美国文学简史复习纲要
美国文学简史复习纲要
Colonial Period殖民时期 (1600s-1790s) American Puritanism美国清教主义：
self-examination/self-improvement
I.JonathanEdwards (1703-1758)：
Calvinist加尔文教徒
II.BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林 (1706-1790)
(1)PoorRichard’s Almanac
(2)The Autobiography自传
Early AmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）
1.features
(1)As alogical result of the foreign
and native factors at work,
III.JamesFenimore Cooper库
柏 (1789-1851)
1.works
(1)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事
集 : TheDeerslayer, The Last of the
Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The
Pioneer, The Prairie
2.literary achievements
Cooper’s Leatherstocking
Tales effectively approximates the
American national experience of
adventure into theWest. He turned
the west and frontier as a useable
past and he helped tointroduce
western tradition to American
literature.
Summitof Romanticism – New EnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRen aissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)
I.Appearance提出 1836,“Nature”by
Emerson爱默生、《论自然》
II.Features
1.spirit/oversoul
2.importance of individualism
3.nature –symbol of spirit/God
4.focus in intuition (irrationalism
andsubconsciousness)
III.Influence
1.It helped to create the first
American renaissance美国文学复兴–
one ofthe most prolific period in
American literature、independent
Americanculture.
IV.RalphWaldo Emerson（1802-1882）1.works
(1)Nature—the manifesto
ofAmerican Transcendentalism.《论
自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标
志。
(2)The American Scholar《美国学者》
regarded as the “Declaration of
IntellectualIndependence”.
V.HenryDavid Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）
(1)Walden瓦尔登湖“Simplicity…
simplify!”
(2)A Plea forJohn Brown (an essay)：
He hated the human injustice as
represented bythe slavery system. Late Romanticism浪漫主义后期
I.NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）
1.works
(1)The Scarlet Letter红
字： HesterPrynne女主人公、Arthur
Dimmesdale通奸的牧师、Roger
Chillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿2.point of view
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England
美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
《美国文学选读》课程标准 一、课程性质与任务 美国文学选读是英语专业高年级的选修课。它与英美文学史密切结合，使学生在接触到浩繁的文学作品的同时，可以对繁杂的文学现象加以整理和梳理，并形成自己阅读文学作品的习惯，开阔视野，在学习过程中把握正确的理解文学作品的方法。美国文学选读通过向学生介绍文学作品及其作品创作的历史文化背景，培养学生阅读文学作品的兴趣，增强语感，增进学生对美国社会、历史、文化以及生活习俗的了解，提高他们对西方文学的欣赏能力及批评能力。 二、课程教学目标 1．知识目标 1）文学知识：通过本课程的学习，学生应深入、直观地理解各个时期的美国文学作品，把握其思想、语言及创作技巧上的特点；另外，还应对美国的文学评论流变具备相对清晰的认识。 2）语言知识：本课程是通过介绍不同文体的文学作品，深化学生对英语语言的认知、理解和应用的能力。并通过对不同时期英语原文资料的阅读和解析，以一种更加直观的方式了解这门语言的发展。 2．能力目标 1）文学作品鉴赏能力：通过作者作品的讲解，学生可以对作品的社会历史价值和艺术价值进行评价，培养并提高自我的鉴赏能力； 2）语言表达能力：通过课堂和课下阅读及评价任务的完成，学生的口头和书面表达能力能够得到全面的提高； 3）思辩能力：课上小组讨论环节和presentation环节能够激发学生的思辩能力，助其开拓思路，同时也为以后对英语的有效使用打下基础。 3．素质目标 1）文学文化修养：本课程作为英语专业高年级学生的素养课，旨在培养学生对美国文学及文化的理解，可以使学生以直观的方式全面接触这种语言和文化，并形成独立的开放的文化观，进一步强化其跨文化意识； 2）基本的研究素质：本课程通过对文学评论的介绍和讲解向学生传授文学鉴赏的不同视角，可使其具备基本的文学研究素质； 3）文学翻译的基础：本课程通过对文学作品的细读向学生介绍文字背后的人文、历史、政治、哲学及美学等因素，可为文学翻译课程提供较好的材料，并做好前期准备。 三、课程基本信息和内容要求
财大翻译综合常耀信《美国文学简史》考研考点总结 第1章殖民地时期的美国 1.1 复习笔记 I. American Puritanism（美国清教主义） The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature. 英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。 1．Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）
第22章纽约派诗人?沉思型诗歌?黑山派诗人 22.1 复习笔记 I. The New York School（纽约派诗人） 1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点） The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common. (1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice. (2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. (3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental. (4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while. 所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。
A Concise History of American Literature What is literature? Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Chapter 1 Colonial Period I.Background: Puritanism 1.features of Puritanism (1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. (2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3)Total depravity (4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. 2.Influence (1) A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II.Overview of the literature 1.types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2.writers of colonial period (1)Anne Bradstreet (2)Edward Taylor (3)Roger Williams (4)John Woolman (5)Thomas Paine (6)Philip Freneau III.Jonathan Edwards 1.life 2.works (1)The Freedom of the Will (2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3)The Nature of True Virtue 3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism (1)The spirit of revivalism (2)Regeneration of man (3)God’s presence (4)Puritan idealism IV.Benjamin Franklin 1.life 2.works (1)Poor Richard’s Almanac (2)Autobiography 3.contribution (1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.
1. Beowulf赏析 英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。1反映当时部落社会的面貌。背景取自欧洲。2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。3历史事实+神话传说。 主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。自我牺牲精神。爱护臣民。有责任感。 简洁明快。头韵。隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。 2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析 传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。 头韵诗。2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。 以重读音节为基础的韵律。每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。 反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。 3. Chaucer特点 “英国诗歌之父”。人文主义。现实主义。明快、诙谐。伦敦方言创作。首创heroic couplet。钟情于中世纪的文学形式。第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。 一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。一方面又以现实的态度思考。 1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期 强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。反对滥用宗教教义。 人物：个人与社会关系的主题。突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。 押尾韵。八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。 4. Canterbury T ales赏析 现实主义。但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。 轻松、欢快 文艺复兴的先驱。人生来就有谋求世俗幸福的权利。 General Prologue+24个故事。每个故事有“小引”、“开场语”、“结束语”。 General Prologue：赞扬骑士、骑士之子、乡勇。讽刺院长嬷嬷的矫揉造作。 24个故事题材：多是关于爱情婚姻。还有揭露了宗教的压迫、僧侣的道德败坏、官吏的专横。 Iambic pentameter couplet, 即heroic couplet 5. Hamlet赏析 Shakespeare的巅峰之作。尽管讲的是丹麦故事。但反映的却是英国的事情。人文主义。对他所生活的那个时代的方方面面进行了评论。复仇悲剧。 家丑引起Hamlet对美好世界、人类善良的怀疑。个人悲剧演变成社会的悲剧，变成铲除罪恶、匡扶正义的巨大社会责任心。Hamlet的悲剧在于，他的责任是如此艰巨，自己又是日次势孤力单。他的弱点：多愁善感，疑虑重重；善于思考，贫于行动。他代表了善于思考，贫于行动的新兴资产阶级。 6. The Merchant of V enice赏析 Shylock—唯利是图，爱财如命的拜金主义者。作为犹太民族受到歧视和迫害。 Portia—人文主义者对新女性的理想 7. Francis Bacon
美国文学(American Literature) 美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。个性自由与自我克制、清教主义与实用主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、高雅与庸俗、高级趣味与低级趣味、深刻与肤浅、积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、精心雕琢与粗制滥造、对人类命运的思考和探索与对性爱的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，而且形成强烈的对照。从来没有一种潮流或倾向能够在一个时期内一统美国文学的天下。美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是一个浪潮未落，另一浪潮又起。作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。20世纪以来，许多文学潮流起源于美国，给世界文学同时带来积极的与消极的影响。 殖民地时期 印第安人的文化欧洲人发现新大陆的时候，北美洲的土著居民印第安人处于原始公社制度各种不同的阶段。印第安人在向大自然的斗争中创造了自己的文化，主要是民间口头创作，包括神话传说和英雄传说。由于他们没有文字，这些传说后来才得以整理问世，启发了后世美国作家的灵感。 早期移民的文化移民刚到新大陆时忙于生存斗争，所以开始时文学发展比较缓慢。最早发表的关于北美的作品是游记、日记之类的文字。作者都是英国人。英国殖民地建立之后，统治者利用宗教，主要是清教主义作为控制殖民地思想意识的主要手段，因此许多出版物是关于神学的研究。著名的作家有科顿·马瑟(1663-1728)和乔纳森。爱德华兹(1703-1758)等。随着工业、贸易和民族意识的增涨，宗教自由的呼声提高，清教主义的神权统治走向衰亡，为人本主义与自由民主等民族独立的意识所代替。 诗歌创作：北美出版的第一部诗集《海湾圣诗》是以民歌形式写成的圣诗。迈克尔·威格尔斯沃思的诗全是解释加尔文教的教义，成了宗教性的普及读物。女诗人安妮·布拉兹特里特写的也是宗教生活，不过多少以世俗的笔调抒写妇女的心情。生前只发表过挽诗的牧师爱德华·泰勒反映了严格的清教主义的衰落。在这些诗人身上，英国的影响也是明显的，布拉兹特里特得益于斯宾塞，泰勒的诗里看得出约翰·多思和乔治·赫伯特的影响。 独立革命至南北战争时期 美国民族文学形成于独立革命时期。这场斗争产生大量的革命诗歌，并且造就了美国头一批重要的散文家和诗人。政治上的独立促进文化上的独立。战争结束之后，美国作家的作品陆续增多，逐渐摆脱英国文学的垄断局面。年轻的民主共和国使人们满怀信心，并吸引着旧世界更多的人们奔向新的大陆。这样的社会条件促使19世纪上半叶的文学创作具有浪漫主义的色彩。作家们吸取欧洲浪漫派文学的精神，对美国的历史、传说和现实生活进行描绘，
2019 人大英美文学初试经验分享（二外德语） 关于学校和专业选择 首先是择校，我先看了一下我们学校历年的考研情况，因为不想二战，要确保自己考上的概率较大。我们学校每年不论英语还是日语都有考上人大的，去年英语保研到人大的有四人，考上的有两人。我平时成绩不错，就决定考人大了。确定好学校之后就是选专业了，我们学校语言学和文学都学。两位考上的学姐，一个是语言学方向的，一个是英美文学方向的。我不是很确定要考哪个方向，就把两位学姐的资料都买了。在大三下学期，看了一周的胡壮麟之后，觉得有点枯燥，就决定选英美文学。 准备过程 4月左右，我买了专业课的相关书籍，搜集了经验贴。大三下学期，老师讲的是常耀信的美国文学，我就浏览了常耀信一遍，看了看吴伟仁的美国文学选读。真正准备考研是8月份，因为大三下知道成绩后心情有点失落，不知道自己考研能否坚持下来，就回家待了一段时间。 专业课 书籍： 英国文学经典选读（上下）刁克利 新编英国文学选读（上下）罗经国
英国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其学习指南（1 2） 英国文学简史常耀信 英国文学学习指南 刘炳善《英国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 美国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其选读指南（1 2） 美国文学史学习指南 美国文学简史常耀信 美国文学学习指南 常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 英美文学考点测评环球 考点经书与精炼英美文学星火 英美文学精要问答 学姐的英美文学笔记 首先要强调一下，人大真的很怀旧，真题很重要。我一共复习了三遍，第一遍一边过书一遍整理自己的笔记，不得不说这是个错误的决定，因为当时还不知道重点是什么，浪费了好多时间弄笔记。第二遍时有种豁然开朗的感觉，知道那些是重点了，就又弄了一遍笔记一边背，第三遍时继续背。二三遍时反复的背，忘记是正常的，背的次数多了就记住了。 填空：
第2章爱德华兹?富兰克林?克里夫古尔 I.Fill in the blanks. 1.In his_____Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from_____to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.（天津外国语学院2008研） 【答案】Autobiography,poor 【解析】富兰克林在《自传》中讲述了其白手起家、自力更生的故事，平凡却生动的讲述表明他坚信通过努力就能实现美国梦。 2.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels. 【答案】Benjamin Franklin 【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。 3.Before his death,_____had gained a position as America’s first systematic philosopher. 【答案】Jonathan Edwards 【解析】乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703-1758）是美国“大觉醒”（the“Great Awakening”）
英美文学学习体会 一、大学英语教学现状 新世纪外语人才培养的目标在于：(1)听、说、读、写、翻译语言基本功训练有素，特别是口头表达和写作能力应比较强。(2)中文基础好，能讲能写。(3)语言和文化知识比较系统，综合素质好。(4)有较好的哲学、逻辑学、伦理学、心理学、美学、语言学和文学的基本理论素养。[3]由此可见，外语教学中应当注重文学教育。但长期以来，国内大学英语课堂教学模式基本还是“以教师为中心”，注重“填鸭式”教育，学生只是被动地参与。对于应试教育带来的影响，大学英语教学往往偏重语言知识的传授，不够重视大学生文学素质的培养。以往，大学英语在教学上更多注重的是词汇、语法等语言技能的训练，而对于学生英语语言能力的考量也只是着眼于四、六级考试的成绩。这种教学方式不但忽略了作为文字载体的文学语言所能传导的人文讯息，而且更加肥沃了应试教育，相应地，创造了许多“高分低能”的大学生，这不利于大学生语言综合素质的提高，而文化素质的一个重要组成部分就是文学素养。如果大学英语教学文学而只重语言，单纯性的语言传授在大学英语教学中就变成了单调乏味的训练符号。也就是说，语言这个工具，应是在接受并理解内容的前提下相对牢固掌握的。 二、英美文学课程在大学英语教学中的重要性 让学生能够良好地掌握并灵活地运用英语，是大学英语教学的重要目标。而对于一门外语的学习过程，就是对于一种新的文化深入了解的过程。所谓灵活，除了书面表达能力以外，还有口头表达能力，这包含口头交际能力，而交际能力的提高除了需要对所学语言知识有着良好的掌握外，还需要对使用目标语言的国家文化背景有所了解。 目前，各高校中，大学英语的授课对象都是非英语专业的学生，而这些学生存在诸多特点，如：人数众多、专业多样，学科各异。自从我国加入了WTO，国家各个方面的对外交往与日俱增。这就迫切地需要：大学英语教学培养出大量的各行各业的国际化人才，而这些众多的非英语专业的学生在今后跨文化交际中所产生的作用不可小觑。虽然世界在不断地变小，但要融入其中，一个关键的问题就是首先要有能力与使用目的语的人进行交往，必须了解其文化背景和语言习惯，只有这样，才不会因为语言的问题而影响深入的沟通。 每个民族的文化都是璀璨而又独一无二的，正因为它是独特的，所以，从词汇的含义、价值观及文化习俗方面都存在着差异。如果在英语教学的过程中，只注重语言上传递的表层含义，而忽略了其文化背景方面的引申义，就会引起误会和矛盾。如：Mend the fence when the weather’s better.依照中国文化背景，我们会自然地认为句意是天气好时修理篱笆。实际上，从目的语的文化背景来理解句意却是：未雨绸