. 技术开发合同 C. 技术转让合同 D. 承揽合同 6. 根据英国货物买卖法的规定，下列不属于卖方对其所出售的货物应承担品质担保义务的是() A. 凭说明的交易，卖方所交付的货物必须与说明相符 B. 营业中出售货物，即使有关货物的缺陷已在订约前提醒买方注意，卖方所提供的货物仍然应具有商销品质 C. 凭样品成交的买卖，卖方所交的货物在品质上应与样品相符 D. 在交易中既有样品，又有说明，则卖方所交的货物应与样品和说明都一致 7. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，在双方当事人没有约定的情况下，货物运输过程中发生毁损灭失的风险原则上应由() A. 买方承担 B. 卖方承担 C. 买方或卖方承担 D. 买方和卖方共同承担 8. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，当卖方只交付部分货物而未构成根本违反合同时，买方所不能采取的救济方法是() A. 退货 B. 减价 C. 损害赔偿 D. 撤销整个合同 9. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，接受通知在传递中可能发生的失误风险，其承担人应是() A. 发价人 B. 受发价人 C. 传递人 D. 主要由发价人承担，传递人有过失的，也应分担部分风险 10. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，在合同已有效成立而又没有明示或默示地规定货物的价格或规定确定价格的方法时，确定货物价金的依据是() A. 交货时卖方所在地的合理价格 B. 交货时买方所在地的合理价格 C. 交货时合同履行地的合理价格 D. 订立合同时的通常价格
一、国际商法名词解释 1、国际商法：国际商事法的简称，是指调整国际商事主体和国际商事行为的各种法律规范的总称。 2、国际惯例：国际经济法主体重复类似的行为而上升为对其具有拘束力的规范。 3、大陆法系：以罗马法为基础而形成和发展起来的一个完整的法律体系的总称。 4、英美法系：又称普通法系，是指英国中世纪以来的法律，是以普通法为基础，与以罗马法为基础的民法法系相比较存在的一种法律制度。是普通法、衡平法和制定法的总称。 5、代理：代理人按照本人的授权，代表本人同第三人订立合同或实施其他的法律行为，由此而产生的权利与义务直接对本人发生效力。 6、无权代理：欠缺代理权的人所为的代理行为。 7、个人独资企业：即独资经营企业，是由一名出资者单独出资并由其独自享有权益和承担风险的企业。 8、合伙：两个或两个以上的合伙人为经营共同事业、共同投资、共享利润及共担风险而组成的企业。 9、公司：依公司法的规定设立的，以营利为目的的企业法人。 10、有限责任公司：股东人数较少，不发行股票，股份不得转让，股东对公司承担有限责任的公司。 11、合同：广义的合同泛指一切确立权利义务关系的协议。 狭义的合同仅指民商法上的合同 12、对价：是使诺言对诺言人产生的拘束力的与诺言互为交易对象的东西。 13、要约：具有足够的确定型并包含一旦被接受合同即成立的意图订立合同的建议。 14、要约的撤销：要约人在要约被受要约人接受之前向受要约人发出要约失效的通知，使其不再受要约的约束。 15、承诺：接受要约人意思的表示。受要约人按照要约限定的方式对要约人做出接受要约中包含合同条件意思的表达。 16、预期违约：如果一方在合同规定的履约期到来之前毁弃合同，另一方可以立即解除合同并要求得到赔偿，不必等到合同履约期已到，前者事实上违反了合同再解除合同和要求赔偿。
《国际商法》单项选择练习题（1-4章） 1、根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，在合同已有效成立而又没有明示或默示地规定货物的价格或规定确定价格的方法时，确定货物价格的依据是(D ) A、交货时卖方所在地的合理价格 B、交货时买方所在地的合理价格 C、交货时合同履行地的合理价格 D、订立合同时的通常价格 2、《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》对于国际货物买卖合同的形式( D) A、加以严格的限制 B、只有采取书面形式方为有效 C、只有采取口头形式方为有效 D、采取口头或书面形式，都不影响合同的有效性，也不影响证据力 3、承诺是指按照要约所指定的方式，对其内容表示同意的一种意思表示。它须由下列哪种人作出( D) A、受要约人的近亲 B、受要约人的利害关系人 C、第三人 D、受要约人本人及其授权的代理人 4、根据《国际货物买卖合同公约》的规定，如果受发价人有理由信赖该项发价是不可撤销的，并已本着对该项发价的信赖行事的，则( C ) A、发价在原则上仍可以撤销 B、经双方协商是可以撤销发价的 C、此时，发价是不可以撤销的 D、受发价人的信赖行事不受法律保护 5、根本违反合同的基本标准是( A) A、违约方剥夺了对方根据合同有权期待得到的东西 B、违约方剥夺了对方非依合同有权得到的利益 C、违约方并不预知而且同样一个通情达理的人处于相同情况下也没有理由预知会使对方因此失去有权期待得到的利益 D、违约方剥夺了对方根据合同无权期待得到的东西 6、根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，当卖方只交付部分货物而未构成根本违反合同时，买方所不能采取的救济方法是( D) A、退货 B、减价 C、损害赔偿 D、撤销整个合同 7、《国际货物买卖合同公约》规定，在没有约定的情况下，买方的付款地是( A) A、卖方营业地 B、买方营业地 C、合同订立地 D、标的物所在地 8、在分期交货的机器设备的买卖中，卖方所交的一批机器设备零件与合同不符，使整个机器不能使用时(D) A、买方可以要求退换货物 B、买方可以要求减价 C、买方可以要求损害赔偿 D、买方可以宣告撤销整个合同 9、属于目的港交货的贸易术语是( A ) A、DEQ B、CIP C、CFR D、CIF 10、在承诺生效问题上采用投邮和到达并用原则的国家是( C ) A、法国 B、德国 C、日本 D、英国 11、要约撤销概括的一种行为是，( D) A、它是在要约发出之后到达受要约人之前，撤销其效力 B、它是在要约发出之后到达受要约人之前，收回要约，使其不生效 C、它是在要约已到达受要约人，尚未生效之前，撤回要约 D、它是在要约送达受要约人之后，即已生效之后，消灭要约的效力 12、我国法律最重要的渊源是（A） A、制定法 B、立法解释 C、判例 D、司法解释 13. 根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，如果未根本违反合同，则受损害一方只能请求(C） A、合同无效 B、撤销合同 C、损害赔偿 D、要求履行
商法考点 Chapter 1 1. International law is not really law since there is no worldwide legislature to enact it. F 2. Comity is not law because countries do not regard it as something they are required to respect. T 3. International law exists when there is a consensus of the international community. T 4. To establish the existence of a customary rule of international law, one must show that the international community has observed the rule for a long period of time. F 5. General principles of international law are based on legal rules that are common to both (or all) the state parties to a dispute. T 6. International tribunals generally regard states as having an obligation to bring their municipal law into compliance with international norms. T 7. A self-executing treaty is one that contains a provision that says the treaty will apply in the parties’ municipal cou rts once the parties have adopted domestic enabling legislation. F 8. Recognition of a government is usually made in a bilateral agreement. F 9. When a part of the territory of State X shifts and becomes part of the territory of State Y, the treaties made by State X continue to apply to that territory. F 10. An intergovernmental organization is a permanent organization set up by two or more states to carry on activities of common interest. T 11. State A disintegrates into States B and State C. The public property of State A located in State D becomes the property of D. F 12. Territorial sovereignty is the absolute and unqualified right of a state to exercise its functions within a territory. F 13. The phrase “United Nations System” refers to the rules of international law enacted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. F 14. The European Parliament must approve all of the international treaties that the European Union enters into. T 15. Traditionally, an individual’s rights under international law are only protected by his state of nationality. T 16. The Roman law was first codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis around the year 534 A.D. F 17. The name “common law” (as it is used in England) is derived from the theory that the king’s courts repre sented the common custom of the realm, as opposed to the local customary law practiced in the county and manorial courts. F 18. The Shari’a is primarily a moral and ethical code. F 19. Equitable remedies are available only when legal remedies are unavailable or inadequate.T 20. The German Civil Code of 1896 is noted for being precise and technical. T Chapter 3 Diplomacy is the process of reconciling the parties to a disagreement by negotiation, mediation, or inquiry. T Negotiation is the process of reaching an agreement by discussion. T Mediation is the use of a third party who transmits and interprets the proposals of the principal parties, and sometimes, advances independent proposals. T Inquiries are a popular way to resolve disputes between states, with many thousands of