产科英文名词解释
1. Fetal lie（胎产式）The term lie refers to the relationship between the long axis of the mother and the long axis of the fetus.
2. Fetal presentation（胎先露）The presenting part is the portion of the fetus that descend first through the birth canal.
3. Fetal positon（胎方位）The exact fetal position is determined by the relationship of some definite part of the fetus (the guiding point ) to a fixed area of the maternal pelvis.
4. Braxton Hicks收缩The pregnant uterus produces painless palpable contractions at irregular intervals from an early stage in gestation ,these Braxton Hicks Contractions,however, are not positive signs of pregnancy, since similar contractions are sometimes noted in cases of hematometra and occasionally with soft myomas , especially the pedunculated submucous variety.
5.Hegar’s sign（黑格氏征）On bimanual examination the uterine body feels doughy or elastic and sometimes becomes exceedingly soft at about the sixth week after the last period.
6. Abortion（流产）Abortion is termination of pregnancy before 28 weeks of gestation and the fetal weight is less than 1000g.
7. Missed abortion（稽留流产）When the embryo or fetus dies and it is retained in uterus.
8. Habitual abortion（习惯性流产）This is defined as 3 or more consecutive abortion. It is also called recurrent abortion.
9. Placenta previa（前置胎盘）The entire placenta or part of it is implanted in the lower portion of the uterus rather than in the upper active segment，and at least a portion of the placenta precedes the presenting part of the fetus after 28 week.
10. Placenta abruption（胎盘早剥）Partial or complete detachment of the placenta from a site of normal implantation in the corpus uteri before delivery of the fetus and may occur at any time after 20 week’s gestation.
11. Uteroplacental apoplexy（子宫胎盘卒中）Hemorrhage infiltrates the uterine wall. Uterine tetany follows, the uterus appears purplish,copper-colored, ecchymotic, indurated and loss its contractile powebecause of disruption of the muscle bundles. 12. HELLP syndrome The major symptoms are hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome.
13. threatened labor（先兆临产）(1)lightering; (2)false labor pain; (3)show.
14. Onset and diagnosis of labor（临产诊断）The contractions of labor occur regularly and usually increase until they recur every 5 to 6 minutes and last from 30 to 40 seconds, which cause progressive effacement and dilatation of the cervix and descent of the presenting part.
15. Mechanism of normal labor（分娩机制）The mechanism of labor is a term applied to the series of changes in the attitude and position of the fetus that permits it to progress though the irregularly shaped pelvic cavity.
16. engagement（衔接）The mechanism by which the biparietal diameter, the greatest transverse diameter of the head in vertex presentation , passes through the pelvic inlet is designated engagement.
17. Internarotation（内旋转）This movement is a turning of the head in such a manner that the occiput gradually moves from its original position anteriorly toward the , symphysis pubis or ,less commonly , posteriorly toward the hollow of the sacrum.
18. OCT or CST（oxytocin chellenge test, or contraction stress test缩宫素激惹试验）oxytocin challenge test (OCT) or contraction stress test (CST). Measuring the FHR response to the stress of spontaneous or oxytocin induced contraction(UC) forms to basis of this test of fetal placental reserve.
OCT positive:Recurrent (at least two) late deceleration of the FHR, i.e, slowing in the heart rate develops at about the middle of the contraction and returning to the baseline after the contraction subsides, in addition, the amplitude and the duration of the deceleration must parallel the amplitude and duration of the underlying . Negative: At least 3 contractions in 10 minutes, and each lasting at least 40 seconds, the FHR are observed without late deceleration, A negative test within a week of delivery provided reliable assurance that the fetus will survive and probably tolerate labor and delivery well.
19. NST（Non-stress test, 无应激试验）NST is a test for gross evaluation of the uteroplacental and fetal reserve. Each determination requires simultaneous monitoring of FHR and FMs. Reactive: the FAD（fetal activity acceleration determination）must have a smooth, regular configuration and there must be 3 or more FADs per 20 minutes with a duration of greater than 15 seconds and more than 15 bpm amplitude. Non-reactive: this classification includes no fetal activity either spontaneously or with stimulation, and no demonsthable FHR change in response to stimulation.
20.Physiologic retraction ring（生理性缩复环）As a result of the thining of the lower uterine segment and the thicking of the upper. The boundary between them is marked by a ridge on the inner uterine surface, the ringe is called the physiologic retraction ring.
21. Pathologic retraction ring（病理性缩复环）A pathologic retraction ring(bundle ring) develops during obstructed but otherwise normal labor. The ring forms at the junction of the active upper and the relatively passive lower uterine segments and actually is the lower border of the unusually thick upper segment . because descent and expulsion of the fetus are impeded. The lower sement becomes excessively
lengthened and thinned and the upper segment shortened and thickened. Unless the obstruction is overcome, the uterus may rupture.The ring can be felt and sometimes even seen as a ridge just below the umbilicus ;it becomes more obvious as labor presses.
22. Constriction ring（痉挛性狭窄环）A constriction ring is tetanic annular contraction of smooth muscle that may occur at any level in the uterine wall. The ring does not change position,and it may be applied so tightly around the fetus body that it prevents descent.
23. prolonged latent phase（潜伏期延长）The time required to complete effacement and to enter the active phase is longer than 16 hours.
24. prolonged active phase（活跃期延长）After the cervix dilated to 3cm, labor progresses over slow, the time of active phase lastes over 8 hours.The cervical dilatation progresses at a rate less than 1.2cm/hr in primigravida and less than 1.5cm/hr in multipara.
25. protracted active phase（活跃期停滞）The cervical dilatation does not change during a 2-hour period.
26. Prolonged second stage（第二产程延长）when the cervixfully dilates the contractions become weak and the intervells prolorg, the span of time is over 2 hours. In nullipara and over 1 hour in maltipara, it is called that the second stage is prolonged.
27. protracted second stage（第二产程停滞）when the cervix fully dilates for one hour, the descending of featl head is arrested and the progress of labor stops, it is called that the second stage is arrested.
28. Prolonged labor（滞产）When the course of labor lasts for more than 24 hours it is called prolonyed labor.
29. signs of separation of placenta（胎盘剥离征象）(1)The rising up of the uterus as
a small firmly contracted mass, to a level above the umbilicus (2)lengthening of the cord (3)A sudden gush of the blood (4)traction upwards of the fundus fails to draw the cord up with it.
30. retained placenta（胎盘滞留）The placenta which retained in the uterine cavity for more than 30 minutes is called retained placenta.
31. Postpartum hemorrhage（产后出血）The total blood loss with delivery and during the first 24 hours after birth is estimated to exceed 500 ml.
32. Late puerperal hemorrhage（晚期产后出血）Hemorrhage may occur at any time during the first 24 hours after delivery (early delayed hemorrhage ) or several days later(late delayed hemorrhage).
33. Puerperal infection（产褥感染）Puerperal infection is any postpartum infection of the genital tract complicating labor or delivery.
34. Puerperal morbidity（产褥病率）Puerperal morbidity is an oral temperature of 38℃ of more on any of the first 10 postpartum days,exclueling the first 24 hours.
内科学名词解释 1.肺源性呼吸困难：是指呼吸系统疾病引起病人自觉空气不足，呼吸费力，并伴有呼吸频率、深度和节律的改变。 2.三凹征：胸骨上凹、锁骨上凹和肋间隙。 3.咯血：指喉以下呼吸道或肺组织的出血经口咯出，可以从痰中带血到大量咯血。 4.体位引流：是利用重力作用使肺、支气管分泌物排出体外，又称重力引流。 5.急性上呼吸道感染：是鼻腔、咽、喉部急性炎症的总称，是呼吸道最常见的传染病。 6.急性气管、支气管炎：是由感染、物理、化学因素刺激或过敏反应等引起的气管、支气管黏膜的急性炎症。 7.慢性支气管炎：是指气管、支气管黏膜极其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。以慢性反复发作的咳嗽、咳痰或伴有喘息为临床特征。 8.慢性阻塞性肺气肿：是指终末细支气管远端（呼吸细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊、肺泡）的气道弹性减退、过度膨胀、冲气和肺容积增大，或同时伴有肺泡壁破坏的病理状态，是肺气肿中最常见的一种类型。 9.缩唇呼吸：用鼻吸气用口呼气，呼气时口唇缩拢似吹口哨状，持续慢慢呼气，同时收缩腹部。 10.慢性肺源性心脏病：是由于肺、胸廓或肺动脉血管慢性病变所致的肺循环阻力增加，肺动脉高压，进而使右心肥大、扩大、甚至发生右心衰竭的心脏病。 11.支气管哮喘：是一种慢性气道炎症性疾病，以嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞反应为主的气道变应性炎症和气道高反应性为特征。 12.支气管扩张症：是由于支气管极其周围肺组织的慢性炎症和阻塞，导致支气管管腔扩张和变形的慢性支气管化脓性疾病。临床表现为慢性咳嗽伴大量脓痰和反复咯血。 13.肺炎：指肺实质的炎症。 14.肺炎球菌肺炎：指又肺炎球菌索引起的肺实质的炎症。 15.肺炎支原体肺炎：是由肺炎支原体引起的呼吸道和肺组织的炎症。 16.军团菌肺炎：事由革兰染色阴性嗜肺军团杆菌引起的一种以肺炎为主的全身性疾病。 17.病毒性肺炎：是由于上呼吸道病毒感染向下蔓延，侵犯肺实质而引起的肺部炎症。 18.肺脓肿：是由于多种病原体引起的肺部化脓性感染，早期为肺组织的感染性炎症，继而坏死、液化、外周有肉芽组织包围形成脓肿。临床特征为高热、咳嗽、咳大量脓臭痰。 19.肺结核是由结核杆菌侵入人体引起的肺部慢性感染性疾病。 20.原发性支气管肺癌：是最常见的肺部原发性恶性肿瘤，起源于支气管黏膜及腺体。 21.气胸：任何原因使空气进入胸膜腔造成胸腔积气和肺萎陷。 22.人工气胸：用人工方法将滤过的空气注入胸膜腔所引起的气胸。 23.外伤性气胸：由胸外伤等引起的气胸。 24.自发性气胸：在没有外伤或认为的因素下，因肺部疾病使肺组织和脏层胸膜自发破裂，空气进入胸膜腔所致的气胸。 25.呼吸衰竭：指各种原因引起的肺通气和或换气功能障碍，不能进行有效的气体交换，造成机体缺氧伴或不伴二氧化碳潴留，因而产生一系列病理生理改变的临床综合症。 26.I型呼吸衰竭：即有缺氧不伴有二氧化碳滞留或二氧化碳降低。 27.II型呼吸衰竭：即有缺氧又有二氧化碳滞留。 28.ARDS：是指病人原心肺功能正常，由于肺内、外致病因素（如严重感染、休克、创伤、大手术、DIC）而引起肺微血管和肺泡上皮损伤为主的肺部炎症综合症。 29.机械通气：是借助呼吸机建立气道口与肺炮间的压力差，给呼吸功能不全的病人以呼吸支持，即利用机械装置来代替、控制或改变自主呼吸运动的一种通气方式，30.心力衰竭（心功能不全）：是指在静脉回流正常的情况下，由于原发的心脏损害导致心排血量减少，不能满足机体代谢需要的一种综合症。临床上以肺循环和或体循环淤血及组织血液灌注量不足为主要特征。 31.急性心功能不全：指由于某种原因使心排血量在短时间内急剧下降，甚至丧失排血功能，导致组织器官供血不足和急性淤血的综合症。 32.心律失常：是指心脏冲动的频率、节律、起源部位、传导速度与激动次序的异常。 33.窦速：
名词解释 1．标准解剖学姿势（anatomical position）:人体直立，两眼平视，上肢下垂，手掌向前，两足并拢，足尖向前。 2．胸骨角（sternal angle）:胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处微向前突的部分成为胸骨角，两侧平对第二肋，胸骨角向后平对第四胸椎体下缘，是计数肋的重要标志。 3．翼点（pterion）:颞窝前下部较薄，在额、顶、颞、蝶骨的会合处最为薄弱，此处常形成H形的缝，成为翼点，其内面有血管沟，有脑膜中动脉的前支通过，骨折时易伤及此动脉，是是临床上X线检查的部位。 4．椎间盘（intervertebral disc）:是连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘（第1及第2颈椎之间除外），由周围的纤维环和中央的髓核构成。 5．喙肩韧带:为三角形的扁韧带，连于肩胛骨的喙突与肩峰之间，它与喙突、肩峰共同构成喙肩弓，防止肩关节向上脱位。6．斜角肌间隙（scalene fissure）:前、中斜角肌与第1肋之间的间隙为斜角肌间隙，有锁骨下动脉和臂丛神经通过。 7．咽峡（isthmus of fauces）:腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成咽峡。 8．肝门（porta hepatis）:脏面中部有略呈“H”形的三条沟，其中横行的沟位于脏面正中，有肝左、右管，肝固有动脉左、右支，肝门静脉左、右支，和肝的神经、淋巴管等由此出入，故
称肝门。出入肝门的这些结构被结缔组织包绕，构成肝蒂。9．Calot三角（或胆囊三角）：胆囊管、肝总管和肝的脏面围成的三角形区域成为胆囊三角，三角内常有胆囊动脉通过，因此该 三角是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 10．弹性圆锥：又称环声膜，是圆锥形的弹性纤维膜。其余甲状软骨前角后面，呈扇形向后、向下止于杓状软骨声带突和环状软 骨上缘。其上缘游离增厚，紧张于甲状软骨与声带突之间，称 声韧带，较前庭韧带厚而短。声韧带连同声带肌及覆盖于其表 面的喉粘膜一起，成为声带。弹性圆锥中部弹性纤维增厚称环 甲正中韧带（急性喉阻塞时，为抢救病人生命可在环甲正中韧 带处进行穿刺，以建立暂时性通气道。当紧急切开动脉圆锥进 行抢救时，注意切勿损伤环甲动脉吻合弓）。 11．声带（vocal cord）:由声韧带、声带肌和喉粘膜构成。声门裂是位于两侧声襞及杓状软骨底和声带突之间的裂隙比前庭裂长 而窄，是喉腔最狭窄之处。声带和声门裂合称为声门（glottis）。12．气管隆嵴：在气管杈的内面，有一矢状位向上的半月状嵴称气管隆嵴，略偏向左侧，是支气管镜检查时判断气管分叉的重要 标志。（异物坠落偏向左侧） 13．肺门（hilum 0f lung）:纵膈面即内侧面，与纵膈相邻，其中央为椭圆形凹陷，称肺门，肺门为支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、
名词解释 https://www.doczj.com/doc/197430611.html,petence and Performance: The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. ) 2.Sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.) https://www.doczj.com/doc/197430611.html,nguage Acquisition: refers to t he child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s devel opment of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.) 4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. 5.Phrase structure rule: The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP →(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP →(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments. AP →(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.
系解名词解释 1.骺软骨：位于长骨的干骺端，幼年时保留，成年后骨化遗留骺线 作用是使骨长长。 2.胸骨角：位于胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处，两侧平对第二肋，是计数肋的标志。向后平对第四胸椎体下缘。 3.椎间盘：为连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘，中央部为髓核，周围部为纤维环，纤维环破裂时，髓核容易向后外侧突出，突入椎管或椎间孔，压迫脊髓或神经，临床称为椎间盘突出症。 4.肋弓：第8-10肋软骨的前端不直接与胸骨相连，而依次与上位肋软骨构成软骨连接，在两侧各形成一个肋弓。 5.界线：由骶骨岬向两侧经骶骨盆面上缘、弓状线、耻骨梳、耻骨结节、耻骨嵴和耻骨联合面的上缘构成的环状线。把骨盆分为大小骨盆，同时也是小骨盆的上口。 6.翼点：位于颞下窝的前下部，由额、顶、颞、蝶骨会合形成的H形缝，此处骨壁最为薄弱，其内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。 7.斜角肌间隙：位于前、中斜角肌和第1肋之间的空隙，内有臂丛和锁骨下动脉通过。 8.膈：起止：胸骨部起自剑突后面；肋部起自下6对肋骨和肋软骨；腰部胰左右两个膈脚起自上2-3个腰椎。各部均止于中央的中心腱。 裂孔：主动脉裂孔 T12内有主动脉和胸导管通过 食管裂孔 T10内有食管和迷走神经通过 腔静脉孔 T8内有下腔静脉通过
作用：是主要的呼吸肌，收缩时，胸腔容积增大，以助吸气9.腹股沟韧带：腹外斜肌腱膜的下缘卷曲增厚连于髂前上棘和耻骨结节之间叫做腹股沟韧带。 10.腹股沟镰（联合腱）：腹内斜肌的下部肌束行向内下方，跨过精索后延为腱膜，再向内侧与腹横肌的腱膜会合形成。 11.腹股沟管：在腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方，内口为腹股沟管深环（腹环）位于腹股沟韧带中点上方1.5厘米，外口为腹股沟管浅环（皮下环），位于耻骨结节的外上方，男性内穿精索，女性内穿子宫圆韧带。补：股三角：由腹股沟韧带，长收肌内侧缘和和缝匠肌内侧缘围成。三角内有股神经，股血管和淋巴结等。 12.咽峡：腭垂、腭帆游离缘，两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成，它是口腔和咽的分界。 13.十二指肠大乳头：位于十二指肠降部十二指肠纵襞的下端的突起，胆总管和胰管开口于此，其距中切牙约75厘米。 14.十二指肠悬韧带（Treitz韧带）：十二指肠空肠曲被十二指肠悬肌固定于腹后壁的右膈脚上，十二指肠悬肌和包绕其下段的腹膜皱襞共同构成十二指肠悬韧带，是手术中确定空肠起始的重要标志。15.齿状线：肛瓣与肛柱的下端共同形成锯齿状的环形线，此线以上为黏膜，以下为皮肤。 16.白线：肛梳下缘有一不明显的环形线，称白线。活体肛门指诊检查时可触及此处有一条环形浅沟，是肛门内外括约肌的分界处。17.肝门：位于肝脏面的一条横沟，是肝固有动脉，肝门静脉，肝左
内科学名词解释 阿司匹林哮喘：无论既往是否有哮喘病史，当口服阿司匹林后数分钟内或数小时内出现诱发的哮喘发作，称阿司匹林哮喘。 气道高反应性：指气管、支气管树对多种抗原或非抗原（物理或者化学的刺激）的过度反应，主要表现为支气管平滑肌痉挛、收缩增强、气道粘膜腺体分泌增多。 右中叶综合症：因局部支气管或者肺部炎症或者淋巴结肿大压迫右中叶支气管，使管腔狭窄，引起的中叶体积缩小，不张，慢性炎症导致的临床症状 类癌综合症：在肺部肿瘤中，可见到因分泌5-羟色胺过多而引起的哮喘样支气管痉挛，阵发性心动过速，皮肤潮红，水样腹泻等症状，以燕麦细胞癌和腺癌多见 弥漫性泛支气管炎：指两肺终末细支气管及肺呼吸性细支气管呈弥漫性慢性炎症。大环内酯类对其有效。 Pancoast综合症：Pancoast综合症指由于位于肺尖和肺上沟的肺肿瘤导致臂从神经和颈交感神经受累，临床上以Horner综合症及肩部和上肢的疼痛等为表现 睡眠呼吸暂停综合症：指平均每晚7小时睡眠中呼吸暂停反复发作次数在30次以上，或呼吸紊乱指数大于5次以上。 呼吸暂停：睡眠中口鼻气流停止超过10s 呼吸紊乱指数：平均每小时睡眠中，呼吸暂停＋低通气指数大于5次 低通气：呼吸气流降低幅度超过气流的50％以上，并伴有4％以上的血氧饱和度下降。 Picknickian syn：肥胖，嗜睡，周期性呼吸三联症。 盘状肺不张：指亚段以上的肺不张，多位于膈顶上方，约2－6cm长，扁平条状阴影，外端达胸膜表面，不穿过叶间裂 干性支气管扩张：以反复咯血为主要症状，而无咳嗽，咳脓痰表现的支气管扩张 Kartagener syndrome:指具有内脏转位（右位心），支气管扩张，副鼻窦炎三联症的先天性疾病。 支气管哮喘：指由嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和T细胞等多种细胞参与的气道慢性炎症。这种炎症使易感者对各种激发因子具有气道高反应性，引起气道痉挛，表现为反复发作的呼气性呼吸困难，出现广泛多变的可逆性气流受限，大多可自行或经治疗后缓解。
What is a summary? A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary? It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own. It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas. It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea. The goal of a summary? It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc) Paragraph unity A unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it. How to achieve paragraph unity? Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence. Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point. Prove or develop the point;don 't merely repeat it. Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow. How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story? Divide the story into smaller parts. Summarize each part in one sentence. Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story. What is a narrative paragraph? A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet? Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end. It includes as little conversation as possible. Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions. Here are some common time linking words/expressions. Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection ) A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer 's train of thought(= a related series of thoughts) An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way. How to achieve paragraph coherence? Arrange sentence in a clear order. Use correct pronouns Use correct linking words and expressions. What is exposition?
内科学复习资料一、名解 呼吸系统 1.医院获得性肺炎（HAP ）：是指患者入院时不存在，也不处于潜伏期，而于入院48小时后 在医院（包括老年护理院、康复院）内发生的肺炎。 2.社区获得性肺炎（CAP）：是指医院外罹患的感染性肺实质炎症，包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎。 3.原发综合征：指原发灶、引流淋巴管炎、肿大的肺门淋巴结统称为原发综合征。 4.Koch 现象：机体对结核菌再感染与初感染所表现出不同反应的现象，称为Koch 现象。 5.肺性脑病：由于呼吸功能衰竭所致缺氧、二氧化碳储留而引起的精神障碍、神经系统的综合征。但必须除外脑动脉硬化、严重电解质紊乱、单纯性的碱中毒、感染中毒性脑病。 6.LTOT ：即长期家庭氧疗。对COPD 慢性呼吸衰竭者可提高生活质量和生存率。目的是使 患者在海平面，静息状态下，达到P a O2大于或等于60mmHg和或S a O2升至90%以上。 7.肺心病：是指由支气管-肺组织、胸廓或血管病变致肺血管阻力增加，产生肺动脉高压，继而右心结构和功能改变的疾病。分为急性和慢性。 8.慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD ）：是一组气流受限为特征的肺部疾病，气流受阻不完全可逆，呈进行性发展，但是可以预防和治疗的疾病。 9.慢性支气管炎（chronic bronchitis ）：是气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。诊断依据：咳嗽、咳痰，或伴有喘息，每年发病持续 3 个月，并连续2 年或2 年以上， 并排除其他慢性气管疾病。 10.慢性肺源性心脏病：简称慢性肺心病，是由肺组织、肺血管或胸廓的慢性病变引起肺组织结构和（或）功能异常，产生肺血管阻力增加，肺动脉压力增高，使右心室扩张或（和）肥厚，伴或不伴右心功能衰竭的心脏病，并排除先天性心脏病和左心病变引起者。 11.呼吸道高反应性（AHR ）：指气道对各种刺激因子出现的过强或过早的敏感性增高反应称为AHR ，其气道炎症是其产生吸道高反应性的基础。 12.支气管哮喘：简称哮喘，是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病。这种慢性 炎症导致气道高反应性相关，为可逆性气流受限。 13肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）:是指来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支所致的疾病，以肺循环和呼吸功能为其主要临床表现和病理生理特征。 14.肺栓塞（PE）：是以各种栓子阻塞肺动脉系统为其发病原因的一组疾病或临床综合症的总称。
1.Piphyseal cartilage(epiphysial line)骺软骨（骺线） 长骨的两端膨大称为骺。幼年时，骨干与骺之间的有透明软骨，成年后软骨骨化，骨干与骺融为一体，其间遗留的痕迹，叫骺线。 2.Pterion翼点 翼点是额、顶、颞、蝶四骨会合处，骨质薄弱，内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。Paranasal sinuses鼻旁窦 又名副鼻窦，是上颌骨，额骨，筛骨，蝶骨内骨腔，位于鼻腔周围，并开口于鼻腔。共四对，均位于同名骨内。由于鼻旁窦粘膜与鼻腔粘膜相续，故鼻腔炎症可蔓延至鼻旁窦引起鼻窦炎。 3.Diploe 板障 颅盖骨表层为密质，分别称内板和外板。两板之间的松质称为板障，有板障静脉通过。 4.Vertebral foramen(vertebral canal) 椎孔（椎管） 椎体与椎弓围成椎孔，各椎骨的椎孔连成椎管，椎管内容纳脊髓及其被膜。5.Intervertebral foramina 椎间孔 相邻椎骨椎弓根的上下切迹围成椎间孔，有脊神经和血管通过。 6.Sternal angle 胸骨角 胸骨柄和体连接处微向前凸，称胸骨角，可在体表扪及，两侧平对第2肋，是计数肋的重要标志。向后平对第4胸椎体下缘。 7.Intervertebral disc 椎间盘 椎间盘是连结相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘。 8.Costal arch 肋弓 为第8～10肋软骨各与上位肋软骨相连形成；为重要的体表标志。 9.Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙 为前、中斜角肌与第1肋围成的三角形的空隙；内有臂丛神经及锁骨下动脉通过。 10.Isthmus of fauces(oropharyngeal isthmus) 咽峡 腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓，和舌根共同围成咽峡。是口腔和咽的分界处。 11.Calot triangle(cystohepatic triangle) 卡洛氏三角（胆囊三角） 胆囊管、肝总管及肝脏脏面三者构成的三角形区域称为胆囊三角，内有胆囊动脉通过，是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 12.Dentate line 齿状线 连接各肛柱下端与各肛瓣边缘的锯齿状环行线称齿状线。 13.Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝 肋胸膜和膈胸膜互相转折处形成较大的间隙。 14.Renal region 肾区 是指竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的区域，为肾门的体表投影处（相当于第1腰椎水平）。 15.Renal hilum 肾门 renal sinus肾窦 肾内侧缘中间凹陷称为肾门，是肾盂，肾动静脉，淋巴管，神经的出入处。出入肾门的结构合成肾蒂（从前向后静动盂，从上到下动静盂）。由肾门深入肾实质的凹陷称为肾窦。
内科学名词解释 第一篇：呼吸系统疾病 1、小叶性肺炎：是指病原菌通过支气 管侵入，引起细支气管，终末细支 气管和肺泡的炎症，本病常继发于 其他疾病，多累及肺的下叶，一般 无实变体征，常见的病原体有葡萄 球菌，肺炎球菌，病毒及病毒支原 体等。 2、社区获得性肺炎（CAP）：指在医院 外罹患的感染性炎症，包括具有明 确潜伏的病原体感染而在入院后平 均潜伏期内发病的肺炎。 3、医院获得性肺炎（HAP）：指患者入 院时不存在，也不处于潜伏期，而 于入院48小时后在医院内发生的 炎症。 4、肺脓肿：是肺组织坏死形成的脓腔。 临床特征为高热，咳嗽和咳大量脓 臭痰。胸片X显示一个或多个含气 液平空洞。5、肺炎：是指终末气道，肺泡和肺间 质的炎症，可由病原微生物，理化 因素，免疫损伤，过敏及药物所致。 6、支气管哮喘：是指有多种细胞如嗜 酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、T细胞、 中性粒细胞、气道上皮细胞等，和 细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症。7、气道高反应性：是指气道对各种刺 激因子出现过强或过早的收缩反 应。 8、速发型哮喘反应：是指哮喘几乎在 吸入变应原的同时立即发生反应， 15—30分钟达高峰，2小时后逐渐 恢复正常。 9、迟发型哮喘反应：是指哮喘在吸入 变应原后6小时左右发生的反应， 持续时间长，可达数天。而且临床 症状严重，常呈持续性哮喘表现， 肺功能损害严重而持久。 10、慢性支气管炎：是指支气管壁的 慢性、非特异性炎症。如患者每年 咳嗽、咳痰达3个月以上，连续2
年或更长，并可除外其他已知原因 的慢性咳嗽，可以诊为慢性支气管 炎。 11、阻塞性肺气肿：则指肺部终末细 支气管远端气腔出现异常持久的扩 张，并伴有肺泡壁和细支气管的破 坏而无明显的肺纤维化。 12、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）：是 一种气流受限而又不完全可逆为特 征的疾病。这种气流受限常呈渐进 性，并伴有肺部对有害尘粒或气体 呈非正常的炎症反应。 13、小叶中央型肺气肿：是由于终末 细支气管或一级呼吸性细支气管炎 症导致官腔狭窄，其远端的二级呼 吸性细支气管呈囊状扩张，且扩张 的呼吸性细支气管位于二级小叶的 中央区的肺气肿。 14、小叶中央型肺气肿：指直径小于 2mm的气道。 15、原发综合症：肺部的原发病灶、 淋巴管炎及局部淋巴结炎，统称为 原发综合征 16、科赫现象：初次感染与再次感染 机体对结核再感染与初感染所表现 出不同的现象，称为科赫现象。17、中心型肺癌：系指发生于支气 管、叶支气管及肺段支气管的肺癌，以鳞癌和未分化癌居多。 18、周围型肺癌：又称肺野型，系指 发生于肺段以下支气管直到细小支 气管的肺癌。 19、所谓霍纳氏综合症：指的是植物 神经主要是颈部交感神经节的损伤 等引起的特征性的一群眼部症状。 颈部交感神经径路的任何一段受损 都可发生本病。 20、原发性支气管肺癌：简称肺癌， 是最常见的肺部原发性恶性肿瘤。 21、上腔静脉阻塞综合征：是由于上 腔静脉被附近肿大的转移性淋巴结 压迫或右上肺的原发性肺癌侵犯， 以及腔静脉内癌栓阻塞静脉回流引 起。
内科学复习名词解释汇总(完美打印版)
1、呼吸膜：呼吸膜指肺泡与血液间气体分子交换所通过的结 构，又称为气-血屏障，依次由下列结构组成：①肺泡表面的液体层；②Ⅰ型肺泡上皮细胞及其基膜；③薄层结缔组织；④毛细血管基膜与内皮。 2、肺牵张反射：由肺扩张或肺缩小引起的吸气抑制或兴奋的反 射为黑-伯反射（Hering-Breuer reflex）或称肺牵张反射。它有两种成分：肺扩张反射和肺缩小反射。 3、氧离曲线：氧离曲线或氧合血红蛋白解离曲线是表示PO2与 Hb氧结合量或Hb氧饱和度关系的曲线。该曲线即表示不同PO2时，O2与Hb的结合情况。曲线呈“S”形，因Hb变构效应所致。曲线的“S”形具有重要的生理意义。4、肺性脑病：是由于慢性肺胸疾患伴有呼吸衰竭，出现低氧血 症、高碳酸血症而引起的精神障碍、神经症状的一组综合 征。 5、慢性支气管炎：是指气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性 非特异性炎症。临床上以咳嗽、咳痰或伴有喘息及反复发作的慢性过程为特征。 6、阻塞性肺气肿：阻塞性肺气肿(obstructive pulmonary emphysema，简称肺气肿)是由于吸烟、感染、大气污染等有害因素的刺激，引起终末细支气管远端(呼吸细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊和肺泡)的气道弹性减退、过度膨胀、充气和肺容量增大，并伴有气道壁的破坏。 7、慢性肺源性心脏病：慢性肺源性心脏病(chronic pulmonary heart discase)是由肺组织、肺动脉血管或胸廓的慢性病变引 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2
起肺组织结构和功能异常，产生肺血管阻力增加，肺动脉压力增高，使右心扩张、肥大，伴或不伴右心衰竭的心脏病。 8、支气管哮喘：是气道的一种慢性变态反应性炎症性疾病。它 是由肥大细胞、嗜酸细胞、淋巴细胞等多种炎症细胞介导的气道炎症。它的存在引起气道高反应性（AHR）和广泛的、可逆性气流阻塞。 9、呼吸衰竭：是各种原因引起的肺通气和(或)换气功能严重障 碍，以致在静息状态下亦不能维持足够的气体交换，导致缺氧伴(或不伴)二氧化碳潴留，从而引起一系列生理功能和代谢紊乱的临床综合征。 10、Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭：缺氧而无CO2潴留(PaO2<60 mmHg， PaCO2降低或正常)。见于换气功能障碍(通气／血流比例失 调、弥散功能损害和肺动静脉样分流)的病例，如ARDS 等。 11、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭：缺O2伴CO2潴留(PaO2<60 mmHg， PaCO2>50 mmHg)，系肺泡通气不足所致。单纯通气不足，缺O2和CO2潴留的程度是平行的，若伴换气功能损害，则缺O2更为严重。如慢性阻塞性肺疾病。 12、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）：ARDS是在严重感染、 创伤、休克等打击后出现的以肺实质细胞损伤为主要表现的临床综合征。临床特点：严重低氧血症、呼吸频速、X线胸片示双肺斑片状阴影。病理生理特点：肺内分流增加、肺顺应性下降。病理特点：肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞损伤导致的广泛肺水肿、微小肺不张等。 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢3
名解： 1.症状symptom 2.体征sign 3.发热fever 4.稽留热continued fever 5.弛张热remittent fever 6.间歇热intermittent fever 7.波状热undulant fever 8.回归热recurrent fever 9.不规则热irregular fever 10.水肿edema 11.咳嗽cough 12.咳痰expectoration 13.咯血hemoptysis 14.呕血hematemesis 15.放射痛或牵涉痛radiating pain P41 16.呼吸困难dyspnea 17.心源性呼吸困难或心源性哮喘cardiac asthma 18.Kussmaul 呼吸 19.Saegesser 征 20.腹泻diarrhea 21.黄疸jaundice 22.Gilbert综合征 23.Crigler-Najiar综合征 24.Rotor综合征 25.Dubin-Johnson综合征 26.夏科Charcot三联征 27.血尿haematuria 28.尿频frequent micturition 29.尿急urgent micturition 30.尿痛odynuria 31.尿路刺激征 32.神经源性膀胱 33.意识障碍disturbance of consciousness 34.嗜睡somnolence 35.意识模糊confusion 36.嗜睡stupor 37.昏迷coma 38.谵妄delirium 39.问诊inquiry 40.主诉chief complaint 41.现病史history of present illness 42.既往史past history 43.系统回顾review of systems 44.月经史menstrual history 45.体格检查physical examination 46.检体诊断physical diagnosis 47.视诊inspection 48.触诊palpation 49.叩诊percussion 50.叩诊音percussion sound 51.清音resonance 52.浊音dullness 53.实音flatness 54.鼓音tympany 55.过清音hyperresonance 56.听诊auscultation 57.嗅诊olfactory examination 58. 生命征vital sign 59.无力型asthenic 60.超力型sthenic type 61.正力型ortho-sthenic type 62.营养不良innutrition 63.营养过剩excess nutrient 64.精神障碍mental disorders 65.自知力insight 66.二尖瓣面容mitral facies 67.甲亢面容thyrotoxic facies 68.体位position 69.被动体位passive position 70.强迫体位compulsive position 71.端坐呼吸orthopnea 72.间歇性跛行intermittent claudication 73.发绀cyanosis 74.色素沉着pigmentation 75.斑疹maculae 76.玫瑰疹roseola 77.丘疹papules 78.斑丘疹maculopapule 79.荨麻疹urticaria 80.瘀点petechia 81.紫癜purpura 82.瘀斑ecchymosis 83.血肿hematoma 84.蜘蛛痣spider angioma 85.肝掌liver palms 86.溃疡ulcer
01. Humanism(人文主义) 1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) 1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) 1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classicism(古典主义) Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) 1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century. 2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century. 3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. 5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) 1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.