2015年四川大学考博《英语》真题 (总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟) 一、ⅠReadingComprehension 二、Passage1 Speechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnatural tomanaswalkingandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceus thatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insob erfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatt erfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybrought intoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalh eredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,the veryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobe primarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,th enormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearnthear t,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirth,orevenfromthemomentofconception,totake onallthoseexpendituresofnervousenergyandallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalkin g.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman. Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk ,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisbornnotmerelyinnature,butinthelapofasoc ietythatiscertain,reasonablycertain,toleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthere iseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustasce rtainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsys temofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmenti ntowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyalienone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhi snewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelya tvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatva riesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabil ityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfr omsocialgrouptosocialgroup,becauseitisapurelyhistoricalheritage,theproductoflong-cont inuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries-notasconsciously,perhaps,butnoneth elessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walki ngisanorganic,instinctivefunction,speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,"cultural"functio n. (1).ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"Notsolanguage"istheclosestinmeaningto______. " A.thisisnotthecasewithlanguage " B.soislanguageandnotanythingelse " C.nosuchathingexistsinlanguage " D.notsomuchwithlanguage A.√ B. C. D. 解析：细节推理题。Notsolanguage承接首段的最后一句话，将language与walking进行对比，上文提及"行走是人类与生俱来的一种生物功能"，而语言则不是。选项A与文中的意思最接近。故答案为A。
一、选择题：下列各题中，各选出最佳答案填入空格处(每题2分,共10分) 1.当下列两种单体进行自由基聚合反应时，最不易发生交联反应的是。 A.苯乙烯-丁二烯 B.丙烯酸甲酯-双丙烯酸乙二醇酯 C.丙烯酸甲酯-二乙烯基苯 D.苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯 2，以下聚合物中耐热性最差的是。 A.聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 B.聚α-甲基苯乙烯 C.聚四氟乙烯 D.聚苯乙烯 3.以下聚合物中结晶能力最差的是。 A.聚乙烯 B.尼龙-6 C.涤纶 D.顺式聚丁二烯 4.室温下，将一段橡皮上端固定，下端加一固定质量的物体，当橡皮伸长到一恒定长度时，对橡皮加热，物体的位置将。 A.下降 B.上升 C.基本不变 D.无法预测 5.本体聚合至一定转化率时会出现自动加速现象，这时体系的自由基浓度[M·]和寿命τ的变化规律是。 A.[M·]增加，τ延长 B.[M·]增加，τ缩短 C.[M·]减少，τ延长 D.[M·]减少，τ缩短 二、写出合成下列聚合物的聚合反应式，注明引发剂，指出聚合反应机理(每题4分，共20分) 1.聚乙酸乙烯酯 2.尼龙-6 3.丁基橡胶 4.聚硝基乙烯 5.强酸性的阳离子交换树脂 三、说明下列慨念：(每题3分，共15分) 1.体型缩聚的凝胶点 2.动力学链长 3.特性粘数[η] 4.力学内耗 5.溶胀 四、解释下列现象：(每题5分，共15分) 1.自由基聚合中会出现自动加速现象，而离子型聚合也同样是连锁聚合，却 没有自动加速现象。 2.在涤纶生产中：到反应后期往往要在高温高真空下进行。 3.当不活泼的单体发生爆聚时，只要加入少量苯乙烯就能阻止爆聚。
五、简要回答： 下列8题中，选做7题。(每小题10分，共70分) 1.聚乙烯醇能溶于水，纤维素与聚乙烯醇极性相似，问纤维素是否溶于水？ 为什么? 2.下列三类物质是否具有粘弹性?试从分子运动机理加以解释，井举例说明。 (1)硬固的塑料；(2)硫化橡胶；(3)聚合物粘流体 3.下图为某聚合物的形变一温度曲线(升温时) (1)试判断该聚合物是结晶的还是非晶的； (2)说明曲线中所划分的聚合物所处物理状态的名称； (3)说明各个转变温度的名称和物理意义。 4.试说明下列各组聚合物玻璃化温度差异的原因。 (1)聚乙烯(约150K)和聚丙烯(约250K) (2)聚氯乙烯(345K)和聚偏氯乙(227K) (3)聚丙烯酸乙酯(249K)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(378K) (4)聚氧化乙烯(232K)和聚乙烯醇(358K) 5.试分别绘出常温下聚苯乙烯(PS)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和天然橡胶(NR)的 应力-应变曲线示意图，并说明形变的机理。 6.试分别比较自由基聚合中： (1)单体、引发剂和自由基浓度的相对大小； (2)引发剂分解、链增长和链终止反应速率常数的相对大小。说明为什么 可通过自由基聚合反应合成高分子量的聚合物。 7.在缩台聚合反应中如何控制聚合物的分子量?在自由基聚合反应中又如何 调节聚合的分字量? 8.乳液聚合的特点是反应速度快，产物分子量高，在本体聚合中也会出现反 应速度变快，分子量增大的现象。试分析造成上述现象的原因。 六。说明通过GPC可获得聚合物的哪些结构信息，并简述GPC分级的基本原理。(20分)
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
2009年语言学理论 一名词解释。 1.配价： “配价”是当今语法理论体系中最重要的问题之一，所谓“价”（valency），是借用化学中的术语，主要考察某一成分有多少个同现成分，亦即某一成分必须有多少个强制性搭配成分。最早把“价”理论引进语法研究领域的是法国语言学家Lucien Tesnuere，当初是为了研究一个动词能支配多少种不同性质的名词性词语，动词的“价”就就定于动词所支配的不同性质的名词性词语的数目。 配价理论思想认为，动词是一个句子的中心（支配词regissant），它支配着句子中别的成分，而动词本身不受其他任何成分的支配。只接受动词支配的的有“名词词组”和“副词词组”，其中名词词组形成“行动元(actant)”，副词词组形成“状态元(circonstant)”。从理论上说，句子中的状态元可以是无限多，但行动元不得超过三个，即主语、宾语1和宾语2。由此可以将动词分为一价动词、二价动词和三价动词。 动词有配价的问题，后来经过研究，发现形容词和名词等也有配价问题。我们可以说：利用动词与不同性质的名词之间、形容词与不同性质的名词之间、名词中隐含谓词与不同性质的名词之间的配价关系来研究、解释语法现象，这种研究和分析的手段就称之为“配价分析”。 根据配价分析理论，汉语中的动词可以分为零价动词，表自然现象的词；一价动词，即一般的不及物动词；二价动词，即一般的及物动词；三价动词，即双宾动词。 在中国最早利用配价理论与方法来研究汉语的是朱德熙先生关于“动词语+的”结构的分析。利用配价理论及方法我们可以对汉语中的一些歧义现象进行分析，也可一解释一些用其他理论不好解释或不能完善解释的语法现象。 关于配价的性质长期以来有几种不同的观点： 一是认为配价是建立在句法基础上的语法范畴。以句法概念来说明
一．计算题 1、 在图像识别中，假定有灌木和坦克2种类型，它们的先验概率分别是0.7和0.3，损失函数如下表所示。其中，类型w 1和w 2分别表示灌木和坦克，判决a 1=w 1，a 2=w 2。现在做了2次实验，获得2个样本的类概率密度如下： 5.02.0)|(1=ωx P 3.06 .0)|(2=ωx P （1）试用最小错误率贝叶斯准则判决2个样本各属于哪一类？坦克、灌木。 （2）试用最小风险决策规则判决2个样本各属于哪一类？灌木、灌木。 答：（1）最小错误率贝叶斯准则 ，决策为坦克 第一个样本： 2121221 111)|()|(5625.04375.01)|(1)|(4375 .032 14 3.0*6.07.0*2.07.0*2.0) ()|()()|()|(ωωωωωωωωωω∈?>=-=-===+==∑=x x P x P x P x P P x p P x p x P j j j ，决策为灌木 第二个样本： 1121221 111)|()|(44 9205.0795.01)|(1)|(795 .044 35 3.0*3.07.0*5.07.0*5.0) ()|()()|()|(ωωωωωωωωωω∈?<==-≈-=≈=+==∑=x x P x P x P x P P x p P x p x P j j j （2）最小风险决策规则 ，决策为灌木 第一个样本 1212221212 1222121112 11122211211)|()|(3175.25625.0*0.14375.0*4) |()|()|()|(35375.15625.0*24375.0*5.0) |()|()|()|(0 .1425.0ωωλωλωλωλωλωλλλλλ∈?<=+=+===+=+======∑∑==x x a R x a R x P x P x P x a R x P x P x P x a R j j j j j j
川大考博英语2014年真题 I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. Passage One In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “huma n-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full
一、选择题(每题2分，共14分) 下列各题中，各选出最佳答案填入空格处。 l、下列单体进行自由基聚合时，分子量仅由温度来控制，而聚合速率由引发剂用量 来调节的是。 A、丙烯酰胺 B、苯乙烯 C、氯乙烯 D、醋酸乙烯酯 2、开发一种聚合物时，单体能否聚合需从热力学和动力学两方面进行考察，热力学上判断聚合倾向的主要参数是。 A、聚合熵△S B、聚合焓△H C、聚合温度 D、聚合压力 3、在高分子合成中，容易制得有实用价值的嵌段共聚物的方法是。 A、配位阴离子聚合 B、阴离子活性聚合c、自由基共聚合 4、下列为某聚合物在不同溶剂中的θ温度，若要在25℃下得到该聚合物的优良溶液，可以选择为溶剂。 A、苯(θ温度-25℃) B、丙酮(θ温度25℃) C、乙醇(θ温度40℃) D、氯仿(θ温度30℃) 5、交联聚合物的交联程度可用下列参量来表征。 A、网链数 B、网链的平均分子量 C、网链密度 D、交联点数 6、以环己烷为溶剂，分别以RLi，RNa，RK为引发剂，在相同条件下使苯乙 聚合，判断采用不同引发剂时聚合速度的大小顺序是：。 A、RK>RLi>RNa B、RLi>RNa>RK C、RK>RNa>RLi D、RNa>Rk>RLi 7、用膨胀计法(即测定比容-温度曲线)测得一种非晶态塑料制品的Tg=100℃，实际使用中，该制品受100Hz的交变应用作用，问该制品的使用温度上限应100℃。测得一种橡胶制品的Tg=-60℃，这种橡胶也在100Hz的动态条件下使用，问该橡胶制品使用温度的下限值应-60℃： A、高于 B、低于 C、等于 二、写出下列化合物的结构，并说明其用途(每题2分，共20分) l、聚乳酸2、聚2,6-二甲基苯醚 3、聚丙烯酰胺 4、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN) 5、甲苯二异氰酸酯 6、聚异戊二烯 7、三聚氰胺8、Kevlar 9、聚酰亚胺10、双酚A 三、简要回答：(1～6每题11分，第7题l0分，共76分) l、在尼龙6和尼龙66生产中为什么要加入醋酸或己二酸作为分子量控制剂? 在涤纶生产中为什么不加分子量控制剂?在涤纶生产中是采用什么措施控制分子量的? 2、判断下列化合物能否聚合，若能聚合指出是哪一类机理的聚合? 四氢呋喃；丁内酯；醋酸乙烯酯：1,1-二苯基乙烯；硝基乙烯；己内酰胺 3、用模压成型法制得一块5cm见方、1cm厚的全同立构聚丁烯-1试样，(制 备方法：将颗粒原料置于模具中加热熔化，压制成型，然后迅速冷却，脱模
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题 Passage 1 As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences. 1. The applied scientist ______. A. is not always interested in practical problems B. provides the basic knowledge for practice C. applies the results of research to practice D. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature 2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___. A. pure science operates independently of applied science B. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of nature C. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is done D. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist 3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____. A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metals B. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit C. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperatures
一、选择顾(下列各题中，各选出最佳答案填入空格处。每题2分，共18分) 1.让聚乙烯在下列条件下结晶，在 可生成伸直链晶体的结果。 A.从极稀溶液中缓慢结晶； B.从熔体中结晶； C.极高压力下固体挤出； D.在溶液中强烈搅拌下结晶； 2.用NaOH 中和聚丙烯酸水溶液时，黏度 。 A.先增大再逐渐下降； B.先下降再逐渐增大； C.单调递增； D.单调递降。 3.黏度法测定聚合物分子量的实验中，纯溶剂和溶液的流出时间以 为宜； A.大于100秒； B.小于100秒； C.大于70秒； D.小于70秒； 4. 1,4-丁二烯聚合物可以形成顺式和反式两种构型的聚丁二烯橡胶，它们被称 为 A.旋光异构体 B.几何异构体 C.间同异构体 D.无规异构体 5.非晶态高聚物在 温度下拉伸才可以产生强迫高弹性变。 A.室温 B.T b -T g ， C.T g 以上 D.T m 以上 6.玻璃化温度不能用以下 方法测定。 A.DMA B.膨胀计法 C.双折射法 D.热分析法 7.M 1、M 2两单体共聚，若r 1=0.75，r 2=0.20，若起始01f =0.80，所形成的共聚物瞬间组成为01F 。共聚反应进行到t 时刻，共聚物组成为1F ，单体组成为1f ，则 。 A.1f >01f B.1F >01F C.1F <01F D.1f <01f 8.在自由基聚合中，具有能同时获得高聚合速率和高相对分子质量的实施方法是 。 A.悬浮聚合 B.本体聚合 C.溶液聚合 D.乳液聚合 9. 下列单体中能进行自由基聚合的单体有 ，能进行阳离子聚合的单体有 。 A.CH 2=CHCl B.CH 2=CHOC 2H 5 C.CH 2=C(CH3)CH=CH 2 D.CH 2=CHNO 2 二、以适当的单体合成下列聚合物，注明引发剂，指出聚合反应机理。 (每题2分，共8分) (1)强酸型阳离子交换树脂 (2)聚碳酸酯 (3)端羟基聚苯乙烯 (4)LLDPE 三、简要回答：(每题10分，共30分) 1、有两种乙烯和丙烯的共聚物，其组成相同(均为65％乙烯和35％丙烯)，但其
曹翔同志于2009年12月加入中国共产党，坚决拥护中国共产党领导，在党组织开展的各项活动中表现积极，政治可靠，有很强的责任心和集体荣誉感。 该同志是在2010年9月以优异的成绩成为我的硕士研究生的。入学之初，我即对他强调要系统学习专业知识，认识研读文献资料。读研期间，该同志的业务水平不断提升，主持了一项西南民族大学创新型科研项目，参与了一项西南民族大学中央高校科研项目，撰写了一篇题为《湘西自治州扶贫开发中人力资本提升问题研究》的硕士论文，并通过了硕士论文答辩，拿到了管理学硕士学位。 此外，该同志及时追踪最新的学科进展，涉足的时间尺度和研究方法都不局限于硕士论文的选题大量，有较宽的科学视野和开放的思维方式。该同志外语水平较强，曾荣获2009年全国大学生英语竞赛优秀奖，读研期间通过不断地刻苦训练，业已具备不错的交流能力。 作为该同志的硕士研究生导师，我有足够的理由相信，他会在更有竞争力的环境中取得更好的成绩，并为祖国的繁荣富强做出积极努力。他蕴藏的学术潜力正待更有效地激发和引导。 作为他的硕士导师，我很高兴推荐他成为四川大学博士研究生。
曹翔同志一贯忠实于教育、科学事业，热爱祖国，热爱人民，具备优良的思想品德。该同志良好的道德修养也保证其在将来的工作中具有好的组织协调能力与合作能力。 该同志英语于2009年通过了全国大学生英语六级考试，成绩509分，能熟练使用英语阅读和交流。 该同志具有很强的科研能力，在硕士论文的研究过程中对自然现象的观察非常细致，能够敏感地发现问题，并能迅速找出解决问题的办法，通过数月的不断努力，撰写了一篇题为《湘西自治州扶贫开发中人力资本提升问题研究》的硕士论文，并通过了硕士论文答辩，拿到了管理学硕士学位。 该同志在硕士研究生学习期间参加了武陵山片区扶贫专项计划研究工作，在研究工作中积累了经验，同时也展示出该同志在研究工作中的天赋与才能。在研究工作的收尾之际，该同志撰写了一篇题为《武陵山湘西自治州与发达省市人力资本对比研究》的学术论文，论文集出版社为中国经济出版社。 鉴于该同志天资聪慧，自学能力强，能很好地领悟学问之实质，及严谨的学风，勤奋的工作态度和其从事科学研究的天赋，特推荐曹翔同志报考四川大学博士研究生。
史学通论 2008 一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系。 二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战。 2009 一、结合实例说明历史学的社会功能。 二、史学领域的后现代主义思潮述评。 2010 一、论历史思维的方法。 二、结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对“史学即史料学”这一观点的认识。 中国古代史 2008 一、简要解释或回答以下各题。 1、刘知几与章学诚。 2、中国古代文献的四部分类法。 3、中国古代货币的主要类型。 4、结合你所报专业介绍四川大学的史学前辈学者。 二、简要论述下列各题： 1、“安史之乱”后唐代社会的变化。 2、“汉承秦制”。 2009 一、必做题 唐代有哪些主要宗教？请分别予以简略介绍。 二、选做题： 1、试论秦统一的历史原因。 2、中国历史出现过哪些重要的图书分类方法？这些分类法的代表作有 哪些？试分析这些分类法的适用范围及其优劣。 3、试论儒墨学说的异同及其对后世的影响。 4、试论“两个体系”（覆盖人民群众的档案资源体系和方便人民群众的 档案利用体系）的建设问题或者论述从藏书建设到文献资源建设到信 息资源建设理论嬗变的时代背景与发展进程。 5、略述春秋战国时期“百家争鸣”发生的社会背景和主要派别。 6、迄今为止，有关中国儒学史（或经学史）分期的观点主要有哪些？试 对这些分期法的优劣进行评析，谈谈你自己对中国儒学（或经学）发 展主要阶段的基本认识。 2010 一、必做题： 试述汉武帝时期实行的“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”政策的提出、内容及影响。 二、选做题： 1、举例说明战国时期著名的水利工程及其对当时社会经济的影响。 2、简论中国古代官私书目的历史发展及其功能。 3、试论秦统一的主要原因。
Translation (30%) Part A (20%) 要想真正生活得幸福和平安，一个人至少应该有两三种业余爱好，而且必须是真正的爱好。到了晚年才开始说“我要培养这个或那个兴趣”是毫无用处的，这种尝试只会增加精神上的负担。在与自己日常工作无关的领域中，一个人或许能获得渊博的知识，但却很难有所收益或得到放松。做自己喜欢的事是无益的，你得喜欢自己所做的事。广而言之，人可以分为三个类别：劳累而死的人、忧虑而死的人和无聊而死的人。对于那些体力劳动者来说，一周辛苦的工作使他们筋疲力尽，因此在周六下午给他们提供踢足球或者打棒球的机会是没有意义的。对于政界人士、专业人士或者商人来说，他们已经为棘手的事务操劳或者烦恼了六天，因此在周末请他们为琐事劳神同样毫无意义。 Part B (10%) 1.Chengdu is a city that makes you reluctant to leave once you’re here. 2.Do not lust for a windfall. Do not drink too much wine. 3.Courtesy seats. (Seats reserved for the elderly, infirm, sick, disabled and pregnant.) 4.As a job seeker, dressing too casually can be detrimental to your odds of being hired. 5.The survey shows that few people are able to devote themselves fully to their career. V. Writing (29%) Sample Go West, Revitalize Our Nation As with the great appeal for the western frontier development in the 19th in the USA, there is also an urgent need for patriotic and energetic young people to go west and make contributions to the western region development nowadays in China. During the decades of years, the eastern region of China has been developing rapidly since its reform and opening up to the outside world. But the western region still remains undeveloped. There are various reasons why the landlocked west has lagged behind in its economic development. The chief reason, I think, is that the opening up policies enables the east to lure more foreign capital and make a fantastic spurt in its development. As a result, the gap between the east and the west has been widened. In addition, the west’s unique unfavorable geographic positions greatly limit its development. In fact, most of the poor population, who still have subsistence problems, live there. If left unchanged, the underdevelopment in the west will greatly affect overall prosperity and even social stability.