Fe K_alpha line A tool to probe massive binary black holes in Active Galactic Nuclei

trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetics analyses Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez, Jose M. Silla-Martínez and Toni GabaldónTutorialVersion 1.2trimAl tutorialtrimAl is a tool for the automated trimming of Multiple Sequence Alignments. A format inter-conversion tool, called readAl, is included in the package. You can use the program either in the command line or webserver versions. The command line version is faster and has more possibilities,so it is recommended if you are going to use trimAl extensively.The trimAl webserver included in Phylemon 2.0 provides a friendly user interface and the opportunity to perform many different downstream phylogenetic analyses on your trimmed alignment. This document is a short tutorial that will guide you through the different possibilities of the program.Additional information can be obtained from where a more comprehensive documentation is available.If you use trimAl or readAl please cite our paper:trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses.Salvador Capella-Gutierrez;Jose M.Silla-Martinez;Toni Gabaldon.Bioinformatics 2009 25: 1972-1973.If you use the online webserver phylemon or phylemon2, please cite also this reference:Phylemon:a suite of web tools for molecular evolution,phylogenetics and phylogenomics.Tárraga J, Medina I, Arbiza L, Huerta-Cepas J, Gabaldón T, Dopazo J, Dopazo H. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jul;35 (Web Server issue):W38-42.1. Program Installation.If you have chosen the trimAl command line version you can download the source code from the Download Section in trimAl's wikipage.For Windows OS users, we have prepared a pre-compiled trimAl version to use in this OS. Once the user has uncompressed the package, the user can find a directory,called trimAl/bin, where trimAl and readAl pre-compiled version can be found.Meanwhile for the OS based on Unix platform, e.g. GNU/Linux or MAC OS X, the user should compile the source code before to use these programs. To compile the source code, you have to change your current directory to trimAl/source and just execute "make".Once you have the trimAl and readAl binaries program, you should check if trimAl is running in appropriate way executing trimal program before starting this tutorial.2. trimAl. Multiple Sequence Alignment dataset.In order to follow this tutorial, we have prepared some examples. These examples have been taken from and you can use the codes from these files to get more information about it in this database.You can find three different directories called Api0000038, Api0000040 and Api0000080 with different files. The directory contains these files:A file .seqs with all the unaligned sequences.A file .tce with the Multiple Sequence Alignment produced by T-Coffee1.A file .msl with the Multiple Sequence Alignment produced by Muscle2.A file .mft with the Multiple Sequence Alignment produced by Mafft3.A file .clw with the Multiple Sequence Alignment produced by Clustalw4.A file .cmp with the different names of the MSAs in the directory. This file would be used by trimAl to get the most consistent MSA among the different alignments.You can use any directory to follow the present tutorial.3. Useful trimAl's features.Among the different trimAl parameters, there are some features that can be useful to interpret your alignment results:-htmlout filename. Use this parameter to have the trimAl output in an html file. In this way you can see the columns/sequences that trimAl maintains in the new alignment in grey color while the columns/sequences that have been deleted from the original alignment are in white color.-colnumbering. This parameter will provide you the relationship between the column numbers in the trimmed and the original alignment.-complementary. This parameter lets the user get the complementary alignment, in other words,when the user uses this parameter trimAl will render the columns/sequences that would be deleted from the original alignment.-w number. The user can change the windows size, by default 1, to take into account the surrounding columns in the trimAl's manual methods. When this parameter is fixed, trimAl take into account number columns to the right and to the left from the current position to compute any value, e.g. gap score, similarity score, etc. If the user wants to change a specific windows size value should use the correspond parameter-gw to change window size applied only a gap score assessments, -sc to change window size applied only to similiraty score calculations or -cw to change window size applied only to consistency part.4. Useful trimAl's/readAl's features.Both programs, trimAl and readAl, share common features related to the MSA conversion. It is possible to change the output format for a given alignment, by default the output format is the same than the input one, you can produce an output in different format with these options: -clustal. Output in CLUSTAL format.-fasta. Output in FASTA format.-nbrf. Output in PIR/NBRF format.-nexus. Output in NEXUS format.-mega. Output in MEGA format.-phylip3.2. Output in Phylip NonInterleaved format.-phylip. Output in Phylip Interleaved format.5. Getting Information from Multiple Sequence Alignment.trimAl computes different scores, such as gap score or similarity score distribution, from a given MSA. In order to obtain this information, we can use different parameters through the command line version.To do this part,we are going to use the MSA called Api0000038.msl.This file is in the Api0000038 directory.$ cd Api0000038$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -sgt$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -sgc$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -sct$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -scc$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -sidentYou can redirect the trimAl output to a file. This file can be used in subsequent steps as input of other programs, e.g.gnuplot,,microsoft excel,etc,to do plots of this information.$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -scc > SimilarityColumnsFor instance, in the lines below you can see how to plot the information generated by trimAl using the GNUPLOT program.$ gnuplotplot 'SimilarityColumns' u 1:2 w lp notitleset yrange [-0.05:1.05]set xrange [-1:1210]set xlabel 'Columns'set ylabel 'Residue Similarity Score'plot 'SimilarityColumns' u 1:2 w lp notitleexitIn this other example you can see the gaps distribution from the alignment. This plot also was generated using GNUPLOT$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -sgt > gapsDistribution$ gnuplotset xlabel '% Alignment'set ylabel 'Gaps Score'plot 'gapsDistribution' u 7:4 w lp notitleexit6. Using user-defined thresholds.If you do not want to use any of the automated procedures included in trimAl (see sections 7 and 8) you can set your own thresholds to trim your alignment. We will use the parameter -htmlout filename for each example so differences can be visualized. In this example, we will use the Api0000038.msl file from the Api0000038 directory.Firstly, we are going to trim the alignment only using the -gt value which is defined in the [0 - 1] range. In this specific example, those columns that do not achieve a gap score, at least, equal to 0.190, meaning that the fraction of gaps on these columns are smaller than this value, will be deleted from the input alignment.$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -gt 0.190 -htmlout ex01.htmlYou can see different parts of the alignment in the image below.This figure has been generated from the trimAl's HTML file for the previous example.In this other example, we can see the effect to be more strict with our threshold. An usual consequence of higher stringency is that the trimmed MSA has fewer columns. Be careful so you do not remove too much signal$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -gt 0.8 -htmlout ex02.htmlTo be on the safe side, you can set a minimal fraction of your alignment to be conserved. In this example,we have reproduced the previous example with the difference that here we required to the program that, at least, conserve the 80% of the columns from the original alignment. This will remove the most gappy 20% of the columns or stop at the gap threshold set.$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -gt 0.8 -cons 80 -htmlout ex03.htmlSecondly,we are going to introduce other manual threshold-st value.In this case,this threshold,also defined in the[0-1]range,is related to the similarity score.This score measures the similarity value for each column from the alignment using the Mean Distance method, by default we use Blosum62 similarity matrix but you can introduce any other matrix (see the manual). In the example below, we have used a smaller threshold to know its effect over the example.$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -st 0.003 -htmlout ex04.htmlIn this example, similar to the previous example, we have required to conserve a minimum percentage of the original alignment in a independent way to fixed by the similarity threshold.A given threshold maintains a larger number of columns than the cons threshold, trimAl selects this first one.$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -st 0.003 -cons 30 -htmlout ex05.htmlThirdly, we are going to see the effect of combining two different thresholds. In this case, trimAl only maintains those columns that achieve or pass both thresholds.$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -st 0.003 -gt 0.19 -htmlout ex06.htmlFinally, we are going to see the effect of combining two different thresholds with the cons parameter. In this case, if the number of columns that achieve or pass both thresholds is equal or greater than the percentage fixed by cons parameter, trimAl chose these columns. However, if the number of columns that achieve or pass both thresholds is less than the number of columns fixed by cons parameter, trimAl relaxes both to thresholds in order to retrieve those columns that lets to achieve this minimum percentage.$ trimal -in Api0000038.msl -st 0.003 -gt 0.19 -cons 60 -htmlout ex07.html7. Selection of the most consistent alignment.trimAl can select the most consistent alignment when more than one alignment is provided for the same sequences (and in the same order) using the -compareset filename parameter. To do this part, we are going to move to Api0000040 directory, we can find there a file calledApi0000040.cmp listing the alignment paths. Using this file, we execute the instruction below to select the most consistent alignment among the alignment provided$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmpAs in previous section, once trimAl has selected the most consistent alignment, we can get information about the alignment selected using the appropriate parameters. For example, we can use the follow instructions to know the consistency value for each column in the alignment or its consistency values distribution$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -sct$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -sccAlso, we can trim the selected alignment using a specific threshold related to the consistency value. To do that, we should use the -ct value where the value is a number defined in the [0 - 1] range. This number refers to the average conservation of residue pars in that column with respect to the other alignments.$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -ct 0.6 -htmlout ex08.htmlOn the same way than the previous section, we can define a minimum percentage of columns that should be conserve in the new alignment. For this purpose, we have to use the cons parameter as we explained before.$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -ct 0.6 -cons 50 -htmlout ex09.htmlFinally, we can combine different thresholds, in fact, we can use all of them as well as we can define a minimum percentage of columns that should be conserve in the output alignment. In the line below, you can see an example of this situation.$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -ct 0.6 -cons 50 -gt 0.8 -st 0.01-htmlout ex10.html8. Applying automated methods.One of the most powerful aspects of trimAl is that it provides you with several automated options.This option will automatically select the most appropriate thresholds for your alignment after examining the distribution of various parameters along your alignment. Among the alignment features that trimAl takes into account to compute these optimal cut-off are the gap distribution, the similarity distribution, the identity score, etc.You can find a complete explanation about all of these methods in the trimAl's Publications Section.Here,we provide some examples on how to use these methods.The automated methods, gappyout, strict and strictpus, can be used independently if you are working with one or more than one alignment, in the last case, for the same sequences.In the lines below, you can see how to use the gappyout method in both ways. This method will eliminate the most gappy fraction of the columns from your alignment. For this, we are going to continue using the same directory than the previous section.$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -gappyout -htmlout ex11.html$ trimal -in Api0000040.mft -gappyout -htmlout ex12.htmlIn this case, we are going to use the same files than in the example before but we have changed the method to trim the alignmnet. Now, we are using strict and strictplus methods. These two methods combine the information on the fraction of gaps in a column and their similarity scores, being strictplus for more stringent than strict method.$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -strict -htmlout ex13.html$ trimal -in Api0000040.clw -strictplus -htmlout ex14.htmling an heuristic method to decide which is the best automated method for a given MSA.Finally, we implemented an heuristic method to decide which is the best automated method to trim a given alignment. The heuristic method takes into account alignment features such as the number of sequences in the alignment as well as some measures about the identity score among the sequences in the alignment or among the best pairwise sequences in that MSA. According to these characteristics trimAl will decide upon one of the two automated methods (gappyout or strictplus).To illustrate how to use this method, we provide a couple of example using the same directory than the section before. First, we used trimAl to selecte the most consistent alignment and then we trimmed that alignmnet using our heuristic method.$ trimal -compareset Api0000040.cmp -automated1 -htmlout ex15.htmlThen, we trim a single MSA using the previously mentioned method.$ trimal -in Api0000040.msl -automated1 -htmlout ex16.html10. Getting more information.We hope that this short introduction to trimAl's features has been useful to you.We advise you to visit periodically the trimAl's wikipage()where you could get the latest news about the program as well as more information, examples, etc, about trimAl's package. You can also subscribe to the mailing list if you want to be updated in new trimAl developing.11. References.1.T-Coffee: A novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment.Notredame C, Higgins DG, Heringa J. J Mol Biol. 2000 Sep 8;302(1):205-17.2.MUSCLE:multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and highthroughput. Edgar RC.Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Mar 19;32(5):1792-7.3.MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fastFourier transform. Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jul 15;30(14):3059-66.4.CLUSTAL W:improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequencealignment through sequence weighting,position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11;22(22):4673-80.。

关于中国天眼的英文作文英文回答：The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), also known as China's "Eye of the Sky," is a colossal astronomical marvel that has revolutionized the study of the cosmos. Situated in a remote karst depression in Pingtang County, Guizhou Province, FAST is the world's largest and most sensitive radio telescope, surpassing the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico.With a massive dish measuring an impressive 500 meters in diameter, FAST boasts an enormous collecting area that gives it unparalleled sensitivity and resolving power. Its design is based on a novel concept known as the "active surface," where the entire dish surface is adjustable, enabling it to focus on specific regions of the sky with high precision.FAST's construction, spanning over a decade, was atestament to China's technological prowess and scientific ambitions. The telescope began scientific operations in September 2016 and has since made numerous groundbreaking discoveries. Among its most notable contributions are the detection of pulsars, the study of interstellar gas, and the investigation of extragalactic objects.One of FAST's most significant achievements is its discovery of an enormous number of millisecond pulsars, rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit precise pulses of radio waves. These pulsars serve as invaluable probes for studying the evolution of binary systems, testing theories of gravity, and exploring the enigmatic nature of dark matter.FAST has also played a crucial role in mapping the distribution of interstellar gas, the raw material from which stars form. By observing the faint hydrogen radiation emitted by these gas clouds, astronomers have gained insights into the formation and evolution of galaxies, including our own Milky Way.Moreover, FAST has extended our astronomical reach beyond our galaxy, enabling the detection and characterization of extragalactic objects. Its sharp resolution has allowed astronomers to probe the structure and dynamics of distant galaxies, unveil the nature ofblack holes, and search for signs of extraterrestrial life.The scientific community worldwide has embraced FAST as a valuable asset, providing access to this cutting-edge instrument through open calls for observing proposals. Researchers from various countries have utilized FAST's capabilities to pursue transformative research projects, leading to advancements in our understanding of the universe.中文回答：中国天眼又称“天眼”，坐落在贵州平塘县的一个喀斯特洼地，是世界上最大、最灵敏的射电望远镜，超过了波多黎各的阿雷西博天文台。

May 21, 2018: Technicians ready the Queqiao relay satellite for launch at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. That same day, a Long March-4C rocket carrying the relay satellite was successfully launched from the satellite launch center. VCG Technology, the Ministry of Environmental Protec-tion, jointly released guidance on collaborative promotion of green packaging in the express delivery industry.According to industry experts, the Chinese government still needs to formulate national stan-dards on green logistics to ensure the compati-bility and interoperability of logistics technology, products and services among different enterpris-es to encourage them to strengthen cooperation in research and development of new technologies and new models and provide services that are more environmentally friendly. Edited by Li Zhuoxi Relay Satellite satellite of satellites,” is a kind of communication satellite used to transmit massive volumes of data. By providing data relay, telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C) services for spacecraft and satellites, it greatly improves the efficiency and emergency response capabilities of various satellites. The technology enables real-time data transmission of resources satellites and environ-mental satellites, earning more warning time for major natural disasters.Early on the morning of May 21, 2018, China successfully launched the world’s first relay sat-ellite named Queqiao (“Magpie Bridge”) in orbit around the moon, which will provide a commu-nication link between the earth and the planned Chang’e-4 lunar probe that will soft-land on and explore the moon’s mysterious far side at the end of 2018. The relay satellite will solve a major difficulty in lunar exploration. The tidal forces of the earth slowed the moon’s rotation to the point where the same side always faces the earth. The other side, most of which is never visible from the earth, is known as the “dark side” of the moon.Due to shielding from the moon itself, the detector landing on the far side of the moon cannot directly realize TT&C communication and data transmission with the earth.The Queqiao relay satellite will assist the control center on the earth to enhance control of the lunar probe to ensure a smooth landing.Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba recently launched the “Green Logistics 2020” plan across all its platforms, promising that by 2020, all of its express bags will be biodegradable and all boxes recyclable. And other e-commerce and logistics companies will follow suit to launch similar green logistics plans.China has clearly become a big country for express delivery. The nation handled a total of 40.06 billion express deliveries in 2017, up by 28 percent from the previous year, consuming 19.2 bil-lion boxes, 5.8 billion woven bags, 15 billion plastic bags and about 30 billion meters of packing tape.In the process of building an ecologicalChina, the express delivery industry has become a major area for improvement. In August 2016, the State Post Bureau issued a plan to advance green packaging in the express delivery industry.In November 2017, ten ministerial-level government departments of China, including the State Post Bureau, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Version 2.0 of the sharing express box, jointly de-veloped by Suning Logistics and Shenzhen Huidu Technology Co., Ltd., can be reused over 60 times, with each-time usage price 30 percent lower than that of an ordinary carton. IC The word “relay” in “relay satellite” refers to expanding the distance of network transmission by sending or forwarding data signals. A relay satellite, sometimes referred to as “the Edited by Li Zhuoxi Green Logistics C H I N A P I C T O R I A L 11B U Z Z W O R D SCopyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.。

23年高考英语外刊阅读训练——阅读理解：行业主导的风险逼近AI变革——改编自Risk of ‘industrial capture’looms over AI revolution Artificial intelligence is going through a massive change, but not the one that people might expect. Advanced language-generating systems and chatbots have dominated headlines, but private AI companies have quietly entrenched their power. Recent developments mean that a few individuals and corporations now control most of the resources and knowledge in the industry and will ultimately shape its impact on our collective future.This phenomenon, known as industrial capture by AI experts, was quantified in a paper published in the journal Science by researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology earlier this month, calling on policymakers to pay closer attention. The data is becoming increasingly crucial as generative AI technology is being embedded into software used by billions of people.The MIT research found that almost 70 per cent of AI PhDs went to work for companies in 2020, compared to 21 per cent in 2004. Similarly, there was an eightfold increase in facultybeing hired into AI companies since 2006, far faster than the overall increase in computer science research faculty.Many researchers have abandoned certain research trajectories because they feel they cannot compete with industry as they do not have the computing power or engineering talent. Academics are unable to build large language models like GPT-4, which require enormous amounts of data and computing power primarily available only to large technology companies like Google, Microsoft and Amazon. In fact, companies' share of the biggest AI models has gone from 11 per cent in 2010 to 96 per cent in 2021.A lack of access means researchers cannot replicate the models built-in corporate labs. Therefore, they can neither probe nor audit them for potential harms and biases very easily. Public alternatives to corporate AI tech such as models and data sets are scarce, and new applications are likely to be commercially driven through corporate interests rather than the broader public interest.Researchers agree that governments should not turn a blind eye and must take steps against this shift. Policy experts suggest various solutions, from setting up academia-only datacentres to running experiments to further concentrate power among those who own infrastructure like cloud services.The consequences of this shift are manifold and need closer attention. The policymakers must take steps to ensure a more level playing field for AI research that benefits the public interest rather than becoming a tool for corporations.【重点词汇】1. artificial [ɑːtɪˈfɪʃl] adj. 人工的，虚假的2. intelligence [ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns] n. 智能，智慧3. massive [ˈmæsɪv] adj. 巨大的，大量的4. change [tʃeɪndʒ] n. 变化，变革；v. 变化，改变5. advanced [ədˈvænst] adj. 先进的，高级的6. language-generating [ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ-ˈdʒenəreɪtɪŋ] adj. 能够生成语言的7. system [ˈsɪstəm] n. 系统，制度8. chatbot [tʃætbɒt] n. 聊天机器人9. dominate [ˈdɒmɪneɪt] v. 支配，控制10. headline [ˈhedlaɪn] n. 头条新闻11. private [ˈpraɪvət] adj. 私有的，私营的12. company [ˈkʌmpəni] n. 公司，企业13. quietly [ˈkwaɪətli] adv. 安静地，悄悄地14. entrench [ɪnˈtrentʃ] v. 巩固，确立15. power [ˈpaʊə(r)] n. 力量，权力16. recent [ˈriːsnt] adj. 最近的，近来的17. development [dɪˈveləpmənt] n. 发展，开发18. individual [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl] n. 个人，独立的19. corporation[ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃn] n. 公司，企业20. control [kənˈtrəʊl] v. 控制，支配21. resource [rɪˈsɔːs] n. 资源，财富22. knowledge [ˈnɒlɪdʒ] n. 知识，学问23. sector [ˈsektə(r)] n. 部门，行业24. ultimately [ˈʌltɪmətli] adv. 最终地，最后25. shape [ʃeɪp] v. 形成，塑造26. impact [ˈɪmpæk t] n. 影响，冲击；v. 影响，影响到27. collective [kəˈlektɪv] adj. 集体的，共同的28. future [ˈfjuːtʃə(r)] n. 未来，前途29. phenomenon [fɪˈnɒmɪnən] n. 现象，事件30. refer to [rɪˈfɜː(r) tuː] 提到，指的是31. industrial [ɪnˈdʌstriəl] adj. 工业的，产业的32. capture [ˈkæptʃə(r)] v. 捕获，俘获33. expert [ˈekspɜːt] n. 专家，权威34. quantified [ˈkwɒntɪfaɪd] adj. 可以量化的35. paper [ˈpeɪpə(r)] n. 论文，报纸，文件36. publish [ˈpʌblɪʃ] v. 发布，出版37. researcher [rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)] n. 研究员，调查者38. Massachusetts Institute of Technology [mæsəˈtʃu:sɪts ˌɪnstɪtju:təv əv tehˈnɒlədʒi] 麻省理工学院39. journal [ˈdʒɜːnl] n. 期刊，杂志【阅读理解练习题】1. What is the main topic of the article?A. The development of AI language-generating systems and chatbots.B. The increasing power of private AI companies in the industry.C. The impact of AI on our collective future.D. The need for policymakers to pay closer attention to AI.Answer: B中文解析：文章主要讲述的是私营AI 公司在行业中的增强力量。

Candidate name__________________________________________________________________ INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM 0381/1Academic ReadingPRACTICE MATERIALS 1hourAdditional materials:Answer sheet for Listening and ReadingTime 1hourINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESDo not open this question paper until you are told to do so.Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.Read the instructions for each part of the paper carefully.Answer all the questions.Write your answers on the answer sheet. Use a pencil.You must complete the answer sheet within the time limit.At the end of the test, hand in this question paper and your answer sheet.INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESThere are 40 questions on this question paper.Each question carries one mark.READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 3 and 4.Questions 1-6Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.1Paragraph A2Paragraph B3Paragraph C4Paragraph D5Paragraph E6Paragraph FSeaweeds of New ZealandA Se aweed is a particularly wholesome food, which absorbs and concentrates traces of a wide variety of minerals necessary to the body’s health. Many elements may occur in seaweed-aluminum, barium, calcium, chlorine, copper, iodine and iron, to name but a few-traces normally produced by erosion and carried to the seaweed beds by river and sea currents. Seaweeds are also rich in vitamins; indeed, Inuits obtain a high proportion of their bodily requirements of vitamin C from the seaweeds they eat. The health benefits of seaweed have long been recognized. For instance, there is a remarkably low incidence of goiter among the Japanese, and also among New Zealand’s indigenous Maori people, who have always eaten seaweeds, and this may well be attributed to the high iodine content of this food. Research into historical Maori eating customs shows that jellies were made using seaweeds, nuts, fuchsia and tutu berries, cape gooseberries, and many other fruits both native to New Zealand and sown there from seeds brought by settlers and explores. As with any plant life, some seaweeds are more palatable than others, but in a survival situation, most seaweeds could be chewed to provide a certain sustenance.B New Zealand lays claim to approximately 700 species of seaweed, some of which have no representation outside that country. Of several species grown worldwide, New Zealand also has a particularly large share. For example, it is estimated that New Zealand has some 30 species of Gigartina, a close relative of carrageen of Irish moss. These are often referred to as the New Zealand carrageens. The substance called agar which can be extracted from these species gives them great commercial application in the production of seameal, from which seameal custard (a food product) is made, and in the canning, paint and leather industries. Agar is also used in the manufacture of cough mixtures, cosmetics, confectionery and toothpastes. In fact, during World War II, New Zealand Gigartina were sent to Australia to be used in toothpaste.C New Zealand has many of the commercially profitable red seaweeds, several species of which are a source of agar ( Pterocladia, Gelidium, Chondrus, Gigartina). Despite this, these seaweeds were not much utilized until several decades ago. Although distribution of the Gigartina is confined to certain areas according to species. And even then, the east coast, and the area around Hokianga, have a considerable supply of the two species of Pterocladia from which agar is also made. New Zealand used to import the Northern Hemisphere Irish moss ( Chondrus crispus) from England and ready-made agar from Japan.D Seaweeds are divided into three classes determined by colour-red, brown and green-and each tends to live in a specific position. However, expect for the unmistakable sea lettuce (Ulva), few are totally one colour; and especially when dry, some species can change color significantly-a brown one may turn quite black, or a red one appear black, brown, pink or purple. Identification is nevertheless facilitated by the fact that the factors which determine where a seaweed will grow are quite precise, and they tend therefore to occur in very well-defined zones. Although there are exceptions, the green seaweeds are mainly shallow-water algae; the browns belong to the medium depths; and the reds are plants of thedeeper water, furthest from the shore. Those shallow-water species able to resist long periods of exposure to sun and air are usually found on the upper shore, while those less able to withstand such exposure occur nearer to, of below, the low-water mark. Radiation from the sun, the temperature level, and the length of time immersed also play a part in the zoning of seaweeds. Flat rock surfaces near mid-level tides are the most usual habitat of sea-bombs, Venus’ necklace, and most brown seaweeds. This is also reddis h-purple lettuce. Deep-water rocks on open coasts, exposed only at very low tide, are usually the site of bull-kelp, strapweeds and similar tough specimens. Kelp, or bladder kelp,has stems that rise to the surface from massive bases or holdfasts, the leafy branches and long ribbons of leaves surging with the swells beyond the line of shallow coastal breakers or covering vast areas of calmer coastal water.E Propagation of seaweeds occurs by seed-like spores, or by fertilization of egg cells. None have roots in the usual sense; few have leaves; and none have flowers, fruits or seeds. The plants absorb their nourishment through their leafy fronds when they are surrounded by water; the holdfast of seaweeds is purely an attaching organ not an absorbing one.F Some of the large seaweeds stay on the surface of the water by means of air-filled floats; others, such as bull-kelp, have large cells filled with air, often reduce dehydration either by having swollen stems that contain water, or they may (like Venus’ necklace) have swollen nodules, or they may have a distinctive shape like a sea-bomb. Others, like the sea cactus, are filled with a slimy fluid or have a coating of mucilage on the surface. In some of the larger kelps, this coating is not only to keep the plant moist, but also to protect it from the violent action of waves.5Questions 7-10Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes7-10 on your answer sheet.Gigartina seaweed(other name：7 )↓Produces↓8Is used to make is used to make9 --medicines, suchAs 10Is used to make ---cosmeticsA type of custard ----sweets-----toothpastesQuestions 11-13Classify the following characteristics as belong toA brown seaweedB green seaweedC red seaweedWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 can survive the heat and dryness at the high-water mark12 grow far out in the open sea13 share their site with karengo seaweed6READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7.TWO WINGS AND A TOOLKITA research team at Oxford University discover the remarkable toolmaking skills of NewCaledonian crownsBetty and her mate Abel are captive crows in the care of Alex Kacelnik, an expert in animal behavior at Oxford University. They belong to a forest-dwelling species of bird (Corvus moneduloides) confined to two islands in the South Pacific. New Caledonian crows are tenacious predators, and the only birds that habitually use a wide selection of self-made tools to find food.One of the wild crows’ cleverest tools in the crochet hook, made by detaching a side twig from a larger one, leaving enough of the larger twig to shape into a hook. Equally cunning is a tool crafted from the barbed vine-leaf, which consists of a central rib with paired leaflets each with a rose-like thorn at the top, which remains as a ready-made hook to prise out insects from awkward cracks.The crows also make an ingenious tool called a padanus probe from padanus tree leaves. The tool has a broad base, sharp tip, a row of tiny hooks along one edge, and a tapered shape created by the crow nipping and tearing to form a progression of three or four steps along the other edge of the leaf. What makes this tool special is that they manufacture it to a standard design, as if following a set of instructions. Although it is rare to catch a crow in the act of clipping out a padanus probe, we do have ample proof of their workmanship: the discardedle aves from which the tools are cut. The remarkable thing that these ‘counterpart’ leaves tell us is that crows consistently produce the same design every time. With no in-between or trail versions. It’s left the researchers wondering whether, like people, t hey envisage the tool before they start and perform the actions they know are needed to make it. Research has revealed that genetics plays a part in the less sophisticated toolmaking skills of finches in the Galapagos islands. No one knows if that’s also the case for New Caledonian crows, but it’s highly unlikely that their toolmaking skills are hardwired into the brain. “The picture so far points to a combination of cultural transmission-from parent birds to their young-and individual resourcefulness”, say s Kacelnik.In a test at Oxford, Kacelnik’s team offered Betty and Abel an original challenge-food in a bucket at the bottom of a ‘well’. The only way to get the food was to hook the bucket out by its handle. Given a choice of tools- a straight length of wire and one with a hooked end- the birds immediately picked the hook, showing that they did indeed understand the functional properties of the tool.But do they also have the foresight and creativity to plan the construction of their tools?It appears they do. In one bucket-in-the-well test. Abel carried off the hook, leaving Betty with nothing but the straight wire. ‘What happened next was absolutely amazing’, says Kacelnik. She wedged the tip of the wire into a crack in a plastic dish and pulled the other end to fashion her own hook. Wild crows don’t have access to pliable, bendable material that retains its shape, and Betty’s only similar experience was a brief encounter with some pipe cleaners a year earlier. In nine out of ten further tests, she again made hooks and retrieved the bucket. The question of what’s going on in a crow’s mind will take time and a lot more experiments to answer, but there could be a lesson in it for understanding our own evolution. Maybe our ancestors, who suddenly began to create symmetrical tools with carefully worked edges some 1.5 million years ago, didn’t actually have the sophisticated mental abilities with which we credit them. Close scrutiny of the brains of New Caledonian crows might provide a few pointer s to the special attributes they would have needed. ‘If we’re lucky we may find specific developments in the brain that set these animals apart,’ says Kacelnik.One of these might be a very strong degree of laterality-the specialization of one side of the brain to perform specific tasks. In people, the left side of the brain controls the processing of complex sequential tasks, and also language and speech. One of the consequences of this is thought to be right-handedness. Interestingly, biologists have noticed that most padanus proves are cut from the left side of the leaf, meaning that the handedness. The team thinks this reflects the fact that the left side of the crow’s brain is specialized to handle the sequential processing required to make complex tools.Under what conditions might this extraordinary talent have emerged in these two species? They are both social creatures, and wide-ranging in their feeding habits. These factors were probably important but, ironically, it may have been their shortcomings that triggered the evolution of toolmaking. Maybe the ancestors of crows and humans found themselves in a position of where they couldn’t make the physical adaptations required for survival – so they had to change their behavior instead. The stage was then set for the evolution of those rare cognitive skills that produce sophisticated tools. New Caledonian crows may tell us what those crucial skills are.Questions 14-17Label the diagrams below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.THREE TOOLS MADE BY CROWSQuestions 18-23Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statements agree with the informationFALSE if the statements contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this18 there appears to be a fixed patter for the padanus probe’s const ruction.19 there is plenty of evidence to indicate how the crows manufacture the padanus prove20 crows seem to practice a number of times before making a usable padanus probe21 the researchers suspect the crows have a mental images of the padanus probe beforethey create it.22 research into how the padanus probe is made as helped to explain the toolmakingskills of many other bird species.23 the researchers believe the ability to make the padanus probe is passed down to thecrows in their genesQuestions 24-26Choose THREE letters, A-GWrite the correct letters in boxes 24-26 on you answer sheet.According to the information in the passage, which THREE of the following features are probably common to both New Caledonian crows and human beings?A keeping the same mate for lifeB having few natural predatorsC having a bias to the right when workingD being able to process sequential tasksE living in extended family groupsF eating a variety of foodstuffsG being able to diverse habitatsREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.How did writing begin?Many theories, few answersThe Sumerians, an ancient people of the Middle East, had a story explaining the invention of writing more than 5000 years ago. It seems a messenger of the king of Uruk arrived at the court of a distant ruler so exhausted that he was unable to deliver the oral message. So the king set down the words of his next messages on a clay tablet. A charming story, whose retelling at a recent symposium at the university of Pennsylvania amused scholars. They smiled at the absurdity of a letter which the recipient would not have been able to read. They also doubted that the earliest writing was a direct rendering of speech. Writing more likely began as a separate, symbolic system of communication and only later merger with spoken language.Yet in the story the Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, seemed to understand writing’s transforming function. As Dr Holly Pittman, director of the University’s Center for Ancient Studies, observed, writing ‘ arose out of the need to store and transmit information…over time and space’.In exchanging interpretations and information, the scholars acknowledged that they still had no fully satisfying answers to the questions of how and why writing developed. Many favourated an explanation of writing’s origins in the visual arts, pictures becoming increasingly abstract and eventually representing spoken words. Their views clashed with a widely held theory among archaeologists writing developed from the pieces of clay that Sumerian accountants used as tokens to keep track of goods.Archaeologists generally concede that they have no definitive answer to the question of whether writing was invented only once, or arose independently in several places, such as Egypt, the Indus Valley, China, Mexico and Central America. The preponderance of archaeological data shows that the urbanizing Sumerians were the first to develop writing, in 3200 or 3300 BC. These are the dates for many clay tablets in an early form of cuneiform, a script written by pressing the end of a sharpened stick into wet clay, found at the site of the ancient city of Uruk. the baked clay tablets bore such images as pictorial symbols of the names of people, place and things connected with government and commerce. The Sumerian script gradually evolved from the pictorial to the abstract, but did not at first represent recorded spoken language.Dr Peter Damerow, a specialist in Sumerian cuneiform at the Mac Planck Institute for the History of Science i n Berlin, said, “It is likely that there were mutual influences of writing systems around the world. However, their great variety now shows that the development of writing, once initiated, attains a considerable degree of independence and flexibility to adapt to specific characteristics of the sounds of the language to be representation of words by pictures. New studies of early Sumerian writing, he said, challenge this interpretation. The structures of this earliest writing did not, for example, match the structure of spoken language, dealing mainly in lists and categories rather than in sentences and narrative.For at least two decades, Dr Denise Schmandt-Besserat, a University of Texas archaeologist, has argued that the first writing grew directly out of a system practiced by Sumerian accountants. They used clay tokens, each one shaped to represent a jar of oil, a container of grain of a particular kind of livestock. These tokens were sealed inside clay spheres, and then then number and type of tokens inside was recorded on the outside using impressions resembling the tokens. Eventually, the token impressions were replaced with inscribed signs, and writing had been invented.Though Dr Schmandt-Besserat has won much support, some linguists question her thesis, and others, like Dr Pittman, think it too narrow. They emphasise that pictorial representation and writing evolved together. ‘There’s no question that the token system is a forerunner of writing,’ Dr Pittman said, ‘but I have an argument with her eviden ce for a link between tokens and signs, and she doesn’t open up the process to include picture making.’Dr Schmandt-Besserat vigorously defended her ideas. ‘My colleagues say that pictures were the beginning of writing,’ she said, ‘but show me a single pic ture that becomes a sign in writing. They say that designs on pottery were the beginning of writing, but show me a single sign of writing you can trace back to a pot- it doesn’t exist.’ In its first 500 years, she asserted, cuneiform writing was used almost solely for recording economic information, and after that its uses multiplied and broadened.Yet other scholars have advanced different ideas. Dr Piotor Michalowski, Professor of Near East Civilizations at the University of Michigan, said that the proto-writing of Sumerian Uruk was ‘so radically different as to be a complete break with the past’. It no doubt served, he said, to store and communicate information, but also became a new instrument of power. Some scholars noted that the origins of writing may not always have been in economics. In Egypt, most early writing is high on monuments or deep in tombs. In this case, said Dr Pascal Vernus from a university in Paris, early writing was less administrative than scared. It seems that the only certainty in this field is that many questions remain to be answered.Questions 27-30Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 The researchers at the symposium regarded the story of the King of Uruk as ridiculousbecauseA writing probably developed independently of speech.B clay tablets had not been invented at that time.C the distant ruler would have spoken another language.D evidence of writing has been discovered from an earlier period.28 According to the writer, the story of the King of UrukA is a probable explanation of the origins of writing.B proves that early writing had a different function to writing today.C provides an example of symbolic writing.D shows some awareness amongst Sumerians of the purpose of writing.29 There was disagreement among the researchers at the symposium aboutA the area where writing began.B the nature of early writing materials.C the way writing began.D the meaning of certain abstract images.30 The opponents of the theory that writing developed from tokens believe that itA grew out of accountancy.B evolved from pictures.C was initially intended as decoration.D was unlikely to have been connected with commerce.Questions 31-36Look at the following statements (questions 31-36) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A-EWrite the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.31 There is no proof that early writing is connected to decorated household objects.32 As writing developed, it came to represent speech.33 Sumerian writing developed into a means of political control34 Early writing did not represent the grammatical features of speech.35 There is no convincing proof that tokens and signs are connected.36 The uses of cuneiform writing were narrow at first, and later widened.Questions 37-40Complete the summary using the list of words, A-N, below.Write the correct letter, A-N, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.The earliest form of writingMost archaeological evidence shows that the people of 37 invented writing in around 3300 BC. Their script was written on 38 and was called39 . Their script originally showed images related to political power and business, and later developed to become more40 .。

适用范围：19级本科山东科技大学2019—2020学年第一学期《大学英语》考试试卷（A卷）注意：1.请将第一、二、三部分的答案涂在答题卡上，做在试卷上无效；2.请将第四、五、六部分的答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效；3.请把后面的答题纸单独交，答题卡和试卷也单独交；4.听力部分放音时间：2:30，放音频段：调频96MHz.5.请务必填好个人信息，答题卡上填涂准考证号，试卷类型涂A，科目代号涂英语，请用2B铅笔和和黑色中性笔答题。

Part I Listening Comprehension(15%)Section A (4%)Directions: In this section you will hear 4 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. A) A teacher and a student. B) A shop assistant and a customer.C) A receptionist and a client. D) A boss and a worker.2. A) He went to bed too late.B) His mother forgot to wake him up.C) He gets up late because he feels tired these days.D) He doesn’t have an alarm clock to wake him up.3. A) He is taking care of his twin brother. B) He has been in perfect condition.C) He is worried about Rods’ health.D) He has been feeling ill all week.4. A) Travel in different countries.B) Look for some similar topics.C) Make comparisons of festivals in different countries.D) Go to some countries with similar culture.Section B (4%)Directions: In this section, you will hear one long conversation. At the end of the conversation,you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 5 to 10 are based on the passage you have just heard.5. A) He misses Laura very much. B) He hasn’t got the invitation to the party.C) He wants to make sure of the time. D) He can’t attend the party.6. A) Some of his relatives from Scotland. B) Some of his friends from Scotland.C) Some of his colleagues from Ireland. D) Some of his former classmates from Ireland.7. A) Take his relatives to the party. B) Take his colleagues to his home.C) Take his friends out to dinner. D) Take his classmates to a hotel.8. A) He can drop in later with his friends. B) He can come to the party to meet James.C) He can send her an email about his plan. D) He can come with his relatives.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) How fire moves. B) How fire starts.C) What fire needs and does. D) What fire is made of.10. A) Fire is matter. B) Fire is smoke.C) Fire is a spot. D) Fire is an activity.11. A) Fuel and glass. B) Glass and wind.C) Fuel and gas. D) Heat source and fuel.12. A) It burns very quickly. B) It burns slowly at a high heat.C) It’s easy to light.D) I t’s very smoky.Questions 13 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.13. A) The best medical care maintains good health.B) It’s too late to see the doctor when you feel sick.C) Good health results largely from good habits.D) Doctors are responsible for maintaining people’s health.14. A) One should try to avoid being overweight.B) One should keep fit acco rding to one’s own conditions.C) Easier exercise is preferable.D) Sweaty, competitive games are more helpful.15. A) Accidents and disease. B) Being sick or getting overweight.C) Developing bad habits. D) Neglecting common health rules.Part II Vocabulary (20%)16. It was about 30 seconds before Alex ______ from the water.17. It is well known that China is a country with rich natural __________.18. The committee’s decision will be _______ to all employees.19. Consumers say they are ________ about using their credit cards over the internet.A. resourcesB. notifiedC. emergedD. uneasy20. When you do yoga, try to _____ your breathing.21. People are beginning to realize that to _______ nature at will is the biggest mistake.22. My favorite store is the one that _____ in hand-made chocolates.23. He always drinks a _____ amount of alcohol to get himself drunk.A. massiveB. transformC. regulateD. specializes24. I had to ____ one of my email accounts as it was filled with junk email.25. The power station was moved further away from the living areas to _______ the pollution.26. He was _______ with his business matters and didn’t have time to think about a holiday.27. Du e to increased ______ , the past decade saw great economic growth in China.A. decreaseB. productivityC. abandonD. occupied28. He________ the dangers of the trip to the mountain.29. She was _______ by her failure in applying for the post.30. The ______ tick of the clock got on my nerves.31. I think the scientist is ______ of the high praise.A. worthyB. exaggeratedC. continualD. frustrated32. Children display great_____ about every new thing they see.33. The room only has a ____ for 100 people.34. Discipline is _____ to anyone who wants to be successful.35. Keeping a ______ attitude to get the job.A. essentialB. curiosityC. positiveD. capacityPart III Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage 1The flowers are blooming and the birds are singing as Melinda sits in the rose garden of the nursing home. She is recalling old times as she waits for her family's arrival. The nursing home has been Melinda's new settlement ever since Thomas passed away a week ago. Thomas had fought a long and hard battle against lung cancer for three years. Unfortunately, he has broken the promise that he and Melinda had made: to be with each other for every birthday. Melinda knew this was unrealistic but agreed to the promise for Thomas’s sake.“Thomas, you are completely a dreamer!” Melinda shouted to Thomas as h e dragged on about living on an island with his beautiful wife. That s what she loved about him most—he had a vivid imagination. They got married at age eighteen and began having children right away. Mary came within the year，followed by Thomas Benjamin II, Lilly-Ann, and Joseph “Little Joey' George. The family lived an exultant life filled with laughter and love.“Mom!” Lilly shouted, but it really sounded like a howl. Melinda had lost herself in thinking about the life she had shared with her late husband. Lilly pushed her down the long dark halls of the nursing home until they arrived at the recreational room.When the doors opened, Melinda put her hand over her mouth and was completely speechless. The room was crowded with the people nearest and dearest to her and the warmth and love was felt instantly. The night went on; stories and cocktails were shared and everything was perfect. However, when Melinda caught a moment to herself she looked around at her family. With a smi le on her face, she raised her Manhattan and called out for a toast. “This one is for you, Thomas，though you are not here.”36. Why did Thomas break his promise?A. He was busy with his work.B. He died of lung cancer.C. He had to serve in the army.D. He stopped loving Melinda.37. Which of the following best explains “exultant” underlined in Paragraph 2?A. Peaceful.B. Simple.C. Stressful.D. Happy.38. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Melinda，children forgot their father.B. Melinda was tired of noise.C. Melinda missed her husband badly.D. Melinda liked to drink alcohol,39. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. A Particular BirthdayB. A Woman at a Nursing HomeC. Memories of Old DaysD. A Big Surprise for MelindaPassage BSpotify can tell if you’re sad. Here’s why that should scare you. Want to figure out if someone is a patient with a mental disability? Ask them what their favorite song is. A New York University study last year found that people who loved Eminem's Lose Yourself and Justin Bieber's What Do You Mean? were more likely to have trouble with mental disabilities than people who were into Dire Straits.Over the past few years，Spotify has been improving the ability to analyze information to help businessmen target consumers with advertisements made specially for their needs. They conclude this from the sort of music you’re listening to, combined with where and when you’re listening to it, along with third-party data that might be available.Now, to be clear, there’s nothing significantly illegal about what Spotify is doing with your information. I certainly don't think that they are working with shadowy consulting firms to serve you ads selling a culture struggle while you're listening to music that suggests you might be in a terrible situation. However, I find it disappointing that our personal, private moments with music are increasingly being turned into information points and offered to advertisers.You can see where this could go，can’t you? As ad targeting gets ever more accurate, businessmen will have the ability to target our feelings in potentially improper ways. According to one study, you are more likely to spend more on a product if you’re feeling sad. You can imagine some companies might take advantage of that. And on that note，I’m feeling a littledown about all this. Head off to treat myself to something expensive.40. What's the purpose of the first paragraph?A. To introduce a new song.B. To draw readers’ attention.C. To help more patients.D. To promote a new medium.41. Spotify improves its ability to analyze information to______.A. provide services for the governmentB. work with shadowy consulting firmsC. get listeners' personal informationD. help businessmen attract consumers42. What s th e author’s attitude towards Spo tify?A. Uncertain.B. Supportive.C. Positive.D. Dissatisfied.43. Who is the text probably designed for?A. Internet users.B. Officials.C. Researchers.D. Managers.Passage CAn exciting landing process of Chang'e-4 lunar probe (月球探测器）was seen through the monitor at Beijing Aerospace Control Center in Beijing，Jan. 3, 2019. It touched down on the far side of the moon at 10:26 a.m. Beijing Time, becoming the first spacecraft soft-landing on the moon’s unknown side nev er visible from Earth.China’s Chang'e-4 probe has started the exploration on the far side of the moon thanks to the relay satellite that provides a communication link with ground control. The relay satellite, named Queqiao, meaning Magpie Bridge, after a Chinese legend, was launched on May 21,2018，and became the first communication satellite operating in the halo orbit, nearly 500,000 km from the earth. It can also provide communication for probes from other countries. The relay satellite will also be used for scientific and technological experiments. The maximum distance between the satellite and the Chang'e-4 probe on the far side of the moon is 79,000 km. The satellite processes data from the probe and sends it to Earth.The satellite can stay in its orbit for a long time due to its relatively low fuel consumption, as the earth’s and moon's gravity balances its orbital moving. While in orbit, it can “see” both the earth and the far side of the moon.The concept of using a relay satellite in the halo orbit was first put forward by U.S. space expertsin the 1960s, but was realized by Chinese space engineers.Researchers hope to use the cameras on the satellite to record asteroids (小行星）hitting the far side of the moon. To control the cost of the Chang'c-4 probe, the relay satellite was designed to be relatively small, weighing about 400 kg.Researchers had just 30 months to develop the satellite, putting them under high pressure. To promote public interest in space exploration, the China National Space Administration invited people to write down their wishes for lunar and space exploration, and the relay satellite carries the names of tens of thousands of participants and their messages.44. What do we learn from the second paragraph?A. The relay satellite was launched on Jan. 3, 2019.B.Chang'e-4 probe was the first communication satellite.C. The relay satellite only explores the far side of the moon.D. The relay satellite can handle data from Chang'e-4 probe.45. Why was the size of the relay satellite relatively small?A. To reduce the cost as much as possible.B. To make it circle Moon for a longer time.C. To avoid being crashed by other satellites.D. To follow American space experts，advice.46. What made researchers suffer from great stress?A. Few people interested in the exploration on the moon.B. The relay satellite carrying too much equipment.C. Their lacking enough time to develop the relay satellite.D. People’s never being optimistic about the relay satellite47. What is the main idea of the text?A. China is a new space power after the USA.B.Change-4 probe lands on Moon’s far side.C. Chinese space engineers make much progress.D. Space exploration is a dangerous challenge.Passage DLast year marked the 100th anniversary of the end of World War I. There were events around theworld in memory of those who died in the conflict. We have picked out three of them in European countries. Let's take a look.BelgiumIn a park, the famous Belgian artist Koen Vanmechelen had an exhibition called Coming World, Remember Me. The work consisted of 600,000 individual(单独的）clay sculptures, one for exhibition was a big egg made of clay each person killed during the World War. In the center of the exhibition was a big egg made of clay, symbolizing a new world.UKIn a small town called Aldridge. almost 100 houses in one street were covered with 24,000poppies and statues of sold.They stood for the men from the area who had been killed in the war. The flowers were chosen because of a poem written by the Canadian doctor John McCrea in1915. They made people think of fields of blood.FranceThe British artist Guy Denning arrived in La Feuille，a small town in the northwest of France, to stick life-size drawings of soldiers who never came back home. Armed with glue and a brush, Denning stuck his drawings carefully on walls. Before long 112 men, ma.nly young adults, were brought back to mind, if not to life.48. What do we know about Coming World. Remember Me?A. It's the name of an exhibition.B. It's a film about World War I.C. It's a work standing for peace.D. It's a sculpture made of clay.49. Why were poppies chosen to symbolize the dead soldiers?A. The British people preferred them.B. They showed the cruelty of war.C. A Canadian doctor suggested them.D. The fields were filled with them.50. How was the end of World War I marked in France?A. A memorial to the dead soldiers was built.B. 112 wounded soldiers in the war were helped.C. Drawings of some dead soldiers were put up.D. Young adults were encouraged to join the army.Part IV Skimming and Scanning (10%)Technology in education: Current trendsA)Computers and Internet connections are becoming widely available in schools and classrooms. In 1999, 99 percent of teachers in the United States had access to a computer in their schools, and 84 percent had one or more computers in their classrooms. At the same time, Internet connections were also widespread, with 95 percent of schools and 63 percent of classrooms having access. Worldwide, many countries are making the creation and diffusion of information and communications technology (ICT) an important priority.The use of technology to find educational resourcesB) In the past, teachers attempting a problem-based curriculum felt the need to limit problems to those for which they had expertise or the local library had resources. Now the World Wide Web brings a seemingly endless amount of information on almost any subject, and it is possible for students to choose topics based on personal interest rather than availability of resources.C) Internet research projects are gaining popularity. In the spring of 1998, 30 percent of teachers surveyed (and 70 percent of those with high-speed Internet connections) reported they had assigned Internet research tasks to their students during the school year. Use of the Internet to gather information for solving problems sometimes resembles a modern version of library research, in which students gather and synthesize information from published reports. Despite the fact that the task seems traditional, the characteristics of this new medium require special skills for students. The sheer volume of information allows students to study almost any topic, but also makes it more difficult to locate precisely the right information from among the thousands, or even millions, of sites. In addition, the ease of publishing materials on the Internet increases the likelihood that students will encounter inaccurate or biased information. As a result, students must learn new strategies for conducting searches and evaluating the information thatthey retrieve.D) Students carrying out scientific investigations can use the Internet to make observations and collect data. For example, the fourth and fifth graders in California collected insects and sent them to San Diego State University. Using two-way audio and video connecting the school and the university, scientists guided the students in using an electron microscope to examine their specimens. Technology has made it possible to collect data from places students could never visit. In recent projects, high school students explored the floor of the Monterey Bay by studying the video from remotely operated robots, and middle school students were given time to use the Hubble telescope. Students also use technology to collect data in their schools and communities. For example, using handheld computers outfitted with various types of probes （探测仪），students can monitor the water quality at various locations in nearby streams or lakes. By transmitting their individual readings to a laptop computer in a field laboratory they can quickly graph their data and visually compare readings.The use of technology to summarize and present findingsE) In the past, students memorized and used formulas and models created by others to solve problems. Students often used these formulas, especially in the early stages of learning, with little understanding. In the early 21st century computer tools provide the opportunity for students to construct and test their own models using tools such as spreadsheets （电子制表软件）or concept maps （概念图）. This type of instruction deepens students' understanding of abstract concepts and allows these concepts to be taught at an earlier age.F) Once students have summarized their data and other information, they typically communicate their findings to others. Writing reports is still the most widespread use of ICT, with 61 percent of US teachers assigning students word-processing tasks. In addition to text, students also use computer-created graphics, videos, and animations to communicate their ideas.G) The teacher is not the only audience for students' presentations. Students frequently expect to present their work to and receive feedback from their peers and the world outside their classroom. Whether they are using presentation software to accompany a face-to也cepresentation or developing materials to put on the Web, the trend is for students to be able to communicate their work to a broad audience. This increases students' perception that problem-based learning is real work for real audiences.The use of technology for collaboration and distance educationH) There are many opportunities for individual students to use technology to enhance their learning. These include online courses that provide students in remote locations with opportunities for customized curriculum and advanced placement courses （先修课程）. These courses are conducted entirely online and offer asynchronous （异步的）interaction among faculty and students. Because they allow students to participate anytime and from anywhere, online courses are becoming increasingly popular among postsecondary （高等教育）students whose job and personal commitments do not allow them to meet a regular class schedule.I) Opportunities for interaction with peers from other countries can also contribute to knowledge and understanding of other cultures. ICT makes this type of communication possible for anyone with Internet access. For example, the Kidlink project encourages students up to age 15 to use the Internet to build a global network of friends. Kidlink participants discuss issues ranging from how to make and keep friends to war and peace.J) Monitoring students' independent learning in these flexible environments will be supported by sophisticated new assessment technologies that will help teachers collect and analyze students' data and make instructional decisions. These tools will continually assess students' work and provide feedback to them and their teachers. Such assessment has the potential to make time-consuming standardized testing unnecessary and to personalize the curriculum for every student. Ubiquitous，well-integrated technology tools will bring educators closer to redefine the educational enterprise and provide customized, just-in-time solutions for the learning needs of students.____1 Students find it more difficult to locate the right information from among a large number of websites.____2 Teachers will use sophisticated new technologies to assess students' learning in flexible environments and make instructional decisions.____3 Collecting information from the Internet is similar to that in the library as students obtain published reports and process the information in both cases.____4 While teachers had to limit problems to those with resources in the process of teaching in the past, students nowadays can make their own interest-based choices because of a large amount of information available on many subjects.____5 Students of higher education prefer online courses to those given at fixed time and in fixed places due to their other businesses.____6 The Kidlink project encourages students up to 15 to make foreign friends and have discussions about a wide range of issues on the Internet.____7 Many countries around the world prioritize the creation and spread of ICT.____8 By means of two-way audio and video, scientists in San Diego State University instructed the fourth- and fifth-grade students in California to observe specimens with electronic devices. ____9 Face-to-face presentations accompanied by software indicate the trend that students can communicate their work with more people.____10 Because of computer tools, abstract concepts can be better understood by students and be taught at an earlier age.Part V Translation (10%)1. 孔子的许多思想，尤其是教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。

上海市部分区2024届高三二模英语试题汇编六选四2024届上海市长宁区高三下学期二模英语试卷Section CDirections:Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Martha Stewart was charged, tried and convicted of a crime in 2014. As she neared the end of her prison sentence, a well-known columnist wrote that she was “paying her dues,”and that “there is simply no reason for anyone to attempt to deny her right to start anew. ”67 Unfortunately, many federal and state laws impose post-conviction restrictions ona shockingly large number of Americans, who are prevented from ever fully paying their debt to society.At least 65 million people in the United States have a criminal record. This can result in severe penalties (惩罚) that continue long after punishment is completed.Many of these penalties are imposed regardless of the seriousness of the offense or the person’s individual circumstances. 68 They can affect a person’s ability to get a job and qualification for benefits.In all, more than 45, 000 laws and rules serve to exclude vast numbers of people from fully participating in American life. Some laws make senses. No one advocates letting someone convicted of pedophilia (恋童癖) work in a school. 69 Should a woman who possessed a small amount of drugs years ago be permanently unable to be licensed as a nurse?These laws are also counterproductive (适得其反), since they make it harder for people with criminal records to find housing or a job, two key factors that reduce backsliding. A recent report makes several recommendations, including the abolition of most post-conviction penalties, except for those specifically needed to protect public safety. 70 .The point isn’t to excuse or forget the crime. Rather, it i s to recognize that in America’s vast criminal justice system, and second chances are crucial. It is in no one's interest to keep a large segment of the population on the margins of society.2024届上海市徐汇区高三二模考试英语试题Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentenceAstronomers are eagerly anticipating a celestial (天体的) event that promises to be a once-in-a-lifetime sight: the appearance of a "new star" in the night sky, expected to occur sometime between now and September, as reported by NASA. This event, known as a nova (新星), is projected to take place within the T Coronae Borealis system, nestled in the constellation(星座) Corona Borealis, situated between the Boötes and Hercules constellations.In contrast to the explosive demise of a massive star seen in a supernova, a nova is characterized by a sudden, brief explosion originating from a collapsed star, specifically a white dwarf. The T Coronae Borealis system is affectionately called the "Blaze Star." (67) _______________________ These stars orbit closely enough to interact violently, leading to periodic explosive events, with the last eruption observed in 1946.(68) _______________________ Over time, the red giant becomes increasingly unstable, shedding its outer layers onto the white dwarf. This exchange of matter eventually triggers a "runaway thermonuclear reaction," resulting in the nova phenomenon, according to NASA.While the precise timing of the upcoming nova event remains uncertain, astronomers are closely monitoring the T Coronae Borealis system, which has been dimming since March of the previous year. William J. Cooke, lead of NASA's Meteoroid Environments Office, notes that while most novae occur unexpectedly, T Coronae Borealis is one of the 10 recurring novae in the galaxy, offering some predictability to its eruptions.Located approximately 3,000 light-years away from Earth, the T Coronae Borealis system is typically too faint to be seen with the naked eye. (69) _______________________Once the nova reaches its peak brightness, it will appear as if a new star has emerged in the night sky, remaining visible for a few days without any equipment and slightly over a week with binoculars before gradually fading from view over the course of about 80 years.(70) _______________________ As an effective observing approach, they provide valuable insights into the dynamics of recurrent novae and the processes occurring within these stellar systems.The NASA Universe account on X will provide regular updates on the nova event, allowing enthusiasts and researchers alike to stay informed about this captivating astronomical phenomenon. Reflecting on past experiences, including witnessing the 1975 Nova Cygni, which inspired his career in astronomy, Cooke underscores the significance of these celestial events in shaping our understanding of the cosmos.2024届上海市上海市闵行区高三二模英语试题Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Childhood Media Shaping FuturesMuch of the media we consume during our formative years shapes us into the people we are today. Reflect on a particular piece of media from our childhood—perhaps it’s the TV show we eagerly awaited every weekend during visits to our grandmother’s house. 67 It shapes our dreams and fears and even drives us to future careers.68 Older children may have had a lot more restrictions, like TV shows, movies, and social media access. And because of these, they were able to be a child for longer compared to their siblings (兄弟姐妹). Ch ildren who have older siblings tend to show more mature tendencies and can appear to “grow up quicker” than other children their age.While they might have been restricted from social media accounts until a certain age, once given access, they tend to be more prepared. The media exposure of our generation has undoubtedly led to an increased maturation at younger ages. 69 9Simply looking back at previous generations and the rate of consumption and processing of information that we experience every day, the effects of such are only beginning.As soon-to-be or current adults, we are already facing issues such as depression, anxiety, and delays in certain learning and social skills, just to name a few. Are we “more mature?” or are we o verexposed and at risk for exceptional mental, physical, and emotional consequences?In conclusion, childhood media consumption significantly influences our lives. 70Striking a balance between media exposure and mental well-being is essential fo r our growth in today’s media-rich world.2024届上海市静安区高三下学期二模英语试题Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentenceTime to end Santa’s ‘naughty list’?Many of us have magical memories of Santa secretly bringing gifts and joy to our childhood homes — but is there a darker side to the beloved Christmas tradition?I was —and I’m happy to admit it — a loyal believer of Santa. I absolutely loved the magic of Christmas, especially Santa Claus, and my parents went above and beyond to encourage it. However, as I begin to construct my own Santa Claus myth for my daughter, I can’t help but feel guilty. Could it undermine her trust in me?__67__ Back in 1978, a study published in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry(矫正精神医学) found that 85% of four-year-olds said they believed in Santa. In 2011, research published in the Journal of Cognition and Development found that 83% of 5-year-olds claimed to be true believers.I guess it’s not all that surprising. __68__ He features in every Christmas TV show and movie. Each year the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) allows you to track Santa’s journey on Christmas Eve. To reassure children during the pandemic in 2020, the World Health Organization issued a statement declaring that Santa was “immune” from Covid 19. And it’s precisely this effort on behalf of parents, and society in general, to create such seemingly overwhelming evidence for the existence of Santa Claus that David Kyle Johnson, a professor of philosophy at King’s College in Pennsylvania, describes as ‘The Santa Lie’ in his book The Myths That Stole Christmas. He highlights how we don’t simply ask children to imagine Santa, but rather to actually believe in him. __69__The ‘Santa lie’ can reduce trust between a parent and a child. __70__ It is the creation of false evidence and convincing kids that bad evidence is in fact good evidence that discourages the kind of critical thinking we should be encouraging in children in this era. “The ‘Santa lie’ is part of a parenting practice that encourages people to believe what they want to believe, simply because of the psychological reward,” says Johnson. “That’s really bad for society in general.”2024届上海市浦东新区高三下学期二模英语试题Section CDirections:Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.What motivates you to work or study harder? Is it the thought of success and all the amazing things that you can achieve, or is it the fear of failure and worry about all the things that can go wrong for you? _____67_____ But is one better than the other?A recent study looked at the effect of fear-based strategies on British secondary school students. As is so often the case, it’s complicated. They fou nd that if a test is seen as important, and students are optimistic that they can succeed, then the fear of failure can be used successfully by teachers to motivate these learners. _____68_____ It can in turn lead them to do worse on the test than they would have done otherwise. The study also found that if students are disengaged and don’t care about the test in the first place, then, unsurprisingly, the fear of failure is not likely to motivate them.Entrepreneurs often run the risk of failure. It’s a fac t that most new companies will fail. _____69_____ The personal consequences of failure can be significant, and so founders may be motivated to work harder to avoid them. A study carried out on British and Canadian entrepreneurs found that fear of failure can improve problem solving, as people are motivated to anticipate and resolve potential issues. However, the study also showed that it can lead to increased procrastination as people focus too much on what they personally fear, rather than what would be best for the business. If someone is less confident about their business idea, then they may find their decision-making negatively affected by their fears._____70_____ It can drive confident people to do better, but it can also increase our doubts and turn them into barriers.参考答案2024届上海市长宁区高三下学期二模英语试卷Section C 评分标准：每小题2分。

高中高考英语单词以下是一份包含高中高考英语常见单词大全。

这些单词被广泛使用于高中英语教学以及高考考试中。

为了方便学习，按照字母顺序进行了分类。

A1. Abandon2. Abbreviation3. Abolish4. Abstract5. Accelerate6. Accommodate7. Accumulate8. Accuracy9. Acquire10. Adapt11. Adequate12. Administer13. Adversity14. Advocate15. Affect16. Aggregate17. Agriculture18. Alleviate19. Alternative20. AmbiguousB21. Barrier22. Bias23. Bizarre24. Brevity25. Budget26. Bureaucracy27. BystanderC28. Calculate29. Caption30. Categorize31. Causality32. Cease33. Certainty34. Challenge35. Circumstance36. Civilize37. Clarify38. Coherent39. Coincide40. Collaborate41. Commission42. Compatible43. Compile44. Complement45. Comprehend46. Conceive47. Concentrate48. Conclude49. Conducive50. ConformD51. Decline52. Dedicate53. Deficit54. Deliberate55. Demonstrate56. Denote57. Depict58. Derive59. Detect60. Deviate61. Devise62. Differentiate63. Diffuse64. Dilemma65. Diligent66. Diminish67. Discern68. Discrepancy69. Disperse70. Distinct71. Diverse72. Divert73. Document74. Domestic75. DominantE76. Economical77. Ecosystem78. Elicit79. Eligible80. Embrace81. Empirical82. Enable83. Encourage84. Endorse85. Enhance86. Enrich87. Ensure88. Entail89. Entity90. Entrench91. Equate92. Equivalent93. Eradicate94. Erode95. Ethical96. Evaluate97. Evoke98. Evolution99. Excel 100. ExcerptF101. Facilitate 102. Factor 103. Famine 104. Feedback 105. Feasible 106. Federal 107. Fertilize 108. Fluctuate 109. Focus 110. Forecast 111. Format 112. Formulate 113. Framework 114. Friction115. FundamentalG116. Generate 117. Globalization 118. Gradual 119. Graph 120. Grant 121. Grasp 122. Guarantee 123. GuidelineH124. Halt125. Hazard 126. Hierarchy 127. HypothesisI128. Identical 129. Ideology 130. Ignite132. Immigrate 133. Impair 134. Implement 135. Impose 136. Impulse 137. Incentive 138. Incidence 139. Incline 140. Incorporate 141. Indicate 142. Individual 143. Induce 144. Infer 145. Inflation 146. Influence 147. Inherent 148. Initiate 149. Innovation 150. Input 151. Inquiry 152. Insert154. Inspire 155. Install 156. Integrate 157. Integrity 158. Intelligence 159. Intensive 160. Intention 161. Interaction 162. Interfere 163. Interpret 164. Interval 165. Intervene 166. Intrinsic 167. Intuition 168. Invariably 169. Investigate 170. InvokeJ171. JustifyK172. KineticL173. Laborious 174. Lament 175. Latitude 176. Legislative 177. Literacy 178. Livelihood 179. LogicalM180. Magnitude 181. Maintain 182. Manifest 183. Manipulate 184. Margin 185. Massive 186. Mature 187. Maximum 188. Measurable189. Mediate 190. Medium 191. Melancholy 192. Merchandise 193. Merge 194. Metaphor 195. Methodology 196. Mimic 197. Minimum 198. Minor 199. Mode 200. ModifyN201. Narrative 202. Navigate 203. Neutral 204. Nevertheless 205. Norm 206. Notion 207. NurtureO208. Objective 209. Obstacle 210. Occupy 211. Omit212. Orientation 213. Origin 214. Outweigh 215. Overcome 216. Overtake 217. OzoneP218. Paradox 219. Parameter 220. Participate 221. Passive 222. Perception 223. Persist 224. Perspective 225. Pervasive 226. Phenomenon227. Philosophy 228. Pioneer 229. Policy 230. Portray 231. Postulate 232. Potential 233. Precede 234. Precise 235. Predict 236. Prejudice 237. Preliminary 238. Prescribe 239. Preserve 240. Presume 241. Prevail 242. Previous 243. Prioritize 244. Probe 245. Proceed 246. Process 247. Profound 248. Prohibit249. Prominent 250. PromptQ251. Qualitative 252. Quantitative 253. QuotaR254. Radical 255. Random 256. Rationale 257. Rationalize 258. React 259. Recede 260. Reciprocal 261. Reconcile 262. Rectify 263. Reflect 264. Refrain 265. Regime 266. Regulate268. Reject 269. Relate 270. Relevant 271. Reluctant 272. Remove 273. Render 274. Renew 275. Repetition 276. Repress 277. Require 278. Resemble 279. Reside 280. Resolve 281. Resort 282. Resource 283. Respond 284. Restore 285. Restrict 286. Retain 287. Retrieve 288. Reveal290. Revise 291. Revolutionize 292. Rigid293. RouteS294. Satellite 295. Saturate 296. Scenario。