路桥工程专业外语课文

Lesson 1 Careers in Civil EngineeringMany civil engineers, among them the top people in the field work in design. As we have seen ,civil engineers work on many diferent kinds of structures , so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind . In designing buildings ,engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firm.Dams, bridges, water supply systems and other large project ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a system enginneer who is in charge of the entire project . In many cases engineers from other disciplines are involved .In dam project , for example , electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases , civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field ; in the space program , for instance ,civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities .Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible . Safty factors must also be taken into account , since construction can be very dangerous . Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase.11许多土木工程师在设计领域工作,他们中的许多人是这个行业的佼佼者。

专业英语English article in Civil Engineering (土木工程专业英语课文)Lesson1Careers in Civil EngineeringEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examination for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers.specialized专门的, 专科的 jurisdiction管辖权，权限 license许可（证），执照 bar 律师业土木工程是一个意味着工程师必须要经过专门的大学教育的职业。

许多政府管辖部门还有（一套）认证程序，这一程序要求工科毕业生在他们能积极地开始（从事）他们的事业之前，通过（认证）考试, 这种考试类似于律师职业里的律师考试一样。

In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information.mathematics n.数学 curriculum n.课程 branch n. (学科)分科 stress 强调 courses n.课程,路线statistics n. 统计学,统计 deal with涉及，处理An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic (which) the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundation, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered handleundertake vt.承担 amount of traffic n.交通量 impact碰撞，冲击 Variable 变量大学里, 工科课程中着重强调数学、物理, 和化学,尤其在开始的二到三年。

道路桥梁工程技术英语Road and bridge engineering is a fascinating field that requires a blend of technical know-how and innovative thinking. You know, it's not just about building roads and bridges, it's about creating connections that bring people and places together.When it comes to road design, we have to consider so many factors the terrain, the weather, even the traffic flow. And with bridges, the challenge is even greater. We have to make sure they can withstand the weight of vehicles, but also the force of nature like strong winds and currents.One of the coolest things about this job is the use of advanced technology. We've got drones flying overhead, scanning the ground for any potential obstacles. And software simulations help us predict how our designs will perform in real-world conditions.Did you know that bridges can be so much more than justa way to cross a river? They can be works of art, too! Some bridges are designed with beautiful architecture, making them landmarks in their own right.Safety is always a top priority in road and bridge engineering. We have to make sure our designs are sturdy and reliable, so that people can travel safely. Regular inspections and maintenance are key to keeping things running smoothly.But it's not just about the technical stuff. Communication is a big part of this job, too. We have to work closely with other professionals like.。

Unit 1 Highway Introduction公路简介(1) Road classification道路分类Road路,道路,公路, highway公路;干道, freeway高速公路;高速干道, expressway高速公路, street街,街道,(2) Road concept道路概念Road layout道路布局,planning 城市规划,土地规划, spacing 间隔, network网状物;网状系统, location位置;场所,所在地, terrain 地形;地势, drainage排水系统,排水设备;下水道, survey 测量,勘测,测绘(3) Road structure道路结构Alignment线型surface面,表面, subgrade路基,地基curvature弯曲, (几何)曲率, gradient 坡度,倾斜度, ditch沟;壕沟,水道,渠道, turnout产量,产额,4) Materials材料Gravel 砂砾,碎石,石子dirt污物;烂泥;灰尘,泥土, soil土,泥土,土壤, asphalt沥青;柏油, cement水泥, concrete 混凝土的, 具体的Rubble毛石，块石, flag薄层，薄层砂岩, stone石,石头,石块, slab石板，厚板,平板;厚片, grout薄泥浆;水泥浆,石灰浆lime石灰, cement水泥,胶结材料Bottom layer底层/intermediate layer中间层/upper layer上层/top layer顶层The Empire帝国/ the Dark Ages黑暗时代/ the Middle Ages中世纪Topograph地形图/topography地形;地形学;地形测量学/topographic地形(学)上的Turnpike收费公路/toll system收费系统/ETC –Electronic Toll Collection电子收费3. Highway types公路类型Freeway高速公路;高速干道: freeway/expressway高速公路Controlled access highway控制进入高速公路Conventional highway传统的公路Highway公路;干道: arterial highway干线公路/bypass旁道,旁路/divided highway双向分隔行驶的公路;双向之间有分车带的公路/through street通过街/through highway通过公路Parkway停车道Scenic highway风景公路Street街,街道: Cul-de-Sac street小路尽头的街道/dead end street尽头街道/frontage street正街/local street地方街道Road路,道路,公路: frontage road街面道路/local road地方道路/toll road 收费道路(bridge桥,桥梁, tunnel隧道,地道)1. Technical termsCross section横断面/ Profile 纵断面(图),剖面(图)/Plan view平面视图Longitudinal section/ Transverse section 纵/横截面Lane/ Multilane/ Multiple lanes行车/多通道/多车道Roadway巷道Through traffic/ Local traffic/ Traffic island通过交通/交通/交通岛MedianRoadbed/ curb/ shoulder路基/ 路边,(人行道旁的)镶边石,边栏/肩Right-of-way 公路用地Surface course表面过程/ Wearing course磨损过程/ Basecourse基层/Flexible pavement柔性路面/ Rigid pavement刚性路面Cohesion凝聚力/ cohesive有粘着力的;凝聚性的;有结合力的Roadbase基层/ Subbase基层Crack/ Break/ Stress/ Distress裂纹/打破/压力/痛苦,窘迫的Modulus of elasticity弹性模量2. Main points1 Geometric Cross Section on Highway几何截面的公路上1.1 Lane巷1.2 Median位数1.3 Outer separation外部分离1.4 Roadbed路基1.5 Roadside路边1.6 Roadway巷1.7 Shoulder肩1.8 Travel way旅行方式Unit 4 Asphalt and Mix Asphalt沥青和沥青混合Technical termsMix/ mixture/ compound混合/混合物/复合Petroleum石油/ crude oil原油/ gasoline汽油/ diesel柴油/ gas可燃气;煤气;沼气/ petrol汽油Bitumen沥青/ bituminous 沥青的;含沥青的/ pitch搭(帐篷);扎(营)/asphalt沥青/ asphaltum沥青/ tar焦油;柏油,沥青Hydrocarbon碳氢化合物/ hydrau液Destructive distillation破坏性蒸馏Disulfate硫酸盐Emulsify乳化/ emulsion乳胶;乳状液/Dilute稀释/ diluents稀释剂/solvent有溶解力的/ cutter stock刀具的库存Oxygen氧,氧气/ oxidize使氧化/ oxidation 氧化(作用)/ oxidization 氧化/ dioxide二氧化物/ hydrogen氢/ sulphur硫磺Waterproof不透水的,防水的Acid/ alkalis/ salt/ alcohol酸/碱/盐/酒精Liquid/ fluid/ liquor/ liquefy液/液/液/液化Semi-solid半固态/ hard-brittle solid硬脆性固体/ water-thin liquidBinder粘结剂,捆缚(或包扎)用具;绳索,带子/ sticky粘的;涂有粘胶物质的;泥泞的/ viscous粘的/ adhesive粘的;粘着的;有粘性的/ viscosity粘质;粘性Hard-surface硬地/ hard-face硬面/ hard-surfaced road坚硬的路Tack coat粘结层Cut-back asphalt稀释沥青Penetration. 针入度Versatility多样化的/ flexibility易曲性;适应性,灵活性;弹性/ durability耐久性/ ability能力;能耐/ capacity 容量, 能力,才能,接受能力,理解力/ compactability紧/Rigidity 坚硬;严格;刚直;死板/ strength强度;(酒等的)浓度/ hardness硬性;硬度/ elastic 有弹性的,有弹力的/ rigid坚硬的;坚固的;不易弯曲的/ modules of elasticity弹性模数/Cold temperature cracking低温开裂/ warm temperature rutting高温车辙Performance 履行;实行;完成,演出/ grade等级;级别;阶段/ Performance Grading性能分级(PG)Aggregate使聚集Bin (贮藏谷物等的)箱子,容器,仓/ dryer干燥剂,催干剂/ pug mill练泥机/ drum鼓状物;圆桶/ tank (贮水,油,气等的)柜,罐,箱,槽latex乳汁;乳胶sulphur extended asphalt硫磺沥青混合料sulphur dioxide二氧化硫hydrogen sulphide硫化氢1. Technical termsStability 稳定,稳定性/ stabilize 使稳定,使稳固/availability有效;有益;可利用性/ available 可利用的,可得到的/Sense 感觉;意识;观念/ sensitivity敏感性;感受性Solubility 可溶性, 溶解度/ soluble 可溶解的/ solution溶解,解答;解决(办法); /Rutting车辙/ rust锈,铁锈;(脑子等的)迟钝;(能力等的)荒废/ tar焦油;柏油,沥青Roadstone石马路By-product副产品/ coke 焦,焦炭,焦煤/ coal gas 煤气/ kerosene煤油,火油Residue 残余,剩余,滤渣,残余物/ residual残留的;剩余的/ remain剩下,余留strengthen 加强;增强;巩固/ strength 力,力量, 强度/ deformation 毁坏;变形/ deform 使变形/ reform 改革,革新,改良elastic有弹性的,有弹力的/elasticity 弹性;弹力/plastic可塑的,塑性的/plasticity 可塑性;适应性;柔软性/chipping碎屑permanent永久的,永恒的;永远的, 固定性的;常在的/ temporary 临时的;暂时的,一时的poise使平衡;使平稳/ Dyne达因/ Newton 牛顿stiffness劲度/ stiff 硬的,僵直的,僵硬的/ stress压力;紧张;应力/ strain拉紧;拖紧;伸张/ fatigue疲劳,劳累Deduce演绎,推论/ deduction 扣除,减除,推论;演绎(法/ composition 构成;构图;成分penetration test渗透测试/ softening point test软化点试验/ ring and ball test环和球试验internal diameter 内部直径/ external diameter外部直径sample样品,样本;例子,实例/ water bath水浴arbitrary反复无常的,任性多变的;独断的,专制的/ pragmatic 实际的;实干的/ pragmatism 实用主义/fluidity 流动性;流状;易变(性)/ segregate分离/ susceptibility敏感性/ susceptible 敏感的, rheology流变学/ rheological 流变rolled asphalt碾压沥青synthetic polymer 合成聚合物/ additive附加的epoxy resin环氧树脂impart to传授/ deter威慑住,吓住;使断念/ deterrent 威慑的;遏制的container terminal集装箱码头/ airfield apron机场停机坪Unit 5 Cement and Concrete水泥和混凝土A. Technical termsCement水泥,胶结材料/ chalk粉笔/ matrix矩阵Cementitious 水泥Calcium钙/ calciferous钙/Lime石灰/ limestone石灰石Silica 硅土,二氧化硅/ silicate硅酸盐Aluminium铝/ alumina氧化铝/ aluminate铝sinter烧结coarse clinker粗水泥熟料calcium aluminate 铝酸钙/ calcium silicate硅酸钙hydrate水合物/ cure治疗/Work工作/ workable 可使用的,可运转的/ workability可使用性Shrinkage收缩/ swell膨胀/ swellable膨胀/ swellability溶胀strain拉紧;拖紧;伸张grout薄泥浆;水泥浆constituent组织/ ingredient成分/ component组成Thermal热的;热量的/ thermal coefficient of expansion热膨胀热系数Compressive strength抗压强度/ tensile strength拉伸强度Compressive压缩/ tensile 拉伸Reinforce加固/ reinforcing bar钢筋/ reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土Stiffness劲度Vulnerable脆弱的Efflorescence 风化/ weather天气/ weathering气候Column 柱/ volume体积/Pressure vessel压力容器1. Technical termsPrestress预应力Crew船员Contract 合同/ contractor承包商Resident engineer驻地工程师Inspector检查员Structural member结构构件Steel strand钢绞线Bridge girder桥主梁Pier cap墩帽Deck slab甲板Pretensioning先张法/ post-tensioning后张法Precast预制/ cast -in-place就地浇Box girder箱梁Predetermined stress预定压力Stretch拉伸/ relax 放松/ shorten 缩短/ induce诱导Duct 输送管;导管/ conduit导水管,导管/ pipe管,导管,输送管/ tube 管;筒/ canal管,道/ vessel 容器Anchor 锚/ Anchorage锚具corrosion腐蚀;侵入rebar钢筋/ reel卷轴tarpaulin 防水油布condense压缩/ condensation冷凝require要求/ requisite必要/ prerequisite不可缺的;事先需要的uniform 制服/ uniformity统一vary使多样化/ various不同的;各种各样的,形形色色的/ variable / variationcamber deflection 上弯翘起挠度creep蠕变Standard Specification 标准规范/ Sampling Guide取样指南Couple一双（对）/ coupler联结器Stir搅拌/ stirrup镫筋,箍筋/Web网络/ flange凸缘/ rib肋,肋骨/ side form形式Flimsy脆弱的Galvanize strip steel 镀锌带钢/ sheet steel钢片Weld焊接;熔接;锻接，使结合/ seam 缝;接缝,缝合处,接合口;裂缝Helical螺旋/helically螺旋形的/ helicopter直升飞机Contra-flexure反向弯曲/ parabolic curve抛物曲线Uplift隆起的Wobble摆动/ twist扭转;扭弯;旋转/ spall破碎Case事实，实例，案件/ Encase装箱Increment增加;增加量;增额Slack松弛的,不紧的;不严的Pressure gauge压力表/ load cell负载单元/ stretcher担架/ dynamometer动力计;力量计;握力计Dead end 尽头;困境/ stressing end强调结束Elongation measurement伸长测量法Spliced strand拼接链Tendon筋腱、预应力钢索、钢筋束Inject注射/ eject 逐出,轰出；喷射,吐出/ injection /ejectionVent通风孔,排气孔/ slut邋遢女子/ inlet valve入口阀Unit 6 Measuring Technology and Equipment测量技术及设备A. Technical termsSurvey测量/ surveyor测量员Horizontal/vertical/plumb/slope/ plan/plane垂直/水平/垂直/倾斜/计划/飞机Elevation高程Odometer 测距仪Circumference 圆周;周长/ circle圆/ circulate流通；传播/ circular 圆Tape带子,线带Tacheometry 视距测量Stadia 视距Theodolite /transit 经纬仪Rod 测杆、标尺Telescope望远镜Topographic survey地形测量Topographic mapping地形测绘Hydrographic mapping水文图Electronic distance measurement(EDM)电子距离测量Terrain地形;地势Electromagnetic电磁(体)的Velocity/speed速度/速度Band传送带；带,细绳Infrared/ ultraviolet 红外/紫外Module/ modulate模块/调节Passive/ active/ positive/ negative 被动/主动/积极/消极Perpendicular/ parallel 垂直/平行Clinometer / abney 测斜仪/水准仪Sextant六分仪/ sexagesimal 六十分数Compass界线;周围,圆规Protractor 量角器Unit 8 The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology路基设计与施工技术A. Technical termsUppermost / top soil 最上面/土壤Embankment / excavation路堤/挖掘Fill / cut填充/切割Foundation建立,创办；基础;基本原则Organic / inorganic / organ / organization有机/无机/机关/组织Imported soil / borrow sources进口/借用来源Dense / density / condense密/密度/凝结Moisture content含水量Classification分类;分级Differ / different / difference / differentiate不同的/不同/不同/分化Cobble / gravel / sand / silt / clay卵石/砾/砂/泥/粘土Fine grained soil细粒土Dry mass / dry matter干质量／干物质Semi-weathered半风化In-situ在原处;在原位置Infer推断Resilient modulus 回弹模量Manual 手的;手工的;用手操作的；体力的Backcalculate 反演计算Overlay覆盖;铺在...上面;镀；压倒Prototype原型;标准;模范Frost冰冻/ thaw融化,融解/ heave举起,拉起, /Guide / guidance / guideline指导/指南/指导方针Expansive soil 膨胀土Bentonitic shale 膨胀土页岩Soil modifier土壤改良剂Culvert阴沟;地下电缆管道；涵洞桥Form / formulate / formulation / formula形式/制定/公式化；规划;构想/公式Title——Highway Subgrade Construction公路路基施工1. Technical termsExcavation挖掘;开凿Borrow pit借土坑Sidestep回避Borrow ditch借沟Dispose / disposal处理/处置Surplus material剩余材料Approach接近,靠近Conforming / nonconforming material合格/不合格材料Top soil / superficial coatTurf 草皮土壤/表层stake mark危险标记subgrade edge路基边缘top of slope / foot of slope顶坡/坡脚berm 便道peg 桩facility 设施silt 泥沙,淤泥/ scour 冲刷permeable有渗透性的;可穿过的/ torrent 急流earthwork 土方量over-excavation挖blast 爆炸,爆破/ fetch soil 取土transverse 横向的;横断的;横切的/ longitudinal excavation纵向开挖hauling牵引backfill 回填self-dumper 自卸车segment / segmental部分；线段side wall侧壁rock filling填石/ borrow filling 借方填筑compaction machine压实机/ rolling passes碾压cut off切断;中断provided 以...为条件;假如(that)bench长凳;长椅；法官席;法官;法庭tamp / tamper 夯具Unit 9 Pavement Design and Construction Technology 路面设计与施工技术A. Technical termsSkid / skidding 打滑/集材/拖曳Free-draining自由排水Standing water站在水Imported/treated material进口/处理材料Platform平台,台Bound/unbound material绑定/绑定材料Bitumen-based material沥青基材料Unbound granular material松散颗粒材料Ingress入口Regular / Regularity /regulate定期/规律/调节Permeable / impermeable / permeability 渗透/渗透/渗透impermeability不渗透性Texture组织,结构,质地Tolerance忍耐,忍耐力；宽容,宽大Deep-seated 根深蒂固/由来已久/顽固的Remedy / remedial / diagnose药物/治疗/诊断Propagate / Propagation / propaganda路床面宣传/传播/宣传Formation 形态,结构Deem 认为Clear-cut 轮廓鲜明的/ 清晰的/ 皆伐Onset 开始Design life设计寿命Roadwork道路工程Discount折扣;打折扣1. Technical termsMacadam碎石Impetus 动力/推动Rubble瓦砾Avenue / street / road 路/街/路Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) 沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料Sprayer喷雾器Gritting machine 铺砂机Mixing plant搅拌设备Spreader散布者；(涂奶油用的)奶油刀Paver摊铺机Roller 滚动物;滚柱;滚筒;滚轴Road binder道路粘合剂Guss asphalt/concrete 摊铺地沥青/混凝土Stone quarry 采石场Wear and tear磨损Unit 10 Highway Alignment Design 公路线形设计A. Technical termsHorizontal/vertical alignment水平/垂直对齐Configuration. 结构;表面配置Safe operating speed安全操作速度Sight distance视距Highway capacity / traffic volume公路容量/交通量tangent正切;切线Superelevation 超高Rate of grade change速度等级变化Horizontal/vertical curve 水平/垂直曲线criteria(判断、批评的)标准,准则,尺度simple circular curve简单的圆曲线spiral transition curve 螺旋缓和曲线compound curve 复合曲线sharp curve锐曲线sharp/slight curvature 急剧的；锋利的;尖的/轻微弯曲swept path扫路centerline. 中线runoff决赛;终投票outline外形;轮廓minimum curve radii最小曲线半径long / length / lengthen长/长度/延长reverse curve 反向曲线superelevation transition超高过渡providing / provided (that) 假如…urban / suburban / rural城市/郊区/农村stopping/passing sight distance停止/超车视距multiple decision point多个决策点sight line瞄准线middle ordinate 中距/正矢no-passing zone禁区1. Technical termsGrade line分数线Crest/sag vertical curve嵴/凹形竖曲线Auxiliary lane辅助车道Maximum/minimum grade最高/最低等级Detrimental有害的warp使变形;使弯曲;Standpoint观点Climbing lane爬坡车道Offset补偿;抵消Ramp exit gore匝道出口高尔Headlight beam前照灯光束Encroach侵犯Ponding water积水Water table地下水位Pavement box路面盒Prism棱柱(体),角柱(体)Balance point平衡点Unit 14 Bridge Introduction 桥梁简介A. Technical termsPipeline / cycle track / pedestrian管道/周期轨道/行人Superstructure / substructure上层建筑/结构Single storey building单层建筑物Handrail扶手/ guardstone守护石Bearing 关系,关联；举止,风度;体态Plan view平面视图Pier墩,墩/abutment桥墩;桥基;桥台；毗邻;接界处/wingwall翼墙/approach接近,靠近/apron 裙板Rivetment 固结Masonry石造工程;石造建筑Retaining wall挡土墙Subsoil / Earthfill地基/填土Well foundation 井筒基础Footpath小径,(乡间)小路Parapet wall 栏杆、女儿墙Topple 倾覆Buckle 受弯屈服Arch bridge 拱桥/Three Gorge三峡/ span墩距;跨度slab bridge / 板桥T-beam T梁bow string girder bridge 弓弦梁桥suspension bridge吊桥Cable-stayed bridge斜拉桥steel bridge桥梁钢rainbow bridge彩虹桥Niagara river 尼亚加拉河Shutter百叶窗;活动遮板Head room头部空间Tie beam系梁Thrust用力推；刺；插;塞;挤出(路)Arch rib 拱肋Suspender / stay吊带/保持Tower塔;塔楼;高楼Orthotropic deck正交异性桥面Continuous girder连续梁Three-dimensional三维Stiffening girder加劲梁Transverse/longitudinal/radial bracing横向/纵向/径向支撑Moment of inertia转动惯量Truss bridge桁架桥Rigid frame bridge刚构桥Axial force轴向力Portal frame门架Clearance清除,清扫;出空；空地;空隙Spandrel braced arch 腹拱、肩拱Trussed arch桁架拱桥1. Technical termsInclement恶劣的Investigation / FBI调查/调查局Reconnaissance侦察;勘察;事先考查Feasibility可行性;可能性Right angle直角Erosion侵蚀;腐蚀Whirl / cross current / scour旋转/交叉电流/冲刷render给予,提供；使得,使成为inerodable strata地层High Flood Level(HFL)高水位Discharge排出(液体,气体等)；允许...离开;释放;解雇Waterway航道Pier thickness桥墩厚度High flood大洪水Current meter电流表Velocity rod流速杆Free board自由板Catchment area汇水盆地,汇水区域Watershed转折点;关键时刻；流域Boring 钻孔、钻探Rainfall降雨,下雨;降雨量Span墩距;跨度Culvert涵洞桥Ordinary Flood Level(OFL)普通洪水水位Low Water Level(LWL)低水位Afflux 雍水Head room头部空间Viaduct 高架桥Trestled bent栈桥弯曲Causeway 漫水桥Submersible潜水Cross-drainage横向排水Temporary/ permanent bridge临时/永久性桥Deck/through/semi-through bridge上/下/中承式桥Formation 建造、路床面Pony小马；小型的东西Headway进展Vertical lift bridge 垂直升降桥Bascule bridge开合式桥Swing bridge 旋开式桥Box/pipe/arch culvert盒/管/拱涵Cast iron铸铁;生铁Bearing capacity承载能力Earth cushion地垫Unit 15 Bridge Superstructure桥梁上部结构A. Technical termsWeight limit重量限制supplier供应者Span Arrangement跨径布置Bridge Project Manager大桥项目经理Redundant多余的,过剩的specification 规格;明细单;详细计划书Fracture critical骨折的关键Collapse倒塌；崩溃,瓦解Ability / Inability能力/能力Bolt螺栓stringer纵梁;纵桁span / single-span / multi-span跨度/单跨/连栋continuous spans连续跨越steel/concrete superstructure bridge钢筋混凝土桥梁rolled beam 辊压梁cover plate盖板welded plate girder焊接板梁box girder 箱梁truss扎,捆,缚,绑；用构架支撑cable stayed斜拉tied arch 系杆拱桥vertical/inclined web垂直/斜腹板top/bottom flange plate顶部/底部法兰盘hollow rectangular/trapezoidal section空心的矩形/梯形截面aesthetics美学torsional resistance扭阻力curved bridge曲线桥stringer / floor beam斯特林格/地板梁top/bottom chord顶部/底部和弦vertical/diagonal member垂直/斜成员lateral/sway bracing侧/斜撑axial load/force轴向载荷/力量concrete deck / steel girder混凝土桥面/钢大梁Box beam箱梁Strongback定位板Fabricate / fabrication / fabricator制造/生产/制造Balanced cantilever平衡悬臂Strain gage应变计Homogeneity / non-homogeneity 均匀/非均匀性Erratic 不定、无规律的Deflection偏斜;偏向;挠曲;偏度;挠度Mid-span / middle span / side span跨中/ 中跨/ 边跨Yield出产;结出(果实);产生(效果,收益等)Non-linearity非线性的Prescribe规定,指定Limiting strain极限应变flexure弯曲;弯曲部分,曲率neutral axis中性轴centroid距心lever arm杠杆臂resultant compression/tension/force/load由此产生的压缩/拉伸/ /载荷equivalent stress block等效应力块investigation / FBI调查/调查局under-reinforced / over-reinforced少筋/ 超筋stress intensity应力强度product产品,产物;产量;出产nomenclature学术用语;术语表Unit 16 Bridge Substructure桥梁下部结构A. Technical termsCap-and column type pier柱式墩帽Strut 支撑、加固T-type pierT型Hammerhead pier锤头码头Taper逐渐减少;逐渐变弱Rectangular/oval column矩形或椭圆柱Wall type pier墙式墩Strut and tie model拉压杆模型footing(稳固的)地位;基础single column/multi-column单/多列concentrated load集中荷载wall abutment墙台caisson 沉箱gutter 槽stepped/terraced wall configuration加强/梯田壁配置stub abutment直式桥台integral abutment整体式桥台wingwall 翼墙bridge seat 桥座backwall 背墙stem柄,把,杆approach slab 搭板contour轮廓;轮廓线；外形;结构1. Technical termsSpread footing扩展基础Cofferdam 围堰Negative skin friction / downdrag force负摩/下拉荷载力Friction pile摩擦桩End bearing pile端承桩Drilled caisson钻孔灌注Constructibility可构成性Embedment嵌入Casing箱;盒Confinement curbing约束控制Wire mesh basket 网笼Gabion 枝条筐streambed河床Unit 20 ——Construction Management and Cost Estimate 施工组织与概预算A. Technical termsSchedule 进度表Event / task / action /activity活动/任务/行动/活动Ultimate disposition 最后安排Expense / expenditure / cost费用/费用/成本Recast重铸Uncertainty不确定;不确信;易变;不可靠Production rate / productivity生产效率/生产力Gantt chart / bar chart甘特图表/图表Superimpose叠加Critical Path Method (CPM)关键路径法Critical task关键任务Logic diagram逻辑图Superintendent监督人,监管者Activity-on-the-arrow (AOA)活动箭Activity-on-the-node (AON)节点活动Dummy activity 虚拟工序Early start time / late start time开始时间早/晚开始时间Early finish time / late finish time最早完成时间/最晚完成时间Double line / bold line / color highlighted line / dash line双行线/颜色/大胆突出线/虚线Float / total float / free float 浮动/总时差/自由浮动interfering float 时差Preceding activity / succeeding activity前面的活动/后继活动Title——Construction Cost Estimate 建筑成本预算1. Technical termsBreakdown故障,损坏,崩溃;破裂Parameter / parametric参数/参数Direct/indirect cost直接/间接成本Finance / budget财务/预算Craftman钱包Scheme / schematic计划/方案Unit cost/price单位成本/价格Lump sum总金额Site visit网站访问Checklist核对用的清单Take-off脱下;移去；起飞；休假Overhead / profit / bond费用/利润/债券Escalation / contingence升级/偶然Shift 转移;替换,推卸Craft行业,职业Ownership and operating cost所有权和经营成本Dozer / bulldozer推土机/推土机Vendor 卖主Tax税;税金Markup 售价Similarity / dissimilarity相似/相异Unit 21 Tendering and Contract 投标与合同A. Technical termsTender敏感的,嫩的;柔软的；温柔的,体贴的Bid / bidder招标投标Agreement同意,一致；协定,协议Bond结合力;联结,联系Insurance保险;保险契约Makeup补足；编造；组成Owner / architect / designer / supplier / party业主/建筑师/设计师/供应商/派对Public agency / private company公共部门/私营公司Responsibility职责,任务;义务,负担General/special/technical provision一般/特殊/技术discretion判断力;辨别力；谨慎,考虑周到addenda补遗;追加；附加物Title——Types of construction contracts and bonds建筑合同和担保的类型1. Technical termsNegotiation / renegotiation协商/谈判Arctic / Antarctic北极/南极Cost plus a fixed fee成本加固定费用Cost plus a percentage成本加百分比Incentive刺激;鼓励;动机Thrifty 节约Innovation革新,改革,创新Compensate补偿,赔偿;酬报Procure 获得、实施Popular / popularity / population流行/流行/人口Recoup 收回surety / obligee担保/债权人forfeiture 没收、罚金penal / penalty刑法/处罚underwrite / constraint认购/约束default 违约option选择;选择权;选择自由lien 扣留权、留置权。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Bridge research in EuropeA brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar.IntroductionThe challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purelyeconomic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency.Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to consortia of academics and industrial partners within a number of the states— a Brite Euram bid would normally be led by an industrialist.In terms of dissemination of knowledge, two quite different strands appear to have emerged. The UK and the USA have concentrated primarily upon disseminating basic research in refereed journal publications: ASCE, ICE and other journals. Whereas the continental Europeans have frequently disseminated basic research at conferences where the circulation of the proceedings is restricted.Additionally, language barriers have proved to be very difficult to break down. In countries where English is a strong second language there has been enthusiastic participation in international conferences based within continental Europe —e.g. Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Switzerland. However, countries where English is not a strong second language have been hesitant participants }—e.g. France.European researchExamples of research relating to bridges in Europe can be divided into three types of structure:Masonry arch bridgesBritain has the largest stock of masonry arch bridges. In certain regions of the UK up to 60% of the road bridges are historic stone masonry arch bridges originally constructed for horse drawn traffic. This is less common in other parts of Europe as many of these bridges were destroyed during World War 2.Concrete bridgesA large stock of concrete bridges was constructed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. At the time, these structures were seen as maintenance free. Europe also has a large number of post-tensioned concrete bridges with steel tendon ducts preventing radar inspection. This is a particular problem in France and the UK.Steel bridgesSteel bridges went out of fashion in the UK due to their need for maintenance as perceived in the 1960s and 1970s. However, they have been used for long span and rail bridges, and they are now returning to fashion for motorway widening schemes in the UK.Research activity in EuropeIt gives an indication certain areas of expertise and work being undertaken in Europe, but is by no means exhaustive.In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio. The example relates to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges, using digital impulse radar.Post-tensioned concrete rail bridge analysisOve Arup and Partners carried out an inspection and assessment of the superstructure of a 160 m long post-tensioned, segmental railway bridge in Manchester to determine its load-carrying capacity prior to a transfer of ownership, for use in the Metrolink light rail system..Particular attention was paid to the integrity of its post-tensioned steel elements. Physical inspection, non-destructive radar testing and other exploratory methods were used to investigate for possible weaknesses in the bridge.Since the sudden collapse of Ynys-y-Gwas Bridge in Wales, UK in 1985, there has been concern about the long-term integrity of segmental, post-tensioned concrete bridges which may b e prone to ‘brittle’ failure without warning. The corrosion protection of the post-tensioned steel cables, where they pass through joints between the segments, has been identified as a major factor affecting the long-term durability and consequent strength of this type of bridge. The identification of voids in grouted tendon ducts at vulnerable positions is recognized as an important step in the detection of such corrosion.Description of bridgeGeneral arrangementBesses o’ th’ Barn Bridge is a 160 m long, three span, segmental, post-tensionedconcrete railway bridge built in 1969. The main span of 90 m crosses over both the M62 motorway and A665 Bury to Prestwick Road. Minimum headroom is 5.18 m from the A665 and the M62 is cleared by approx 12.5 m.The superstructure consists of a central hollow trapezoidal concrete box section 6.7 m high and 4 m wide. The majority of the south and central spans are constructed using 1.27 m long pre-cast concrete trapezoidal box units, post-tensioned together. This box section supports the in site concrete transverse cantilever slabs at bottom flange level, which carry the rail tracks and ballast.The center and south span sections are of post-tensioned construction. These post-tensioned sections have five types of pre-stressing:1. Longitudinal tendons in grouted ducts within the top and bottom flanges.2. Longitudinal internal draped tendons located alongside the webs. These are deflected at internal diaphragm positions and are encased in in site concrete.3. Longitudinal macalloy bars in the transverse cantilever slabs in the central span .4. Vertical macalloy bars in the 229 mm wide webs to enhance shear capacity.5. Transverse macalloy bars through the bottom flange to support the transverse cantilever slabs.Segmental constructionThe pre-cast segmental system of construction used for the south and center span sections was an alternative method proposed by the contractor. Current thinking suggests that such a form of construction can lead to ‘brittle’ failure of the ent ire structure without warning due to corrosion of tendons across a construction joint，The original design concept had been for in site concrete construction.Inspection and assessmentInspectionInspection work was undertaken in a number of phases and was linked with the testing required for the structure. The initial inspections recorded a number of visible problems including:Defective waterproofing on the exposed surface of the top flange.Water trapped in the internal space of the hollow box with depths up to 300 mm.Various drainage problems at joints and abutments.Longitudinal cracking of the exposed soffit of the central span.Longitudinal cracking on sides of the top flange of the pre-stressed sections.Widespread sapling on some in site concrete surfaces with exposed rusting reinforcement.AssessmentThe subject of an earlier paper, the objectives of the assessment were:Estimate the present load-carrying capacity.Identify any structural deficiencies in the original design.Determine reasons for existing problems identified by the inspection.Conclusion to the inspection and assessmentFollowing the inspection and the analytical assessment one major element of doubt still existed. This concerned the condition of the embedded pre-stressing wires, strands, cables or bars. For the purpose of structural analysis these elements、had been assumed to be sound. However, due to the very high forces involved,、a risk to the structure, caused by corrosion to these primary elements, was identified.The initial recommendations which completed the first phase of the assessment were:1. Carry out detailed material testing to determine the condition of hidden structural elements, in particularthe grouted post-tensioned steel cables.2. Conduct concrete durability tests.3. Undertake repairs to defective waterproofing and surface defects in concrete.Testing proceduresNon-destructi v e radar testingDuring the first phase investigation at a joint between pre-cast deck segments the observation of a void in a post-tensioned cable duct gave rise to serious concern about corrosion and the integrity of the pre-stress. However, the extent of this problem was extremely difficult to determine. The bridge contains 93 joints with an average of 24 cables passing through each joint, i.e. there were approx. 2200 positions where investigations could be carried out. A typical section through such a joint is that the 24 draped tendons within the spine did not give rise to concern because these were protected by in site concrete poured without joints after the cables had been stressed.As it was clearly impractical to consider physically exposing all tendon/joint intersections, radar was used to investigate a large numbers of tendons and hence locate duct voids within a modest timescale. It was fortunate that the corrugated steel ducts around the tendons were discontinuous through the joints which allowed theradar to detect the tendons and voids. The problem, however, was still highly complex due to the high density of other steel elements which could interfere with the radar signals and the fact that the area of interest was at most 102 mm wide and embedded between 150 mm and 800 mm deep in thick concrete slabs.Trial radar investigations.Three companies were invited to visit the bridge and conduct a trial investigation. One company decided not to proceed. The remaining two were given 2 weeks to mobilize, test and report. Their results were then compared with physical explorations.To make the comparisons, observation holes were drilled vertically downwards into the ducts at a selection of 10 locations which included several where voids were predicted and several where the ducts were predicted to be fully grouted. A 25-mm diameter hole was required in order to facilitate use of the chosen horoscope. The results from the University of Edinburgh yielded an accuracy of around 60%.Main radar sur v ey, horoscope verification of v oids.Having completed a radar survey of the total structure, a baroscopic was then used to investigate all predicted voids and in more than 60% of cases this gave a clear confirmation of the radar findings. In several other cases some evidence of honeycombing in the in site stitch concrete above the duct was found.When viewing voids through the baroscopic, however, it proved impossible to determine their actual size or how far they extended along the tendon ducts although they only appeared to occupy less than the top 25% of the duct diameter. Most of these voids, in fact, were smaller than the diameter of the flexible baroscopic being used (approximately 9 mm) and were seen between the horizontal top surface of the grout and the curved upper limit of the duct. In a very few cases the tops of the pre-stressing strands were visible above the grout but no sign of any trapped water was seen. It was not possible, using the baroscopic, to see whether those cables were corroded.Digital radar testingThe test method involved exciting the joints using radio frequency radar antenna: 1 GHz, 900 MHz and 500 MHz. The highest frequency gives the highest resolution but has shallow depth penetration in the concrete. The lowest frequency gives the greatest depth penetration but yields lower resolution.The data collected on the radar sweeps were recorded on a GSSI SIR System 10.This system involves radar pulsing and recording. The data from the antenna is transformed from an analogue signal to a digital signal using a 16-bit analogue digital converter giving a very high resolution for subsequent data processing. The data is displayed on site on a high-resolution color monitor. Following visual inspection it is then stored digitally on a 2.3-gigabyte tape for subsequent analysis and signal processing. The tape first of all records a ‘header’ noting the digital radar settings together with the trace number prior to recording the actual data. When the data is played back, one is able to clearly identify all the relevant settings —making for accurate and reliable data reproduction.At particular locations along the traces, the trace was marked using a marker switch on the recording unit or the antenna.All the digital records were subsequently downloaded at the University’s NDT laboratory on to a micro-computer.（The raw data prior to processing consumed 35 megabytes of digital data.）Post-processing was undertaken using sophisticated signal processing software. Techniques available for the analysis include changing the color transform and changing the scales from linear to a skewed distribution in order to highlight、突出certain features. Also, the color transforms could be changed to highlight phase changes. In addition to these color transform facilities, sophisticated horizontal and vertical filtering procedures are available. Using a large screen monitor it is possible to display in split screens the raw data and the transformed processed data. Thus one is able to get an accurate indication of the processing which has taken place. The computer screen displays the time domain calibrations of the reflected signals on the vertical axis.A further facility of the software was the ability to display the individual radar pulses as time domain wiggle plots. This was a particularly valuable feature when looking at individual records in the vicinity of the tendons.Interpretation of findingsA full analysis of findings is given elsewhere, Essentially the digitized radar plots were transformed to color line scans and where double phase shifts were identified in the joints, then voiding was diagnosed.Conclusions1. An outline of the bridge research platform in Europe is given.2. The use of impulse radar has contributed considerably to the level of confidence in the assessment of the Besses o’ th’ Barn Rail Bridge.3. The radar investigations revealed extensive voiding within the post-tensioned cable ducts. However, no sign of corrosion on the stressing wires had been found except for the very first investigation.欧洲桥梁研究欧洲联盟共同的研究平台诞生于欧洲联盟。

Lesson 9Design of the alignmentThe vertical and horizontal layouts(布置、定线) of the highway make up the alignment(定线、线形). The design of the alignment depends primarily (主要的、第一的)on the design speed （设计速度）selected for the highway.公路的垂直和水平布置组成了线形。

线形的设计主要取决于公路限定的设计车速。

The least costly alignment is one that generally takes the form of the natural topography （地形）. Often this is not possible, however, because the designer has to adhere to（符合）certain standards（标准）that may not exist on(依靠…而生存) the natural topography.最经济的线形设计一般是一条顺应自然地形的路线。

然而，这通常是不可能的，因为设计师必须遵循一些特定的技术标准，而这些标准也许并不能适应地形。

It is important that the alignment of a given section has consistent（相容的、一致的）standards to avoid sudden changes in the vertical and horizontal layout（布置、定线）of the highway. It is also important that both horizontal and vertical alignments be designed to complement（互相补充）each other, since this will result in a safety and more attractive（有吸引力的）highway.重要的是给定截面的线形要保持标准统一，避免公路的纵向和横向布局上出现突变。

第七课：Prestressed Concrete Beam Construction Technology预应力混凝土梁桥施工技术Text: New Technologies of Prestressed Concrete BridgesReading Material: The Incremental Launching Method In Prestressed Concrete Bridge ConstructionText: New Technologies of Prestressed Concrete Bridges1 Review of externally prestressed concrete bridgeThe world’s first externally prestressed concrete bridge was built in Aue, Saxony from 1935 to 1937 based on a concept proposed by Dischinger (DRP 727429). The beam bridge had a variable depth, three spans (25.2m-69.0m-23.4m) and the central span consisted of cantilevers with a simply supported beam in the middle. Suspended unbonded tendons running outside the concrete cross-section were used. However corrosion of the tendons and higher than anticipated loss of prestress caused by creep and shrinkage lead to problems with this bridge.After 1945 developments in bridge construction in Germany were concentrated on internal, post-tensioned systems. However, external prestressing was used in both Belgium and France. In Germany the corrosion resistance of external tendons was considered to be inadequate at that time, whereas post-tensioned bridges with internal tendons appeared unproblematic and so only this construction method was further developed and applied.Nevertheless, the corrosion protection systems were improved by the middle of the 1980’s. And so external prestressing seemed to be a viable alternative to conventional internal prestressing. This method was first used for special applications (e.g. strenthening) and later for standard applications as durability and long-team maintenance considerations became of prime importance. Some pilot projects were constructed of which the valley bridge Ruderting in Bavaria was one. This construction method proved very successful. The good experiences with the external prestressing in bridge construction and the benefits in maintenance were the main reasons for the introduction of external prestressing as the standard design method for box ggirder bridges in Germany.2 Technology2.1 Layout of TendonsBasically two different layouts for the external prestressing tendons can be chosen. Examples are presented in section 4.1) Deflected tendonsThe tendons are deflected over the columns as well as in the spans, e.g. at mid-span (Fig. 17-1a). Deflection saddles must be used in this case. The shape position of the deflection saddles must be carefully controlled, therefore often precast concrete elements or steel units are used.2) Straight tendonsThe tendons are placed straight and eccentric within the cross section. Two cross girders or other anchorage systems are necessary in every span to anchor the tendon forces (Fig. 17-1b).2.2 Construction MethodsSpan-by-span implementation with falsework, scaffold carriage or incremental launching were used in the pilot projects. Dependent upon the construction method one of the following tendon layouts may be chosen:*straight or deflected*combination of both layouts*centric, straight tendons for the construction can be reconstructed into a deflected shape (for example by applying the incremental launching technique )*furthermore internal and external prestressing in combination is possible (incremental launching )2.3 External Prestressing SystemsAt the moment several external prestressing systems are approved by the construction authorities for use in the market in Germany. In addition almost every producer is developing new systems. So it is expected that the variety of products available in the market will expand.3 Standard Design MethodAs a result of the favorable experiences gained during the pilot projects the highway authority decided to introduce external prestressing as a standard design method for box girder bridges. The authority expects the following advantages, especially with regard to durability and maintenance:*the tendons are easily controllable and verifiable*they are replaceable*they can be subjected to a secondary tensioning (re-stressing)*they have a high quality, industrial corrosion protection*the stress from traffic vibration is small*partial prestressing can be utilised for economic construction, exhibiting ductile behavior equivalent to a larger quantity of conventional reinforcing*the web of the superstructure is free of tendons, making placing of the concrete easier*the construction site is less weather dependent because no grouting of tendons is necessary In Germany a code for prestressing with external tendons is not introduced by the building administration. Therefore the road administration has invited experts to formulate regulations which are based on the experience gained from the pilot projects undertaken.4 Example4.1 Pilot Project RudertingIn 1994, the vally bridge Ruderting, on route 85 from Passau to Cham, was designed as a Bavarian pilot project using external prestressing. This bridge has 6 spans (36 m + 4×45 m + 36 m) , and crosses the vally Haselbachtal at a height of approximately 43 m. The straight routing and light curvature of the gradient offered the optimal requirements for the use of external prestressing.A detailed invitation to tender was prepared by the highway administration in Passau in co-operation with the author. A box girder was chosen for the superstructure, with a height of 2.7 m and a regular span of 45.0 m (slenderness = 1/16.7). Partial prestressing was planned.No construction method was specified in the design. The 252 m long bridge could be built with falsework or with incremental launching. Therefore, both possibilities were pre-investigated and included in the design. The prestressing system was not specified. However, all prestressing systems should have been approved by the appropriate regulatory authority.The draft by the highway administration was advertised Europe-wide. Alternative bids were allowed under the following conditions:*no change in spans and overall length*Slenderness of superstructure h/L≤1/16*The tendons must be exchangeable under the full traffic load of bridge*announcement of failure through crack formation*possibility of an increase in traffic load by 20% through structural provisions for 4 additional tendons*no transverse prestressingInitially, 9 bidders submitted 9 main offers and 12 secondary offers. On analyzing the offers, a special offer from the contractor Bilfinger & Berger Bau AG was the most economical and so obtained the contract.This special offer chose straight tendons for prestressing the 2.60 m high box girder.About 2/3 of the tendons were in a eccentric position. They ran along the bottom in the range of the spans and under the deck slab in the range of the columns. The anchoring of these tendons was performed in the opening of the span cross girders, which were placed 8 m in front and behind the column cross girders. The remaining tendons were placed at the centroid of the cross section area and are only anchored in the final state in the end cross girders. Due to the slight sag of the bridge, the continuous, coupled tendons had to be deflected at two saddles. The construction of the superstructure followed in three sections on falsework.4.2 V alley Bridge TrockauThe renovation of the 60 years old highway A9, the most important connection between Bavaria and the newly-formed German states, necessitates this new bridge building. The bidding for the 6 lane highway bridge was performed by the local highway authority in the year 1998. Thereby a composite bridge with 9 spans (48.0 + 58.0 + 60.0 + 85.0 + 100.0 + 85.0 + 60.0 + 58.0 + 48.0m) was planed.However concrete box girders with external prestressing were proposed in some redesign. A working group—consisting of Max B.gl, Neumarkt, and Walter Bau-AG, Niederlassung Nürnberg—was instructed to build the bridge with only external prestressing, as it was proposed in their redesign. Deflected tendons were chosen as well as straight tendons in the column areas and the middle field areas. Scaffold carriage was used as construction system. The superstructure consists of two separated single box girders with a variable depth betweem 3.5 and 6.5 m in the area of the large central span.4.3 Hybrid Construction: V alley Bridge AltwipfergrundThe reduction of dead load lead to this new construction method, which is called hybrid construction. The aim is to take advantage of the different materials. The concrete is used for the deck and the bottom slab. Prestressing is introduced in sections with tensile stresses. The webs have only to connect the two point cross section and to transfer the transverse forces. For this a folded steel plate is used. With this geometry the web has nearly no longitudinal stiffness, but because of the higher transverse stiffness the transverse forces can be transferred.One problem that occurred with this construction is , that the deformations caused by the transverse forces are not negligible. These deformations strongly depend on the imperfections of the steel web. Therefore a experiment on one section of the web (height: 4.5 m , length: 9.0 m ) for the valley bridge Altwipfergrund is performed at the Lehrstuhl für Massivbau of the Technischen Universität München. The aim of the test is to verify the load carrying behavior of these webs.5 ConclusionsExternal prestressing gets more and more important for the design of new bridges. During the last years it has evolved from the status of pilot applications (Ruderting) to a standard designmethod for box girders in Germany (Trockau) . And as the example Altwipfergtund shows, there are still possibilities to improve the bridge systems and the prestressing systems.Words and ExpressionsPrestressed Concrete：预应力混凝土；External:外部的、表面上的；Concept：思想、概念；propose：申请、建议、提出、打算；Cantilever：悬臂；simply supported：简支；Suspend：吊起、悬浮、悬空；Unbonded：无连接的；tendon：腱、钢束；cross-section：横截面；Corrosion：锈蚀、腐蚀；loss of prestress：预应力损失；Creep：徐变；Shrinkage：收缩；post-tensioned：后张法；external prestressing：体外预应力；Resistance：抵抗；Whereas：有鉴于，而、却；Viable：可活的、能存活的、可行的；Alternative：二选一的、替补；internal prestressing：体内预应力；Durability：耐久性；pilot：领航员、驾驶员、导洞、小规模试验的；Maintenance：维持、保养、维修；box girder bridge：箱形梁桥；Layout：布设、安排、设计；Deflect：使偏斜、使转向；Deflection：歪斜、偏、挠曲、挠度；saddle：马鞍、鞍座；Shape：成形、制作；Precast：预制；Element：要素、单元、元；Eccentric：偏心的；Anchorage：抛锚、锚地；Anchor：锚，抛锚、固定；Span-by-span：逐跨；Falsework：脚手架、支架；Scaffold：脚手架、临时台架、断头台；Carriage：车、运输、台架；incremental launching：顶推；Furthermore：而且；approve：批准、认可；Authorities：当局、官方；V ariety：种类；favorable：良好的、有利的、起促进作用的；V erifiable：可检验的；with regard to：关于、对于；Replaceable：可替换的；Vibration：振动；Utilise：利用；partial prestressing：部分预应力；Exhibit：表明、显出；Ductile：韧性的；equivalent：相同的、等价的；Conventional：传统的；Web：腹板；Grout：压浆；construction site：建筑工地；Code：法规、标准；Undertake：承担、承办、从事；Curvature：曲率；Gradient：坡度；Optimal：最佳的；Tender：投标；Slenderness：细长比；Specified：指定、详细说明、特殊化；Investigate：调查、研究；Appropriate：适当的；Regulatory：规章的、制订规章的；Draft：选拔、起草、草案；Europe-wide：欧洲范围；Alternative bids：替补性投标；overall length：全长；Exchangeable：可交换的；Failure：失效；Provision：预备、设备、供应；Transverse：横向的；bidder：投标人；Offer：提议、出价；Contractor：承包人；Contract：契约、合同、承包；in the range of：在…范围内；deck slab：顶板；opening：口、洞、空隙；Centroid：质心；Sag：桥等陷下、压弯，下垂；renovation：修理、修补；Thereby：所以、因此；variable depth：可变高度；dead load：静载；hybrid construction：混合施工；bottom slab：底板；tensile stress：拉应力；Longitudinal：纵向的；stiffness：刚度；deformation：变形；Imperfection：不足、不完全；Evolve：发展；Status：状况、地位；。

(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译第四课 Freeway and its Accessory Facilities高速公路及其附属设施 Text: Freeway DesignReading Material: Freeway Accessory FacilitiesTextFreeway Design高速公路设计Freeway are the highest form of arterials and have full access control. The full control of access is need for prioritizing the need for through traffic over direct access. A freeway’s primary function is to provide mobility, high operating speed, and level of service, while land access is limited. Access connections,where deemed necessary, are provided through grade separated interchanges.The major advantages of access controlled freeways are high capacity of the facility, high operating speeds, efficiency of the facility, and safety to all highway users.高速公路干道和最高形式，有完整的访问控制。

完整的访问控制是需要优先需要通过直接访问的流量超过。

高速公路的主要功能是提供流动性，高运行速度和服务水平，而土地使用权是有限的。

访问连接，在认为必要的情况下，提供通过分层interchanges.The的主要优点是访问控制的高速公路设施的高容量，高运行速度，效率的设施，所有公路使用者安全。

第一课：Highway Concept公路概论A.Text The Highway Concept 公路概论B.Reading Material Highway Cross Section and Pavement 道路横断面和铺装层1.A historical note 历史回顾The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Empire to another was important for military and civil reasons.罗马人是西欧任何意义上的第一条道路的建设者，他们具有的从帝国的一个地方迅速移动到另一个地方的能力对政治军事而言都是非常重要的。

Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception,by their durability. 罗马道路以其直线形为特点，普遍的看法说还有他的耐久性A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced.而所寻求的好的路线平面图是能在来自敌方潜在的风险降低后提高直达的道路。

It was for this reason that the surface of the road was often elevated a meter or more above the local ground level—to provide a clear view of the surrounding country;hence the modern term “highway”.正是由于这样的原因，道路的表面高度都会比实际地面高出一米甚至更多，这样也可以提高一个好的视野去观察周边的情况，因而这就是现代词汇“高路”的来源。

道路桥梁与渡河工程专业介绍英文版Introduction to Road and Bridge EngineeringRoad and bridge engineering is a specialized field within civil engineering that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of roads, highways, bridges, and other transportation infrastructure. It plays a crucial role in the development and improvement of transportation systems, ensuring safe and efficient movement of people and goods.In road engineering, professionals are involved in the planning and design of various types of roadways, including urban streets, highways, and interchanges. They consider factors such as traffic volume, speed limits, road alignment, and pavement type to create designs that meet the needs of users while ensuring safety and sustainability. Road engineers also work on projects related to traffic management, geometric design, and road safety.Bridge engineering, on the other hand, deals with the design and construction of bridges that provide essential connections over obstacles such as rivers, valleys, and highways. Bridge engineers use techniques such as structural analysis to ensure the stability and durability of bridges, taking into account factors like water flow, wind forces, and seismic activity. They work on a wide range of bridge types, including beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, and cable-stayed bridges.In addition to design and construction, road and bridge engineers also play a critical role in the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing infrastructure. They assess the condition of roads andbridges, develop plans for repairs and upgrades, and oversee the implementation of these measures. This helps to extend the lifespan of infrastructure and maintain its functionality.With the advancement of technology, road and bridge engineering professionals also need to stay updated with the latest developments in the field. They utilize computer-aided design software, simulation tools, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assist in the design process and improve decision-making. Additionally, they may be involved in the utilization of sustainable materials and construction practices to minimize the environmental impact of transportation infrastructure.Overall, road and bridge engineering is a challenging and rewarding field that combines technical skills, creativity, and a deep understanding of transportation systems. Professionals in this field play a crucial role in improving connectivity and creating safer and more efficient transportation networks.。