American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace).
American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness.
Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism.
Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper
American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
War. It was an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America 's first great creative period. A full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. First, American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience " and contained " an alien quality " for the simple reason that " the spirit of the place " was radically new and alien. Second, Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. Emerging as new writers of strength and creative power were the novelists Hawthorne, Simms, and Melville; the poets Poe, Whittier, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell. Dickinson, and Whitman; the essayists Thoreau, Emerson, and Holmes. These American writers had made a great literary period by capturing on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream.
Transcendentalism:Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. In originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents, The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature, and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.
American Renaissance:American Renaissance the name sometimes is given to a flourishing of distinctively American literature in the period before the Civil War. This renaissance is represented by the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson, H.D. Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. Its major works are Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter, Melville's Moby-Dick, and Whitman's Leaves of Grass. The American Renaissance may be regarded as a delayed manifestation of Romanticism, especially in Emerson's philosophy of Transcendentalism. Unitarianism:Unitarianism as, in general, the form of Christianity that denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that God exists only in one person. While there were previous anti-Trinitarian movements in the early Christian Church, like Arianism and Monarchianism, modern Unitarianism originated in the period of the Protestant
Reformation.
Realism:It is, in literature, am approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. Although realism is not limited to any one century or group of writers, it is most often associated with the literary movement in 19th-century France, specifically with the French novelists Flaubert and Balzac. George Eliot introduced realism into England, and William Dean Howells introduced it into the United States, Realism has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications. Later writers felt that realism laid too much emphasis on ecternalteality. Many, notably Henry James, turned to a psychological realism that closely examined the complex working of the mind.
编译过程的六个阶段：词法分析，语法分析，语义分析，中间代码生成，代码优化，目标代码生成 解释程序：把某种语言的源程序转换成等价的另一种语言程序——目标语言程序，然后再执行目标程序。 解释方式是接受某高级语言的一个语句输入，进行解释并控制计算机执行，马上得到这句的执 行结果，然后再接受下一句。 编译程序：就是指这样一种程序，通过它能够将用高级语言编写的源程序转换成与之在逻辑上等价的低级语言形式的目标程序(机器语言程序或汇编语言程序)。 解释程序和编译程序的根本区别：是否生成目标代码 句子的二义性（这里的二义性是指语法结构上的。）:文法G[S]的一个句子如果能找到两种不同的最左推导(或最右推导)，或者存在两棵不同的语法树，则称这个句子是二义性的。 文法的二义性:一个文法如果包含二义性的句子，则这个文法是二义文法，否则是无二义文法。 LL(1)的含义：(LL(1)文法是无二义的； LL(1)文法不含左递归) 第1个L：从左到右扫描输入串第2个L：生成的是最左推导 1：向右看1个输入符号便可决定选择哪个产生式 某些非LL(1)文法到LL(1)文法的等价变换: 1. 提取公因子 2. 消除左递归 文法符号的属性:单词的含义，即与文法符号相关的一些信息。如，类型、值、存储地址等。 一个属性文法(attribute grammar)是一个三元组A=(G, V, F) G：上下文无关文法。 V：属性的有穷集。每个属性与文法的一个终结符或非终结符相连。属性与变量一样，可以进行计算和传递。 F：关于属性的断言或谓词(一组属性的计算规则)的有穷集。断言或语义规则与一个产生式相联，只引用该产生式左端或右端的终结符或非终结符相联的属性。 综合属性:若产生式左部的单非终结符A的属性值由右部各非终结符的属性值决定,则A的属性称为综合属继承属性:若产生式右部符号B的属性值是根据左部非终结符的属性值或者右部其它符号的属性值决定的,则B的属性为继承属性。 (1)非终结符既可有综合属性也可有继承属性，但文法开始符号没有继承属性。 (2) 终结符只有综合属性，没有继承属性，它们由词法程序提供。 在计算时：综合属性沿属性语法树向上传递；继承属性沿属性语法树向下传递。 语法制导翻译：是指在语法分析过程中，完成附加在所使用的产生式上的语义规则描述的动作。 语法制导翻译实现：对单词符号串进行语法分析，构造语法分析树，然后根据需要构造属性依赖图，遍历语法树并在语法树的各结点处按语义规则进行计算。 中间代码（中间语言） 1、是复杂性介于源程序语言和机器语言的一种表示形式。 2、一般，快速编译程序直接生成目标代码。 3、为了使编译程序结构在逻辑上更为简单明确，常采用中间代码，这样可以将与机器相关的某些实现细节置于代码生成阶段仔细处理，并且可以在中间代码一级进行优化工作，使得代码优化比较容易实现。 何谓中间代码：源程序的一种内部表示，不依赖目标机的结构，易于代码的机械生成。 为何要转换成中间代码:(1)逻辑结构清楚；利于不同目标机上实现同一种语言。 (2)便于移植，便于修改，便于进行与机器无关的优化。 中间代码的几种形式：逆波兰记号，三元式和树形表示，四元式 符号表的一般形式：一张符号表的的组成包括两项，即名字栏和信息栏。 信息栏包含许多子栏和标志位，用来记录相应名字和种种不同属性，名字栏也称主栏。主栏的内容称为关键字（key word）。 符号表的功能：（1）收集符号属性(2) 上下文语义的合法性检查的依据：检查标识符属性在上下文中的一致性和合法性。(3)作为目标代码生成阶段地址分配的依据
《小王子英文版》精读笔记——第一章 第1 章 [ Chapter 1 ] ◆magnificent /m?ɡ?n?f?snt/ adj. 壮丽的;令人印象深刻的 ◆primeval /pra??miv?l/ adj. 原始的 ◆a boa constrictor 一条蟒蛇 ◆boa /'b???/ n. 蟒 ◆constrictor /k?n'str?kt?/ n. 大蟒 ◆swallow /'sw?l??/ v. 吞下 ◆called True Stories from Nature 可以看做非限制性定语修饰a book（解释补充说明）◆in the act of doing (sth.) 正在做某事时 ◆prey /pre?/ n[U].猎物v.捕食 ◆swallow sth. whole 把……囫囵吞下 ◆whole /h??l/ adj. 完整的 ◆chew /t?u?/ vt.咀嚼 ◆succeed in doing 成功地做某事 ◆drawing /'dr??(r)??/ n. 图画 ◆masterpiece /'mɑ?st?pi?s/ n. 杰作 ◆frighten /'fra?t(?)n/ v.使惊恐;吓唬 ◆show sth. to sb. 把某物给某人看 ◆digest /da?'d?est/ v.消化 ◆ask sb. sth. 询问某人某事 ◆whether the drawing frightened them 宾语从句 ◆be frightened by... 被……吓坏(吓一跳) ◆digesting an elephant 现在分词短语作后置定语 完整版笔记持续更新中ing 公主号：中学英语Club
美国文学简史 复习资料 2016年12月23日 目录 殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 美国浪漫主义早期 新英格兰超验主义 美国浪漫主义后期 美国现实主义文学 美国乡土文学 美国现代诗歌 美国现代小说 美国南方文学
美国现代戏剧美国黑人文学美国华裔文学
殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, named by Captain John Smith ?Puritanism Doctrines of Puritanism：predestination（命运神定), original sin, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible Puritans’way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans’life. Main writers William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯垦殖记 Thomas Paine Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；The Rights of Man人权；The Age of Reason 理性时代 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle野金银花 Benjamin Franklin Autobiography富兰克林自传 Thomas Jefferson Draft the Declaration of Independence. 美国浪漫主义早期 Romanticism Background of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Characteristics of Romanticism：
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
热力学概念名词解释
传热学名词解释 一、绪论 1．热流量：单位时间内所传递的热量 2．热流密度：单位传热面上的热流量 3．导热：物体各部分之间不发生相对位移时，依靠物质微粒(分子、原子或自由电子)的热运动而产生的热能传递，称为导热。 4．对流传热：流体流过固体壁时的热传递过程，就是热对流和导热联合用的热量传递过程，称为表面对流传热，简称对流传热。5．辐射传热：物体间通过热辐射而进行的热量传递，称辐射传热。6．总传热过程：热量从温度较高的流体经过固体壁传递给另一侧温度较低流体的过程，称为总传热过程，简称传热过程。 7．对流传热系数：单位时间内单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的对流传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。对流传热系数表示对流传热能力的大小。 8．辐射传热系数：单位时间内单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的辐射传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。辐射传热系数表示辐射传热能力的大小。 9．复合传热系数：单位时间内单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的复合传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。复合传热系数表示复合传热能力的大小。 10．总传热系数：总传热过程中热量传递能力的大小。数值 上表示传热温差为1K时，单位传热面积在单位时间内的传 热量。
二、热传导 1．温度场：某一瞬间物体内各点温度分布的总称。一般来说，它是空间坐标和时间坐标的函数。 2．等温面(线)：由物体内温度相同的点所连成的面（或线）。3．温度梯度：在等温面法线方向上最大温度变化率。 4．热导率：物性参数，热流密度矢量与温度降度的比值，数值上等于1 K／m的温度梯度作用下产生的热流密度。热导率是材料固有的热物理性质，表示物质导热能力的大小。 5．导温系数：材料传播温度变化能力大小的指标。 6．稳态导热：物体中各点温度不随时间而改变的导热过程。 7．非稳态导热：物体中各点温度随时间而改变的导热过程。 8．傅里叶定律：在各向同性均质的导热物体中，通过某导热面积的热流密度正比于该导热面法向温度变化率。 9．保温(隔热)材料：λ≤0.12W/(m·K)(平均温度不高于350℃时)的材料。10．肋效率：肋片实际散热量与肋片最大可能散热量之比。 11．接触热阻：材料表面由于存在一定的粗糙度使相接触的表面之间存在间隙，给导热过程带来额外热阻。 12．定解条件(单值性条件)：使微分方程获得适合某一特定 问题解的附加条件，包括初始条件和边界条件。 三、对流传热 1．速度边界层：在流场中壁面附近流速发生急剧变化的薄层。2．温度边界层：在流体温度场中壁面附近温度发生急剧变化的薄层。
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England
考研阅读精读笔记（98Passage Four - 99）(2009-06-30 17:58:21) Passage Four L: census n.人口普查 regional a.地区的region n. standstill n.停止 in years ahead 将来 enthrone vt.使加冕；使登王位；使成为最高/最大/最强... densely ad.稠密地；密集地dense a. populate = inhabit vt.居住 the most densely populated region 人口最密集的地区 the most thinly populated area 人口最稀少的地区 counting n.计数，计算，数数count v. numerically ad.数字地，数目地numerical a. add up to = amount to 总计，达到 except for 除了 the Depression (1929-1932)大萧条 migrate v. 迁徙，移动migration n. migrant n.迁徙者；候鸟 belt n.带，地带，腰带 be attributed to 被归因于 nonstop a.不停顿的 wave n.浪潮；波浪 immigrant n.移民immigrate v. crop n.庄稼，作物；一批 baby boom 婴儿潮，婴儿出生高峰 child-bearing a.生育孩子的 demographer n.人口学家 demography n.人口学 vast a.广大的，大的 respectively ad.各自地respective a. be composed of 由...构成，包括 square n./a.正方形；广场；平方 per square mile 每平方英里 crowded a.拥挤crowdedness n. bearable a.能承受的，能忍受的 dramatize v.戏剧化的表达；清楚地表达/表现 spacious a.宽敞的 smog n.烟雾 plague n.弊端；瘟疫；灾难；祸患 urbanization n. 城市化，都市化urbanize v. the Golden State 指California two thirds 三分之二 one fifth 五分之一
第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.
自考《认知心理学》复习材料 各章概念、名词解释 （名词解释回答方法：和简答题一样，如实验应回答实验者，实验设计，实验结论，实验说明问题） 第一章绪论 1. 认知：是一种心理活动，它包括知识的获得、贮存、转化和使用。P2 2. 认知心理学：代表心理学研究的一种特定的理论定向、角度和途径。这种途径强调心理结构和过程。P2 3. 认知路径：强调心理结构和过程。P2 4. 内省：指被训练过的观察者仔细的、小心地注意他们自己的感觉，精确的辨别这些感觉，并尽可能客观地报 告这些感觉。p4 5. 信息加工途径：来自计算机科学和通讯科学。由两部分组成；p9 第一是心理过程能够通过计算机的操作相比较，而得到最好的理解。 第二是心理过程可以解释为，系统从刺激到反应的一系列阶段中，所完成的信息加工。 6. 生态学效度：研究所获得的结果也应该能够适用于现实世界中自然发生的行为。P11 7. 认知科学：当今试图回答有关心的问题的一个领域，它考察知识的性质、组成、发展和运用。P12 8. 认知神经学：着重考察大脑的结构和功能如何解释认知过程。P12 9. 脑损伤：涉及到组织的破坏，通常由中风、肿瘤或事故引起。P13 10. PET扫描：是指正电子发射断层摄影术；这种扫描技术能够通过测量血流模式，得到脑活动图。PET扫描能 够用来研究象注意、表象和阅读这样的认知过程。P13 11. MRI：磁共振成像；让无害的强磁场穿过头部，采集来自集结在不同组织的不同部位中的分子的射线，来为 脑解剖学提供详细的图像。P14 12. fMRI：功能性磁共振成像；只需5秒便能做出一个血流改变图像，而MRI需要90秒，相比PET，其产生的 图像更加精确，费用低。P14 13. ERP：事件相关电位；此技术能够记录被试在对刺激进行反应时，脑电活动的微小变动（持续时间不到1秒）。 这种技术又称诱发反应电位技术。P14 14. 单细胞记录技术：此技术不能安全用于人类；研究者通过将微电极插在单个神经元旁边或者甚至插进单个神 经元，来研究动物和神经系统的特征。这个研究对视觉模式识别有重要意义。P14 15. 人工智能：是计算机科学的分支，这种计算机科学关心如何通过创建计算机程序，来让计算机显示出典型地 只和人类相联系的智能行为。纯粹的人工知能是一种探索尽可能高效地完成任务的途径。P15
Amateur[??m?t?(r)] Naturalists[?n?t?r?l?st] Ecologists[i:?k?l?d??sts] are using a wealth of unusual data to predict he impact of climate change. 生态学家们通过大量民间数据来预测气候变化带来的影响 a wealth of Sn.大量;丰富If you say that someone or something has a wealth of good qualities or things, you are emphasizing that they have a very large number or amount of them. FORMAL 正式 ...such a wealth of creative expertise[?eksp?:?ti:z]... 如此丰富的创造性Un.专门技能 The city boasts[b??st]v.有，拥有（值得骄傲的成就或财产）a wealth of beautiful churches. 这座城市拥有众多美丽的教堂 A: Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound装订的notebook out of an envelope[?env?l ??p]. Tim Sparks从信封里取出了一本皮面笔记本 slide out of The book’s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. 笔记本的纸页已经微微泛黄，它记载了在Kilworth, Leicestershire居住的已故的养蜂人Walter Coates从1941年到1969年间的养蜂记录 late adj.已故的；已逝的；（尤指）新近去世的Y ou use late when you are talking about someone who is dead, especially someone who has died recently. His growing pile[pa?l] of local journals 他那堆越来越多的地方日报 a pile of
A Concise History of American Literature Chapter 1 Colonial Period I.Jonathan Edwards 1.life 2.works (1)The Freedom of the Will (2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3)The Nature of True Virtue 3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism (1)The spirit of revivalism (2)Regeneration of man (3)God’s presence (4)Puritan idealism II.Benjamin Franklin 1.works (1)Poor Richard’s Almanac (2)Autobiography 2.contribution (1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I.Washington Irving 1.several names attached to Irving (1)first American writer (2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3)father of American literature 2.works (1)A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus (4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5)The Alhambra 3.Literary career: two parts (1)1809~1832 a.Subjects are either English or European b.Conservative love for the antique (2)1832~1859: back to US 4.style – beautiful (1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere
财大翻译综合常耀信《美国文学简史》考研考点总结 第1章殖民地时期的美国 1.1 复习笔记 I. American Puritanism（美国清教主义） The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature. 英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。 1．Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）
材料科学基础基本概念-名词解释 单晶体：是指在整个晶体内部原子都按照周期性的规则排列。 多晶体：是指在晶体内每个局部区域里原子按周期性的规则排列，但不同局部区域之间原子的排列方向并不相同，因此多晶体也可看成由许多取向不同的小单晶体（晶粒）组成 点缺陷（Point defects）：最简单的晶体缺陷，在结点上或邻近的微观区域内偏离晶体结构的正常排列。在空间三维方向上的尺寸都很小，约为一个、几个原子间距，又称零维缺陷。包括空位vacancies、间隙原子interstitial atoms、杂质impurities、溶质原子solutes等。 线缺陷（Linear defects）：在一个方向上的缺陷扩展很大，其它两个方向上尺寸很小，也称为一维缺陷。主要为位错dislocations。 面缺陷（Planar defects）：在两个方向上的缺陷扩展很大，其它一个方向上尺寸很小，也称为二维缺陷。包括晶界grain boundaries、相界phase boundaries、孪晶界twin boundaries、堆垛层错stacking faults等。 空位：晶体中点阵结点上的原子以其平衡位置为中心作热振动，当振动能足够大时，将克服周围原子的制约，跳离原来的位置，使得点阵中形成空结点，称为空位vacancies 肖脱基（Schottky）空位：迁移到晶体表面或内表面的正常结点位置，使晶体内部留下空位。 弗兰克尔（Frenkel）缺陷：挤入间隙位置，在晶体中形成数目相等的空位和间隙原子。 晶格畸变：点缺陷破坏了原子的平衡状态，使晶格发生扭曲，称晶格畸变。从而使强度、硬度提高，塑性、韧性下降；电阻升高，密度减小等。 热平衡缺陷：由于热起伏促使原子脱离点阵位置而形成的点缺陷称为热平衡缺陷（thermal equilibrium defects），这是晶体内原子的热运动的内部条件决定的。 过饱和的点缺陷：通过改变外部条件形成点缺陷，包括高温淬火、冷变形加工、高能粒子辐照等，这时的点缺陷浓度超过了平衡浓度，称为过饱和的点缺陷(supersaturated point defects) 。 位错：当晶格中一部分晶体相对于另一部分晶体发生局部滑移时，滑移面上滑移区与未滑移区的交界线称作位错 刃型位错：当一个完整晶体某晶面以上的某处多出半个原子面，该晶面象刀刃一样切入晶体，这个多余原子面的边缘就是刃型位错。 刃型位错线可以理解为已滑移区和未滑移区的分界线，它不一定是直线 螺型位错：位错附近的原子是按螺旋形排列的。螺型位错的位错线与滑移矢量平行，因此一定是直线 混合位错：一种更为普遍的位错形式，其滑移矢量既不平行也不垂直于位错线，而与位错线相交成任意角度。可看作是刃型位错和螺型位错的混合形式。 柏氏矢量b: 用于表征不同类型位错的特征的一个物理参量，是决定晶格偏离方向与大小的向量，可揭示位错的本质。 位错的滑移（守恒运动）：在外加切应力作用下，位错中心附近的原子沿柏氏矢量b方向在滑移面上不断作少量位移（小于一个原子间距）而逐步实现。 交滑移：由于螺型位错可有多个滑移面，螺型位错在原滑移面上运动受阻时，可转移到与之相交的另一个滑移面上继续滑移。如果交滑移后的位错再转回到和原
美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
一．元素周期表 1.原子序数=核电荷数=核内质子数=核外电子数 2.主族元素最外层电子数=主族序数 3.电子层数=周期序数 4.碱金属元素:密度逐渐增大,熔沸点逐渐变大,自上而下反应越来越剧烈 银白色金属,密度小,熔沸点低,导电导热性强 5.判断元素金属性强弱的方法: 单质与水(酸)反应置换出氢的难易程度 最高价氧化物的水化物(氢氧化物)的碱性强弱 单质间的置换 6.卤族元素:密度逐渐增大,熔沸点逐渐升高 与氢气反应剧烈程度越来越弱,生成氢化物稳定性渐弱 7.判断元素非金属性强弱的方法: 与氢气生成气态氢化物的难易程度以及氢化物的稳定性 最高价氧化物的水化物的酸性 单质间的置换 8.质量数:核内所有质子和中子的相对质量取近似整数相加 9.核素:具有一定数目质子和一定数目的中子的一种原子 10.同位素:质子数相同而中子数不同的同一元素的不同原子互称为同位素 天然稳定存在的同位素,无论是游离态还是化合态各同位素所占的原子个数百分比一般是不变的在相同状况下,各同位素的化学性质基本相同(几乎完全一样),物理性质有所不同 12.原子相对原子质量=1个原子的质量/（1/12 C12的原子质量） 13.原子的近似相对原子质量=质量数 14.元素的相对原子质量=各同位素的相对原子质量的平均值=A·a％+B·b％… 15.元素的近似相对原子质量=各同位素质量数的平均值=A·a％+B·b％… 二．元素周期律 1.K、L、M、N、O、P、Q（1,2,3,4,5,6，7，）层数越大，电子离核越远，其能量越高 2.能量最低原理 3.各电子层最多容纳电子数：2n^2 4.最外层不超过8，次外层18，倒数第三层32 5.原子半径：同周期主族元素，原子半径从左到右逐渐减小
2019 人大英美文学初试经验分享（二外德语） 关于学校和专业选择 首先是择校，我先看了一下我们学校历年的考研情况，因为不想二战，要确保自己考上的概率较大。我们学校每年不论英语还是日语都有考上人大的，去年英语保研到人大的有四人，考上的有两人。我平时成绩不错，就决定考人大了。确定好学校之后就是选专业了，我们学校语言学和文学都学。两位考上的学姐，一个是语言学方向的，一个是英美文学方向的。我不是很确定要考哪个方向，就把两位学姐的资料都买了。在大三下学期，看了一周的胡壮麟之后，觉得有点枯燥，就决定选英美文学。 准备过程 4月左右，我买了专业课的相关书籍，搜集了经验贴。大三下学期，老师讲的是常耀信的美国文学，我就浏览了常耀信一遍，看了看吴伟仁的美国文学选读。真正准备考研是8月份，因为大三下知道成绩后心情有点失落，不知道自己考研能否坚持下来，就回家待了一段时间。 专业课 书籍： 英国文学经典选读（上下）刁克利 新编英国文学选读（上下）罗经国
英国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其学习指南（1 2） 英国文学简史常耀信 英国文学学习指南 刘炳善《英国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 美国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其选读指南（1 2） 美国文学史学习指南 美国文学简史常耀信 美国文学学习指南 常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 英美文学考点测评环球 考点经书与精炼英美文学星火 英美文学精要问答 学姐的英美文学笔记 首先要强调一下，人大真的很怀旧，真题很重要。我一共复习了三遍，第一遍一边过书一遍整理自己的笔记，不得不说这是个错误的决定，因为当时还不知道重点是什么，浪费了好多时间弄笔记。第二遍时有种豁然开朗的感觉，知道那些是重点了，就又弄了一遍笔记一边背，第三遍时继续背。二三遍时反复的背，忘记是正常的，背的次数多了就记住了。 填空：