Unit 2 Initiating Research
Objectives
- Understand what a research is
- Become aware of two language features of academic writing
- Initiate your research
Contents
- Reading and discussion: What is a research?
- Language focus: personal pronoun and nominalization
- Writing practice: topic selection; focus formulating; a working title; outlining
- Research practice: start the research
1.Reading Activity
This unit aims to describe what a research is, bring you an awareness of two language features of academic writing, and finally help you initiate a research of your own.
1.1 Pre-reading Task
Before you learn the detailed steps to initiate a research, please discuss the following questions:
What is the purpose of initiating a research?
How do you select the topic?
What kind of topic can be studied?
Do you often encounter first personal pronoun in academic writing? And why or why not?
1.2 Reading Passage
What is a research?
A research is a systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. It is divided into two general categories: (1) basic research is inquiry aimed at increasing scientific knowledge, and (2) applied research is effort aimed at using basic research for solving problems or developing new processes, products, or techniques. You may use "PPP" to describe the whole process of researching, which stands for Purpose (questions), Process (a systemic approach) and Product (answers) in the following figure.
Purpose Process Product
(Questions) (Systemic approach) (Answers)
You can initiate a research in the following steps.
Step1: Selecting a Topic
Select a topic that interests you.
Selecting a topic is possibly the most difficult part of doing research. Is it too big? Is it too narrow? Will you be able to find enough on it? Start by choosing a topic that you like or are curious about. You are going to be working on it for quite a while, so try and find one that is interesting and that you can reasonably cover in the time and space available.
Focus on a broad research topic.
If you have a topic in mind, you still have to fine-tune your selection and narrow the focus. For example, by selecting the subject "Medical Care," you will discover reports relating to dozens of more narrow subjects, such as "Managed Care," "Medical Malpractice," and "Medical Mistakes." You will have to limit your topic, so that the research questions can be significant, original and answerable.
Step 2: Formulating a thesis statement
Write your topic as a thesis statement, which may be the answer to your research question and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research. Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences that state precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will promise to your audience about the scope, purpose, and direction of your paper. It i s generally located near the end of the introduction; sometimes, in a long paper, the thesis will be expressed in several sentences or in an entire paragraph. And remember, the development of a thesis assumes that there is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement.
A thesis statement is supposed to be specific. Here is an example of a too broad statement:
The Catholic Church’s influence on the formation of labor unions in the nineteenth century was extremely significant.
Revision:
The Catholic Church, by means of the pulpit and the purse, greatly influenced the labor movement in the United States during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Step 3: Writing a title
A good title is defined as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper. All words in the title should be chosen with great care, and their association with one another must be carefully managed.
The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your research question or your thesis statement, but the title should clearly convey the focus, purpose and meaning of your research.
In terms of the structure of a title, it is mainly a noun phrase, gerund phrase, or a prepositional phrase. Sometimes, it can be a complete sentence. But for beginners, sentences are not recommended. The followings are some acceptable titles.
Juvenile delinquency as the result of television
Death penalty – is it beneficial or unfavorable?
The TV impact on the modern society
The controversial character of Napoleon Bonaparte
Frank Lloyd Wright: Key Principles of Design For the Modern Home
Abnormal muscular tension caused by paspertin: report of 12 cases
Step 4: Outlining
Using an outline can help you organize your material and can also help you discover connections between pieces of information.
A Working Outline might be only an informal list of topics and subtopics which you are thinking of covering in your paper. Sometimes, however, an instructor might require that a working outline be submitted at the beginning of your work; then your instructor might suggest ways in which the work needs to be further developed or cut back. The working outline can be revised as you discover new material and get new ideas that ought to go into your paper.
A Final Outline enhances the organization and coherence of your research paper. The outline organization should suit well to your purposes. Are you attempting to show the chronology of some historical development, cause-and-effect relationship, comparison and contrast between one phenomenon and another, the process by which something is accomplished, or the logic of some position?
A final outline can be written as a topic outline, in which you use only short phrases to suggest ideas, or as a sentence outline, in which you use full sentences (even very brief paragraphs) to show the development of ideas more fully. The following is a template outline of research, which may not reflect all of the research you will be including in your final paper, but it should show that you have done enough research that you know the main topics and subtopics that you will be using.
?Title
?Complete the sentence "The Purpose of this Paper is . . ."
Introduction
o Describe the problem
o Why is this analysis appropriate?
o Importance of the problem
o The scope of the review
o Gaps in the previous study
o How the results of the review will be applied.
o Identify the research questions you hope to answer
Methodology
o Identify the method used to identify and locate sources;
o Explain the rationale used for selecting the sources to analyze;
o Explain the procedures to be used for analyzing the sources;
o Identify the criteria for evaluating the information found.
Analysis and Discussion (General points to consider)
o Evidence and ideas are presented from sources
o Concepts are organized by sub-topics
o Sources are grouped by concepts instead of individual entities
o Grouping may be related to research questions.
o Validity of sources is stated to support your ultimate answers to your
questions.
o Each of your statements is cited by placing the number(s) identifying
the reference(s) which support your statement.
Conclusions and Recommendations
o Identify and synthesize findings
o Systematically answer your research questions
o Provide recommendations for
?Future research
?Classroom applications
?Educational policies and procedures,
?Program revisions, or
?Other warranted situations
References
o L ist each of your references using APA format (or as close to it as you
can get.)
o N umber each of your references so you can cite your evidence in the
Analysis and Discussion section
1.3 Reading Comprehension
1.3.1 Summarize the procedure of initiating a research based on the text in a few key words and fill in the following table.
1.3.2 Read the following topics and please decide what the theme is and in what way the topic is limited for each proposal based on Step 1.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1512950070.html,nguage Focus
2.1Person Pronouns
First person pronouns
You can usually strengthen your impersonal tone by removing first person pronouns.
Second person pronouns
When considering an audience, you establish credibility by avoiding second
person pronouns to decrease closeness and informality.
2.1.1 Turn the following sentences into academic ones by avoiding first and second personal pronouns.
1. I think that doctors should be required to complete communication skill courses.
2. When you read Hamlet, you should notice clear foreshadowing of events to transpire.
3. I chose this method because it was less complex.
4. My reading has shown that there are several reasons why plants are dispersed by ants.
5. The one I have found the most agreement for is that ant nests are nutrient enriched sites and therefore it may be advantageous for seeds to germinate from within ant nests .
6. I also found that the results of this study concurred with Berg's (1975) hypothesis that seeds are protected from fire through their burial in ants nests.
2.1.2 Check for the appropriate person for the following text. First and second person pronouns are sometimes applicable to the consultative voice, but not in the formal one. Be sure that you are consistent with your usage throughout the paper.
For our project we decided to check out the impact of two simple actions aimed at getting more female employees to use the stairs at a five floor worksite. The first thing we did was that we put up a health sign that linked stair use to health and fitness. And the second thing was an E-mail which we asked the worksite doctor to send out. We asked him to point out how regular stair use could be really good for general fitness. We did the research by checking things out in four states: a baseline week, the week after the sign, the week after the E-mail and then 3 weeks after that.
We were really pleased that stair use went up a lot in the week after the sign, from a baseline of 69% to 77%, and then up again to 89% after the E-mail. Unfortunately, 4 weeks after the E-mail was sent out, stair use had gone down to 67% and we were very disappointed about that, we had expected these simple actions to lead to more stair use but we didn’t think the positive effect would’ve vanished after a
month. So it’s really difficult to make any recommendations based on our evidence. 2.2 Nominalization
In the text, we read:
“A Final Outline enhances the organization and coherence of your research paper. The outline organization should suit well to your purposes.”
Do you find anything particular about structural features of these two sentences above? If yes, why do we use the structure?
Nominalization: The word nominalization defines itself, since it is itself an example of a nominalization. When you turn a verb into a noun, you nominalize it, creating a nominalization. Nominalization types differ according to the level of organization at which the nominalization takes place Three types of nominalizations can be distinguished: nominalizations at the level of word (e.g. reject, rejection), nominalizations which nominalize a structure that lies in between a verb and a full clause (e.g. Sa m’s rejection of the budget) and, finally, nominalizations consisting of full clauses (e.g. Failure could result in rejection of the budget.)
2.2.1 Try to write the nominal forms of the following words.
Verb Nominalization
Discover
Impair
Allow
Refuse
Study
Propose
Indicate
Remove
Assume
Intend
Liable
Negligent
Extensive
Legal
Careless
Proficient
2.2.2 The following sentences do not sound academic. Rewrite them with nominalization.
1. We walked for charity. We raised money for the Leukemia Foundation.
2. Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned.
3. Germany invaded Poland in 1939. This was the immediate cause of the Second World War breaking out.
4. We need to know which parts of our library are being used most extensively so that we can project what resources are most needed.
5. I know English well. I worked for three years in a factory in Shanghai. I think I am good enough for your job.
2.2.3 The following text sounds colloquial. Rewrite it into an academic passage with nominalization.
Because only a few people have most of the money and power in Australia, I conclude that it is not an equal society. Society has an Upper, Middle and Lower class and I think that most people, when they are born into one class, end up staying in that class for their whole lives. When all three classes are looked at more closely, other things such as the differences between the sexes and people's racial backgrounds also add to the unequal nature of Australian society. Women earn less than men and own less than men. Why is this so?
3. Writing Practice
3.1 Topic Selection
The following is a list of topics that you may be interested in. Choose three topics and discuss their possibilities as subjects for research with your teammates. If you find none of the following interesting, you can propose your own.
3.2 Focus Formulation
Please formulate focus for the three topics that you are most interested in chosen
from 3.1 by limiting them to some aspects, e.g., a certain population, theory, or methodology.
1.___________________________________________________________________.
2.___________________________________________________________________.
3.___________________________________________________________________.
3.3 Establishing a Working Title
A working title is a title which you initially think of in order to establish a focus for your research and writing. As you read and become more involved in the subject of your project, your viewpoint may change. This is
a part
of the process of developing your ideas, and thus a part of fine-tuning your research skills. You may decide to go back and change your plan, and your final title may differ somewhat from your working title.
The following are James' working title, and the process of refinement.
Please write down three acceptable titles for the three topics that you have narrowed down in the previous task 3.2.
1._______________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________
3.4 Outlining
The following passage is an abstract of a research paper. Please write an outline and a title for this passage.
ABSTRACT: Hunger during school may prevent children in developing countries from benefiting from education. Although many countries have implemented school feeding programs, few programs have been rigorously evaluated. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of giving breakfast to undernourished and adequately nourished children. The undernourished group comprised 407 children in grades 2–5 in 16 rural Jamaican schools (weights-for-age 21 SD of the National Center for Health Statistics references) and the adequately nourished group comprised 407 children matched for school and class (weights-for-age >21 SD). Both groups were stratified by class and school, and then randomly assigned to breakfast or control groups. After the initial measurements, breakfast was provided every school day for 1 school year. Children in the control group were given one-quarter of an orange and the same amount of attention as children in the breakfast group. All children had their heights and weights measured and were given the Wide Range Achievement Test before and after the intervention. School attendance was taken from the schools’ registers. Compared with the control group, height, weight, and attendance improved significantly in the
breakfast group. Both groups made poor progress in Wide Range Achievement Test scores. Younger children in the breakfast group improved in arithmetic. There was no effect of the nutritional group on the response to breakfast. In conclusion, the provision of a school breakfast produced small benefits in children’s nutri tional status, school attendance, and achievement. Greater improvements may occur in more undernourished populations; however, the massive problem of poor achievement levels requires integrated programs including health and educational inputs as well as school meals. （Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:873–9.）
4. Writing Project
4.1 You have decided on a topic for research in this semester. Please write it down.
4.2 Please narrow down your topic to one or more research questions.
4.3 Please write down your thesis statement and list the key words that best describe your topic.
4.4 Please make an outline of your research, and exchange your outlines within your team for peer correction mainly in inner logic and coherence.
5. Final Checklist
Here is a checklist for you to initiate a research. Please make sure that your potential project meets the criteria for a good research.
考研英语写作20个高级表达方式 2015考研英语写作20个高级表达方式。考研英语作文写作中，出彩的表达，总是会让阅卷老师眼前一亮，瞬间赢得老师的好感，下面小编就为大家整理了20个闪光的表达方法，供大家参考，预祝大家考试顺利! challenging and demanding experience人生中最幸福的就是身体健康 充满挑战和要求极高的经历 of fulfillment 满足感 不言自明 compliance with 遵守 5.…have the potential to boost …有潜能提升… and downsides 利弊 and refreshed 精力充沛，神清气爽 慎重 havoc on 对…造成损失 from …除开 support 坚定不移的支持 12. be conducive and instrumental to …对…有好处 合理 desirable trait 优点 15. adversity and hardship 逆境和苦难 16. strive for 为了…努力 17. Aspire to do sth 努力做… 18. attainment 成就
19. perseverance and persistence 坚持 20. Action enables us to transform our aspirations froma state of latent potentiality into one of manifest reality. 行动能让我们潜在的愿望变成现实; 凯程教育张老师整理了几个节约时间的准则：一是要早做决定，趁早备考;二是要有计划，按计划前进;三是要跟时间赛跑，争分夺秒。总之，考研是一场“时间战”，谁懂得抓紧时间，利用好时间，谁就是最后的胜利者。 1.制定详细周密的学习计划。 这里所说的计划，不仅仅包括总的复习计划，还应该包括月计划、周计划，甚至是日计划。努力做到这一点是十分困难的，但却是非常必要的。我们要把学习计划精确到每一天，这样才能利用好每一天的时间。当然，总复习计划是从备考的第一天就应该指定的;月计划可以在每一轮复习开始之前，制定未来三个月的学习计划。以此类推，具体到周计划就是要在每个月的月初安排一月四周的学习进程。那么，具体到每一天，可以在每周的星期一安排好周一到周五的学习内容，或者是在每一天晚上做好第二天的学习计划。并且，要在每一天睡觉之前检查一下是否完成当日的学习任务，时时刻刻督促自己按时完成计划。 方法一：规划进度。分别制定总计划、月计划、周计划、日计划学习时间表，并把它们贴在最显眼的地方，时刻提醒自己按计划进行。 方法二：互相监督。和身边的同学一起安排计划复习，互相监督，共同进步。 方法三：定期考核。定期对自己复习情况进行考察，灵活运用笔试、背诵等多种形式。 2.分配好各门课程的复习时间。 一天的时间是有限的，同学们应该按照一定的规律安排每天的学习，使时间得到最佳利用。一般来说上午的头脑清醒、状态良好，有利于背诵记忆。除去午休时间，下午的时间相对会少一些，并且下午人的精神状态会相对低落。晚上相对安静的外部环境和较好的大脑记忆状态，将更有利于知识的理解和记忆。据科学证明，晚上特别是九点左右是一个人记忆力最好的时刻，演员们往往利用这段时间来记忆台词。因此，只要掌握了一天当中每个时段的自然规律，再结合个人的生活学习习惯分配好时间，就能让每一分每一秒都得到最佳利用。 方法一：按习惯分配。根据个人生活学习习惯，把专业课和公共课分别安排在一天的不同时段。比如：把英语复习安排在上午，练习听力、培养语感，做英语试题;把政治安排在下午，政治的掌握相对来说利用的时间较少;把专业课安排在晚上，利用最佳时间来理解和记忆。 方法二：按学习进度分配。考生可以根据个人成绩安排学习，把复习时间向比较欠缺的科目上倾斜，有计划地重点复习某一课程。 方法三：交叉分配。在各门课程学习之间可以相互穿插别的科目的学习，因为长时间接受一种知识信息，容易使大脑产生疲劳。另外，也可以把一周每一天的同一时段安排不同的学习内容。 凯程教育： 凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
考研英语写作小作文之备忘录 在考研英语的Part A 小作文部分，除了书信这个考查重点之外，《大纲》还明确规定了另外两种告示类应用文的考查形式，即通知和备忘录。上篇文章中，我们已经详细讨论过了通知的写作方法及其注意事项。对此，大家务必要仔细总结和研究，理清通知的写作思路。除此之外，对于备忘录，大家也须认真准备格式写作方法以及正文的写作思路，因此本文就对此种应用文进行深入的解析。 备忘录，英文中称为memo或者memorandum，是一种记录有关活动或事务，起揭示或提醒作用，以免忘却或忽视的应用文。写作时，内容须详实、具体、完备，语言要朴实、准确。 首先，作为一种独立的应用文类型，备忘录自成一家，有其独特的规范化的写作格式。而格式恰当又是考研英语小作文中非常重要的一项评分标准，因此首先我们就对备忘录的写作格式进行说明讲解。一般说来，完整而又正式的备忘录的格式通常如下：Memo To: From: Date: Subject: 对此备忘录的格式大家需要清晰掌握，尤其是涉及到一些细节问题，比如Subject下面就是正文内容，但是这两者之间确是要空两行的空间，这也是《大纲解析》上面的范文所明确使用的格式;其次，之前所写过的各种书信以及通知在正文之后都有署名，而备忘录的最后却是没有的。对于这些细节问题大家可以与书信，通知等对比着去记，以免弄混三者。 以上就是备忘录的格式问题。接下来就以范文为例主要看一下其正文内容的写作思路。 一般来说，在考研英语中，备忘录主体部分的写作可按照三个步骤进行，即“三步走”策略。 Memo To: All Employees From: Berry Silver, President Date: June 22nd, 2014 Subject: Entertainments or Gifts during Spring Festival At around this time of year, many invitations are received from companies and clients to Spring Festival dinners. Gifts are also sometimes received. I am sure that such offers only result from a job being well done and it is certainly pleasing to know that the level of service provided by staff is appreciated. However, the acceptance of any offers, entertainment or gifts, can lead to either a real or perceived conflict of interest. To ensure that this does not arise, all such offers should be declined and gifts returned. I should appreciate your understanding and cooperation. 首段：一般来说，无论是书信还是通知，第一段的主要内容就是表明自己的写作目的。
江苏大学XXXX级研究生期末考试卷样卷 课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX 1. What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%） A1: There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit, accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work. 2. Compare the stylistic features of the following two passages . (15%) (1) With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the gravel path until she was under their window. The table was there, washed bright green in the rain, but the cat was gone. She was suddenly disappointed. The maid looked up at her. “Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora? [Have you lost something, Madam?]” “There was a cat,” said the? American girl. “A cat?” “Si, il gatto. [Yes, a cat.]” “A cat?” the maid laughed. “A cat in the rain?” “Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then: “Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.” When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened. “Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.” “I suppose so,” said the American girl. They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed outside to close the umbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone bowed from his desk. Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. The padrone made her feel very small and at the same time
一、网恋 Directions: Write an essay entitled On-line Love Affair, your essay should meet the requirements below: (1)its side-effect (2)your viewpoints You should write 160~200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. 背诵范文： Although the popular belief is that internet increasingly plays an important role in our daily life, a current survey indicates that it has also brought some youngsters great disadvantages. They can do whatever they like, such matters as playing games, chatting. And some are even falling in love with chatters, which is called on-line love. Fresh notion as on-line love is, it sounds ridiculous when analyzed profoundly. What these young people fail to understand is that both sides have not well acquainted with mutually. Some net friends are reported to have been deceived by those people who are doing some criminal activities per year through the internet. Internet has indubitably provided various information for us, and on-line love is nothing but an artifact of fictitious world offered by internet. On the other hand, it is vital that we should make internet serve us better, and at the same time,as far as on-line love is concerned, being objective and levelheaded analysis is not far from being a sensible attitude. 范文精译： 尽管大家普遍认为网络在我们的日常生活中越来越重要，但当前的调查表明它同时也给一些年轻人带来了弊端。人们可以通过网络做他们喜欢做的一切，诸如打游戏、聊天。有些人甚至与聊天者谈起了恋爱，这就是所谓的网恋。 尽管网恋比较新颖，但仔细分析过后不免有些荒唐。这些年轻人没有意识到他们双方并不彼此了解。据报道，每年都有网友被那些专门通过网络做非法勾当的人欺骗。 毋庸置疑，网络给我们提供了各种各样的信息，而网恋只不过是网络这个虚幻世界的产物。一方面，我们应该使网络更好地为我们服务；同时就网恋而言，客观对待、冷静分析才是明智之举。 二、论美女经济 Directions: Write an essay with the title of On“Beauty Economy”，and your essay should be based on the following outline : (1)describe briefly the phenomenon of “beauty economy” (2)list positive effect (3)list negative effect You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. 背诵范文： The “beauty economy” actually is “the eyeball economy”. The beauties are used to attract the public attention and make a profit. Meanwhile, the beauty contest activity which we are familiar with is regarded as the most gigantic manifestation of beauty economy. In the supporter’s eyes, the beauty economy gains high business profits through plans, organization, propaganda of the beauty contest. The participants can have the qualifications to participate in the competition as honour. The winners make their social status reach a high position. Thereupon, people become enthusiastic about beauty economy. The merchant has been laughing uproariously which hawked. The beautiful woman has the stage which declares a position. However, others don’t agree with it. Firstly, the beauties are treated as “unliving objects” just like the flower vase, and people pay too much attention to the pretty appearance of the beauties, but their internal world is ignored. Secondly, it leads to the distorted beauty culture. Many girls even women worship blindly the beauties and spend a lot of money in face-lifting to emulate them. Then our traditional aesthetic conceptions are totally overturned, and our conventional virtues completely disappear. Last but not the least, the beauty economy misleads the values. Relying on“being beautiful”, pursuing the wealth, they go after like ducks. And it also causes them to be the money worship.
考研英语写作的四大步骤 万事开头难，写作亦然。在考场上看到作文题目时，许多考生往往感觉题目并不难，但却又不知从何处下手，大脑一片空白，着急得手心冒汗。Just keep your shirt on. 写作是需要遵循一定的规律和步骤的。只有在平时养成了良好的写作习惯，才能在考场上胸有成竹，下笔如神。 规划写作进程 在考场上时间是非常宝贵、十分有限的，所以就需要我们在平时练习的时候一定要养成合理规划写作进程的好习惯。每一个人都有不同的写作习惯，有的人习惯于先写出提纲，有的人习惯于完整地写下草稿后再抄写在卷面上，也有人习惯于直接在卷子上写。但不管怎样，我们一定要首先计划安排好时间。 通常情况下你可以在动笔之前花5分钟左右的时间构思并写出提纲；然后用大约30分钟的时间把短文写好；如果你习惯于打草稿的话，可以用20分钟的时间写草稿，然后再用10分钟左右的时间把草稿抄写在试卷上，可以边抄边修改，以保证卷面的整洁；最后我们还有大约5分钟的时间来检查。在平时写作的时候就要严格要求自己，按照考试的要求操练。 审清题型题意 在考场上有些考生往往担心没有足够的时间，看完题目就动笔写了起来，结果是写了一半却发现跑题了。为了避免这种情况，首先要认真审题，在审题期间我们要解决两个问题，即：分清题型和揣摩题意。
1. 分清题型。拿到题后，分析该题目是议论文、说明文、记叙文或书信通知类的文体(历年来的考研英语作文题都属于论说文)，以及题目中所给的信息是段首句、提纲、还是图表或关键词。不同的题型要求使用不同的语言风格和写作方法。分清题型，脑子里就对采用什么风格和方法写作有了一个初步的概念。比如：如果题目是议论文，就要想到必须在文章中使用充分的例证来说理：如果是书信体，就必须注意使用书信的格式，用诚恳生动的语言来打动读者。 2. 揣摩题意。根据题目中的一些词汇信息，来确定文章的主题，限定写作范围。比如，1996年的题目是：“good health”。从“health”这个词可以确定，这篇作文的主题应该是健康，而不是娱乐或其他的事物；而从题目里出现的“good”这个词可以将作文的主题缩小到良好的健康。再结合所给出的outline，确定具体的写作思路和范围。再比如，近几年常考漫画作文，刚刚结束的2004年考研英语作文也是一篇漫画式作文，题目是《终点又是新起点》。许多考生在看到这个题目之后感觉不难，也很熟悉，但又不知该如何下笔，具体该写些什么。首先我们要缩小话题范围或者说是将短文的内容具体化(narrowing down the topic)。我们可以结合大到社会问题、小到个人情况来展开话题。比如说：为了申办奥运会，我们中国人努力了十余年，企盼了十余年，在2001年我们终于实现了这一夙愿。至此，我们可以为申奥画上一个圆满的句号了。但同时这也是一个新的起点，我们又必须着手准备2008年的奥运会了。再比如2003年的春天，我们正常的工作和生活被一场可怕的瘟疫打乱了。这就是人们闻之而色变的SARS。通过几个月全社会齐心协力的奋战，我们终于战胜了这个恶魔。这是一个终点，同时它也是一个新起点，一个需要人们改变不健康的生活方式的新起点，一个人类维护生态平衡的新起点。我们也可以从小处着手，比如：考研是一个终点，是我们进入大学后四年辛苦努力的结果。这是人生中的一个岔路口，也是一个新的起点，是莘莘学子们或继续深造或步入社会的新起点。这样，我们缩小了话题范围之后就比较容易下笔了。 精心选材构思 在分清题型、确定了文章的主题和写作范围之后，要开始构思写作的内容和步骤了。也就是说，在作文答题纸上动笔之前，要对文章将要涉及到的内容以及组合这些内容的步骤进行思考。当你看到一个题目时，是不是常常遇到大
考研英语作文范文 一、写作A节：预测：60%考摘要，40%考书信、备忘录、报告 （一）摘要： 1.最新大纲样题：经济类 Directions： Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points） 经济全球化的主要原因 20世纪50年代初以来，经济全球化获得迅猛发展。简单归纳，其原因主要包括以下几个方面： 全球化的技术基础。科技进步为全球化快速发展提供了物质基础和技术手段。科技革命是经济全球化发展的最根本的物质基础和动力，历历次科技革命都促进了社会生产力的飞跃发展，同时也促进了整个世界的融合。20世纪50年代以电子技术和信息技术等为主要标志的新的科技革命的 兴起，使科技日益成为社会生产力发展的先导，成为影响生产力发展的至关重要的因素。科技知识在社会生产的各个领域中得到广泛传播和运用，劳动者的智能和技能得到进一步
的开发，创造出越来越多的物质和精神财富，极大地促进了世界生产力的发展，生产社会化程度日益提高，国际分工日益深化，各国经济以此为基础紧密相联，世界经济进入一个全新的繁荣时期。同时，新科技革命使得科技成果积累的速度大大加快，新材料、新产品不断涌现，大量高技术产业不断产生，在世界范围内促进了产业结构的调整和转移，新的产业布局开始形成，以信息技术和产业为主导，以高新技术为基础的新兴产业部门也蓬勃兴起并迅速发展，快速取代了传统产业而逐渐成为经济的主导部门推进的重要动力源。 全球化的经济基础。市场经济体制的强势地位不断增强，跨国公司的突飞发展，国际经济组织的不断完善为经济全球化奠定了坚实的经济基础。 首先，市场经济体制成为世界各国发展经济的首选。20世纪80 年代末至90年代初，世界形势发生了重大变化，东欧剧变，苏联解体， 40多年的冷战格局最终结束。冷战结束后，国际形势总体上走向缓和。各国纷纷把发展经济列为首要目标，普遍扩大了对外开放，和平与发展成为当今时代的两大主题。前苏联和东欧国家先后走上了向市场经济过渡的轨道，改行自由市场经济，并积极致力于融入西方经济体系。中国在长期的实践中，也逐渐认识到计划经济的不足和弊端，自1978年起开始实行以市场为导向的、全面的经济改革，大力推行对外开放，努力实现同世界经济的接轨，
考研英语写作精彩高频词句 钱希 这些都是从今年3月到现在微博更新的考研写作素材（从后往前整理的），全部粘贴下来居然有这么多，先放上来，供各位同学参考，不止适用于考研，最后会归类整理到自己正在编写的书中。其实，积少成多，如果你今年三月就跟着Shirley老师来准备作文，是不是到现在应该是得心应手，驾轻就熟了呢？ ＜考研英语大作文--创新＞It is universally acknowledged that innovation plays an irreplaceable role in boosting growth of individuals as well as enterprises. Without this quality, one can do nothing but imitate and duplicate others. By no means will they acquire originality and become successful. The trend of copycat product is a case in point. The spirit of innovation should be massively advocated by various media and responsible educators especially among the youngsters. ＜考研英语写作一大作文--诚信＞主要包括商业，人际交往和学术，有些素材都是前期讲过的。不法商人lawbreaking merchants 唯利是图profit-oriented 不择手段by hook or crook 政策性缺陷policy bug 损害消费者利益spoil consumers' interest 阻碍经济发展hinder/impede economic development Only when the authorities concerned issue counter laws and regulations, can the vicious trend of incredibility be curbed and can the citizens feel sense of security, which is regarded as an essential need for human beings. Some businessmen resort to every trick to make profits, which contributes to the emergence of fake and inferior products. Therefore, the interest of consumers has been undermined. Lack of credibility may lead to failure in every aspect and level. As to an individual, he may lose friends and partners. As to a company, it may lose customers and employees. As to a nation, it may lose attraction and respect. Credibility precedes a lot of virtues in the sphere of business. Reaping profits at the expense of others is unacceptable, which is bound to cause failure. ＜考研英语大作文--道德＞见义勇为never hesitate to do what is right 予人玫瑰，手有余香rose to others, scent left in hand. 传统美德time-honored virtue 帮助弱势群体offer aid to the underprivileged 慈善事业cause of charity 义工voluntary work见死不救stand aside when
Evaluation of the Effect of AIDS Health Education on College Students in Nanjing Fang Kun 152899;Wang Chongxu 152895; Song Yue 152894; Deng Lin 152898; Chen Chen 152922; LvRongrong 152921 ; Cheng Xiaoqing 152903
Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this research is to know college students’ knowledge, attitude and behavior about AIDS in Jiangsu province, so we can evaluate the effect of AIDS intervention to provide evidence for AIDS public education more effectively in the future. Methods: We educated college students of six pilot universities by playing the videos and sending health education prescription as the main way of risk warning education. We selected students from each college randomly as evaluation object, the questionnaire mainly included students’ basic information, AIDS related knowledge and sexual health.Descriptive analysiswas conducted to analysis s tudents’ basic situation and the sexual health conditions,chi-square test was used to analysis the difference of the education on HIV/AIDS related knowledge, awareness and attitude. Results: After education, the awareness level of the basic knowledge of AIDS in all students increased from 69.05% to 82.15%(Χ2=147.335,P<0.001), but the level of awareness of the students varied from school to school, and there is a big space for improvement in each school; Introduction of the programme witnessed a dramatic change in the students’ attitudes towards AIDS. For instance, the answers of“students’attitudes towards the importance of teaching AIDS related education in schools,someone suspected of being infected with the AIDS/HIV virus will immediately do the antibody detection test or not and the willingness to use condom during the sexual encounter” ha ve proportionally increased in the positive direction. Conclusion: The evaluation results show that the pilot educational activities have made significant effect. Although promotion of AIDS education in the colleges has proven to be fruitful, beneficial and worthy enough but some part of the education still needs to be improved and strengthened. Key words: College students; AIDS; Intervention; Effects
考研英语作文范文10篇 范文1 "Good Health" 1．身体健康的重要性。 2．保持健康的途径。 3．我自己的实践。 Good Health The desire for good health is universal. In our competitive society it is important to maintain good health. On the one hand, people with good health can do work with full confidence and their progress in work in turn contributes to their health and happiness. On the other hand, a sick person is usually not interested in everything around him and therefore he loses many opportunities to become successful. There are many ways to keep it. First, those who are always on the go from morning till night should find time to relax because too much stress will affect their health. Second, enough time should be left for sleep because that will help one become rested and refreshed. Finally, regular physical exercises benefit one's health a lot. So one should always keep in mind that a certain amount of exercise is not a waste of time. As for me, I like playing tennis in the morning. I also attach much importance to enough sleep and relaxation. I believe this will ensure my good health for the rest of my life. <评析> 这篇文章语句通顺，语言流畅，句式变化多样，用词面比较宽。就内容来说，则很切题，包括了提纲中的所有要点。第一段的第二句即主题句是从提纲发展而来的，第二段的首句，即主题句也是由提纲中的第二点发展而来。 范文2 Hope Project Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country. However, because of historical factors, there are still a lot of people in China who are undereducated, especially among youngsters in rural areas. They cannot afford the expenses of schooling and need help. At the same time, China is not able to invest too much money in the matter at present time. It is in this particular situation that the authorities carry out the "Hope Project ". This project is necessary to our country. It is an urgent measure that the government has taken. In the first place, this project will provide conditions for the youngsters to go back to school, which will contribute to their future success. Thus it will lead to the enhancement of the intelligence level in our country. Secondly, education makes it possible for people to acquire knowledge, which is useful to their future work. Hence, this Project benefits the modernization of our country a lot. Finally, it can make more people educated. Therefore, it may indirectly
创新_考研英语作文 With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, invention or innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Our government, with no exception, regard it as “ the soul of our nation.” What, however, can we benefit from it? First of all, invention or innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in invention, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be avaible through invention. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on invention today. Recognizing its importance is only the fist step to advocate invetion or innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. For one thing, our authority should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, can “the soul of our nation” be fully embodied and our nation have a brighter future. 三大类考研英语作文模板 第一类：图表作文 第一段: （３句话） 曲线图、柱形图、表格图： 1. 图表内容：What is illustrated above shows usclearly that dramatic changes have taken place with regard to主题性名词. 2. 总体变化：According to the figures given inthe diagram(图)/table(表), the past xx years have witnessed thissteady rise/decrease. 3. 具体数据：In the year of xxxx, there was/were（描述首年的数量，比如there were 7,000people using cell phones）.However, by the year of xxxx, the number has attained/dropped to xxxx. 若有饼图，加（一般不会单独考，以附加形式出现）： As shown in the pie, the number of (主题性名词(阴影部分)，如：seniorcitizens) has reached xxx, which accounts for xx% of 主题性名词（大饼），如：Chinesepopulation). 第二段：可以写影响或者原因，二者选一： 影响： So far as I’m concerned, I believe thatsuch phenomenon will give rise to a series of consequences. First and foremost,it will exert a far-reaching / negative impact on 名词, 如：livingenvironment ; A casein point is that 简单句型（如：we have only one earth. 这点是例子，(英语作文)可写可不写）; Besides, it may bring about aconsiderable change/damage to_名词,如: environmentdegradation .One more point that can’t be ignored is that简单句型. 原因：