四六级翻译作文
13年12月四六级考纲关于翻译题有两点大纲变动
1、句子翻译改为段落汉译英翻译。
2、考试范围由“校园文化、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业”改为“校园文化、社会生活、餐饮娱乐、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业、新兴学科发展、中国传统文化”，其中亮点就是新增了难度较大的文化领域。为此，针对传统文化，需要掌握以下文化语句的通用表达，必背！背下这16句，传统文化考点将一分不丢。
一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.
二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.
三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just
like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.
更多四六级资料请加卢秋钱 1119237474
四、Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating
relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year. 饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣saint张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀皮、wrapper2）备馅、stuffing3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点feature是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。Be fed up with民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲relatives待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。auspicious对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，reverence“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。
五、Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels”theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in
traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”
针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。
六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony”and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.
中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。
七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of
Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).
汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
八、Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization. 中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。
九、Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on
paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.
印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
十、Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.
天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。C
十一、hinese Beijing Opera Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).
京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分
生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。
十二、Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.
道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。
十三、Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.
中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
十四、China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the
Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.
中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周
时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波
斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以
其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。
东方文明的使者。
十五、Chinese Classical Garden The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in
a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.
中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我
国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典
园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体
系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。
十六、The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned
as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred
to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.
笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
the Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper
bamboo trunks
bamboo slips,wooden tablets,brocade and silk
1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000
多年的历史。在唐代（theTang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞
狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。
The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. InChinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, whichcould drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history ofmore than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was alreadyintroduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the liondance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom wherepeople could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.
2、中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。
Chinawill develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China’s reformand opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseasenterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored greatachievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises withtheir growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government willcontinue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the furthercooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.
3、假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。
The phenomenon of holiday economy showsthat Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from thebasic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt tosocial development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfypeople’s demand for an improved quality of life.
4、端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃
粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。
The Duanwu Festival, also called the DragonBoat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was aloyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to thestate but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. Forthousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings anddragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are manyrivers and lakes.
5、2013年6月20日在中国各地，剧估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(theTiangon-1 laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。
On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousandschool children and their teachers across China watched a science lessontaught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping. Wang is aboard theTiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates, for a two-week mission. Her lessonswere a series of physics demonstrations in the space. In some demonstrations,she compared with the same experiment under the
one-gravity environment onEarth. The lesson has not only offered children a physics lesson with knowledgeand interest, but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.
6 、朝气蓬勃，充满活力，丰富多彩的上海是现代中国的缩影。虽然上海的文化遗迹不能与北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市风貌，风格各异的万国建筑为这座城市注入了无限的魅力。今日之上海，已经成为享誉中外的国际大都市。漫步在这座日新月异的现代大都市里，你会发现许多精彩的历史亮点，隐现在众多摩天大楼背后的是上海发展变化的轨迹。它们记述了上海自十九世纪末开埠以来，尤其是新中国成立以后，是如何迅猛发展的。
Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city - the very epitome ofmodern China.Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied architecturalstyles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own. Today's Shanghai has become aworld-famous international metropolis. A walk through this booming city revealsmany glimpses of its colorful past. Hidden
amongst the skyscrapers are remains of theoriginal Shanghai.They keep on showing how Shanghai has beendeveloping fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in thelate 19th century, especially after the founding of new China.
7、近代以来，亚洲经历了曲折和艰难的发展历程。亚洲人们为改变自己的命运，始终以不屈的意志和艰辛的奋斗开辟前进道路。今天，人们所看到的亚洲发展成就，是勤劳智慧的亚洲人民不屈不挠、锲而不舍奋斗的结果。亚洲人民深知，世界上没有放之四海而皆准的发展模式，也没有一成不变的发展道路，亚洲人民勇于变革创新，不断开拓进取，探索和开辟适应时代潮流，符合自身实际的发展道路，为经济社会发展打开了广阔前景。
In modern times, Asiaexperienced twists and turns in its development. To change their destiny, thepeople of Asia have been forging ahead in anindomitable spirit and with hard struggle. Asia'sdevelopment achievements today are the result of the persistent efforts of theindustrious and talented Asian people. The people of Asiaare fully aware that there is no ready model or unchanging path of developmentthat is universally applicable. They never shy away from reform and innovation.Instead, they are committed to exploring and finding development paths that arein line with the trend of the times and their own situations, and have openedup bright prospects for economic and social development.
8、吸烟之危害，可谓大矣，其严重性是不能低估的。吸烟污染空气，损害健康，使肺癌发病率大大增加。为了使各国人民关注烟草的盛行及预防吸烟导致的疾病和死亡，世界卫生组织已将每年的5月31日定为“世界无烟日”。瘾君子们说，一天饭不吃可以，一个时辰不抽烟就难捱了，不能戒。只要真正意识到吸烟有百害而无一利，于人于己都是一种祸害，就有可能下决心摆脱烟草的诱惑。戒烟贵在坚持，坚持下去就是收获。
Smoking does great harm to human and itsgravity should not be underestimated. Smoking pollutes air, damages health, andincreases the incidence of lung cancer. To arouse the awareness about theprevalence of tobacco in all the countries and to prevent smoking-induceddiseases and deaths, the WHO (World Health Organization) has defined May 31stin every year as World No-Tobacco Day. The tobacco addicts say that smoking isimpossible to quit because they could do without meals in a day but would feeltortured without tobacco in two hours. However, when one realizes that smokingis harmful in many ways but beneficial in no way and that it is a curse toothers as well as to he himself, he will be determined to resist the temptationof tobacco. To quit smoking requires persistence and so long as one persists,he’ll be rewarded.
9、越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。
An increasing number of English-educatedChinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while Englishlearning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kidshave a good command of Chinese. China’srise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefitfrom their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitivenessin the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity withthe two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardlychanged their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared thatthey knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kidslearning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China,where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its richcultural heritage.
10、我赞同许多东亚学者的观点，东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾。西方世界个人自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为，对此我们不能视而不见。// 相反，东方社会的自我约束力，集体责任感以及温厚儒雅的传统倒可以消除西方社会的许多恶疾。// 在这个信息时代，世界已缩小成一个地球村。这个地球村里，不再有什么泾渭分明的东方世界和西方世界，我们是生活在同一个社区里的邻里。// 因此，我们彼此之间无须冲突。我们之间的关系应该是一种友好合作，平等互补的关系。我们应该相互理解，相互学习，和睦共处。
I share the same view with many East Asianscholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing ,stubborn Western ills. We should not turn a blind eye to the fact thatindividual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extremeindividualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence.// By contrast,self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asiacan offset many Western vices.// At this age of information, the world has shrunkas a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and theWest any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.// Therefore,we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other. Our relationshipis one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore,we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//
11、国际贸易的基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是不可避免的。关键要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理摩擦和纠纷。// 就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。今天，美国在华投资设立的企业已超过4 万家，投资额达450 亿美元。// 美国500 强企业有400 多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。与此同时，在美国市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。中国在美国投资设立的企业已超过1000 家。// 我们可以预见，中美贸易摩擦将随着经贸关
系的深化而凸显，但是中美经贸合作的总体发展是不可逆转的。主要有两个原因，
其一：中美贸易具有很大互补性。其二：中国产品具有明显的劳动力成本优势。//
Equality and mutual benefit is thefundamental principle of international trade. Therefore, it is normal thatcountries will seek to protect their own interests, which may lead to trade frictionsand disputes. The key lies in how to cope with these issues correctly in a cooland wise manner.// As for China-US trade, mutually beneficial and win-win tradeand economic ties have delivered tangible economic benefits to the two peoples.Now, with over 40,000 U.S.- invested enterprises, the total investment in Chinastands at $45 billion.// Of the top 500 U.S companies, more than 400 have theirbusiness in China, and most of them are making handsome profit. At the sametime, many Chinese commodities have become favored choices of American consumers.Meanwhile, the number of Chinese-invested enterprises in the United Sates hassurpassed 1,000.// We predict that trade disputes between China and the United Stateswill become more acute along with the further development in bilateral trade andeconomic cooperation. The overall development in bilateral trade and economic cooperationis, however, irreversible. There are two factors contribute to this trend.Firstly, the Sino-U.S. economic and trade relations enjoy complementarities in vastfields. Secondly, Chinahas an outstanding labor cost advantage.//
12、中国国际出版集团是中国最大的、最权威的外语出版发行单位，其前身是中央人民政府新闻出版署国际新闻局。// 我集团坚持“让中国走向世界，让世界了解中国”的出版原则，全心致力于中国外语教育与研究事业的发展，全心致力于中外文化交流事业的拓展。// 为了加强对出版人才队伍的建设，为了满足日益增长的特殊出版业务的需要，我集团每年都要选派一些青年员工到国内外知名高等学府和研究机构进修，// 根据我们的发展战略，我们会将前进的步伐迈出国界走向世界，瞄准海外读者群，这一战略已取得了良好的开局。//
The China International Publishing Group isthe largest and the most authoritative foreign language publishing anddistribution establishment, its predecessor being the International PressBureau of the Central People's Government Press and Publication Administration.//Adhering to the publishing philosophy of “assisting China's march to the worldand facilitating world's understanding of China”, the Group commits itselfentirely to promoting foreign language education and research in China and advancingcultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.// In order to build upa strong team of publishing staff, as well as to meet the growing need of more technicallydemanding business, the Group makes it a rule that young staff be selected andsent to noted universities and research institutions, both domestic and overseas,for further studies.// As is clearly spelled out in our new development strategy,we will go beyond our national boundaries and wedge ourselves
into the worldcirculation market, aiming at the international readership. Our initial effortshave been very rewarding.//
13、改革开放30 年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。// 通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。// 作为第二文化，中国文化也丰富了他们的生活和世界观。可以说，这个潮流方兴未艾。越来越多的学习汉语的美国人除了对中国菜肴赞不绝口之外，也在尝试针灸，草药和武术。//他们也看功夫电影，学习东方时装潮流和手工艺，不知不觉的在日常生活中谈及中国的点心，人参、银杏，乌龙茶等。目前在美国最热门的中国文化是道家学说和有着神秘色彩的风水学。
As China is rising as a political andeconomic world power, thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, moreand more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to aConfucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learningChinese language and Chinese culture.// During the learning process, thelearners concurrently develop their interest in this ancient land, whose civilizationis so vastly different from theirs. And the learners have opportunities tolearn about Chinese philosophy, art, architecture, medicine and cateringculture and experience first-hand the splendors of this venerablecivilization.// As the second culture, Chinese culture has enriched the lifeand world outlook of the learners. This trend, so to speak, is gathering momentumand is there to stay. Apart from their love for Chinese cuisine, more and moreAmerican learners of Chinese language are turning to Chinese acupuncture ,herbal medicines, martial arts.// They are also interested in kongfu films,fashions and crafts. Seemingly outlandish words such as dim sum, ginseng,gingko, oolong cha have crept into their everyday language. The latest Chinesecultural icons to make its impact there are Taoism, and ancient school ofthought, and fengshui, an ancient art of placement.//
14、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。//
Shanghai cuisine , usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China,with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines,Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste” as its essential qualityelements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use ofseasonings, the selection of
raw materials with quality texture, and originalflavors. Shanghaicuisine is famous for a special snack known as Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplingsand a special dish called “Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish”.//Nanxiang SteamedMeat Dumplings are small in size, with thin and translucent wrappers, filledinside with ground pork and rich tasty soup.
Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish isyellow-colored and squirrel-shaped, with a crispy skin and tender meat, allcovered with a sweet and sour source.//After tasting Squirrel-Shaped MandarinFish, we are always amazed by the squirrel shape and think that it is moreappropriate to plus “appearance” as the fourth element.
15、美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性，而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。//在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位，讨论是课堂教学的主旋律；而中国教师喜欢讲课，喜欢考试，编写千篇一律的标准教案，培养整齐划一的高材生。//美国人的政治观，经济观以及社会观的核心是个人道德自治观。中国传统的思想体系是以儒家学说为基础的，这种思想强调整体和谐。//现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密，中国人学英语，玩保龄球，吃肯德基，美国人学汉语，练功夫，吃北京烤鸭，《泰坦尼克》驶进中国，《牡丹亭》也在百老汇上演。//
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考
弘扬主体精神的儒家 一．周文化与儒家文化的缘起 1. 殷文化到周文化：从神本到人本的文化转向 殷商西周时期巫史勃兴，巫史垄断神坛，执掌学坛，不仅奠定了中华文化黎明时期的繁荣格局，对后世文化也产生了深远影响，引出了中国传统学术的系列特点：（1）学术与政治纠缠（2）神学与科学交织（3）自然科学与社会科学混杂（4）在社会科学方面文，史，哲汇通。 2. 周文化对儒家学说的影响 （1）观念创新：“天命靡常，敬德保民” 首次提出“德”的概念，作为统治者“宜得宜民”的理论依据。“德”具有宗教，政治，伦理等多方面的理论内涵，其中伦理为核心。统治者只有自身修养达到“德”的境界，才能实现“宜得宜民”。（2）制度创新：宗法建构 天子，诸侯，卿大夫，血缘关系（3）政治思想：儒家文化的直接源头 周公是西周王朝的奠基者和制度的制定者，他的政治思想对儒家思想的影响表现在： a.“明德慎罚”，“敬德保民”思想是孔子“德政”思想的渊源 b.周礼主要是有关社会等级秩序与伦理道德，行为规范的制度性规定。孔子推行的“礼治”正是对周公遗风的发扬蹈厉。 二．孔孟与儒家文化的产生 1.孔子学说及其传播 （1）孔子成就 A.创立儒家学说 孔子儒家学说的特点：a.注重人的因素，重视人生的价值， 提倡道德修养，主张“仁者爱人”b.具有积极入世精神，关注现实，关注社会现实c.看重下层民众的力量，主张实行“仁政”，关心人民生计，有一定民本主义色彩d.主张“敬鬼神而远之”，有显著的人文主义精神e.提倡“中有”，“中和”，不仅注重人际和谐，社会和谐，更注重天人和谐，人生自身的和谐。 B.推动平民教育发展 C.整理古代文化遗产删定《诗》《书》，修订《礼》《乐》，赞《易》，修《春秋》（2）基本思想 A．仁学思想:孔子哲学思想的核心范畴 仁的内涵： a.治国使民的基本原则 b.在众德体系中居于核心地位c．最完全的人格内涵d.人道之根本 B.礼制思想 孔子认为只有正名才能挽救礼坏乐崩的局面，才能复兴周礼。他提出正名思想，是为了恢复周礼所制定的世袭宗法等级制度。 对周礼的补充和发展： a.将周礼的肯本归纳为正名思想，使周礼的指导思想更集中，更明确，更理论化了 b.强调道德教化注：礼的辩证看法P49 C.认识论思想
中国传统文化概论（复习资料） 第一章绪论 1.文化的核心问题是人。 2.文化的三层次说：广义，狭义，专义的文化 （1）广义的文化又称大文化，即主张文化是涵盖人类所有文明成果的大文化观。（2）狭义的文化又称小文化，主要指人类精神文化方面的创造性成果，不包括物质生产及其器物性，实体性成果。 （3）专义的文化是指沿袭传统和现实生活中人们对文化的直观理解，即将文化理解为文学，艺术，音乐，戏剧，舞蹈等为主的艺术文化。 3.文化的本质是自然的人化或人化自然。 具体包括： （1）文化的核心问题是人。 （2）自然包括两个部分： A.人之外的自然。即不依赖于人存在的自然界；“无机身体” B.人自身的自然。即人的“有机身体” （3）自然的人化包括两个方面： A.人类对外在自然的能动的现实的改造。 B.人自身躯体的全部的感觉（内在自然）发生属人的变化。 说到底，文化就是人类主体通过社会实践活动，适应，利用，改造自然界实体而逐步满足自身需要（包括肉体和精神需要）的过程。 4.文化的一般特征 （1）从文化的形成上来看，文化具有超生理性和超个人性。 （2）从文化的内容构成上来说，文化具有复合性。 （3）从文化的表现上来说，文化具有象征性。 （4）从文化的影响来说，文化具有传递性。 5.文化的功能 定义：文化的功能是指文化系统在人们的社会生活实践中，能适应和满足个人与社会多种需要的重要作用。 （1）记录功能：口头语言，文字，物质型文化
（2）认知功能：人类总是不断地通过文化来认识自然，社会，自身，世界。（3）传播功能：言语和文字，实物 （4）教化功能：文化不仅自觉地教化人，而且更多时候是潜移默化的教化人，使之社会化。 （5）凝聚功能：在民族群体中表现的尤为明显。中华民族文化的凝聚功能主要表现为爱国主义；文化层次不同，文化凝聚范围，程度，层次也不同。 （6）调控功能：主要依靠精神型文化和制度行为文化来实现。 6.文化形态学角度将广义文化分为四个层次： （1）物态文化；是指人的物质生产活动方式和产品的总和 （2）制度文化；是人类在社会实践中建立起来的各种社会规范的总和。 （3）行为文化：是人类在社会实践，尤其是在人际交往中约定俗成的习惯性定势。（风俗习惯，行为礼仪，交往方式等）； （4）心态文化：（是文化的核心部分）相当于精神文化或社会意识的概念，分为社会心理和社会意识形态（又包括基层意识形态和高层意识形态）。 7.什么是中国文化？如何理解中国传统文化？结合实际谈谈学习中国传统文化的意义。 ●中国文化的含义：是指中华民族及其祖先在自己脚下的这片土地上创造出来 并且传播到世界各地的文化总和。中国文化是一个历史的，发展的概念。中国文化根生土长，多源一体。 ●中国传统文化含义：指在长期的历史发展过程中形成和发展起来的，保留在 中华民族中间具有稳定形态的中国文化。包括思想观念，思维方式，价值取向，道德情操，生活方式，礼仪制度，风俗习惯，宗教信仰，文学艺术，教育科学等诸多层面的内容。 ●理解【从时间维度理解】： （1）传统文化指文化的过去式。 （2）传统文化又指文化的现在式或正在进行式，即从过去一直延伸到现在的文化观念。 （3）传统文化也可能指文化的将来式，即对未来的文化建构产生影响的文化观念，它们将成为未来文化的重要组成部分。
中国传统文化概论(第2版)_在线作业_2 一、单选题 1. (5分) 南宋著名爱国词人、《稼轩词》作者是（）。 ? A. 燮 ? B. 欧阳修 ? C. 辛弃疾 ? D. 陆游 纠错 得分： 5 知识点： 9.1 中国古代文学的辉煌成就 展开解析 答案 C 解析 2. (5分) 表现梅花洁白、傲雪凌霜的高尚品性的古代十大名曲之一指（）。 ? A. 《高山流水》 ? B. 《春江花月夜》 ? C. 《梅花三弄》 ? D. 《二泉映月 纠错 得分： 5 知识点： 11.1 中国科学技术的重要成就 展开解析 答案 C 解析 3.
(5分) 公元一世纪传入我国的外来是（）。 ? A. 基督教 ? B. 佛教 ? C. 伊斯兰教 ? D. 萨满教 纠错 得分： 5 知识点： 8.2 佛教及其中国化 展开解析 答案 B 解析 4. (5分) 中国唯一的土生土长的系统是（）。 ? A. 道教 ? B. 佛教 ? C. 基督教 ? D. 禅宗 纠错 得分： 5 知识点： 8.3 道教 展开解析 答案 A 解析 5. (5分) 在天人关系上，中国古代是（）。
? A. 人神合一 ? B. 天人相争 ? C. 人本主义 ? D. 天人合一 纠错 得分： 5 知识点： 13.2 突出的人文精神 展开解析 答案 D 解析 6. (5分) 先法家重势派代表人物是（）。 ? A. 慎道 ? B. 非 ? C. 商鞅 ? D. 管仲 纠错 得分： 5 知识点： 7.1 中国古代法家代表人物及其思想展开解析 答案 A 解析 7. (5分) 汉代儒家代表人物是（）。 ? A. 孟子 ? B. 孔子
1.香囊(scented sachet)，古代也称“香袋”，通常是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织的袋子，里面塞满香草(aromatic herbs)。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫和避邪。香囊不仅有用，而且可作装饰品。它们的形状和大小各异，有圆形、椭圆形和其他形状。它们通常配有精致的图案，每个图案都象征着特别的含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(peony flower)等图案象征女性;松树和仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮的香囊不仅是装饰品，而且含有丰富的文化和历史内涵。 翻译：Scented sachets, also called “fragrant bags” in ancient times, are bags usually sewed with cloth or weaved with multicolor silk threads and stuffed with aromatic herbs. The fragrant bags were originally used for absorbing sweat, repelling insects and warding off evils. Scented sachets are not only useful, but also ornamental. They come in different shapes and sizes, such as round, oval and many others. And they are normally decorated with elaborate patterns, with each pattern symbolizing a special meaning.For instance,a double-fish or double-butterfly pattern smybolizes the love between a man and a woman;patterns like lotus or peony flowers symbolize women;pine and crane patterns symbolize longevity and a guava pattern is the symbol of lots of children.A nice scented sachet is not just an ornament,but more of something that contains cultural and historical richness. 2.中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，是对人类的人生感悟的哲学注解。中国人祖先的哲学论断是“近看自己，远观他人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术的原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类的本能欲望是生存并通过繁衍(propagation)继续存在。人生来的首要本能是求生，然后是长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳和永生的观念始终贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会的所有基本哲学理念。 翻译：Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unified in the belief that yin-yang produces all living things in the world. Originated in Chinese primitive society, this was the philosophical explanation of human's perception of life. Chinese ancestors philosophical conclusion was to “look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essential to the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation. To live and to continue life through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human. From birth, a person's first instinct is to survive, and then to live a long life. From primitive society to the present day, the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophical concepts. 3.象棋(Chinese chess)两人玩的棋盘游戏，源于春秋战国时期的军事战略。早期的象棋由三部分组成:棋子、骰(dice)和棋盘。现代象棋没有骰子,它在棋子和棋盘方面与古代不同。棋盘有9行宽、10行长，共90个交叉点，构成方形网格(grid)。棋子在交叉点上落子或移动。对弈者在棋盘进行象征性的军很战争，部署马匹、战车，根据自己对棋局和游戏规则的理解组织军队。目前，中国象棋已传至全世界，进一步传承、发扬中国传统文化。
《中国传统文化概论》课程教学大纲 课程中文名称：中国传统文化概论 课程英文名称： General Introduction to Chinese traditional Culture 课程类别：公共基础课 课程编号： 一、课程的性质、任务 1.课程的性质、任务 《中国传统文化概论》是应用技术大学一门重要的人文素质教育课程。其宗旨在于促进文理交融，拓展和完善理工科大学生的知识结构，提高文化素质和人文修养。本课程强调人文精神教育与科学精神教育相结合，主要任务是使青年学生对我国传统文化的伟大成就和基本发展线索有较为全面的认识，增强学生的民族自信心、自尊心和自豪感，培养高尚的爱国主义情操。进一步陶冶身心，培养在生活中用传统文化的视角解决实际问题的能力，能够以理性态度和务实精神去继承传统，创造未来。 2. 教学的基本要求 通过本课程的学习、讨论和思考，学生应达到以下要求： (1)对中国传统文化的基本知识和发展历程有初步的了解，激发对于祖国的荣誉感和归属感； (2)能够从总体上把握中国传统文化的本质、特性及其与现代化的关系，并能联系现实，深入思考，运用科学的世界观和方法论来分析中国传统文化的精华与糟粕， (3)以现代化为参照系，对中国传统文化资源进行创造性的开发利用，为社会主义现代化建设服务。 (4)能够以本课程教学为基础和依托，拓展知识结构，弘扬人文精神与科学精神。 3. 适用专业与学时数 本课程适用于茅台学院各专业。总学时54，3学分。其中理论课44学时，社会考察10学时。
4.主要教学方法与媒体要求： 本课程以课堂讲授为主，采用多媒体教学手段和启发式教学，突出教师的主导地位和学生的主体地位。引导学生多看、多读传统文化著作，配合文化网站等现代化信息的输入，提高教学效率。通过一系列教学活动，激活思维，启发思考，本课程内容丰富，信息量大，不可能在有限的课时内悉数穷尽，建议将一些适合讨论和交流的知识单元集中于网络教育平台，进行师生讨论和交流，提高学生学习中国传统文化知识的积极性。 二、各章教学内容和要求 第一章中国传统文化概述（2学时） （一）基本内容与要求 教学内容： 第一节中国传统文化的界定与定义 第二节中国传统文化产生的环境与条件 第三节中国传统文化的发展 第四节中国传统文化的现代化因素 教学要求： 通过本章学习，了解文化及中国传统文化的概念、基本精神和产生条件；能够感受中华文化的博大精深，学会从文化的视野观察、分析现实问题。 （二）教学重点与难点 重点：中国传统思维方式的特点及其影响 难点：中国传统文化的现代化因素和其所面临的挑战和问题 第二章历史的天空：中国历代王朝的兴衰（4学时） （一）基本教学内容与要求 教学内容： 第一节夏商周与春秋战国 第二节秦汉大一统与魏晋南北朝的分立 第三节繁盛的隋唐
Unit 1 Book3 中国传统节日 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力与生命力的体现。 Traditional Chinese Festivals Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the lunar calendar. January 1st on lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and custom. These Chinese festivals that follow the lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the lunar calendar. They embody China’s cohesion and vitality. Unit 3 Book3 中国画 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。 Traditional Chinese Painting The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” (abbreviated to “Chinese painting”). The subjec t matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms：
《中国传统文化概论》学习心得 ——感悟孔子 很荣幸能在大三上半学期上中国文化概论，在上复杂的专业课之余享受这一场中国传统文化的盛宴。孔子、孟子、老子、庄子，儒家，道家，佛教的思想无不令人惊叹，发人深省。其中在我心中印象最深刻的是孔子。 在我很小的时候就开始认识孔子这一人物，有时早上起床后会响亮地诵读论语十则。“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎，人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”这些经典的语句读起来朗朗上口，起初似懂非懂，但想必这些语句讲的内容必是十分有道理，从那时起我对“子曰”里的“子”已经开始萌生出敬意。由于高中开设了论语这一科目，让我有机会更加近距离地了解孔子。《论语》中对孔子及其弟子言行细致的刻画，让孔子的形象跃然纸上。 孔子是东周春秋末期著名的思想家、教育家、政治家。孔子开创了私人讲学的风气，是儒家学派的创始人。孔子曾带领部分弟子周游列国十四年，晚年修订了六经（分别为：《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《乐》、《周易》、《春秋》）。相传他有弟子三千，贤弟子七十二人。孔子去世后，其弟子及其再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成了儒家经典《论语》。 孔子在古代被尊奉为“天纵之圣”、“天之木铎”，是当时社会上的最博学者之一，被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、万世师表、文宣皇帝、文宣王。其儒家思想对中国和世界都有深远的影响，孔子被列为“世界十大文化名人”之首。他的思想和学说对后世产生了极其深远的影响。 孔子思想体系的核心是德治主义，他执着地倡导德化社会与德化人生。德化社会的最高标准的“礼”，德化人生的最高价值是“仁”。孔子教导人们积极奉行“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”，“己所不欲，勿施于人”的“忠恕之道”，以建立正确的人生关和正确处理人与人之间的关系。但是孔子身处乱世，可谓生不逢时，他所处的环境决定了他得不到重用的命运。在课堂上观看《孔子》这一电影中就有形象的画面。孔子在挣扎之后也认清了这个事实，但是他不放弃自己的理想，坚持传道授业解惑，发扬儒家文化。值得庆幸的是，孔子并不是孤身一人，他有一大批心爱的弟子誓死追随。常年的朝夕相处，让孔子与弟子间的师生感情十分深刻，因此在子路和颜回这些心爱的弟子去世后，孔子痛哭不能自已。 中国传统文化博大精深，源远流长，让人留恋其中，惊叹不已。虽然我对孔子的理解不是十分深刻，虽然我对传统文化的了解还只是冰山一角，但是我将在接下来的生活中不断学习，希望能对中国的传统文化有更加深刻的领悟。
１、香囊(sｃentedｓachet）,古代也称“香袋”，通常就是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织得袋子，里面塞满香草（aｒomatic herｂs）。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫与避邪。香囊不仅有用,而且可作装饰品。它们得形状与大小各异,有圆形、椭圆形与其她形状。它们通常配有精致得图案，每个图案都象征着特别得含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(pｅｏny flower)等图案象征女性；松树与仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮得香囊不仅就是装饰品，而且含有丰富得文化与历史内涵。 翻译：Scenteｄsaｃhets, alｓo called “fragrant bagｓ"in ancient tiｍes，are b ａgs usｕally sｅwｅｄwitｈcloth ｏr weａvｅd with mulｔiｃoｌor sｉlk threａd ｓand ｓtuffeｄwith aromaｔicｈerbｓ、The fragrant ｂａｇs ｗere orｉｇinally used ｆor abｓorbing sweat,reｐeｌling insｅcts ａnｄwardingｏfｆeｖiｌs、Sceｎtｅd sacheｔs are ｎotｏnly uｓｅful, bｕt also ｏrｎaｍentａｌ、Thｅy e in diｆfｅrent ｓhapeｓand siｚes, such as rouｎｄ,ｏvaｌａnd ｍanｙothｅr ｓ、Ａnd thｅy arｅｎoｒｍally decｏrａted with elａborate pａtteｒns, with ｅａch patteｒn symbolizing a sｐecｉal meaｎiｎg、Fｏr ｉnｓｔaｎce，ａｄouble－fｉｓh oｒｄoｕbｌe-butterflyｐaｔtern sｍyboliｚes thｅlove ｂetweｅｎa man an ｄａｗoｍaｎ；paｔterｎs ｌｉke lotus or peony floweｒs symbｏlｉzｅwomen;piｎe aｎd crane pａtternｓsymｂoｌｉze longｅvity and a guａｖa paｔternｉs tｈe symbol of loｔs oｆchiｌdren、A nｉｃe scｅnｔed sacheｔｉs not ｊust an ornament,bｕt morｅｏf sometｈinｇｔｈat cｏnｔainｓcuｌtural and his ｔoriｃal rｉchneｓs、 2、中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳（yin－yaｎg）生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，就是对人类得人生感悟得哲学注解.中国人祖先得哲学论断就是“近瞧自己,远观她人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术得原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类得本能欲望就是生存并通过繁衍（pｒopagatiｏｎ)继续存在。人生来得首要本能就是求生，然后就是长寿。从原始社会到今天,阴阳与永生得观念始终贯穿中国得社会生活与民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会得所有基本哲学理念. 翻译:Cｈinese ｆolｋarｔaｎdＣhinesｅphilosoｐhy aｒe ｕniｆｉed inｔhe ｂｅlief thatｙｉn—yaｎg produces aｌl lｉving things ｉn tｈe ｗorlｄ、OrｉginateｄiｎＣhinesｅprimitiveｓｏｃiety, tｈiｓwas thｅｐhilosophｉcal expｌaｎａtiｏn of humaｎ＇s pｅｒception of life、Cｈinｅse ancｅstorｓpｈilosｏphｉcaｌｃoｎcluｓiｏn ｗasｔｏ“ｌｏok atｏnｅself up cｌose aｎｄｏther creａtｕres from afａｒ"，whiｃh ｉs essentｉal to the uｎdeｒsｔａｎdingｏf the priｍｉｔi ｖe ａｒtｔｏthe folk art ｏｆｔｈe naｔiｏn、To lｉｖe and tｏｃonｔinｕe life through propagation ａｒe ｔｈeｔwo ｉｎstinctｉve ｄｅsires of huｍan、From birth,ａpｅrson'sｆirｓt iｎsｔinct is to sｕrvive, and tｈen to livｅａlｏng li ｆｅ、Ｆrom primｉtｉvｅｓociｅtyｔｏthe present day，ｔｈe ｖｉew of yiｎ-yanｇand perpetuａl lｉfe hａs peｒmeated ｉn all aspectｓoｆsociaｌlife and ｔhe natｉonａｌcｕlｔｕｒe of Chiｎesｅｓocｉeｔy、Ｃｈineｓe folk aｒt ｒe ｆｌects alｌof the basicｐhｉlosｏphicａｌｃoncｅpts、
浅谈传统孝道文化的发展和弘扬 目录 摘要： (1) 1 孝道文化的内涵及发展 (1) 1.1孝道文化的内涵 (1) 1.2孝道文化的产生 (2) 1.3孝道文化的发展 (3) 2孝道文化的历史两面性 (4) 3孝道文化在当代道德教育中面临的挑战 (5) 3.1一些重要德目已成文化糟粕 (5) 3.2当代家庭教育与家庭生活对孝德的“悖行” (6) 3.3当代学校德育对孝德的淡化 (6) 3.4当代价值观念对孝德的冲击 (7) 4吸取传统孝道文化精华，推动孝道的继承和发展 (7) 4.1在孝道文化观念层面 (7) 4.2在孝道文化德目层面 (8) 参考文献 (10)
摘要：孝道作为中华民族的一种传统文化，是中华民族教育的起源，是传统德育理 论之基，随着中国社会文明的发展而不断地丰富和赋予新的内容。弘扬中华民族的传统孝文化，重建与现代文明社会相适应的新孝道文化，对融合代际关系，实现家庭和睦，营造孝亲敬老的良好社会氛围，发挥贤孝文化在构建社会主义和谐社会中的作用具有重要的现实社会意义。 关键词：孝道文化弘扬 中国传统文化博大精深、源远流长，而无论在其主流思想——儒、释、道的哪一思想体系中，孝都是一个重要范畴。尤其是儒家，不仅十三经中处处皆有谈及孝的义理，而且它还是儒家伦理的基础和核心。两千多年来，“孝”不仅影响着中国历朝历代人们的思想，同时也成为支配人们行动的准则和评判人们德行的标准，成为统治阶级的“御用工具”。在21世纪经济飞速发展的新时期，多元化经济、多元化文化渗透到社会的各个角落，使人们难以辨别哪些是精华，哪些是糟粕，使人们的价值观、人生观失去了方向，以致人们的道德价值观逐渐沦丧。对孝道探本溯源，剔除其中的糟粕，可以肃清封建主义残余对现实生活的消极影响；汲取其中的精华，与时俱进的对传统孝道进行创造性的继承与发展，则有助于当前的社会主义现代化建设。 1 孝道文化的内涵及发展 1.1孝道文化的内涵 孝道文化有极其深刻的内涵。孝道是中国社会发展的文明史，是传统文化的核心，几千年来一直渗透到人们生活的方方面面，在封建社会亦是意识形态的精髓，孝道文化深刻的内涵既有丰富的文化理念，又有完善的制度礼仪。从“敬养”的意义上分析，主要包含敬亲、奉养、侍疾、立身、谏诤、善终等内容。 敬亲：传统孝道文化的精髓在于提倡对父母及其他长辈首先要做到“敬”与“爱”，没有敬和爱，就淡不上孝。孔子曰：“今之孝者，是谓能养。至于犬马，皆能有养，不敬，何以别乎?”这就是说，对待自己的父母等长辈不仅仅是物质供养，关键在于要有对他们的爱，而且这种爱是发自内心的真挚的爱。没有这种爱，不仅谈不上对老人孝敬，而且和饲养犬马没有什么两样。同时，孔子认为，履行孝道最困难的就是时刻保持这种“爱”，即心情愉悦地对待和关心父母及其他长辈。 奉养：传统孝道文化的物质基础就是要从生活上物质上供养自己的父母及其他老人，即赡养老人。“生则养”，这是孝敬老人最低最根本的要求。儒家提倡在物质生
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译 中国传统文化的英语单词你都了解吗？以下内容是关于中国文化的英语单词，与大家一起分享！ 1 .上海大剧院Shanghai Grand Theatre 2 .龙须沟Longxu Ditch 3 .样板戏model opera 4 .地雷战The Mine Warfare 5 .贵妃醉酒Drunkened Concubine 6 .霸王别姬Farewell to My Concubine 7 .荒山泪Tears of Huangshan 8 .群英会Gathering of Heroes 9 .借东风East Wind 10 .将相和General and Premier Make Up 11 .杨门女将Women General of Yang Family 12 .凤阳花鼓Flower Drum Dance 13 .大海啊，故乡Home in the Sea 14 .我的中国心My Chinese Heart 15 .军港之夜Night at the Naval Port 16 .冬天里的一把火Winter Fire 17 .十面埋伏（古曲）Ambush from All Sides 18 .天仙配Goddess Marriage 19 .牡丹亭Peony Pavilion 20 .春江花月夜Moon and Flower in the Spring River 21 .琵琶记The Story of Pipa 22 .醒世恒言Lasting Words to Awaken the World 23 .梁祝（小提琴协奏曲）Butterfly Love 24 .警世通言Ordinary Words to Warn the World 25 .喻世明言Clear Words to Illustrate the World 26 .“三言”、“二拍” Three V olumes of Words,Two V olumes of Slapping 27 .拍案惊奇Surprise Stories to Make One Slap the Desk 28 .红楼梦A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber 29 .水浒Water Margin 30 .西游记Journey to the West 31 .三国演义Romance of the Three Kingdoms 32 .聊斋志异Strange Tles from a Scholar's Studio 33 .长生殿Palace of Eternal Life 34 .桃花扇The Peach Blossom Fan 35 .儒林外史The Scholars 36 .五女拜寿Celebrating Mother's Birthday 37 .清明上河图Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
中国传统文化概论(第2版)_在线作业_3 交卷时间：2016-03-11 11:45:27 一、单选题 1. (5分) 中国传统文化基本格局是（）。 ? A. 儒道互补 ? B. 儒法互补 ? C. 儒墨互补 ? D. 法墨互补 得分：5 知识点：5.3 儒道互补——中国文化的基本格局 展开解析 答案A 解析 2. (5分) 中国绘画史上提出创作和鉴赏的金科玉律即“六法”的人是（）。 ? A. 王羲之
? B. 陆探微 ? C. 谢赫 ? D. 张僧繇 得分：5 知识点：10.1 中国古代艺术的主要门类与成就展开解析 答案C 解析 3. (5分) 先秦法家重法派代表人物是（）。 ? A. 管仲 ? B. 子产 ? C. 商鞅 ? D. 吴起 得分：5 知识点：7.1 中国古代法家代表人物及其思想展开解析 答案C 解析
4. (5分) 中国古代药物学的最高成就指（）。 ? A. 《黄帝内经》 ? B. 《神农本草》 ? C. 《伤寒杂病论》 ? D. 《本草纲目》 得分：5 知识点：11.1 中国科学技术的重要成就 展开解析 答案D 解析 5. (5分) 汉语七大方言中使用最多的方言是（）。? A. 湘语 ? B. 北语 ? C. 吴语 ? D. 粤语 得分：5
知识点：3.3 汉语、汉字的文化功能 展开解析 答案B 解析 6. (5分) 中国人饮食方式（）。 ? A. 聚餐制 ? B. 分餐制 ? C. 自助式 ? D. 个体式 得分：5 知识点：12.3 饮食民俗 展开解析 答案A 解析 7. (5分) 揭露科举制度弊端和异化最为出色的古代长篇小说是（）。? A. 《水浒传》
中国传统文化 一、“传统节日”单词预热vocabulary work 烹调cooking cuisine 鱼肉满架well stocked with fish and meat 象征意义symbolic significance 农历lunar calendar 阳历solar calendar 端午节Dragon Boat Festival 元宵节Lantern Festival 清明节Pure Brightness Day 重阳节Double Ninth Day 放逐be exiled 忠臣loyal minister 糯米粽子glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves 祭祀亡灵in memory of sb. 龙舟比赛dragon boat races 中秋节Mid Autumn Festival 满月full moon 月饼moon cake 蜜饯preserved fruits 豆沙bean paste 蛋黄egg yolk 海鲜seafood 家禽poultry 饺子dumplings 八宝饭eight treasure rice 米羹rice balls 油条fried sticks 麻花fried twisted stick 炒面Chaomian 叉烧包steamed bun with roast pork 粥porridge 芋头taro 葱油饼pan-fried cake with sesame seeds and green onion 有关春节的常用词 放鞭炮let off firecrackers 耍龙灯play the dragon lantern 耍狮子play the lion dance 拜年pay a new-year call 二、有关“介绍”的翻译 ?我很高兴向各位介绍中国的主要传统节日。 →I am very happy to have the opportunity to talk to you about major traditional Chinese holidays. 表示“介绍情况”时，我们可以这样翻译： 1.to share with you brief information ?在此，我愿意向朋友们介绍这些方面的情况。 →I'd like to share with you brief information in this respect. 2.to brief you on ?借此机会，我愿意向各位朋友介绍中国加入世贸组织和参与经济全球化的有关情况。 →I would like to avail myself of this opportunity to brief you on China's accession to WTO and participation in economic globalization. 3.to give a brief account of ?我简单介绍我厂的情况。 →Let me, first of all, give you a brief account of this factory. ?在来宾们参观我校之前，请允许我简要介绍一下我校的概况。 →Before you start to look around, I would like to give you a brief account of our
中国传统文化概论试卷A+答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分) 1．下列选项中属于狭义文化产品的是（） A．生产工具B．生活器具C．运输工具D．典籍 2．人类文化发展过程中呈现出的某种外部状态和联系是（） A．文化现象B．文化事象C．文化思潮D．文化产品 3．青藏高原地区居住于黄河上游河、潢谷地的羌族人，在西汉时称为（）A．西夏B．西戎C．西狄D．西羌 4．在世界古代文明中，古埃及和巴比伦文明毁灭了。其重要原因是（）A．与地理条件有关B．与气候条件有关 C．与社会条件有关D．与生活条件有关 5．《阿房宫赋》的作者是（） A．李白B．杜甫C．杜牧D．孟浩然 6．中国文化的源泉是（） A．三代文化B．先秦文化C．秦汉文化D．唐宋文化 7．陶器的烧制，直接带出的另一项具有重大意义的手工业是（） A．铁器制造B．铜器制造C．青铜器制造D．铝器制造 8．我国古代天子宣明政教的地方是（） A．金銮殿B．宗庙C．天坛D．明堂 9．下列选项中，对血亲五服制的正确表述是（） A．以本人为基准，向上推四代的直系亲属称祖先 B．以本人为基准，向上、下各推二代，向上推二代的直系亲属称祖先
C．以父族二、母族二、妻族一为五服 D．以父族三、母族二为五服 10．清明节俗的中心内容是（） A．会亲友B．家族饮宴C．祭祖扫墓D．散祭神 11．西周以后，文献中频繁出现“皇天”、“上天”、“ 天”、“昊天”、“苍天”，表明一种信仰已广泛流传，这种信仰是（） A．日崇拜B．月崇拜C．鬼魂崇拜D．上帝崇拜 12．孔子伦理思想的核心是（） A．仁、义、礼B．孝、悌、忠C．礼、智、信 D．恭、敬、诚 13．《中国拉丁化字母草案》的作者是（） A．赵元任B．章炳麟C．瞿秋白D．钱玄同 14．下列佛学宗派中，属于中国化佛学宗派的是（） A．天台宗B．法相宗C．律宗D．密宗 15．20世纪80年代新儒家的代表人物是（） A．梁漱溟B．徐复观C．唐君毅D．杜维明 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 16．中国文化属于（） A．民族文化B．国别文化 C．多民族构成的共同体文化D．汉民族文化E．东方文化 17．明清时期，长江三角洲湖泊水吞吐量急剧下降、中下游水患严重的原因有（）A．过分追求眼前利益B．过分追求粮食生产 C．过度拓宽湖泊面积D．大片地围湖造田