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2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3.A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4.A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5.A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6.A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7.A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8.A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9.A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10.A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.C. It made the mayor’s view clearer.D. It carried the mayor’s speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. Themachine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’ is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally,a reward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, thenpick. a reward-say, a piece ofchocolate when you get home fromthe gym. That way, the cue and thereward become interconnected.Finally, when you see the shoes,your brain will start longing for thereward, which will make it easier towork out day after day. The bestpart? In a couple of weeks, youwon't need the chocolate at all.Your brain will come to see theworkout itself as the reward. Whichis the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THE HABITLOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality （虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinneddigital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
绝密★启用前2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷（满分150分，考试时间100分钟）考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第I卷（第1－12页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening prehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a puter in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her puter repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed.C. Shocked.D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn't planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor.B. It misinterpreted the mayor's speech.C. It made the mayor's view clearer.D. It carried the mayor's speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70. B. 20. C. 25. D. 75.12. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special munity.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. Those who were unmarried.15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.plete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.plete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, （25）______I might have a better chance to finda good job. （26）______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that （27）______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already （28）______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big panies. Mother had just said that （29）______ I want to have a better career ad-vancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps （30）______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty （31）______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned （32）______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic pushbutton shop. Now res idents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is （33）______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine （34）______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, （35）_____ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the ing months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural munities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture w ho could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by （36）_____. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far（37）______ (appropriate)In recent years, the mercial pressure from supermarket chains （38）_____ (force) village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, （39）______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops orsetup new munities stores.Hundreds of munities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteerrun shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution （40）______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: plete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would e in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help43some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who de-cides the layout of your local supermarketincluding which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up — is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to44healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architectone that encourages us to choose what is bestwe will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea bines freedom to choose with 45hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a socalled "traffic light system" to 46foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47by looking at the lights on the package. A green light48that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be49; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in50. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading prehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that twothirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple51.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we52do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's outand why; how to deal with difficult53situations involving children, lovers, and col-leagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural54, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really55 issues.Dunbar56the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend twothirds of our time gossip-ing just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—57, he goes on to say, language evolved spe-cifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the58of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys. By means of groomingcleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or59from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to62the pressure and calmeverybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be63to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more64kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with everlarger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by onetoone 65contact.51.A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52.A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53.A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54.A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55.A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56.A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57.A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58.A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59.A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60.A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61.A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62.A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63.A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64.A. mon B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful65.A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree?Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodiesand behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that manyanimals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator(猎食动物)gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds e out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bana-nas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps e running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66.A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67.By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?（B）Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate auto-matically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to createor breakhabits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a rewardsay, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward bee interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will e to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70.Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?”in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71.According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72.What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73.“This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality(虚拟现实)device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The setup is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised(同步的)movement bees fortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwardspotentially for the bet-ter. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racismthe bias(偏见)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good,bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a pro-grammer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really remend it to everyone."74.The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75.We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76.In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77.It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or plete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR).CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. panies typically spend about 1% of pretax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some panies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when panies e under attack for their behavior. Hence the sec-ond layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmen-tal disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon V aldez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, panies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to nongovernmental or-ganisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct(行为准则) and devote them-selves to more transparency(透明)in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their pet-itors, set mon rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could bee part of a pany's petitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has bee popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your pet-itors? Is there any really petitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big panies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is of-ten just windowdressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that panies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德)：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or plete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78.Both _________ in some panies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79.Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80.With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81.According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
闸北区高三年级第一学期英语学科期末练习卷（2014.1）(满分150分，考试时间120分钟)I. Listening Comprehension（30分）Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A. $10. B. $15. C. $20. D. $25.2.A. At 5:00. B. At 5:15. C. At 5:20. D. At 5:35.3.A. They had a wonderful day. B. They turned up at the New Year’s Party.C. They had a busy day that day.D. They never liked New Year’s Day.4. A. At a hospital. B. In a restaurant. C. In a school. D. In a soap shop.5. A. Their company requires all colleagues to receive the training.B. She is still not clear about some colleagues’ decisions.C. All the colleagues have agreed to go for the program.D. Only a few colleagues are allowed to take part in the program.6. A. The woman should send flowers to her father.B. The woman should buy her father the camera as the gift.C. Clothing is a good birthday gift for her father.D. Birthdays are occasions for family get-together rather than gifts.7. A. School calendar. B. Holiday plan.C. Travel Destination.D. Parent-child relationship.8. A. She thinks that there are many things that interest her.B. She hopes to earn more money from her work.C. She is not excited about the things in the new mall.D. She believes the prices of the goods are too low.9. A. Jane has been engaged to someone working in the library.B. The man shouldn’t bother Jane because she was busy.C. Jane wasn’t doing something important or meaningful.D. Jane is the person to take care of the IT room.10. A. She wants the door open to have some breeze in.B. She doesn’t want her talk with Mr. Maloney to be heard.C. It doesn’t matter much to her whether the door is closed or not.D. She has a poor relationship with Mr. Maloney.Section BDirections: In section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. The jeep was returned to his friend.B. The jeep was shot by a villager.C. The jeep made through a difficult trip to the destination.D. The jeep went wrong and had to be stopped.12. A. An old villager called a repairman to solve the problem.B. The man had to call his friend over to solve the problem.C. Some bananas were used to cover the hole on the tank jacket.D. The villagers helped to drag the car to the repair place.13.A. Bananas are much more useful than other fruits.B. Many things can be useful in unexpected fields.C. Bananas should be used a lot in car industry.D. A person should always lend good cars to friends.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. 100. B. 200. C. 300. D. 500.15. A. To lengthen the limit of working hours of the pilots.B. To strictly punish the pilots who fall asleep when flying.C. To shorten the pilots’ night flying time.D. To find new ways to fix mechanical problems.16. A. Poor cooperation between the pilot and the co-pilot.B. Automatic flight adopted by most planes.C. Pilot exhaustion during the flights.D. Natural threats including storms and fogs.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you hear.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation:Complete the report form. WRITE ONE WORD for each answer.Purchase Serial Number: ___17___.Reason for the change: Poor ___18___.Extra payment in all : $ ___19___.Payment method selected: ___20___.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation:Complete the form. WRITE NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.What role does PayPal play in money transfer and payment? ___21___What decides the PayPal charging fees for money transfers? ___22___Through what method does PayPal fight monetary crimes? ___23___What does PayPal allow QR codes paying to encourage? ___24___.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Read the following two passages. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.(A)Roald Dahl, the famous children’s book writer, was born to Harold and Sofie Dahl on 13 September 1916. He was named (25)______ the explorer, Roald Amundsen, their national hero in Norway of that time.In 1920, when Dahl was four, his father died at the age of fifty seven. Instead of (26)______(move) back to Norway to live with her relatives, his mother decided to remain in Britain. It had been her husband’s wish to have their children (27)______(educate) in the best school in the world.At the age of eight, Dahl and four of his friends (28)______(beat) by the headmaster after playing a practical joke on a candy store owner. Throughout his childhood, Dahl was sent to several boarding schools. He wrote to his mother almost every day （29）______ ______homesickness. On (30) ______ day when she died, he realized that she had saved every single one of his letters.Young Dahl used to dream of inventing a chocolate bar （31）______ would win the praise of the owner of the chocolate company, Cadbury. This later became the inspiration for the (32)______(hot) of all his books -Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. It was the book that finally brought him world fame.(B)To many Singaporeans, Mr. Lee Kong Chian is a familiar name. Popularly known as the ―Rubber and Pineapple King‖, he was a person who had donated generously to the society by pouring his wealth into charity work. Knowing (33)______ education means to a person, he devoted a lot of energy and money to (34)______(build) schools. He was particularly concerned with the less fortunate as he could relate himself to them.Although Lee’s father knew Lee (35)______ receive education, his father wasn’t able to afford to send him to school. However, his father’s friends helped him pay for his education. Having left school as an honour student, he went to work in the field of rubber and pineapple (36)______ he set up his own business later. Thanks to the golden timing then, he had hardly got familiar with the dealings in the field (37)_____ he enjoyed great success. His wealth rose rapidly and before long he became a millionaire.(38)______ wealthy he was, he never forgot his humble beginnings and was always ready(39)______(help). Since 1952 till today, the Lee Foundation which he founded(40)______(donate) three hundred million dollars to various causes with no conditions attached. His generosity has provided relief to the poor of all races.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A complicated B. suitable C. understand D. regularly E. instantF. accessG. divideH. normallyI. obtainJ. symbolsK. referAmong the note-taking forms in today’s US schools, the Cornell method is widely recommended. Providing a form for concentrating and organizing notes, the Cornell method sets up a system to direct students to ___41___ the paper into two columns. The note-taking column, which is usually on the right, is twice the size of the key word column on the left. The student should leave five to seven lines blank, at the bottom of the page.Notes from a lecture or teaching occupy the note-taking column which ___42___ contain the main ideas of the textbook or lecture. Most ___43___ ideas and long sentences are avoided while ___44___ or abbreviations（缩写）are preferred instead. To assist with future reviews, ___45___thoughts or questions should be noted down as soon as possible so that the students may ___46___ to these points for reflection or further research. The key-word column is a(n) ___47___ place to note down these ideas. These ideas may later turn into potential research results as students are always encouraged to reflect on the notes ___48___ or go deep into the questions further.Within 24 hours after the note-taking, the student must revise and then produce a short summary in the bottom space. Such move helps him to ___49___ the topic better. When preparing for a test, the student has ___50___ to a brief but detailed record of the previous classes.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In today’s American society, high school dropout has day by day grown into a big problem threatening social and economic stability, as many cases of family ___51___ or even tragedies, caused by youth dropout are grabbing headlines in media. Dropping out is defined as leaving school without a high school diploma or equivalent ___52___ such as a General Educational Development (GED) certificate. Although students who drop out come from various backgrounds, several ___53___ facts can be noticed. National data show that students from low-income, black or single-parent families are much more likely to drop out of school than their fellow students. ___54___ performance is also playing a role. Students receiving poor grades which, in turn, leads to __55___ self-recognition, are sure to be on the high-risk list of dropping out.In recent years, advances in technology have ___56___ the demand for a highly skilled labor force, changing a high school education into a minimum requirement for entry into the labor market. As high school completion has become a(n) ___57___ requirement for many entry-level jobs, dropouts are having a really hard time in today’s job market. On average, dropouts are more likely to be unemployed than high school graduates and to earn less money even if they ___58___ find jobs. Employed dropouts in a variety of studies are usually working at unskilled jobs or at ___59___ service occupations offering little opportunity for upward mobility.Considering the serious consequences dropping out may bring about, national leaders have demanded that schools, communities, and families take major steps to keep students at school. To make school attendance compulsory(强制的) looks like an effective measure. ___60___, many people fear that it will not go far as compulsory attendance usually indicates monitoring on students, which might cause ___61___ from the students. Others including President Obama, focus their dropout prevention efforts on a program to ___62___ class size, replacing large high schools with smaller learning communities where poor students can get ___63___ instruction from experienced teachers. Combined with frequent home visits by teachers, which definitely ___64___ families to participate in prevention efforts, the program is reported to take effect and the nationwide school attendance is ___65___.51.A. objections B. conflicts C. establishments D. happiness52. A. opportunities B. lengths C terms D. qualifications53. A. common B. strange C. possible D. positive54. A. Financial B. Communicative C. Academic D. Social55. A. separate B. negative C. significant D. standard56. A. fueled B. changed C. challenged D. supposed57. A. unbearable B. joint C. single D. basic58.A. eventually B. attentively C. readily D. generally59.A. long-lasting B. hard-workingC. low-payingD. public-recognizing60. A. Furthermore B. However C. Otherwise D. Therefore61. A. opposition B. attention C. welcome D. study62. A. maintain B. evaluate C. narrow D. complete63. A. individualized B. popularized C. materialized D. socialized64. A. spare B. encourage C. corner D. sponsor65.A. calling up B. setting up C. picking up D. finishing upSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)It was a cold night in Washington, D.C., and I was heading back to the hotel when a man approached me. He asked if I would give him some money so he could get something to eat. I'd read the signs: "Don't give money to beggars as most of them are swindlers." So I shook my head and kept walking.I wasn't prepared for a reply, but with no hesitation, he followed me and said, "I really am homeless and I really am hungry! You can come with me and watch me eat!" But I kept on walking.The incident kept bothering me for the rest of the week. I had money in my pocket and it wouldn't have killed me to hand over a dollar or two even if he hadn’t been a real beggar. On a freezing cold night, no less, I assumed the worst of a fellow human being.Flying back to Anchorage, I couldn't help thinking of him. I tried to reason my failure to help by supposing government agencies, churches and charities were there to feed him. Besides, you're not supposed to give money to beggars.Somewhere over Seattle, I started to write my weekly garden column for The Anchorage Daily News. Out of the blue, I came up with an idea. Bean's Cafe, a local charity service kitchen, feeds hundreds of hungry local people every day. Why not try to get all my readers to plant one row of vegetables or flowers in their gardens for Bean's? Plant a row for Bean's. It’s clean and simple.We didn't keep records back then, but the idea began to take off. Folks would fax me or call when they took something in. It’s food for the spirit and comfort for my conscience.In April 1995, the Garden Writers Association of America(GW AA) held their annual meeting in Anchorage and after learning our program, Plant a Row for Bean's became Plant a Row For The Hungry. The idea then was to have every member write or talk about planting a row for the hungry, which brought the program to national attention.As more and more people participated, new variations cropped up. Many companies gave free seeds to customers and displayed the logo for the program. Donations poured in. It was then that I could really stop feeling guilty.66. The underlined word ―swindlers‖ in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.A. policemenB. writersC. cheatersD. beggars67. Why did the author think he assumed the worst of a fellow human being?A. Because he didn’t show fair respect to a beggar treating him badly.B. Because he could have helped a hungry man but he passed by.C. Because he believed that no people begged because of real hunger.D. Because he thought that charity work was the government’s duty.68. How did the author make up for what he had done?A. He set up a local kitchen to help the poor.B. He planted a row of vegetables for charity.C. He called on people to donate money to the Bean’s.D. He initiated the idea of Plant a row for Bean’s.69. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The beggar gave up the first time he was turned down by the author.B. The author invented the program inspired by the Anchorage Daily News.C. GW AA expanded the program concept and made it nationwide in 1995.D. The program was later taken over by some seeding companies.(B)Our magazine is presenting to you the top five i-phone(the best seller of Apple Company) applications for more fun on hiking(徒步旅行) or camping trips recommended by our A-list field hikers and travellers.1. GPS Kit by Garafa – Get un-lost (for $10)What it does:Download before you leave or use your phone’s data connection to view maps from Google (satellite, landscape, cycling, and street), or Bing (shaded relief, street, or image). Record your movements, drop notes or photo makers on previously–downloaded Google Earth.2. Photosynth by Microsoft – Perfect the view (for free!)What it does:Make interactive 360˚x360˚ panoramas(全景) to your own taste. It saves the panorama as a single image to your camera roll after combining images. Once you get to know how to hold the iPhone and move to take the photos, you can have pretty simple, fast panoramas!3. Soundcloud by Soundcloud – Share the sounds (for free!)What it does: Basic sound recorder with on-board editing (cutting) capabilities. Upload your recordings to the internet, share on social networks and listen to and follow others! It allows for super-simple recording and uploading to the internet. You can upload all the sounds as ―non-shared’ files so you can download them to your computer for continued storage and editing.In addition, with this function, you will never fear your dirty laundries are to put you to shame. There is a growing community of users, including Paul Salopek who is walking around the world.4. Postagram by Sincerely – Send moments (App is free!/$1 per card)What it does: The app allows personalized production of e-postcards right from your iPhone.E ven photos pop out from the card for sweet fridge posting! There aren’t many post offices out in the mountains, so this can be critical to send a gift home. And even if there are post offices where you are traveling, sometimes it’s easier, cheaper, and more fun to send your own DIY messages home.5. Planets by Q Continuum – Love the night sky (for free!)What it does: With automatic location detection, this basic App offers 2D maps and 3D maps of the sky for identifying planets and stars, gives you the rise/set visibility information for the sun and planets, and even has a few facts and visualizations of the moon and planets. Don’t forget to download it into your i-phone.70. Through which application can you receive greetings from a faraway place instantly?A. GPS KitB. PhotosynthC. PostagramD. Planets71. Soundcloud protects your privacy by ______.A. uploading your recordings to internet through passwordB. allowing you for continuous editing and storage as you likeC. providing option to upload sounds accessible to only yourselfD. defending you through dirty laundries shared online72. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. You don’t have to upload data online to make use of GPS Kit.B. E-postcards are free of charge once you have downloaded Postagram.C. Paul Salopek is the person who first put forward the idea of soundcloud.D. All five applications are already available in the i-phone when you buy the phone.73. Which of the websites does this passage most probably appear?A. National Geographic.B. Homemade Groceries.C. World Weatherlink.D. Space Exploration.(C)Is growth good for biodiversity(生物多样性)? To answer the question, it is critical to define what we mean by growth. Is growth gross domestic product (GDP), the "monetary value of all the finished goods within a country's borders"? Or does it mean improving the human standard of living? Today, when people say growth, they mean GDP, a measure that is over 70 years old. Actually GDP demonstrates negative implications for biodiversity, as this "growth" measures only money inflows while far more important is the balance sheet, which shows properties and debts. As biodiversity delivers no cash, it has no place in GDP system, but biodiversity provides the asset side of the balance sheet, such as forests, rivers, wetlands and animals—the list goes on.It is argued that growth is good for biodiversity in the long run as there is an environmental Kuznets curve where environmental conditions get worse in the early stages of modern economicgrowth, but improve once a growth level has been reached. According to some people, once GDP has been high, more resources are to invest in conservation, and new technologies are used to protect the nature. They said people would have more interest in protecting the environment, and some of the forests started to return and many pollutants were almost eliminated. Standing in America today it might appear that the environmental Kuznets curve works.At first sight there appears to be a logic. Today the US GDP is increasing while many precious species populations are also recovering? Such conditions, according to some people, can be explained by greater efficiency in cars or more efficient agricultural production. But in fact, the majority of the negative impacts have simply been exported. The high-polluting industries have been outsourced to developing nations. Therefore the bitterest punishments are largely felt beyond the borders while we Americans are enjoying high GDP and selfish biodiversity at the same time. This can be seen in the WWF annual Report, where species population trends are increasing by 7% in high-income countries and declining in middle- and low-income countries by 31% and 60% respectively.It is self-evident that growth, as currently defined, has a major negative impact upon biodiversity. What needs to change is the definition of growth from a GDP-essential concept to a balance-sheet approach. Organisations and world community should work on creating new vision or reform that will help ensure a real balance between an improving standard of human life and a thriving biodiverse landscape.74. According to the passage, the author’s opinion toward GDP is that GDP______.A. has nothing to do with biodiversity as it serves as an economic rulerB. shouldn't have ignored biodiversity as it does good to balance sheetC. is out-dated as it leaves out productions outside a country’s bordersD. is a useful economic indicator as it honestly follows the Kuznets curve75. The environmental Kuznets curve is seemingly working because ______.A. when US economy is strong, people have more interest in environment protectionB. high GDP helps to introduce high technology for environment protectionC. great fuel efficiency in cars and agriculture helps to protect environmentD. the US makes other weak nations take the harmful consequences76. The author’s main opinion about growth-biodiversity is that ______.A. there’s no clear relationship between growth and biodiversityB. growth harms biodiversity with today’s GDP-centred systemC. biodiversity condition agrees with a country’s economic growthD. the author is not sure about the exact influence of growth on biodiversity77. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. GDP focuses on balance sheet rather than monetary increase.B. Within borders, America is enjoying a better biodiversity right now.C. Many low-income nations are having a higher GDP growth than the U.S.D. Creative ways have been found to balance life standard and biodiversity.Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.In recent years in America, the mandatory sentencing(强制判刑) movement has really changed the US prison size. The mandatory sentencing movement typically stated the minimum number of prison years for certain crimes people committed. It swept the United States in the 1970s, driving the state prison population up from less than 200,000 to about 1.4 million today and made prisoning budgets the second-fastest-growing state expense, only second to Medic-aid. But the current sentencing reforms in a growing number of states are starting to reverse that trend — causing the prison population to decline by about 3.8 percent since 2009.Central to the state reforms is a relatively new and more complicated way of information analysis about the law-breaker — including criminal history, drug abuse(滥用) and instances of anti-social behavior —to assess the likelihood of that individual’s committing a new crime. And by examining data, the states can revise policies to discourage them from going back to prison.Many states have found that many people go back to prison not for committing new crimes but for technical mild violations（违反）, like failing drug tests or abnormal behaviors due to mental problems. With that knowledge, these states have moved to less costly and more effective actions to replace jail stay. Today, they tend more to send these people for community service.Some states are also jumping at what is known as the ―justice reinvestment‖ approach, under which they channel significant sums of money into the existing programs on drug treatment and mental health, two main issues behind crimes for many law-breakers.Despite the advantages of a risk-assessment approach, some states are still flying blind mainly because they don’t have the resources to gather data.Moreover, a study has noted, handling high-risk and low-risk criminals in the same way is a big mistake, as ―low risk individuals have an increased likelihood of committing crimes again when they receive treatment or services in the same programs as medium- and high-risk individuals.‖(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. The mandatory sentencing movement had greatly increased prison population through ______.79. What is the essential content of today’s sentencing reforms?80. What is many state s’ softer punishment for minor offences?81. Risk-assessment method is not adopted by all the states primarily because of ______.II卷（共47分）I. Translation（22分）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．视频聊天越来越受到人们的欢迎。
闸北区高三年级第一学期英语学科期末练习卷（2014.1） (满分150分，考试时间120分钟)II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A (A) Roald Dahl, the famous children ’s book writer, was born to Harold and Sofie Dahl on 13 September 1916. He was named (25)______ the explorer, Roald Amundsen, their national hero in Norway of that time. In In 1920, 1920, 1920, when when when Dahl Dahl Dahl was was was four, four, four, his his his father father father died died died at at at the the the age age age of of of fifty fifty fifty seven. seven. Instead Instead of of of (26)______(move) (26)______(move) (26)______(move) back back back to to Norway to live with her relatives, his mother decided to remain in Britain. It had been her husband’s wish to have their children (27)______(educate) in the best school in the world. At the age of eight, Dahl and four of his friends (28)______(beat) by the headmaster after playing a practical joke on on a a a candy candy candy store store store owner. owner. Throughout Throughout his his his childhood, childhood, childhood, Dahl Dahl Dahl was was was sent sent sent to to to several several several boarding boarding boarding schools. schools. He He wrote wrote wrote to to to his his mother almost every day （29）______ ______homesickness. On (30) ______ day when she died, he realized that she had saved every single one of his letters. Young Dahl used to dream of inventing a chocolate bar （31）______ would win the praise of the owner of the chocolate company, Cadbury. This later became the inspiration for the (32) ______(hot) of all his books -Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . . It was the book that finally brought him world fame. (B) To many Singaporeans, Mr. Lee Kong Chian is a familiar name. Popularly known as the ―Rubber and Pineapple King Kingǁǁ, he was a person who had donated generously to the society by pouring his wealth into charity work. Knowing (33)______ education means to a person, he devoted a lot of energy and money to (34)______(build) schools. He was (33)______ education means to a person, he devoted a lot of energy and money to (34)______(build) schools. He was particularly concerned with the less fortunate as he could relate himself to them. Although Although Lee Lee Lee’’s s father father father knew knew knew Lee Lee Lee (35)______ (35)______ (35)______ receive receive receive education, education, education, his his his father father father wasn wasn wasn’’t t able able able to to to afford afford afford to to to send send send him him him to to school. However, his father ’s friends helped him pay for his education. Having left school as an honour student, he went to work in the field of rubber and pineapple (36)______ he set up his own business later. Thanks to the golden timing then, he had hardly got familiar with the dealings in the field (37)_____ he enjoyed great success. His wealth rose rapidly and before long he became a millionaire. (38)______ (38)______ wealthy wealthy wealthy he he he was, was, was, he he he never never never forgot forgot forgot his his his humble humble humble beginnings beginnings beginnings and and and was was was always always always ready ready ready (39)______(help). (39)______(help). Since 1952 till today, the Lee Foundation which he founded (40)______(donate) three hundred million dollars to various causes with no conditions attached. His generosity has provided relief to the poor of all races. Section B A complicated B. suitable C. understand D. regularly E. instant F. access G . divide H. normally I. obtain J. symbols K. refer Among Among the the the note-note-note-taking taking taking forms forms forms in in in today’s today’s today’s US US US s s chools, chools, the the the Cornell Cornell Cornell method method method is is is widely widely widely recommended. recommended. Providing Providing a a form form for for for concentrating concentrating concentrating and organizing and organizing notes, notes, the Cornell the Cornell method method sets sets sets up up up a a a system system system to to to direct direct direct students students students to to to ___41___ ___41___ ___41___ the the paper paper into into into two two two columns. columns. The The note-taking note-taking note-taking column, column, column, which which which is is is usually usually usually on on on the the the right, right, right, is is is twice twice twice the the the size size size of of of the the the key key key word word column on the left. The student should leave five to seven lines blank, at the bottom of the page. Notes Notes from from from a a a lecture lecture lecture or or or teaching teaching teaching occupy occupy occupy the the the note-taking note-taking note-taking column column column which which which ___42___ ___42___ ___42___ contain contain contain the the the main main main ideas ideas ideas of of of the the textbook or lecture. Most ___43___ ideas and long sentences are avoided while ___44___ or abbreviations （缩写） are preferred preferred instead. instead. instead. To To To assist assist assist with with with future future future reviews, reviews, reviews, ___45___thoughts ___45___thoughts ___45___thoughts or or or questions questions questions should should should be be be noted noted noted down down down as as as soon soon soon as as possible so that the students may ___46___ to these points for reflection or further research. The key-word column is a(n ___47___ place to note down these ideas. These ideas may later turn into potential research results as students are always encouraged to reflect on the notes ___48___ or go deep into the questions further. Within Within 24 24 24 hours hours hours after after after the the the note-taking, note-taking, note-taking, the the the student student student must must must revise revise revise and and and then then then produce produce produce a a a short short short summary summary summary in in in the the the bottom bottom space. Such move helps him to ___49___ the topic better. When preparing for a test, the student has ___50___ to a brie but detailed record of the previous classes. III. Reading ComprehensionSection AIn today’s American society, high school dropout has day by day grown into a big problem threatening social and economic stability, as many cases of family ___51___ or even tragedies, caused by youth dropout are grabbing headlines in media. Dropping out is defined as leaving school without a high school diploma or equivalent ___52___ such as a General Educational Development (GED) certificate. Although students who drop out come from various backgrounds, several several ___53___ ___53___ ___53___ facts facts facts can can can be be be noticed. noticed. National National data data data show show show that that that students students students from from from low-income, low-income, low-income, black black black or or or single-parent single-parent families are much more likely to drop out of school than their fellow students. ___54___ performance is also playing a role. Students receiving poor grades which, in turn, leads to __55___ self-recognition, are sure to be on the high-risk list of dropping out. In recent years, advances in technology have ___56___ the demand for a highly skilled labor force, changing a high school education into a minimum requirement for entry into the labor market. As high school completion has become a(n)___57___ ___57___ requirement requirement requirement for for for many many many entry-entry-entry-level level level jobs, jobs, jobs, dropouts dropouts dropouts are are are having having having a a a really really really hard hard hard time time time in in in today’s today’s today’s job job job market. market. On average, average, dropouts dropouts dropouts are are are more more more likely likely likely to to to be be unemployed unemployed than than than high high high school school school graduates graduates graduates and and and to to to earn earn earn less less money money even even even if if if they they ___58___ ___58___ find find find jobs. Employed jobs. Employed dropouts dropouts in in in a a variety variety of of of studies studies studies are are are usually usually usually working working working at at at unskilled unskilled unskilled jobs jobs jobs or or or at at at ___59___ ___59___ service occupations offering little opportunity for upward mobility. Considering the serious consequences dropping out may bring about, national leaders have demanded that schools, communities, and families take major steps to keep students at school. To make school attendance compulsory(强制的) looks like an effective measure. ___60___, many people fear that it will not go far as compulsory attendance usually indicates monitoring on students, which might cause ___61___ from the students. Others including President Obama, focus their dropout prevention efforts on a program to ___62___ class size, replacing large high schools with smaller learning learning communities communities communities where where where poor poor poor students students students can can can get get get ___63___ ___63___ ___63___ instruction instruction instruction from from from experienced experienced experienced teachers. teachers. Combined Combined with with frequent home visits by teachers, which definitely ___64___ families to participate in prevention efforts, the program is reported to take effect and the nationwide school attendance is ___65___. 51.A. objections B. conflicts C. establishments D. happiness 52. A. opportunities B. lengths C terms D. qualifications 53. A. common B. strange C. possible D. positive 54. A. Financial B. Communicative C. Academic D. Social 55. A. separate B. negative C. significant D. standard 56. A. fueled B. changed C. challenged D. supposed 57. A. unbearable B. joint C. single D. basic 58.A. eventually B. attentively C. readily D. generally 59.A. long-lasting B. hard-working C. low-paying D. public-recognizing 60. A. Furthermore B. However C. Otherwise D. Therefore 61. A. opposition B. attention C. welcome D. study 62. A. maintain B. evaluate C. narrow D. complete 63. A. individualized B. popularized C. materialized D. socialized 64. A. spare B. encourage C. corner D. sponsor 65.A. calling up B. setting up C. picking up D. finishing up Section B(A)It was a cold night in Washington, D.C., and I was heading back to the hotel when a man approached me. He aske if I would give him some money so he could get something to eat. I'd read the signs: "Don't give money to beggars most of them are swindlers ." So I shook my head and kept walking. I wasn't prepared for a reply, but with no hesitation, he followed me and said, "I really am homeless and I really am hungry! You can come with me and watch me eat!" But I kept on walking. The incident kept bothering me for the rest of the week. I had money in my pocket and it wouldn't have killed me hand over a dollar or two even if he hadn ’t been a real beggar. On a freezing cold night, no less, I assumed the worst of a fellow human being. Flying Flying back back back to to to Anchorage, Anchorage, Anchorage, I I I couldn't couldn't couldn't help help help thinking thinking thinking of of of him. him. him. I I I tried tried tried to to to reason reason reason my my my failure failure failure to to to help help help by by by supposing supposing government government agencies, agencies, agencies, churches churches churches and and and charities charities charities were were were there there there to to to feed feed feed him. him. him. Besides, Besides, Besides, you're you're you're not not not supposed supposed supposed to to to give give give money money money to to beggars. Somewhere over Seattle, I started to write my weekly garden column for The Anchorage Daily News . Out of the blue, I came up with an idea. Bean's Cafe, a local charity service kitchen, feeds hundreds of hungry local people every day. Why not try to get all my readers to plant one row of vegetables or flowers in their gardens for Bean's? Plant arow for Bean's . It . It ’s clean and simple. e W e didn't didn't didn't keep keep keep records records records back back back then, then, then, but but but the the the idea idea idea began began began to to to take take take off. off. off. Folks Folks Folks would would would fax fax fax me me me or or or call call call when when when they they they took took something in. It ’s food for the spirit and comfort for my conscience. In In April April April 1995, 1995, 1995, the Garden Writers the Garden Writers A ssociation Association Association of America(GWAA) of America(GWAA) held held their their their annual annual annual meeting meeting meeting in Anchorage and in Anchorage and after learning our program, Plant a Row for Bean's became P lant Plant a Row For The Hungry . The idea then was to have every member write or talk about planting a row for the hungry , which brought the program to national attention. As more and more people participated, new variations cropped up. Many companies gave free seeds to customers and displayed the logo for the program. Donations poured in. It was then that I could really stop feeling guilty. 66. The underlined word ―swindlers swindlersǁǁ in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______. A. policemen B. writers C. cheaters D. beggars 67. Why did the author think he assumed the worst of a fellow human being? A. Because he didn ’t show fair respect to a beggar treating him badly. B. Because he could have helped a hungry man but he passed by. C. Because he believed that no people begged because of real hunger. D. Because he thought that charity work was the government ’s duty. 68. How did the author make up for what he had done? A. He set up a local kitchen to help the poor. B. He planted a row of vegetables for charity. C. He called on people to donate money to the Bean ’s. D. He initiated the idea of Plant a row for Bean’s . 69. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. The beggar gave up the first time he was turned down by the author. B. The author invented the program inspired by the Anchorage Daily News.C. GW AA expanded the program concept and made it nationwide in 1995. D. The program was later taken over by some seeding companies. (B)Our magazine is presenting to you the top five i-phone(the best seller of Apple Company) applications for more fun on hiking(徒步旅行) or camping trips recommended by our A-list field hikers and travellers.1. GPS Kitby Garafa – Get un-lost (for $10) What it does:Download before you leave or use your phone’s data connection to view maps from Google (satellite, landscape, cycling, and street), or Bing (shaded relief, street, or image). Record your movements, drop notes or photo makers on previously –downloaded Google Earth. 2. Photosynthb y Microsoft by Microsoft – Perfect the view (for free!) What it does: Make interactive 360˚x360˚ panoramas(全景) to your own taste. It saves the panorama as a single image to your camera roll after combining images. Once you get to know how to hold the iPhone and move to take the photo you can have pretty simple, fast panoramas! 3. Soundcloud by Soundcloud – Share the sounds (for free!) What it does: Basic sound recorder with on-board editing (cutting) capabilities. Upload your recordings to the internet, share share on on on social social social networks networks networks and and and listen listen listen to to to and and follow follow others! others! It It allows allows allows for for for super-simple super-simple super-simple recording recording recording and and uploading to the internet. internet. You You You can can can upload upload upload all all all the the the sounds sounds sounds as as ―non-shared non-shared’’ files files so so so you you you can can can download download download them them them to to to your your your computer computer computer for for continued storage and editing. In addition, with this function, you will never fear your dirty laundries are to put you tshame. There is a growing community of users, including Paul Salopek who is walking around the world. 4. Postagram by Sincerely – Send moments (App is free!/$1 per card) What it does: The app allows personalized production of e-postcards right from your iPhone. Even photos pop out from the card for sweet fridge posting! There aren’t many post offices out in the mountains, so this can be critical to send a gift home. And even if there are post offices where you are traveling, sometimes it ’s easier, cheaper, and more fun to send your own DIY messages home. 5. Planets by Q Continuum – Love the night sky (for free!) What it does: With automatic location detection, this basic App offers 2D maps and 3D maps of the sky for identifying planets planets and and and stars, stars, stars, gives gives gives you you you the the the rise/set rise/set rise/set visibility visibility visibility information information information for for for the the the sun sun sun and and and planets, planets, planets, and and and even even even has has has a a a few few few facts facts facts and and visualizations of the moon and planets. Don Don’’t forget to download it into your i-phone. 70. Through which application can you receive greetings from a faraway place instantly? A. GPS Kit B. Photosynth C. Postagram D. Planets 71. Soundcloud protects your privacy by ______. A. uploading your recordings to internet through password B. allowing you for continuous editing and storage as you like C. providing option to upload sounds accessible to only yourself D. defending you through dirty laundries shared online 72. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. You don ’t have to upload data online to make use of GPS Kit. B. E-postcards are free of charge once you have downloaded Postagram. C. Paul Salopek is the person who first put forward the idea of soundcloud. D. All five applications are already available in the i-phone when you buy the phone. 73. Which of the websites does this passage most probably appear? A. National Geographic. B. Homemade Groceries. C. World Weatherlink. D. Space Exploration. (C)Is Is growth growth growth good good good for for for biodiversity(biodiversity(生物多样性)? )? To To To answer answer answer the the the question, question, question, it it it is is is critical critical critical to to to define define define what what what we we we mean mean mean by by growth. growth. Is Is Is growth growth growth gross gross gross domestic domestic domestic product product product (GDP), (GDP), (GDP), the the the "monetary "monetary "monetary value value value of of of all all all the the the finished finished finished goods goods goods within within within a a a country's country's borders"? Or does it mean improving the human standard of living? Today, when people say growth, they mean GDP, a measure that is over 70 years old. Actually GDP demonstrates negative implications for biodiversity, as this "growth" measures measures only only only money money money inflows inflows inflows while while while far far far more more more important important important is is is the the the balance balance balance sheet, sheet, sheet, which which which shows shows shows properties properties properties and and and debts. debts. debts. As As biodiversity delivers no cash, it has no place in GDP system, but biodiversity provides the asset side of the balance sheet such as forests, rivers, wetlands and animals —the list goes on. It is argued that growth is good for biodiversity in the long run as there is an environmental Kuznets curve wher environmental conditions get worse in the early stages of modern economic growth, but improve once a growth level has been reached. According to some people, once GDP has been high, more resources are to invest in conservation, and new technologies are used to protect the nature. They said people would have more interest in protecting the environment, and some of the forests started to return and many pollutants were almost eliminated. Standing in America today it might appear that the environmental Kuznets curve works. At first sight there appears to be a logic. Today the US GDP is increasing while many precious species populations are also recovering? Such conditions, according to some people, can be explained by greater efficiency in cars or more efficient efficient agricultural agricultural agricultural production. production. production. But But But in in in fact, fact, fact, the the the majority majority majority of of of the the the negative negative negative impacts impacts impacts have have have simply simply simply been been been exported. exported. exported. The The high-polluting industries have been outsourced to developing nations. Therefore the bitterest punishments are largely felt beyond the borders while we Americans are enjoying high GDP and selfish biodiversity at the same time. This can be seen in the WWF annual Report, where species population trends are increasing by 7% in high-income countries and declining in middle- and low-income countries by 31% and 60% respectively. It is self-evident that growth, as currently defined, has a major negative impact upon biodiversity. What needs to change is the definition of growth from a GDP-essential concept to a balance-sheet approach. Organisations and world community should work on creating new vision or reform that will help ensure a real balance between an improving standard of human life and a thriving biodiverse landscape. 74. According to the passage, the author ’s opinion toward GDP is that GDP______. A. has nothing to do with biodiversity as it serves as an economic ruler B. shouldn't have ignored biodiversity as it does good to balance sheet C. is out-dated as it leaves out productions outside a country ’s borders D. is a useful economic indicator as it honestly follows the Kuznets curve 75. The environmental Kuznets curve is seemingly working because ______. A. when US economy is strong, people have more interest in environment protection B. high GDP helps to introduce high technology for environment protection C. great fuel efficiency in cars and agriculture helps to protect environment D. the US makes other weak nations take the harmful consequences 76. The author ’s main opinion about growth-biodiversity is that ______. A. there ’s no clear relationship between growth and biodiversity B. growth harms biodiversity with today ’s GDP-centred system C. biodiversity condition agrees with a country ’s economic growth D. the author is not sure about the exact influence of growth on biodiversity 77. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. GDP focuses on balance sheet rather than monetary increase. B. Within borders, America is enjoying a better biodiversity right now. C. Many low-income nations are having a higher GDP growth than the U.S. D. Creative ways have been found to balance life standard and biodiversity. Section C In recent years in America, the mandatory sentencing(强制判刑) movement has really changed the US prison size. The The mandatory mandatory mandatory sentencing sentencing sentencing movement movement movement typically typically typically stated stated stated the the the minimum minimum minimum number number number of of of prison prison prison years years years for for for certain certain certain crimes crimes crimes people people committed. It swept the United States in the 1970s, driving the state prison population up from less than 200,000 to about 1.4 million today and made prisoning budgets the second-fastest-growing state expense, only second to Medic-aid. But the current sentencing reforms in a growing number of states are starting to reverse that trend — causing the prison population to decline by about 3.8 percent since 2009. Central Central to to to the the the state state state reforms reforms reforms is is is a a a relatively relatively relatively new new new and and and more more more complicated complicated complicated way way way of of of information information information analysis analysis analysis about about about the the law-breaker law-breaker —— including including criminal criminal criminal history, history, history, drug drug drug abuse(abuse(滥用) ) and and and instances instances instances of of of anti-social anti-social anti-social behavior behavior behavior —— to to assess assess assess the the likelihood likelihood of of of that that that individual’s individual’s individual’s committing committing committing a a a new new new crime. crime. crime. And And And by by by examining examining examining data, data, data, the the the states states states can can can revise revise revise policies policies policies to to discourage them from going back to prison. Many states have found that many people go back to prison not for committing new crimes but for technical mild violations （违反）, like failing drug tests or abnormal behaviors due to mental problems. With that knowledge, these states states have have have moved moved moved to to to less less less costly costly costly and and and more more more effective effective effective actions actions actions to to to replace replace replace jail jail jail stay. stay. stay. Today, Today, Today, they they they tend tend tend more more more to to to send send send these these people for community service. Some states are also jumping at what is known as the ―justice reinvestmentǁ approach, under which they channel significant significant sums sums sums of of of money money money into into into the the the existing existing existing programs programs programs on on on drug drug drug treatment treatment treatment and and and mental mental mental health, health, health, two two two main main main issues issues issues behind behind crimes for many law-breakers. Despite the advantages of a risk-assessment approach, some states are still flying blind mainly because they don’t have the resources to gather data. Moreover, a study has noted, handling high-risk and low-risk criminals in the same way way is is is a a a big big big mistake, mistake, mistake, as as as ―low ―low risk risk individuals individuals individuals have have have an an an increased increased increased likelihood likelihood likelihood of of of committing committing committing crimes crimes crimes again again again when when when they they receive treatment or services in the same programs as medium- and high-risk individuals.ǁ(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 78. The mandatory sentencing movement had greatly increased prison population through ______. 79. What is the essential content of today ’s sentencing reforms? 81. Risk-assessment method is not adopted by all the states primarily because of ______. II卷（共47分）分）I. Translation（22分）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．视频聊天越来越受到人们的欢迎。
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分.2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分.试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂(选择题)或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上,在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名.第I卷 (共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said。
The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A。
policewoman. B。
A judge。
C。
A reporter。
D。
A waitress。
2. A。
Confident。
B。
Puzzled。
C. Satisfied. D. Worried。
3。
A。
At a restaurant. B。
At a car rental agency。
C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster。
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语本试卷分为第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。
考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed.C. Shocked.D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn't planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor.B. It misinterpreted the mayor's speech.C. It made the mayor's view clearer.D. It carried the mayor's speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70. B. 20. C. 25. D. 75.12. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. Those who were unmarried.15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blankswith the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, （25）______I might have a better chance to find a good job. （26）______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a localcafé as a waiter. I believe that （27）______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already （28）______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that （29）______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps （30）______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty （31）______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned （32）______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is （33）______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine （34）______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, （35）_____ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities. He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by （36）_____. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far（37）______ (appropriate)In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains （38）_____ (force) village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, （39）______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops orset-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution （40）______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help43some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up — is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to44healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to 46foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47by looking at the lights on the package. A green light48that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be49; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in50. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.。
2014学年第一学期闸北区高三期末试卷答案一、选择题（每小题2分，共60分）1.B2.D3.A4.B5. B6.D7.C8.B9.C 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.C 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.D 18.D 19.C 20.D21.C 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.B 29.A 30.B二、综合分析题（共90分）（十四）（10分）31.180°南（2分） 32. 11 180°向东到45°W 北美洲（3分）33.北半球梅雨夏威夷高压西南远（5分）（十五）（15分）34.澳大利亚中部和西部地区，地处南回归线附近；受副热带高气压带和信风带控制，盛行下沉气流；且由于山脉的阻挡；东南信风带来的暖湿气流无法达到；西部地区还受寒流减湿的影响，故降水稀少，气候干旱。
(5分)35.澳大利亚东北部位于山脉东侧；东南信风的迎风地带，降水丰富；又受东澳大利亚暖流影响，增温增湿显著。
(3分)36.农牧业发达，养羊业是重要的生产部门，是世界重要的羊毛生产国和出口国；矿产资源丰富，采矿业已成为国民经济支柱；各地经济发展极不平衡，工农业主要分布在东南部。
(3分) 37.人口和主要城市集中在东南沿海；东南沿海地区地处亚热带，气候温暖湿润；地势较平坦；沿海地区，海运发达，交通便利等。
(4分)（十六）（13分）38.特点：积温均值线的数值由南向北递减；48ºN附近的中部地区积温均值线向南明显弯曲。
（2分）原因：由南向北随着纬度升高；获得的太阳辐射量减少，气温降低；中部地区受地形（山脉）的影响；气温比同纬度的其他地区低。
（4分）39.特点：水稻种植边界向北、西、东扩展；种植面积增大。
（2分）原因：随着全球气候变暖,使得各地年积温增加；农业技术提升，培育出更多适合不同地区种植的优良品种（2分）40.增加空气湿度，调节气候；涵养水源，净化水中污染物质；调节河流径流量，减少洪涝灾害；有利于保护生物多样性，为珍稀野生动物提供栖息地；为旅游观光提供旅游资源。
闸北区高三年级第一学期英语学科期末练习卷（2014.1）(满分150分，考试时间120分钟)II. Grammar and VocabularySection A(A)Roald Dahl, the famous children’s book writer, was born to Harold and Sofie Dahl on 13 September 1916. He was named (25)______ the explorer, Roald Amundsen, their national hero in Norway of that time.In 1920, when Dahl was four, his father died at the age of fifty seven. Instead of (26)______(move) back to Norway to live with her relatives, his mother decided to remain in Britain. It had been her husband’s wish to have their children (27)______(educate) in the best school in the world.At the age of eight, Dahl and four of his friends (28)______(beat) by the headmaster after playing a practical joke on a candy store owner. Throughout his childhood, Dahl was sent to several boarding schools. He wrote to his mother almost every day （29）______ ______homesickness. On (30) ______ day when she died, he realized that she had saved every single one of his letters.Young Dahl used to dream of inventing a chocolate bar （31）______ would win the praise of the owner of the chocolate company, Cadbury. This later became the inspiration for the (32) ______(hot) of all his books -Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. It was the book that finally brought him world fame.(B)To many Singaporeans, Mr. Lee Kong Chian is a familiar name. Popularly known as the “Rubber and Pineapple King”, he was a person who had donated generously to the society by pouring his wealth into charity work. Knowing (33)______ education means to a person, he devoted a lot of energy and money to (34)______(build) schools. He was particularly concerned with the less fortunate as he could relate himself to them.Although Lee’s father knew Lee (35)______ receive education, his father wasn’t able to afford to send him to school. However, his father’s friends helped him pay for his education. Having left school as an honour student, he went to work in the field of rubber and pineapple (36)______ he set up his own business later. Thanks to the golden timing then, he had hardly got familiar with the dealings in the field (37)_____ he enjoyed great success. His wealth rose rapidly and before long he became a millionaire.(38)______ wealthy he was, he never forgot his humble beginnings and was always ready (39)______(help). Since 1952 till today, the Lee Foundation which he founded (40)______(donate) three hundred million dollars to various causes with no conditions attached. His generosity has provided relief to the poor of all races.Section BA complicated B. suitable C. understand D. regularly E. instantF. accessG. divideH. normallyI. obtainJ. symbolsK. referAmong the note-taking forms in today’s US s chools, the Cornell method is widely recommended. Providing a form for concentrating and organizing notes, the Cornell method sets up a system to direct students to ___41___ the paper into two columns. The note-taking column, which is usually on the right, is twice the size of the key word column on the left. The student should leave five to seven lines blank, at the bottom of the page.Notes from a lecture or teaching occupy the note-taking column which ___42___ contain the main ideas of the textbook or lecture. Most ___43___ ideas and long sentences are avoided while ___44___ or abbreviations（缩写）are preferred instead. To assist with future reviews, ___45___thoughts or questions should be noted down as soon as possible so that the students may ___46___ to these points for reflection or further research. The key-word column is a(n) ___47___ place to note down these ideas. These ideas may later turn into potential research results as students are always encouraged to reflect on the notes ___48___ or go deep into the questions further.Within 24 hours after the note-taking, the student must revise and then produce a short summary in the bottom space. Such move helps him to ___49___ the topic better. When preparing for a test, the student has ___50___ to a brief but detailed record of the previous classes.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AIn today’s American society, high school dropout has day by day grown into a big problem threatening social and economic stability, as many cases of family ___51___ or even tragedies, caused by youth dropout are grabbing headlines in media. Dropping out is defined as leaving school without a high school diploma or equivalent ___52___ such as a General Educational Development (GED) certificate. Although students who drop out come from various backgrounds, several ___53___ facts can be noticed. National data show that students from low-income, black or single-parent families are much more likely to drop out of school than their fellow students. ___54___ performance is also playing a role. Students receiving poor grades which, in turn, leads to __55___ self-recognition, are sure to be on the high-risk list of dropping out.In recent years, advances in technology have ___56___ the demand for a highly skilled labor force, changing a high school education into a minimum requirement for entry into the labor market. As high school completion has become a(n) ___57___ requirement for many entry-level jobs, dropouts are having a really hard time in today’s job market. On average, dropouts are more likely to be unemployed than high school graduates and to earn less money even if they ___58___ find jobs. Employed dropouts in a variety of studies are usually working at unskilled jobs or at ___59___ service occupations offering little opportunity for upward mobility.Considering the serious consequences dropping out may bring about, national leaders have demanded that schools, communities, and families take major steps to keep students at school. To make school attendance compulsory(强制的) looks like an effective measure. ___60___, many people fear that it will not go far as compulsory attendance usually indicates monitoring on students, which might cause ___61___ from the students. Others including President Obama, focus their dropout prevention efforts on a program to ___62___ class size, replacing large high schools with smaller learning communities where poor students can get ___63___ instruction from experienced teachers. Combined with frequent home visits by teachers, which definitely ___64___ families to participate in prevention efforts, the program is reported to take effect and the nationwide school attendance is ___65___.51.A. objections B. conflicts C. establishments D. happiness52. A. opportunities B. lengths C terms D. qualifications53. A. common B. strange C. possible D. positive54. A. Financial B. Communicative C. Academic D. Social55. A. separate B. negative C. significant D. standard56. A. fueled B. changed C. challenged D. supposed57. A. unbearable B. joint C. single D. basic58.A. eventually B. attentively C. readily D. generally59.A. long-lasting B. hard-workingC. low-payingD. public-recognizing60. A. Furthermore B. However C. Otherwise D. Therefore61. A. opposition B. attention C. welcome D. study62. A. maintain B. evaluate C. narrow D. complete63. A. individualized B. popularized C. materialized D. socialized64. A. spare B. encourage C. corner D. sponsor65.A. calling up B. setting up C. picking up D. finishing upSection B(A)It was a cold night in Washington, D.C., and I was heading back to the hotel when a man approached me. He asked if I would give him some money so he could get something to eat. I'd read the signs: "Don't give money to beggars as most of them are swindlers." So I shook my head and kept walking.I wasn't prepared for a reply, but with no hesitation, he followed me and said, "I really am homeless and I really am hungry! You can come with me and watch me eat!" But I kept on walking.The incident kept bothering me for the rest of the week. I had money in my pocket and it wouldn't have killed me to hand over a dollar or two even if he hadn’t been a real beggar. On a freezing cold night, no less, I assumed the worst of a fellow human being.Flying back to Anchorage, I couldn't help thinking of him. I tried to reason my failure to help by supposing government agencies, churches and charities were there to feed him. Besides, you're not supposed to give money to beggars.Somewhere over Seattle, I started to write my weekly garden column for The Anchorage Daily News. Out of the blue, I came up with an idea. Bean's Cafe, a local charity service kitchen, feeds hundreds of hungry local people every day. Why not try to get all my readers to plant one row of vegetables or flowers in their gardens for Bean's? Plant a row for Bean's. It’s clean and simple.We didn't keep records back then, but the idea began to take off. Folks would fax me or call when they took something in. It’s food for the spirit and comfort for my conscience.In April 1995, the Garden Writers Association of America(GWAA) held their annual meeting in Anchorage and after learning our program, Plant a Row for Bean's became Plant a Row For The Hungry. The idea then was to have every member write or talk about planting a row for the hungry, which brought the program to national attention.As more and more people participated, new variations cropped up. Many companies gave free seeds to customers and displayed the logo for the program. Donations poured in. It was then that I could really stop feeling guilty.66. The underlined word “swindlers” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.A. policemenB. writersC. cheatersD. beggars67. Why did the author think he assumed the worst of a fellow human being?A. Because he didn’t show fair respect to a beggar treating him badly.B. Because he could have helped a hungry man but he passed by.C. Because he believed that no people begged because of real hunger.D. Because he thought that charity work was the government’s duty.68. How did the author make up for what he had done?A. He set up a local kitchen to help the poor.B. He planted a row of vegetables for charity.C. He called on people to donate money to the Bean’s.D. He initiated the idea of Plant a row for Bean’s.69. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The beggar gave up the first time he was turned down by the author.B. The author invented the program inspired by the Anchorage Daily News.C. GW AA expanded the program concept and made it nationwide in 1995.D. The program was later taken over by some seeding companies.(B)Our magazine is presenting to you the top five i-phone(the best seller of Apple Company) applications for more fun on hiking(徒步旅行) or camping trips recommended by our A-list field hikers and travellers.1. GPS Kit by Garafa – Get un-lost (for $10)What it does:Download before you leave or use your phone’s data connection to view maps from Google (satellite, landscape, cycling, and street), or Bing (shaded relief, street, or image). Record your movements, drop notes or photo makers on previously–downloaded Google Earth.2. Photosynth by Microsoft – Perfect the view (for free!)What it does:Make interactive 360˚x360˚ panoramas(全景) to your own taste. It saves the panorama as a single image to your camera roll after combining images. Once you get to know how to hold the iPhone and move to take the photos, you can have pretty simple, fast panoramas!3. Soundcloud by Soundcloud – Share the sounds (for free!)What it does: Basic sound recorder with on-board editing (cutting) capabilities. Upload your recordings to the internet, share on social networks and listen to and follow others! It allows for super-simple recording and uploading to the internet. You can upload all the sounds as “non-shared’files so you can download them to your computer for continued storage and editing. In addition, with this function, you will never fear your dirty laundries are to put you to shame. There is a growing community of users, including Paul Salopek who is walking around the world.4. Postagram by Sincerely – Send moments (App is free!/$1 per card)What it does: The app allows personalized production of e-postcards right from your iPhone. Even photos pop out from the card for sweet fridge posting! There aren’t many post offices out in the mountains, so this can be critical to send a gift home. And even if there are post offices where you are traveling, sometimes it’s easier, cheaper, and more fun to send your own DIY messages home.5. Planets by Q Continuum – Love the night sky (for free!)What it does: With automatic location detection, this basic App offers 2D maps and 3D maps of the sky for identifying planets and stars, gives you the rise/set visibility information for the sun and planets, and even has a few facts and visualizations of the moon and planets. Don’t forget to download it into your i-phone.70. Through which application can you receive greetings from a faraway place instantly?A. GPS KitB. PhotosynthC. PostagramD. Planets71. Soundcloud protects your privacy by ______.A. uploading your recordings to internet through passwordB. allowing you for continuous editing and storage as you likeC. providing option to upload sounds accessible to only yourselfD. defending you through dirty laundries shared online72. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. You don’t have to upload data online to make use of GPS Kit.B. E-postcards are free of charge once you have downloaded Postagram.C. Paul Salopek is the person who first put forward the idea of soundcloud.D. All five applications are already available in the i-phone when you buy the phone.73. Which of the websites does this passage most probably appear?A. National Geographic.B. Homemade Groceries.C. World Weatherlink.D. Space Exploration.(C)Is growth good for biodiversity(生物多样性)? To answer the question, it is critical to define what we mean by growth. Is growth gross domestic product (GDP), the "monetary value of all the finished goods within a country's borders"? Or does it mean improving the human standard of living? Today, when people say growth, they mean GDP, a measure that is over 70 years old. Actually GDP demonstrates negative implications for biodiversity, as this "growth" measures only money inflows while far more important is the balance sheet, which shows properties and debts. As biodiversity delivers no cash, it has no place in GDP system, but biodiversity provides the asset side of the balance sheet, such as forests, rivers, wetlands and animals—the list goes on.It is argued that growth is good for biodiversity in the long run as there is an environmental Kuznets curve where environmental conditions get worse in the early stages of modern economic growth, but improve once a growth level has been reached. According to some people, once GDP has been high, more resources are to invest in conservation, and new technologies are used to protect the nature. They said people would have more interest in protecting the environment, and some of the forests started to return and many pollutants were almost eliminated. Standing in America today it might appear that the environmental Kuznets curve works.At first sight there appears to be a logic. Today the US GDP is increasing while many precious species populations are also recovering? Such conditions, according to some people, can be explained by greater efficiency in cars or more efficient agricultural production. But in fact, the majority of the negative impacts have simply been exported. The high-polluting industries have been outsourced to developing nations. Therefore the bitterest punishments are largely felt beyond the borders while we Americans are enjoying high GDP and selfish biodiversity at the same time. This can be seen in the WWF annual Report, where species population trends are increasing by 7% in high-income countries and declining in middle- and low-income countries by 31% and 60% respectively.It is self-evident that growth, as currently defined, has a major negative impact upon biodiversity. What needs to change is the definition of growth from a GDP-essential concept to a balance-sheet approach. Organisations and world community should work on creating new vision or reform that will help ensure a real balance between an improving standard of human life and a thriving biodiverse landscape.74. According to the passage, the author’s opinion toward GDP is that GDP______.A. has nothing to do with biodiversity as it serves as an economic rulerB. shouldn't have ignored biodiversity as it does good to balance sheetC. is out-dated as it leaves out productions outside a country’s bordersD. is a useful economic indicator as it honestly follows the Kuznets curve75. The environmental Kuznets curve is seemingly working because ______.A. when US economy is strong, people have more interest in environment protectionB. high GDP helps to introduce high technology for environment protectionC. great fuel efficiency in cars and agriculture helps to protect environmentD. the US makes other weak nations take the harmful consequences76. The author’s main opinion about growth-biodiversity is that ______.A. there’s no clear relationship between growth and biodiversityB. growth harms biodiversity with today’s GDP-centred systemC. biodiversity condition agrees with a country’s economic growthD. the author is not sure about the exact influence of growth on biodiversity77. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. GDP focuses on balance sheet rather than monetary increase.B. Within borders, America is enjoying a better biodiversity right now.C. Many low-income nations are having a higher GDP growth than the U.S.D. Creative ways have been found to balance life standard and biodiversity.Section CIn recent years in America, the mandatory sentencing(强制判刑) movement has really changed the US prison size. The mandatory sentencing movement typically stated the minimum number of prison years for certain crimes people committed. It swept the United States in the 1970s, driving the state prison population up from less than 200,000 to about 1.4 million today and made prisoning budgets the second-fastest-growing state expense, only second to Medic-aid. But the current sentencing reforms in a growing number of states are starting to reverse that trend — causing the prison population to decline by about 3.8 percent since 2009.Central to the state reforms is a relatively new and more complicated way of information analysis about the law-breaker —including criminal history, drug abuse(滥用) and instances of anti-social behavior —to assess the likelihood of that individual’s committing a new crime. And by examining data, the states can revise policies to discourage them from going back to prison.Many states have found that many people go back to prison not for committing new crimes but for technical mild violations（违反）, like failing drug tests or abnormal behaviors due to mental problems. With that knowledge, these states have moved to less costly and more effective actions to replace jail stay. Today, they tend more to send these people for community service.Some states are also jumping at what is known as the “justice reinvestment” approach, under which they channel significant sums of money into the existing programs on drug treatment and mental health, two main issues behind crimes for many law-breakers.Despite the advantages of a risk-assessment approach, some states are still flying blind mainly because they don’t have the resources to gather data. Moreover, a study has noted, handling high-risk and low-risk criminals in the same way is a big mistake, as “low risk individuals have an increased likelihood of committing crimes again when they receive treatment or services in the same programs as medium- and high-risk individuals.”(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. The mandatory sentencing movement had greatly increased prison population through ______.79. What is the essential content of today’s sentencing reforms?80. What is many state s’ softer punishment for minor offences?81. Risk-assessment method is not adopted by all the states primarily because of ______.II卷（共47分）I. Translation（22分）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．视频聊天越来越受到人们的欢迎。
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语本试卷分为第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。
考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed.C. Shocked.D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn't planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor.B. It misinterpreted the mayor's speech.C. It made the mayor's view clearer.D. It carried the mayor's speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70. B. 20. C. 25. D. 75.12. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. Those who were unmarried.15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blankswith the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, （25）______I might have a better chance to find a good job. （26）______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a localcafé as a waiter. I believe that （27）______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already （28）______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that （29）______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps （30）______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty （31）______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned （32）______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is （33）______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine （34）______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, （35）_____ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities. He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by （36）_____. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far（37）______ (appropriate)In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains （38）_____ (force) village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, （39）______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops orset-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution （40）______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help43some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up — is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to44healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to 46foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47by looking at the lights on the package. A green light48that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be49; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in50. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple51.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we52do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult53situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural54, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really55issues.Dunbar56the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—57, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the58of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or59from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to62the pressure andcalm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be63to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more64kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65contact.51.A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52.A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53.A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54.A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55.A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56.A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57.A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58.A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59.A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60.A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61.A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62.A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63.A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64.A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful65.A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Natureagree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with theirbodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree thatmany animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator(猎食动物)gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66.A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67.By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?（B）Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70.Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?”in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71.According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72.What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73.“This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality(虚拟现实)device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised(同步的)movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias(偏见)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of adark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74.The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75.We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76.In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77.It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct(行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency(透明)in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR perform ance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德)：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78.Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79.Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80.With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81.According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
上海闸北区高考英语一模试题附答案公司内部档案编码：[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]闸北区高三年级第一学期英语学科期末练习卷（2014.1）(满分150分，考试时间120分钟)I. Listening Comprehension（30分）Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. $10. B. $15. C. $20. D.$25.2. A. At 5:00. B. At 5:15. C. At 5:20. D.At 5:35.3. A. They had a wonderful day. B. They turnedup at the New Year’s Party.C. They had a busy day that day.D. They never liked New Year’s Day.4. A. At a hospital. B. In arestaurant. C. In a school. D. In a soap shop.5. A. Their company requires all colleagues toreceive the training.B. She is still not clear about some colleagues’ decisions.C. All the colleagues have agreed to go for the program.D. Only a few colleagues are allowed to take part in the program.6. A. The woman should send flowers to her father.B. The woman should buy her father the camera as the gift.C. Clothing is a good birthday gift for her father.D. Birthdays are occasions for family get-together rather than gifts.7. A. School calendar. B. Holiday plan.C. Travel Destination.D. Parent-child relationship.8. A. She thinks that there are many things that interest her.B. She hopes to earn more money from her work.C. She is not excited about the things in the new mall.D. She believes the prices of the goods are too low.9. A. Jane has been engaged to someone working in the library.B. The man shouldn’t bother Jane because she was busy.C. Jane wasn’t doing something important or meaningful.D. Jane is the person to take care of the IT room.10. A. She wants the door open to have some breeze in.B. She doesn’t want her talk with Mr. Maloney to be heard.C. It doesn’t matter much to her whether the door is closed or not.D. She has a poor relationship with Mr. Maloney.Section BDirections: In section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. The jeep was returned to his friend.B. The jeep was shot by a villager.C. The jeep made through a difficult trip to the destination.D. The jeep went wrong and had to be stopped.12. A. An old villager called a repairman to solve the problem.B. The man had to call his friend over to solve the problem.C. Some bananas were used to cover the hole on the tank jacket.D. The villagers helped to drag the car to the repair place.13.A. Bananas are much more useful than other fruits.B. Many things can be useful in unexpected fields.C. Bananas should be used a lot in car industry.D. A person should always lend good cars to friends.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. 100. B. 200. C. 300. D. 500.15. A. To lengthen the limit of working hours of the pilots.B. To strictly punish the pilots who fall asleep when flying.C. To shorten the pilots’ night flying time.D. To find new ways to fix mechanical problems.16. A. Poor cooperation between the pilot and the co-pilot.B. Automatic flight adopted by most planes.C. Pilot exhaustion during the flights.D. Natural threats including storms and fogs.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you hear.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation:Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation:II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Read the following two passages. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.(A)Roald Dahl, the famous children’s book writer, was born to Harold and Sofie Dahl on 13 September 1916. He was named (25)______ the explorer, Roald Amundsen, their national hero in Norway of that time.In 1920, when Dahl was four, his father died at the age of fifty seven. Instead of (26)______(move) back to Norway tolive with her relatives, his mother decided to remain in Britain. It had been her husband’s wish to have theirchildren (27)______(educate) in the best school in the world.At the age of eight, Dahl and four of his friends(28)______(beat) by the headmaster after playing a practical joke on a candy store owner. Throughout his childhood, Dahl was sent to several boarding schools. He wrote to his mother almost every day （29）______ ______homesickness. On (30)______ day when she died, he realized that she had saved every single one of his letters.Young Dahl used to dream of inventing a chocolate bar （31）______ would win the praise of the owner of the chocolatecompany, Cadbury. This later became the inspiration for the (32) ______(hot) of all his books -Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. It was the book that finally brought him world fame.(B)To many Singaporeans, Mr. Lee Kong Chian is a familiar name. Popularly known as the “Rubber and Pineapple King”, he was a person who had donated generously to the society by pouring his wealth into charity work. Knowing (33)______ education meansto a person, he devoted a lot of energy and money to(34)______(build) schools. He was particularly concerned withthe less fortunate as he could relate himself to them.Although Lee’s father knew Lee (35)______ receiveeducation, his father wasn’t able to afford to send him to school. However, his father’s friends helped him pay for his education. Having left school as an honour student, he went to work in the field of rubber and pineapple (36)______ he set uphis own business later. Thanks to the golden timing then, hehad hardly got familiar with the dealings in the field(37)_____ he enjoyed great success. His wealth rose rapidlyand before long he became a millionaire.(38)______ wealthy he was, he never forgot his humble beginnings and was always ready (39)______(help). Since 1952till today, the Lee Foundation which he founded(40)______(donate) three hundred million dollars to variouscauses with no conditions attached. His generosity hasprovided relief to the poor of all races.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the wordsin the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Among the note-taking forms in today’s US schools, theCornell method is widely recommended. Providing a form forconcentrating and organizing notes, the Cornell method sets upa system to direct students to ___41___ the paper into twocolumns. The note-taking column, which is usually on the right,is twice the size of the key word column on the left. Thestudent should leave five to seven lines blank, at the bottomof the page.Notes from a lecture or teaching occupy the note-takingcolumn which ___42___ contain the main ideas of the textbook orlecture. Most ___43___ ideas and long sentences are avoidedwhile ___44___ or abbreviations（缩写） are preferred instead.To assist with future reviews, ___45___thoughts or questionsshould be noted down as soon as possible so that the studentsmay ___46___ to these points for reflection or further research.The key-word column is a(n) ___47___ place to note down theseideas. These ideas may later turn into potential researchresults as students are always encouraged to reflect on thenotes ___48___ or go deep into the questions further.Within 24 hours after the note-taking, the student mustrevise and then produce a short summary in the bottom space.Such move helps him to ___49___ the topic better. Whenpreparing for a test, the student has ___50___ to a brief butdetailed record of the previous classes.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In today’s American society, high school dropout has dayby day grown into a big problem threatening social and economicstability, as many cases of family ___51___ or even tragedies,caused by youth dropout are grabbing headlines in media.Dropping out is defined as leaving school without a high schooldiploma or equivalent ___52___ such as a General EducationalDevelopment (GED) certificate. Although students who drop outcome from various backgrounds, several ___53___ facts can benoticed. National data show that students from low-income,black or single-parent families are much more likely to dropout of school than their fellow students. ___54___ performance is also playing a role. Students receiving poor grades which,in turn, leads to __55___ self-recognition, are sure to be onthe high-risk list of dropping out.In recent years, advances in technology have ___56___ the demand for a highly skilled labor force, changing a high school education into a minimum requirement for entry into the labor market. As high school completion has become a(n) ___57___ requirement for many entry-level jobs, dropouts are having a really hard time in today’s job market. On average, dropouts are more likely to be unemployed than high school graduates and to earn less money even if they ___58___ find jobs. Employed dropouts in a variety of studies are usually working atunskilled jobs or at ___59___ service occupations offeringlittle opportunity for upward mobility.Considering the serious consequences dropping out may bring about, national leaders have demanded that schools, communities, and families take major steps to keep students at school. To make school attendance compulsory(强制的) looks like aneffective measure. ___60___, many people fear that it will notgo far as compulsory attendance usually indicates monitoring on students, which might cause ___61___ from the students. Others including President Obama, focus their dropout preventionefforts on a program to ___62___ class size, replacing largehigh schools with smaller learning communities where poorstudents can get ___63___ instruction from experienced teachers. Combined with frequent home visits by teachers, whichdefinitely ___64___ families to participate in preventionefforts, the program is reported to take effect and thenationwide school attendance is ___65___.51.A. objections B. conflicts C. establishments D. happiness52. A. opportunities B. lengths C terms D. qualifications53. A. common B. strange C. possible D. positive54. A. Financial B. Communicative C. Academic D. Social55. A. separate B. negative C. significant D. standard56. A. fueled B. changed C. challenged D. supposed57. A. unbearable B. joint C. single D. basic58.A. eventually B. attentively C. readily D. generally59.A. long-lasting B. hard-working C. low-paying D. public-recognizing60. A. Furthermore B. However C. Otherwise D. Therefore61. A. opposition B. attention C. welcome D. study62. A. maintain B. evaluate C. narrow D. complete63. A. individualized B. popularized C.materialized D. socialized64. A. spare B. encourage C. corner D. sponsor65.A. calling up B. setting up C. picking up D. finishing upSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)It was a cold night in Washington, D.C., and I was heading back to the hotel when a man approached me. He asked if I would give him some money so he could get something to eat. I'd read the signs: "Don't give money to beggars as most of them are swindlers." So I shook my head and kept walking.I wasn't prepared for a reply, but with no hesitation, he followed me and said, "I really am homeless and I really am hungry! You can come with me and watch me eat!" But I kept on walking.The incident kept bothering me for the rest of the week. I had money in my pocket and it wouldn't have killed me to hand over a dollar or two even if he hadn’t been a real beggar. On a freezing cold night, no less, I assumed the worst of a fellow human being.Flying back to Anchorage, I couldn't help thinking of him.I tried to reason my failure to help by supposing government agencies, churches and charities were there to feed him. Besides, you're not supposed to give money to beggars.Somewhere over Seattle, I started to write my weekly garden column for The Anchorage Daily News. Out of the blue, I came up with an idea. Bean's Cafe, a local charity service kitchen, feeds hundreds of hungry local people every day. Why not try to get all my readers to plant one row of vegetables or flowers in their gardens for Bean'sPlant a row for Bean's. It’s clean and simple.We didn't keep records back then, but the idea began to take off. Folks would fax me or call when they took something in. It’s food for the spirit and comfort for my conscience.In April 1995, the Garden Writers Association ofAmerica(GWAA) held their annual meeting in Anchorage and after learning our program, Plant a Row for Bean's became Plant a Row For The Hungry. The idea then was to have every member write or talk about planting a row for the hungry, which brought the program to national attention.As more and more people participated, new variations cropped up. Many companies gave free seeds to customers and displayed the logo for the program. Donations poured in. It was then that I could really stop feeling guilty.66. The underlined word “swindlers” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.A. policemenB. writersC. cheatersD. beggars67. Why did the author think he assumed the worst of a fellow human being?A. Because he didn’t show fair respect to a beggar treating him badly.B. Because he could have helped a hungry man but he passed by.C. Because he believed that no people begged because of real hunger.D. Because he thought that charity work was the government’s duty.68. How did the author make up for what he had done?A. He set up a local kitchen to help the poor.B. He planted a row of vegetables for charity.C. He called on people to donate money to the Bean’s.D. He initiated the idea of Plant a row for Bean’s.69. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The beggar gave up the first time he was turned down bythe author.B. The author invented the program inspired by the Anchorage Daily News.C. GWAA expanded the program concept and made it nationwidein 1995.D. The program was later taken over by some seeding companies.(B)Our magazine is presenting to you the top five i-phone(the best seller of Apple Company) applications for more fun on hiking(徒步旅行) or camping trips recommended by our A-list field hikers and travellers.1.– Get un-lost (for $10)What it does:Download before you leave or use your phone’sdata connection to view maps from Google (satellite, landscape, cycling, and street), or Bing (shaded relief, street, or image).Record your movements, drop notes or photo makers onpreviously–downloaded Google Earth.– Perfect the view (for free!)What it does:Make interactive 360x360 panoramas(全景) to your own taste. It saves the panorama as a single image to your camera roll after combining images. Once you get to know how to hold the iPhone and move to take the photos, you can havepretty simple, fast panoramas!– Share the sounds (for free!)What it does:Basic sound recorder with on-board editing (cutting) capabilities. Upload your recordings to the internet, share on social networks and listen to and follow others! It allows for super-simple recording and uploading to the internet. You can upload all the sounds as “non-shared’ files so youcan download them to your computer for continued storage and editing. In addition, with this function, you will never fear your dirty laundries are to put you to shame. There is a growing community of users, including?who is.– Send moments (App is free!/$1 per card)What it does:The app allows personalized production of e-postcards right from your iPhone. Even photos pop out from the card for sweet fridge posting! There aren’t many post officesout in the mountains, so this can be critical to send a gift home. And even if there are post offices where you are traveling, sometimes it’s easier, cheaper, and more fun to send your own DIY messages home.– Love the night sky (for free!)What it does:With automatic location detection, this basic App offers 2D maps and 3D maps of the sky for identifying planets and stars, gives you the rise/set visibility information for the sun and planets, and even has a few facts andvisualizations of the moon and planets. Don’t forget to download it into your i-phone.70. Through which application can you receive greetings from a faraway place instantly?A. GPS KitB. PhotosynthC. PostagramD. Planets71. Soundcloud protects your privacy by ______.A. uploading your recordings to internet through passwordB. allowing you for continuous editing and storage as you likeC. providing option to upload sounds accessible to only yourselfD. defending you through dirty laundries shared online72. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. You don’t have to upload data online to make use of GPS Kit.B. E-postcards are free of charge once you have downloaded Postagram.C. Paul Salopek is the person who first put forward the idea of soundcloud.D. All five applications are already available in the i-phone when you buy the phone.73. Which of the websites does this passage most probably appear?A. National Geographic.B. Homemade Groceries.C. World Weatherlink.D. Space Exploration.(C)Is growth good for biodiversity(生物多样性) To answer the question, it is critical to define what we mean by growth. Is growth gross domestic product (GDP), the "monetary value of all the finished goods within a country's borders"Or does it mean improving the human standard of livingToday, when people say growth, they mean GDP, a measurethat is over 70 years old. Actually GDP demonstrates negative implications for biodiversity, as this "growth" measures only money inflows while far more important is the balance sheet, which shows properties and debts. As biodiversity delivers no cash, it has no place in GDP system, but biodiversity provides the asset side of the balance sheet, such as forests, rivers, wetlands and animals—the list goes on.It is argued that growth is good for biodiversity in the long run as there is an environmental Kuznets curve where environmental conditions get worse in the early stages of modern economic growth, but improve once a growth level hasbeen reached. According to some people, once GDP has been high, more resources are to invest in conservation, and new technologies are used to protect the nature. They said people would have more interest in protecting the environment, and some of the forests started to return and many pollutants were almost eliminated. Standing in America today it might appear that the environmental Kuznets curve works.At first sight there appears to be a logic. Today the US GDP is increasing while many precious species populations are also recoveringSuch conditions, according to some people, can be explained by greater efficiency in cars or more efficient agricultural production. But in fact, the majority of the negative impacts have simply been exported. The high-polluting industries have been outsourced to developing nations. Therefore the bitterest punishments are largely felt beyond the borders while we Americans are enjoying high GDP and selfish biodiversity at the same time. This can be seen in the WWF annual Report, where species population trends are increasing by 7% in high-income countries and declining in middle- and low-income countries by 31% and 60% respectively.It is self-evident that growth, as currently defined, has a major negative impact upon biodiversity. What needs to changeis the definition of growth from a GDP-essential concept to a balance-sheet approach. Organisations and world community should work on creating new vision or reform that will help ensure a real balance between an improving standard of human life and a thriving biodiverse landscape.74. According to the passage, the author’s opinion toward GDP is that GDP______.A. has nothing to do with biodiversity as it serves as an economic rulerB. shouldn't have ignored biodiversity as it does good to balance sheetC. is out-dated as it leaves out productions outside a country’s bordersD. is a useful economic indicator as it honestly follows the Kuznets curve75. The environmental Kuznets curve is seemingly working because ______.A. when US economy is strong, people have more interest in environment protectionB. high GDP helps to introduce high technology for environment protectionC. great fuel efficiency in cars and agriculture helps to protect environmentD. the US makes other weak nations take the harmful consequences76. The author’s main opinion about growth-biodiversity is that ______.A. there’s no clear relationship between growth and biodiversityB. growth harms biodiversity with today’s GDP-centred systemC. biodiversity condition agrees with a country’s economic growthD. the author is not sure about the exact influence of growth on biodiversity77. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passageA. GDP focuses on balance sheet rather than monetary increase.B. Within borders, America is enjoying a better biodiversity right now.C. Many low-income nations are having a higher GDP growth than the U.S.D. Creative ways have been found to balance life standard and biodiversity.Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.In recent years in America, the mandatory sentencing(强制判刑)movement has really changed the US prison size. The mandatorysentencing movement typically stated the minimum number ofprison years for certain crimes people committed. It swept theUnited States in the 1970s, driving the state prison populationup from less than 200,000 to about 1.4 million today and madeprisoning budgets the second-fastest-growing state expense,only second to Medic-aid. But the current sentencing reforms ina growing number of states are starting to reverse that trend— causing the prison population to decline by about 3.8percent since 2009.Central to the state reforms is a relatively new and more complicated way of information analysis about the law-breaker — including criminal history, drug abuse(滥用) and instances of anti-social behavior — to assess the likelihood of that individual’s committing a new crime. And by examining data, the states can revise policies to discourage them from going back to prison.Many states have found that many people go back to prison not for committing new crimes but for technical mild violations （违反）, like failing drug tests or abnormal behaviors due to mental problems. With that knowledge, these states have moved to less costly and more effective actions to replace jail stay. Today, they tend more to send these people for community service.Some states are also jumping at what is known as the “justice reinvestment” approach, under which they channel significant sums of money into the existing programs on drug treatment and mental health, two main issues behind crimes for many law-breakers.Despite the advantages of a risk-assessment approach, some states are still flying blind mainly because they don’t have the resources to gather data. Moreover, a study has noted,handling high-risk and low-risk criminals in the same way is a big mistake, as “low risk individuals have an increased likelihood of committing crimes again when they receive treatment or services in the same programs as medium- and high-risk individuals.”(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. The mandatory sentencing movement had greatly increased prison population through ______.79. What is the essential content of today’s sentencing reforms?80. What is many state s’ softer punishment for minor offences?81. Risk-assessment method is not adopted by all the states primarily because of ______.II卷（共47分）I. Translation（22分）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1．视频聊天越来越受到人们的欢迎。
