Shanxi University
Thesis for 2008 Master's Degree
Discourse Analysis and Business English Translation Strategy
Name
Supervisor
Major
Field of Research
Department
Research Duration
Lu Jingxin
Zheng Yangcheng English Language and Literature
EST and Translation
School of Foreign Languages
September,2005-June, 2008
June,2008
山西大学
2008届硕士学位论文
从语篇分析看商务英语翻译策略
作者姓名:
指导教师:
学科专业:
研究方向:
培养单位:
学习年限:
卢晶鑫
郑仰成教授
英语语言文学
科技英语及翻译
外国语学院
2005年9月一2008年6月
二00八年六月
Abstract
Ever since its emergence in the 1960s, the discipline of ESP, having experienced a comparatively full development both in theory and practice, has by far acquired the status of a international
`lingua franca' in almost every field of study, for on the one hand the success of the English language along with its frequent use has turned it into a vehic le for international communication; on the other hand the orientation of linguistic studies toward language as communication in social contexts has largely promoted the dignity of ESP studies in the theory that English in different fields bears particular features and calls for special techniques.Business English is an area of ESP that is relatively poorly researched. Rigorous linguistic analysis is fragmented and is more frequently based on the written forms of language such as correspondence, annual reports, and articles in business journals. Some kind of analysis has been carried out with respect to the language of meetings and discussions. With the fulfillment of the reform and opening policy in China, especially since China joined WTO in 1997, the communications between China and the abroad have been strengthened. Business English is an effective tool in fulfilling international cooperation and communication exist in hi-tech and trade economy fields. The international business can't operate without BE. BE will play more and more important a role which is worthy of much more researches. While students in colleges or universities gain their knowledge of business largely from books and, as a result, such knowledge will be incomplete and theoretical rather than practical. They will be less aware of their language needs in terms of communicating in real business situations.
Business English (BE) is now attracting more and more attention from the whole society. In the last two decades, Business English has attracted increasing interest and awareness. Business English courses are offered by many language schools worldwide. Yet despite this enormous interest,Business English is an area often neglected by linguistic researchers, who prefer to work on other- more easily defined- areas of special English.
BE ( Business English ) is currently the fastest growing form of ESP. It shares the important elements of needs analysis, syllabus design, course design, and materials selection and development which are common to all fields of work in ESP. So it must be seen in the overall context of ESP Business English implies the definition of a specific language corpus and emphasis on particular kinds of communication in a specific context. However, Business English differs from other varieties of ESP in that it is often a mix of specific content (relating to a particular job area or industry), and general content (relating to general ability to communicate more effectively, albeit in business situation).
In actual use, the previous concerns on Business English are effective communication and negotiation, technical and business writing, work place idioms and vocabulary, and business customs and culture. When "its translation is concerned, some research has been done discussing how different cultures make effects on translation. While in its discourse, Business English has its specific features, which attract us to pay attentions to seek the links between discourse analysis and translation strategy. With the translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis growing immensely in the last twenty years or so, translation research has been given a new perspective, a tentative studey on the relationship between Business English discourse analysis and translation equivalence is justified.
The present thesis, basing on discourse analysis, studies Business English-Chinese translation
and answers how the translation strategy will be affected. It aims at making a tentative study on the relationship between Business English discourse analysis and translation strategy. This is just the author's intention of focusing on the subject as her graduation thesis topic.
Roughly speaking, discourse analysis refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. It's a branch of linguist. In recent years, interdisciplinary research began to be carried out between linguistics and translation fields. Doing discourse analysis without a contrastive base is as incomplete as doing contrastive analysis without a discourse base and that translation is an optimally appropriate framework within which the entire enterprise of languages in contrast may be usefully dealt with. A careful consideration of what actually happens to a given text when someone attempts to mediate in communicating its `import' across both linguistic and cultural boundaries is one way of making sure that we do not settle for a partial view of what goes on inside that text. To bring entire systems of mother-tongue linguistic as well as rhetorical conventions to bear on the act of textual transfer and to match them with those of another language, which is precisely what happens in a process such as that of translating, can only be illuminating and rewarding. Translation can thus add depth and breadth both to contrastive linguistics and to discourse analysis.
In this thesis, the author gives detailed concepts of `discourse' and `discourse analyses, and describes the links between discourse analysis and translation. All the relative research theories in both China and the west are also explained. By analyzing Business English discourse features, the corresponding translation strategies can be concluded. What is also analyzed are from the aspects of coherence and cohesion.
On the whole, supported by the data and literatures collected, this thesis is expected to serve as an aid for Business English practitioners. It is in the meanwhile assumed to be of an unprecedented significance to fill up a gap in this field in China, so that the specific purpose will be likely accomplished, consequently offering some constructive guidance for BE practice.
Of course what is covered in this thesis is far from enough. A further development, the application of contrastive text linguistics to translation studies, is long overdue. The combination of the two perspectives is only just beginning.
Key Words: Business English translation; Discourse analysis; Translation strategy
中文摘要
二战后，新技术革命蓬勃兴起，经济全球发展，国际交流日益频繁，英语这门
语言因英、美两国在世界领先的科学技术和强大经济实力而成了国际间交流的通用
语言，称为“混合国际语言(lingua franca)"。在不同领域涉及到的英语言语表达
具有该领域独特的语言风格与特点，要求人们掌握不同的技巧和达到一定的水平。
二十世纪六十年代，“专门用途英语ESP”应运而生，开始在各行各业发挥重要作用，并迅速发展成为一门新兴、实用、革命性的学科。近四十年来，这一学科不仅在理
论而且在实践上全面、快速发展，在各个领域发挥着重要作用。然而据调查，近年来，在中国外语界，尽管人们己经开始意识到英语的重要性，英语教学界关于外语
教学理论的专著不少，但对ESP的研究尚未达到完善的地步，仍然缺少与之相关的
比较全面、系统的研究与有效的应用。
商务英语在ESP中较少被涉足研究，在以往不多的研究中，仅仅以信函、报告
及商务期刊的书写模式被关注，或就商务会议、谈判进行某些分析。随着中国改革
开放政策的实施，特别是1997年中国加入wT0，与国外的联系日益频繁，在进出口贸易、旅游、广告中商务英语的使用越来越广泛，至此商务英语开始得到社会各界
的关注。但是商务英语的学习者大多从书本获取商务及语言的相关知识，这些知识
是很不足够的，而且重理论远远大于实践，在实际的商务交往中，领会语言所传达
的意图是至关重要的，这是一个难以把握的关键点。因此商务英语的翻译关键在于
完整无误地传达笔者意图。考虑到语言交际发生的实际场景，语言自身的规则以及
各国的文化差异，为确保交际内容的准确传达，商务英语的翻译研究势在必行。
然而据本文作者调查，我国对商务英语的翻译研究大多从国家之间的文化差异
着手，本篇文章将独辟蹊径，以语篇分析为基础，通过对商务英语特有的语篇特征
进行分析，以大量的商务英语文本示例，探讨商务英语的翻译策略，这也是作者着手此篇文章的动力所在。
简单讲，语篇分析是指对于会谈或书面文本，学习其高于句子或短语层面的语
言结构，即以更大的语言单位为研究对象。本文从商务英语的总体语篇特征、以及
语篇中发生的衔接、连贯等着手，佐以实际的例证，并且从商务英语传达意图的几
大特性，去分析针对商务英语的语篇特征，分别采取相应的翻译策略，并且不同的
翻译策略与商务英语翻译中的动态对等的相互关系。
总之，该文作者旨在突破、弥补中国商务英语翻译研究方面的一个空白，在查
阅研读了诸多相关翻译理论文章后，从理论入手，以相应的实例，尽可能综合全面
地展示商务英语语篇特征的细节以及对翻译策略的影响因素，从而促进商务英语翻
译不仅在英语教学领域，而且在真正的操作实践中真正得到发展和提高。
语篇分析是语言学的一部分，近些年，跨学科研究开始在翻译学与语言学两个
领域建立，将这两个视角融合在一起，是一个良好的开端。今后，以篇章进行对比
的翻译理论成果还将会不断应用于翻译中，跨学科研究还有待更深地展开。
当然，由于作者站在特定的角度，难免对某些问题或某个方面疏漏或理解不深入透彻，还值得进一步深入、广泛的探索研究。
关键词:商务英语翻译;语篇分析;翻译策略
Contents
Abstract in English (i)
Abstract in Chinese (v)
Chapter 1 Introduction (1)
Chapter 2 Discourse Analysis (3)
2.1 lts History and Developments.................................................…. ..3
2.1 .1 The Concept of `Discowse' and `Text' (3)
2.1.2 The Concept of `Discowse Analysis' (4)
2.1.3 The Superiority of Discourse Analysis over
Traditional Grammar Studies.................... .4
2.2 The Up-to-date Studies on Discourse Analysis (5)
2:2.1 Studies on Discourse Analysis in the West (5)
2.2.2 Studies on Discourse Analysis in China (6)
Chapter 3 Discourse Analysis&Translation Research (8)
3.1 Links between Translation Research and Linguistics (8)
3_2.. Discourse Analysis and Translation (9)
3.2.1 Roles and Fac tors of Translation (9)
3.2.2 Phases of the Translation Process (10)
3.2.3 The Need for Discourse Analysis in Translation (11)
3.2.4 Development of the Research on Relationship between Discourse Analysis
and Translation............................................ (12)
3:2.5 Superiority (15)
Chapter 4 The Roles of Business English and Its Translation..17
4.1 The Roles of Business English (17)
4.1 .1 The Importance of Business English (17)
4.1.2 The Importance of Business English Translation (18)
4.2 The Business English-Chinese Translation Research in China (19)
Chapter 5 Business English Discourse Analysis and Translation Strategy (20)
5.1 Business English Text Proper. .........。 (20)
5.2 Business English Translation Strategy...。.，....，.. (25)
5.2.1 Coherence&cohesion (25)
5.2.1.1 Coherence.................。...................................，. (25)
5.2.1.2 Cohesion (27)
5.2.2 Business English Translation Equivalence............ .................. ..29 Conclusion. (33)
Bibliography (35)
Articles Published During the Academic Years for the Postgraduate Degree (37)
Acknowledgements................................................….,.38
目录
英文摘要 (i)
中文摘要 (vi)
第一章引言 (1)
第二章语篇分析 (3)
2.1历史及发展............................................................ ... .. (3)
2.1.1“语篇”与”文本”的概念 (3)
2.1.2“语章分析”的概念 (4)
2.1.3语篇分析比较语法分析的优势... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....... . (4)
2.2语篇分析的研究现状 (5)
2.2.1西方研究状况 (5)
2.2.2中国研究状况... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (6)
第三章语篇分析与翻译研究.............................................g
3.1翻译研究与语言学的关联二。............................................. (8)
3.2语篇分析与翻译....................................‘. (9)
3.2.1翻译的要素....................……。......·········。························……
3.2.2翻译的过程...，......................，.............，.......，.....，. (10)
3.2.3翻译研究中语篇分析的必要性........................、.‘、、......，....、 (11)
3.2.4语篇分析与翻译研究结合的发展历程 (12)
3.2.5将语篇分析应用于翻译研究的优势..................................。...，.. (15)
第四章商务英语的作用及翻译现状 (17)
4.1商务英语的作用二， (17)
4.1.1商务英语的重要性.......，. (17)
4.1.2商务英语翻译的重要性……，..……，............……，.............……。二18
4.2商务英语与汉语互译研究现状 (19)
第五章商务英语语篇分析及翻译策略 (20)
5.1商务英语语篇特征.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (20)
5.2商务英语翻译策略... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (25)
5.2.1连贯与衔接 (25)
5.2.1.1连贯.....................................。.......................。. (25)
5.2.1.2衔接 (25)
5.2.2商务英语翻译中的对等策略.............. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (29)
结论 (33)
参考文献 (35)
研究生在读期间取得的研究成果 (37)
致献.............................................................:. (38)
Chapter 1 Introduction
The present thesis aims to make a tentative study on the relationship between discourse analysis and the translation strategy of Business English, so as to offer an
overall perspective to people possibly concerned, and to lead them to consciously apply corresponding rules to solve some problems arising from Business English translation practice.
Business English is an effective tool in fulfilling international cooperation and communication exit in hi-tech and trade economy fields. Students in colleges or
universities gain their knowledge of Business English largely from books and, as a result,
such knowledge will be incomplete and theoretical rather than practical. In the last two decades, Business English has attracted increasing interest and awareness Yet despite this enormous interest, Business English is an area often neglected by linguistic researchers,
who prefer to work on other-more easily defined-areas of special English.
In actual use, the previous concerns on Business English are most effective communication and negotiation, technical and business writing, workplace idioms and vocabulary, and business customs and culture. When Business English translation is concerned, more discussion is about how different cultures make effects on translation.
With the translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis growing immensely in the Iast twenty years or so, translation research has been given a new perspective (discourse analysis). Business English has its specific characteristics in its discourse, which attract us to pay attentions to seek the links between discourse analysis
and translation strategy, and a tentative study on the relationship between Business
English discourse analysis and translation strategy is justified.
For the convenience of presentation, the organization of this thesis goes as the following. A general description of the concept of `discourse' and `discourse analysis', and
the situation of the discourse analysis studies at home and abroad, reveals and justifies the research objective as well as the reason for the research into Business English translation outlined here, i.e. to deal with the question of `Why the study on discourse analysis'. All
the factors in translation and the translation processes are all given descriptions on the basis of discourse. Meanwhile, representative advocators/scholars, their works combined
with the characteristics are taken into account and correspondingly illustrated in a possibly detailed way. The links between translation and discourse analysis explains why we
should introduce discourse analysis into Business English translation studies.
The author collects lots of examples in practical problems and offers possible
solutions accordingly. Under the consideration of different communicative situation, different examples are described. This will be an aid in practical Business English translation.
In general, this thesis is intended to be informative, and practical to as many people
as possibly being involved in this area. What's more, some practical questions and modes
are supplied, and are expected to be useful and valuable to whoever lays his fingers on it
and help the author obtain the original intention to supply a gap in the world of Business English translation studies.
Chapter 2 Discourse Analysis
2.1Its History and Developments
2.1.1Concepts of `Discourse' and `Text
The concepts of `Discourse' and `text' aroused much disputes among scholars. Some classified `discourse' and `text' into being oral and written, while others disagreed with that. Translation Terminology gives the explanations as the following,
`Discourse is a connected series of utterances or a text. In contrast to language itself, which is the raw material involved. discourse defines an interaction between two subjects (the author and the target audience) that takes place under specific circumstances and with a specific objective. In oral discourse, the author and the target audience are each in the presence of the other, and find themselves in the same communication situation. In written discourse, production and reception almost always take place at two different times and places. Both the author and the addressee are mental representations rather than concrete realities. A text seen from the point of view is of the conditions under which it was produced and its reception in a given socio-cultural context.
Text is a written document of variable length that constitutes a whole when viewed from a semantic perspective.”
In a penetrating study of ideological structures in discourse, Kress(1985:27-28) defines `discourse' as `a mode of talking'. In essence it points to the fact that social institutions produce specific ways or modes of talking about certain areas of social life--- That is, in relation to certain areas of social life that are of particular si娜ficance to a social institution, it will produce a set of statements about that area that will define, describe, delimit, and circumscribe what it is possible and impossible to say with respect
to it, and how it is to be talked about.
Different definitions have been given from different perspectives. In this essay, discourse is seen as a concept beyond text in an abstract sense and it consists of one or more texts. It's a `hyponym' of text.
2.1.2Concept of `Discourse Analysis'
Linguistic communication always appears in textual form ( Wilss 1982:112 ).The text can only be understood and analyzed within and in relation to the framework of the communicative act-in-situation. Discourse analysis can be defined as the analysis of texts beyond and `above' the sentence-the attempt to find linguistic regularities in discourse. The subject now tends to be swallowed up in text linguistics. Its main concepts are cohesior}the features that bind sentences to each other grammatically and lexically-and coherence-which is the notional and logical unity of a text." Discourse analysis took off
as a subject in linguistics about fifteen years ago, partly as an expression of dissatisfaction with sentence-based grammars, possibly also stress communication rather than the study of language and reference isolated from their users. Beaugrande said, `text linguistics would constitute the verbal domain of semiotics, dealing with the entire range from
one-word texts to texts as vast as The Divine Comedy.'
The term `discourse analysis' has come to be used with a wide range of meanings which cover a wide range of activities. It is used to describe activities at the intersection of
disciplines as diverse as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, philosophical linguistics and computational linguistics. Scholars working centrally in these different disciplines tend to concentrate on different aspects of discourse.
`Discourse analysis' is a term which has come to have different interpretations for scholars working in different disciplines. For a sociolinguist, it is concerned mainly with
the structure of social interaction manifested in conversation; for a psycholin加st, it is primarily concerned with the nature of comprehension of short written texts; for the computational linguist, it is concerned with producing operational models of text-understanding within highly limited contexts.
2.t.3 Superiority of Discourse Analysis over Traditional Grammar Studies
The essential difference between traditional grammar analysis and discourse analysis lays on that grammar studies sentences, which is seen as an abstract unit in language
system and isolated from the communicative situation, while in discourse analysis, text is concrete in communication situation. Compared with the stiff grammar studies, in which
the corpus is usually created by linguists, it can be said that discourse analysis is a
dynamic process surpassing mere sentences knowledge. The more important is that grammar studies on the language products. Iaying stresses on language rules and its accuracy, but discourse analysis studies on the lan}:uage patterns and regularities,
exploring for the process of text construction.
2.2. Up-to-date Studies on Discourse Analysis
2.2.1 Studies on Discourse Analysis in the West
Despite the fact that it's till recent years that discourse analysis became a main branch
of linguistics. the relationship between language and its communicative situation has attracted enough interest in the history. During the first half of last century, a lot of works were printed as a preparation for today's discourse analysis. Zelling Harris is the first one giving this term its name. So the text linguistics, familiar to us for just two or three decades, is not completely new
In the age of ancient Greece and Rome, grammar and rhetoric were studied separately, the former focusing on language rules and the latter on how language was used in specific situation for a successful communication. Rhetoric, grammar, and logic were called
trivium in mid-age.
The traditional stylistics has some similarities with text linguistic. Quintilian
referred to four qualities of style as correction, clarity, elegance. and appropriateness,
which reflected that the discourses have different degrees of quality due to different language process.
In literature field, discourse has always been paid much attention. When the
anthology explored the human cultures they also mentioned text or discourse. Enthnomethodology carried out researches on the relationship between speech pattern and the speaker roles. The interest on discourse analysis arose therefore.
In the year of 1952, Harris issued an article named Discourse Analysis. thus inventing
this term of `discourse analysis'. By 1960s, more and more linguists realized that
language studies should go beyond sentences to learn how the discourse and the situation interact in reality.
The German linguist Weinrich created the term `text linguistics'. Introduction to Text Linguistics(1981)written by De Beaugrande and Dressier is the first important works in text linguistics history, which described 7 standards of discourse: cc}i}esiai}. coherence_ intentionality, acceptability, information, situationality and intertextuality
Since 1980s, more works relating to discourse
.such as Michael Stubbs's
Discoruse Analysis: A Social Linguistic Analysis on Natural Language(1982);Malcolm
Coulthar's Introductions to Discourse Analysis(1985);van Dijk's Discourse and
Literature(1985); Buy Cook's Discourse (1989); Michael McCarthy's Discourse Analysis
for Language Teache (1991); Evelyn Hatch `s Discourse and Language Education(1992);
Jamaes Paul Gee's An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method (1999).
The relationship of language to discourse and ideology is one of the more prom ising developments which linguistic stylistics has recently begun to address.
2.2.2 Studies on Discourse Analysis in China
The discourse analysit on modern Chinese experienced four stages, the first focusing on text composing, the second analyzing text from the linguist's perspective, the third exploring Chinese structure and the fourth impotting western theories on studying Chinese
Before the May 4th New Culture Movement .discoure analysits was rarely influnced by westen western thoughts. With the writing style modern Chinese replacing classical Chinese and the westen rhetoric theory entering into China ,Chinese lingusists gradually stand in the group of the world research ers.
The discourse analysis in China mainly consisted of rhetoric studies and literal criticism until the modern 1城guist became a leading branch. But Chinese rhetoric can only be matched with stylistics in western countries. It's after the reform and opening policy that both the `stylistics' and the `rhetoric' were introduced into China_ In 1970s, some Chinese scholars, especially those who had been studied abroad, started to carry out discourse analysis and text analysis separately, which were divided into two branches in western countries at that time.
In China, the earliest works on discourse analysis appeared in 1982_ But till the year 1991，no more than 100 essays are on discourse research. So it's deemed that the fashion
of discourse analysis came into being behveen 1992 and 1995. During the pear 2006, there were 426 relative essays appeared in various periodicals. And Discourse Analysis Seminar has been held in China every two years since May 1991 .These figures proved that the
discourse analysis in China is in a development tendency.
Professor Hu Zhuanglin and Ren Shaozeng are the leaders in this field. Hu Zhuanglin
has printed a book on discourse coherence and cohesion. He also carried out such
researches as on application of discourse analysis in language teaching. Another three significant books: Linguistic Features and Discourse Semantics, Grammar and Discourse,
and Conceptual Metaphor and Discourse Coherence are written by Ren Shaozeng. All
these research achievements play a guide's role in discourse studies in China.
Chapter 3 Discourse Analysis&Translation Research 3.1 Links between 'IYanslation Research and Linguistics
Translation studies today are a cluster of overlapping perspectives (Neubert 1992:6).
In the strict sense of the word ,translating is not a science but a technology, for it is built
upon a number of scientific disciplines, including psychology, linguistics, communication theory, anthropology, and semiotics(Waard&Nida 1986).
Translation is a kind of transfer between two languages, so it relates direct to linguistics. When the structurism before 1964s studies descriptive grammar, it analyzed
the direct components of a sentence and gave depictions about the language, which has
little value for translation theory. Since 1960s, some translation researchers introduced the following studies, such as linguistics, psychology, information theory, cognition science
and art science, etc, into translation research and began studying translation from new perspectives. It can be said that since then the translation studies became an interdisciplinary science.
While the literature on translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse
analysis has indeed grown immensely in the last twenty years or so, very few books have actually ventured into meaningfully fusing the three perspectives. The England scholar
Basil Hatim established such links and explored areas of their common interests. He said:
doing discourse analysis without a contrastive base is as incomplete as doing contrastive analysis without a discourse base and that translation is an optimally appropriate
framework within which the entire enterprise of languages in contrast may be usefully
dealt with. A careful consideration of what actually happens to a given text when someone attempts to mediate in communicating its `import' across both linguistic and cultural boundaries is one way of making sure that we do not settle for a partial view of what goes
on inside that text. To bring entire systems of mother-tongue linguistic as well as rhetorical conventions to bear on the act of textual transfer and to match them with those of another language, which is precisely what happens in a process such as that of translating, can
only be illuminating and rewarding. Translation can thus add depth and breadth both to contrastive linguistics and to discourse analysis.
Both contrastive linguistics and text linguistics are now truly in their州me.
However, the combination of the two perspectives is only just beginning. A further development, the application of contrastive text linguistics to translation studies, is long overdue.
3.2Discourse Analysis and Translation
3.2.1Roles and Factors of Translation
In translating, one is transferring texts, not words nor meanings (Sorvali 1986). Translation takes place within the framework of a communicative situation and on the
basis of lingustic units called "text": source text (ST) and target text (TT). Intercultural
text transfer is special in that two cultures are involved and that the message transmitted between the sender or text producer and the receiver is formulated using the elements of
not one, but two codes (cf. Kallmeyer et al. 1980:12).
The starting point for a translation is a text written in the language S (=SL), which has
to be translated into a language T (=TL) is such a way that it becomes part of a word continuum which can be interpreted by the receiver as "coherent with his situation"
O}ermeer [1978] 1983:57). A translation process is usually initiated by a customer or
`initiator', approaching a translator because they need a certain target text for a particular target addressee or receiver. It might also happen that it is precisely the initiator who wants
to understand in the target language a certain source text written in a source language by a source language author or text producer or transmitted by a source-language sender under the particular conditions of the source culture. As a general rule, texts are not produced
just in order to be translated but to fulfill certain communicative purposes for a specified source language audience.
The essential factors and constituents of the process of intercultural text transfer are: source text producer, source text sender, source text, source text receiver, initiator, translator, target text, and target text receiver. In addition, both the source text and the
target text are determined by the communicative situation in which they serve to convey a message. The process of intercultural text transfer shows a source text situation and a
target text situation, both of which are divided into a text-production and a text-reception part. The initiator plays a crucial role in starting the process and determining its course. He
will set the translating instructions. The translator alone decides whether the translation which the initiator asks for can actually be produced on the basis of the given source text
and it is the translator who is the expert on translation. He is a receiver of the source text
as well as the producer of the target text; TRL takes part in both the ST (source text)
situation and the TT (target text) situation. As a text-producer in the target culture, he
adopts somebody else's intention in order to produce a communicative instrument for the target culture.
The reception of a text depends on the individual expectations of the receivers, which
are determined by the situation in which they receive the text as well as by their social background, their world knowledge, and/or their communicative needs. Holz-Manttari
views the text as a mere tool for the realization of communicative functions. It has no intrinsic value, is totally subordinate to its purpose, and its sole raison d'etre is to meet the requirements of the situation. The text is so inextricably linked with its purpose that there appears to be no other responsibility whatsoever and absolute freedom as regards the source text. The translator, here, is unilaterally committed to the target situation. Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a
given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. Translation allows a communicative act to take place which because of existing linguistic and cultural barriers would not have been possible without it. The translator is committed bilaterally to the source text as well as to the target-text situation, and is responsible for both the source text sender and the target text receiver. It's the reception
that completes the communicative situation and defines the function of the text. It can be said that the text as a communicative act is completed by the receiver.
3.2.2 Phases of Translation Process
The translation process is divided into three steps: analysis (decoding, comprehension phase), transfer (transcoding), and synthesis (recoding). That is to say, the translator first analyzes the message of the source language into its simplest and structurally clearest forms, transfers it at this level, and then restructures it to the level of the receptor language which is most appropriate for the audience which he intends to reach (Nida 1975: 79f).
The first step is the comprehension phase with a detailed analysis of the grammatical, semantic and stylistic elements of the text, which ensures that the translator grasps the full meaning of the information given both explicitly and implicitly in the text.
In the second phase, the "meaning of the received message" is related to the "intention of the target message", as Zimnjaja (1977: 72) puts it, and transferred into target language either on the basis of an equivalence relationship between lexical items or, if the text function is to be changed, according to the target text function. This is where transfer competence comes into play, since the translator has to devise a kind of translation "plan"
or "strategy".
In the third phase, the transferred ST items are restructured into a target text which conforms to the needs of the target text receiver.
The aim of translation is "the realization of verbal communication between people
who speak different language" (Komissarov 1977:46, my translation). It therefore seems contradictory to maintain that the translator can be both source text receiver and target text sender at one and the same time. In a verbal communication between a source text (ST) author and a target text (TT) receiver, the ST author does not give up his or her role of sender, and the translator is a text producer following the sender's instructions.
3.2.3 The Need for Discourse Ana卜sis in Translation
Where does translation begin? Most writers on translation theory agree that before embarking upon any translation the translator should analyze the text comprehensively, since面s appears to be the only way of ensuring that the source text (S刀has been wholly and correctly understood.
Nida thought that translation begins with the analysis on ST, then surveys the information and obtains target text. (TT) (Nida 1982)
There is not a kind of meaning which exists in the discourse already and waits for people to detect it. Meaning is something which is negotiated between producer and
receiver and not as a static entity, independent of human processing activity once it has
been encoded (Hatim, 1990). Translation-oriented text analysis should not only ensure full comprehension and correct interpretation of the text or explain its linguistic and textual structures and their relationship with the system and norms of the source language. It
should also provide a reliable foundation for each and every decision which the translator
has to make in a particular translation process.
The translation deals with not a sole word or a sentence, but a group of sentences,
which relate to and control each other in fixed patterns for a special communicative intention. It's necessary to establish clear discourse awareness both in translating a text
and in translation studies. Discourse awareness means the stress on discourse wholeness
and unity in communicative situation. The text is the ultimate court of appeal, the
sentence is the basic unit of translating (not of translation), and most of the cruxes are
centred in the lexical units, if not the words (Newmark 1991:66).
To understand the discourse is to interpret it. A reader should make full use of his language competency and cognitive knowledge to explain the discourse. The more times
one reads the discourse, the more deeply he will understand the source text.
3.2.4 Development of the Research on Relationship between Discourse Analysis
and Translation
The England scholar Basil Hatim majored in discourse analysis and translation in the
late 1970s and got a Doctor's degree. He wrote with Ian Mason two books: Discourse and
the Translator, and The Translator as Communicator. In 1997 he printed Communication across Culture: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text linguistics. In all his works Basil
Hatim insisted his ideology that the translator is a communicator crossing language and culture. This idea, compared with Nida's, found no creativeness. But what Hatim devoted
to the translation history is that he went deep into translation from a new perspective, i.e.,
text linguistics and discowse analysis. It can be said that Basil Hatim is the first to
combine discourse analysis with translation studies. In the book Discourse and the
Translator Bisil Hatim discussed about discourse at various levels, including communicative level, pragmatic level and semiotic level. The discourse factors such as cohesion, coherence, situationality and intertextuality are all taken into consideration.
In about 1970s, American scholar Robert de Beaugrande put forward his points of
view that
1) The unit of translation is not a word or a sentence, but the whole discourse;
2) To distinguish whether a translation strategy works well or not, the communication context should be taken into consideration.
3) Translation should go through 3 steps: analyzing the difference between two languages; choosing a specific style; using suitable words which fit the communicative situation.
Beaugrande wrote several books on translation and discourse analysis: Text, Discourse, and Process: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science of Texts(1980), Linguistic
Theory: The Discourse of Fundamental Works(1991)，Introduction to Text Linguistics
( 1981)，Language, Discourse, and Translation in the West and Middle East,(1994).In
all his books, Beaugrande insisted his text linguistic view on language and translation. He played a role of a leader in this field and devoted no less than Basil Hatim.
Peter Newmark·(1991:66 ) said, "From a translator's point of view, I think the main descriptive units are a hierarchy: text, paragraph, sentence, clause, group, word, morpheme.", and "the text is the ultimate court of appeal, the sentence is the basic unit of translating (not of translation), and most of the cruxes are centered in the lexical units, if
not the words."
In the book A Textbook of Translation, Peter Newmark discusses on how to do the discourse analysis in translation. All the following factors he lists are taken into account:
the intention of the text, the intention of the translator, text styles, the readership, stylistic scales, author attitude, text setting, the quality of the writing, and connotations and denotations. He concluded that a translation analysis based on its comprehension is the
first stage of translation and the basis of the useful discipline of translation criticism. In
fact, such an analysis is an appropriate training for translators, since by underlining the appropriate words they will show that they are aware of diffculties they might otherwise
have missed. Thus in relating translation theory to its practice, a professional translator
would not usually make such an analysis explicitly, since he would need to take only a sample in order to establish the properties of a text. A translation critic, however, after
determining the general properties- first of the text and secondly of the translation (both these tasks would centre in the respective intentions of translator and critic)一would use
the underlined words as a basis for a detailed comparison of the two texts. To summarize, one has to study the text not for itself but as something that may have to be reconstituted
for a dii}erent readership in a different culture.
In the chapter The Unit of Translation and Discourse Analysis, Peter Newmark discusses on coherence, the SL text titles, dialogue cohesion, the referential synonyms,
and the functional sentence perspective as well. He said, "I have tried to show that, operatively, most translation is done at the level of the smaller units (word and clause), leaving the larger units to `work' automatically, until a difficulty occurs and until revision starts; in an expressive or authoritative text, there is a certain extra stress on the word; in
an informative text, on the collocation and the group; in the vocative or pragmatic section
of a text, on the sentence and the text as a unit."
There is at present a confusing tendency for translation theorists to regard the whole text, the basis of discourse analysis, as the unit of translation (UT), which is the opposite
of Vinay's and Darbelnet's original concept. Vinay and Darbelnet define the unit of translation as "the smallest segment of an utterance whose cohesion of signs is such that
they must not be separately translated'，一in other words. the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together, as one unit. The argument about the length of the UT, which has been put succinctly by W. Haas, `as short as is possible, as long as is necessary',
is a concrete reflection of the age-old conflict between free and literal translation- the freer the translation, the longer the UT; the more literal the translation, the shorter the UT, the closer the word, or, in poetry, even to the morpheme. Free translation has always favored
the sentence; literal translation the word. Now, since the rise of text linguistics, free
translation has changed its translation unit from the sentence to the whole text. In the last fifteen years the argument on UT has been revived by those who maintain that the only
true UT is the whole text. This view has been underpinned by the vast industry in discourse analysis, or text linguistics, which examines a text as a whole in its relations and cohesion at all levels higher than the sentence.
3.2.5 Superiority
The translation deals with not a sole word or a sentence, but sentences, which relate to and control each other in fixed patterns, for a special communicative intention. It's necessary to establish clear discourse awareness both in translating and in translation studies. Discourse awareness means the stress on discourse wholeness and unity in communicative situation. The whole discourse is the end point and the judge of a translation strategy.
Discourse analysis in translation research change the perspective from word and sentence to dynamic discourse analysis. It's also different from the usual methods by
which the source text and target text cultures are standpoint. By contrasting two discourses in different language, a discussion on transferring between source text and target text is conducted.
While the literature on translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis has indeed grown immensely in the last twenty years or so, very few books have actually ventured into meaningfully fusing the three perspectives. Translation can add
depth and breadth both to contrastive linguistics and to discourse analysis.‘Both contrastive linguistics and text linguistics are now truly in their prime; witness the conferences at Innsbruck on New Departures in Contrastive Linguistics in 1991 and at Brighton on Contrastive Semantics and Pragmatics, or the 4-volume Handbook of Discourse Analysis edited by T. A. van Dijk(1985). However, the combination of the two perspectives (the contrastive and the textual), for which some of us have been pleading for many years, and whose computational implementation is now feasible, is only just beginning. A fiuther development, the application of contrastive text linguistics to translation studies, is long overdue.
Translations are texts. and translation is a textual process in which linguistic form and process are incorporated. Texts are the building blocks of communication in general, and
of translation in particular(Neubert 1992:10). The text has to be considered as the primary object of translation study. Many linguists have made tries on discussing how and what a discourse analysis to be constructed in translation research. Among their printed works, Basil Hatims and Ian Manson wrote the noticeable Discourse and the Translator. In this book, they constructed a full theory concerning register, coherence, cohesion, type of discourse, and discourse structure. This book is a push in translation research history. It's useful in deciding a translation strategy or method. How do translators activate their textual knowledge during communication? How are ideas placed in texts, and how do listeners and readers receive the texts and recover the ideas they convey? Furthermore, how do pragmatic constraints affect the linguistic and semantic profile of the text? All the problems have been explored.
Basil Hatim's book not only addresses all these issues and controversies, but also
exemplifies them through the prism of Arabic, a language that has enjoyed a long and distinguished rhetorical tradition, but not the benefit of much modern theoretical work. The author is well qualified to undertake this difficult but exciting task. Ever since the
days of his Exeter PhD he has explored the relevance of contrastive discourse analysis to English-Arabic translation and demonstrated it in his practical teaching. In the course of the unfolding argument in this book, authentic data from written, and occasionally spoken, English is used to add clarity to theoretical insights gained from a variety of sources, including translation studies, contrastive rhetoric and critical discourse analysis. A model
of text processing will be outlined, and each aspect of the model proposed will be related separately to a problem of language processing, in domains as varied as translator- and interpreter-training, cultural studies, literary criticism and language teaching.
Chapter 4 Roles of Business English and Its Translation 4.1 Roles of Business English
4.1.1The Importance of Business English
English for business and economics (EBE) focuses on English taught within a
company, business school, and other professional or corporate setting. Its primary
concerns are effective communication and negotiation, technical and business writing, workplace idioms and vocabulary, and business customs and culture. EBE is also known
as BE (business English) and, in the corporate settings, as EPP (English for professional purposes). It is currently the fastest growing form of ESP
In the 21St century, international cooperation and communication exist in hi-tech and trade economy fields. English is a bridge connecting different nations. After China joined
in WTO its economy development made an urgent demand for English teaching and
learning to step upward. In the year 2006, China's total import and export figure reached
176 billion US dollars, ranking the 3`d in the world. The international business can't
operate without BE. It's a statistic figure that, among 16000 million people who use
English as mother tongue or second language in this world, above 90% are using BE in
their daily life. These facts demonstrate that BE will play more and more important a role which is worth of much more researches.
Business English is not a neatly-defined category of special English. Some key differences between Business and General English are in its need analysis and learner expectations. In Business English, the needs analysis is to assess the needs of the company,
the job, and the individuals, and to define the language level required by the job. And the learners are likely to be more goal-orientated and to expect success. Business people normally have high expectations of efficiency, quality, and professionalism.
The Business English is likely to be defined primarily in relation to business performance skills such as meetings, presentations, socializing, or report-writing. Within
these skills areas, certain concepts are typically discussed and expressed: for example, describing changes and trends, quality, product, process and procedures, strategy. These concepts can be broken down into the more linguistically powerful functional areas such
as comparing and contrasting, expressing cause and effect, recommending, and agreeing.
The language defined may include grammatical or lexical items, and elements of spoken
or written discourse, including, for instance, cohesive devices and stress and intonation patterns, as well as organizational features such as signaling a new topic or turn-taking in interactive sequences.
One of the main characteristics of Business English is the emphasis on performance- training learners to become operationally effective. For people in business, the priority is
to be able to understand and get their message across. The performance criteria need to be seen in the context of specific business situations which the learner will be involved in. So
it's necessary to conduct such studied on how to completely transfer one's intention in business activities where Business English is used.
4.1.2The Importance of Business English Translation
商务英语翻译试题(二)试卷及答案-2
商务英语翻译试题（二） Ⅰ词汇测试题：（2题，每题10分，共20分） 1．该组有10个商务英语英文词或词组，下面均有英文词或词组来进行解释。请将正确的选项标出，要求英英转换意义准确，符合商务英语规范。（10分） (1) promote A. to encourage the popularity, sale or development B. to change or vary C. to act as judge in an argument D. to speak or write to someone (2) to address A. to speak or write to someone, or to direct information at someone. B. to offer, supply C. to stipulate D. to come up with ideas (3) to indemnify A. to pay for the damage B. to state something officially C. to suggest an idea D. to use something instead of another (4) to cancel an order A. to confirm an order B. to deliver a letter C. to recommend a candidate D. to make void or of no effect (5) ceiling A. upper limit B. cancellation C. bottom D. the lowest point (6) tide over A. to help sb. during a period of difficulty B. to spend a lot of time doing C. to tie to sth. D. to try one’s best (7) carry out A. to take away B. to perform or complete C. to give or offer something D. to suggest an idea (8) to complicate A. to finish something B. to be dissatisfied with something C. to make something more difficult to deal with D. to compare with something (9) to put on an event A. to come up with ideas B. to come on for sth. 2
全国商务英语翻译统一考试 初级笔译试题 注意事项 1. 请首先按要求在试题卷和答题卷的标封处填写姓名、准考证号等； 2. 请仔细阅读题目要求进行答题，答案写在答题卷上； 3. 请保持卷面整洁，不要在标封区填写无关内容； 4. 答题时间为150分钟。 Part I Translate the following sentences into English or into Chinese. 1.早在1910年，通用电器就开始与中国发展贸易，被认为是最活跃和最有影响力的在华外国企业之一。 2.近年来，中泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。 3.本合同用中、英两种文字写成，每种文字正本两份。两种文本具有同等效力，签字后双方各执中、英文本一份为凭。 4.布朗先生曾经能吃能睡，但现在由于作为领导责任重大而变得吃不下睡不好。 5.由于我们也要支付我们供货商的货款，因此您的还款期限不能再延长了。 6.Do not ask questions that respondents feel are rude or embarrassing. If such questions are necessary, people should be offered the chance to say that they prefer not to answer. What constitutes an invasive question will vary from culture to culture. 7. He knew this guy was a smart political worker. But he was hard to control. In fact, he was a loose cannon who might do more damage to his side than the man he was running against. 8. As a region with the largest number of developed countries, the EU boasts abundant capital and advanced technology. Therefore, both the EU countries and China enjoy a high degree of complementarities in economic, trade, scientific and technological fields. 9. I had the honour of attending the opening ceremony of the Beijing Y outh Palace earlier this week and was proud to see that Compaq was making such a large contribution to China’s youth. 10. Though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we cite the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor car! PartⅡTranslate the following passages into Chinese. Passage 1 On behalf of the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Association for Manufacturing Technology, I would extend my greetings to the seventh China International Machine Tool Show (CIM T—2010), and welcome the visitors to the U.S. Pavilion. We are proud of our U.S. Pavilion, where 170 U.S. exhibitors are displaying the latest world class machine tool technology and related manufacturing services. The technology and services demonstrated here are the primary building blocks for industrialization in every nation of the
商务英语论文题目 1、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 2、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 3、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 4、商标名称的翻译与策略 5、汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 6、商务谈判中的语言艺术 7、商务谈判的文化障碍 8、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用 9、商务英语函电翻译技巧 10、商务谈判中英语的重要性 11、浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 12、礼仪在商务谈判中的作用 13、浅谈涉外合同英语特色 14、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 15、商务谈判的艺术性 16、跨文化的商务谈判 17、商务英语交往中的礼貌原则 18、如何翻译好日常商务文书 19、商务英语信函的语体分析 20、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 21、英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 22、商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 23、论跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响 24、跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素 25、浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译 26、商务英语阅读研究 27、商务英语写作问题研究 28、商务英语考试技巧研究 29、商务英语听力策略研究 30、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的应用 31、商务函电交流研究 32、商务英语学习方法 33、跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 34、国际商务中的跨文化交际问题 35、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 36、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 37、国际商务谈判中的“文化壁垒” 38、广告英语的分类及分析 39、虚拟语气与商务英语表达 40、跨文化交际在商务英语学习中的运用 41、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 42、商务英语在国际营销中的作用
43、术语在国际商务中的重要性 44、商务谈判语言技巧 45、浅析跨文化交际中的商务礼仪 46、例析论网络环境下商务英语的拓展学习模式 47、浅析商务英语汇商务英语中俚语的风格及翻译 48、商务英语教学中英语知识与商务知识的关系 49、商务英语中以谓语动词为中心的基本句型的翻译 50、商务英语的语言特色探讨 51、反译法在商务英语中的应用 52、奈达“等值”理论于商务英语翻译中的理解和应用 53、商务英语中的平行结构及其翻译方法 54、语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴 55、商务英语语篇文体特征分析 56、商务英语常用单词的多义现象例析 57、商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译 58、商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素 59、商务英语中书面语言的文体特征及语用分析 60、社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响 61、英语写作中常见中式英语分析 62、汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题 63、美国英语习语与文化 64、中美日常交际中的文化差异 65、中西方文化差异及语言体现 商务英语论文题目|商务英语毕业论文题目参考 一、英语论文基本格式 1、毕业论文结构包括：主标题、论文摘要、正文（一般不少于5000字）、注释、参考书目，注释统一用尾注。 2、板式：毕业论文一律用计算机打印。（使用A4规格打印，每页30行） 二、阅读类参考题目以下参考题目对应的范文请到VIP留学生论文网下载，如需原创论文需与在线辅导老师沟通。 1、持续性交际法对商务英语学习者口语和写作能力提高的研究分析 2、商务英语文体学分析 3、语篇功能对等视角的商务英语翻译 4、高职商务英语专业实践课程开发 5、关联理论在商务英语阅读教学中的应用 6、成人商务英语教学中学生自主学习能力的培养 7、功能对等理论视角下的商务英语翻译 8、中职商务英语教学中跨文化交际意识的培养 9、论商务英语翻译中的文化转向 10、职前学生商务英语词汇教学法探索 11、商务英语中模糊语言的应用及其语用分析 12、从目的论角度看国际商务英语翻译的质量评估 13、高职院校商务英语精读教学中的任务型教学法 14、词典类型对翻译与习得商务英语新词作用的实证研究
商务英语翻译：商务英语五大实用翻译技巧商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语，所涉及的专业范围很广，并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识，为了提高翻译质量，翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件： 第一，翻译者的汉语功底要好 很多人容易忽视这一点，认为汉语是自己的母语，应付翻译中的问题应该是绰绰有余的。然而，在真正的翻译过程中，常常为了一个词语或者一个句型，冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。由此可见，汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语，打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。 第二，英语语言能力要强 全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量，而没有较好的英语语法知识，翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出，牛头不对马嘴。因此，我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文句子理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。 第三，知识面要广 商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点，就要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践经验。同时译者还要具有丰富的百科知识，对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓，至少也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识，即使语言水平再高，也是难以胜任翻译工作的。
以下介绍的是商务英语中主要的五大实用翻译技巧： 一、一词多义 同一个词，由于语境不同，其词义可千差万别。 例： 1、They cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。 2、They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China,London. 他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。 同一个词credit，而在不同的语境中，意思大有不同。 二、词类转译 词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。 例： 1、Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the customs. 交关税前，进口货物由海关保管。( 由于语法限制，只有用名词形式，但译成汉语时，”payment”译作“交”) 2 、We should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements. 建议你方与他们取得联系，洽购所需商品。 三、词义引伸
商务英语翻译测试题及 答案 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]
I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of words italicized.(15%) 1. The above quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets. 2. The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended
without the agreement by the both parties. 3. However, the tariff should not be greater in amount than the margin of price caused by dumping. 4. As usual, the lion’s share of the budget is for defense. 5. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
II. Translate the following sentences with extension.(15%) 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Hitler. 2.China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer. 3. John took to his studies eagerly, and proved an adept pupil.
全国商务英语翻译统一考试 中级笔译试题 注意事项 1. 请首先按要求在试题卷和答题卷的标封处填写姓名、准考证号等； 2. 请仔细阅读题目要求进行答题，答案写在答题卷上； 3. 请保持卷面整洁，不要在标封区填写无关内容； 4. 答题时间为150分钟。 Part I Translate the following sentences into English or into Chinese. 1.国家统计局说，消费者价格3月份攀升8.3%，比2月份8.7%有所下降。2月份的上涨率是将近12年来的最高点。价格升高的部分原因被指是由于1月份和2月份的严重暴雪导致工厂停工，庄稼被毁。 2. 对于钢材、水泥、化肥、化工原料等这类商品来说，只要其规格、样式、型号或化学成分相符，价格优惠且交货及时，买方通常都不会派人去国外进行实地考察。 3.中国能不能顶住霸权主义、强权政治的压力，坚持我们的社会主义制度，关键就看能不能争得经济较快的增长速度，实现我们的发展战略。 4.部分地区由于需求增长，批发茶价几乎翻了一番。所以我公司拟大批量订货，希望贵方备足库存。 5.这个现行办法旨在扶持那些发展中国家与从其他国家进口的产品展开竞争，而不损害我们自己产业的利益。 6. After months of unfruitful negotiation with the trade unions, the government cut the Gordian knot by declaring that workers who did not accept a 2% pay rise would be fired. 7.China’s growing trade surplus has been a point of contention with both the United States and the European Union. China’s major trading partners accuse Beijing of manipulating its currency to keep its value low and give Chinese products an unfair price advantage on world markets. 8. One day’s sick leave with the application, after approved by the departmental head, is to be submitted to the admin executive on the day following the one day’s sick leave. 9. There were a few middle-aged and even elderly women in the train, their silver-wiry hair and wrinkled faces, scourged by time and trouble, having almost a grotesque, certainly a pathetic appearance in such a jaunty situation. 10.The 1970s brought a decline in eating out, but the 1980s, especially in homes where both parents were working, brought a big increase in the demand for many types of restaurants. Part II. Translate the following passages into Chinese. Passage 1 Savings provide one way to take care of financial losses. But savings are not the answer to large losses. The best way to guard against large financial losses is through insurance. Over 4,800 companies in the United States are in the business of providing insurance protection. These businesses are called insurance companies. Because most insurance companies operate on a big scale, they provide a way for large numbers of people to share their losses. Insurance can provide protection against almost any kind of loss. Singers may insure their voices. Photographers may insure their negatives. The owner of a home freezer may insure against food loss in case of a power failure. A business owner can insure his or her place of business. A business owner can also insure against a loss of profits during a shutdown following a fire or damaging accident. Like all private firms, insurance companies must charge enough for protection to pay their operating costs and make a profit. The main factor affecting the price of insurance, however, is the amount of risk involved. The more risk an insurance company assumes for a policyholder, the higher the premium. An insurance company must collect enough money from all its policyholders to pay the claims of those who have
商务英语翻译技巧 摘要 商务英语(Business English)是一种含有商务理论和实用商务的理论。在经济信息日益发达的现代社会，随着国际贸易的发展，商务英语翻译的作用越来越明显。本文，大致分为五个部分对商务英语翻译技巧进行分析。文章第一部分概括了商务英语以及商务英语翻译；第二部分分别从商务英语的文体特征、语言特点对其进行分析；之后三个部分分别介绍了翻译的方法和翻译的原则。最后进行总结。得出商务英语的翻译机巧和方法。 关键字：商务英语；翻译技巧；特点；文体特征 前言 商务英语是以国际间的商务往来为基础的语言交流，商务英语包括的范围比较广，例如：金融方面的英语、贸易英语、还有一些专业的英语等。这也说明了商务英语所涉及的范围比较广泛，涉及各行各业，这也就决定了从事商务英语翻译的人不仅仅需要有扎实的英语基本功，还有对其他方面的英语进行了解，这样一来才能使交易双方能够更好地沟通，完成交易。 现如今，整个世界融为了一个整体，各个国家之间的贸易往来逐渐丰富，目前在国际间最通用的就是英语。商务英语要求翻译者更加的精确、对等，因为商务英语中会涉及到很多文件、条款等信息，所以必须要精确。只有这样才能达到双方活动的顺利进行。尤其在我国，中西方文化差异较大，更应该注意这方面的问题。一字之差就容易铸成大错。所以，做好商务英语的翻译工作尤为重要。本文针对这一问题展开讨论，分析了商务英语的翻译技巧。 商务英语及商务英语翻译的概括 商务英语涉及范围很广,包括的种类也十分多。大部分跟国际商务活动有关的例如：国际贸易、会计、金融等方面所用到的英语都属于商务英语的范围。它涉及的领域主要包括对外贸易、招商引资、国际旅游、海外投资以及国际运输等方面。除了领域广泛之外,它还包括许多专业的英语例如：广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、包装英语等。因此，伴随着国际贸易的范围不断的扩大，越来越多的人，开始加入到翻译的这一事业之中。 对商务英语的翻译,在很长时间以来备受关注,商务英语翻译工作也是一项十分复杂的工作,由于其用途的广泛性和特殊要性,就决定了商务英语的翻译工作不能仅仅局限于传统的翻译中务词汇和具有较好的商务语法基础,这些是一个翻译者应该具备的原则和技巧,不能仅仅依靠“信、达、雅”的翻译要求来完成商务英语的翻译工作,必须依照商务文件的愿意,把它翻译的既能清楚的表达意义,又能够符合商务双方的语言习惯。在翻译的过程中一定要从实际情况出发,做到具体问题具体分析。 商务英语的特点 2.1商务英语的文体特征 2.1.1思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华 正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。长句分词、独立主格结构的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非常适合这种要求。例如： The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complet ion of Party A’s plant including the completion of inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.
试卷号： ********学院20**学年度第1学期 期末考试试卷 考试年级 13.14.15 专业商务英语科目商务英语翻译出卷老师 ***** 试题号一二三四总分 得分 一请将下列合成词译成汉语:（1* 15=15） 1. free-spender 2. good--to—excellent care 3. office-bearer 4 . character-building 5 Bad news travels quickly. 6 knock-out system 7 marriage lines 8 nest egg 9 off-hour hobby 10 off-the-job training 11 on-the-job training 12 on-the-spot broadcasting 13 pension insurance
14 red-hot news 15 red-letter day 二下面的句子可采用增减词法来翻译,请写出具体的增词法或具体的减词法:（2*5=10）1.Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes. 2. I could knit when I was seven. 3. The day when he was born remains unknown. 4.We live and learn. 5.Once you are in , you wouldn't be allowed to get out. 三写出下列每组分别属于何种合译：（2*5=10） 1．to and from here and there off and onup and down 2．often and often by and by men and men hours and hours 3．thick and thin within and without off and on fair or foul 4．forgive and forget now or never high and dry mend or end 5．bread and butter pick and steal odds and ends house and home 四. 按要求用所学过的翻译技巧翻译下例句子:（3*5=15） 1.我没注意到这一点.(用正译法) 2.你的工作令人满意.(用反译法) 3.我们不应该听闲话.(用正译法)
考试简介 全国商务英语翻译（ETTBL）是我国一项系统的“外语+专业”的商务翻译培训、考试，以全国《商务英语翻译教程》（口译/笔译）的培训大纲为基础，内容涵盖广告、产品描述、产品与保险、人力资源与职业、经济、国际贸易、金融证券、市场营销、法律、合同与协议、旅游业等。由商务英语专业教授及富有商务背景的外籍教师进行授课，侧重于常用商务材料英汉互译对照、常用商务专业词汇及典型句型解析、翻译技巧等。打造商务英语翻译培训的优秀品牌，弥补高素质商务英语翻译人才的市场缺口，培养出专业化、知识化的口译/笔译人才，缩短新学员进入企业的磨合期，尽快适应工作；提高在职人员商务英语翻译专业水平及职业能力，更好地胜任工作。 学员完成培训计划规定的全部内容和课时后，参加全国商务英语翻译的考核及综合评定，根据考评结果，颁发相应等级相应层次的《全国商务英语翻译证书》。是商务英语人员上岗就业的依据，是工商、合资企业、外事单位用人的资格凭证.该证书全国通用，并网上注册()。并为学员建立个人资料库，借助中国商务人才网（）的网络平台协助考生就业和提供继续教育服务等。
职业定义 初级：能在商务往来中进行一般性商务英语交谈。涉外企业的员工及同层次的企业外销人员、宾馆接待人员、商场收银员等。 中级：能在一般性商务会谈和商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业的职员及同层次的秘书，办公室主管等。 高级：能在一般性商务会议和外事商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业主管及同层次的企业经理助理、企业经理等。 翻译师：能在大型商务会议中进行复杂的口译和笔译，并胜任专职商务翻译工作。 高级翻译师：能在各种国际会议中进行口译和笔译。在口译中能交替传译和同声传译；在笔译中对商务活动会议的文件及商务专业性的资料作笔译。能承担国际商务会议中各种复杂的笔译、口译，解决商务英语中的一切疑难问题。 考试对象 凡遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律、恪守职业道德、具备一定外语水平、有志于从事商务领域翻译工作的在职和求职人员及在校生，不论学历高低，均可参加。
浅谈商务英语翻译 随着全球经济一体化和我国的国际贸易往来不断加强，涉外商务活动已经深入到各个企业，商务英语是国际贸易以及营销等领域不可缺少的重要沟通工具。以下首先介绍商务英语的内涵及特点，然后，着重举例阐述商务英语翻译的技巧，探索提升商务英语翻译质量的有效措施。 一、商务英语的内涵 商务英语属于专门用途英语的范畴，具有十分丰富的商务理论及实务信息，涉及外贸函电、报关实务、市场营销、经济管理、金融财政、财务会计、现代物流、国际支付与结算、涉外保险、贸易合同等商务活动。在这些涉外商务领域中所使用的英语一般统称为商务英语，它具有明确的商务特色，是商务沟通的必备语言，所以翻译必须了解商务英语的特征和熟悉商务情境，否则翻译效果就会大打折扣，影响到商务活动，一旦翻译失误或错译，将给委托方造成损失。在这种情况下，高效实用的商务英语翻译起着不可或缺的桥梁作用。 二、商务英语的特点 普通英语词语的商务含义 例如：We will cover All Risks and War Risk for you.
该句子中cover本来是“遮盖，涉及”之意，但在本句商务含义中指“给…投保”。因此该句应翻译为：我们将为你方投保一切险和战争险。 丰富的专业术语 商务内容范围广，涉及国际贸易、经济、金融、保险等多个领域，而每个领域都有自己的专业术语，如国际贸易方面的CIF成本、保险费加运费，B/L提单；经济方面的Gross National Product，demand curve；金融方面的foreign exchange ，Financial Lease；保险方面的Force Majored，Deposit Insurance等。译者必须懂得商务英语所涉及学科领域的相关知识，避免专业术语词汇普通化而造成误解和经济损失。 语言简洁正式，使用缩略词 商务英语作为一种专门用途英语，以传达具体信息为目的，具有简约性的特色，突出的表现就是大量使用缩略词，并以正式的语言表达交易的严肃性及有效性。商务英语的缩略词都在实践中经过了长期使用，已经被人们广泛接受，其意义十分明确，翻译时无需解释。但是要准确地翻译缩略词，则一定要知道缩略词的全称，并且理解其意义。 行文礼貌委婉 商务英语行文力求委婉礼貌。因为商务交流关涉到双方企业形象，委婉礼貌的用语可以使双方在融洽的气氛中交
一.翻译原则 1.忠实原则,即信息对等而不是语意对等 Eg.每年的两届交易会,把全国几乎所有的外贸公司和出口商品集中起来,统一到广州展出,成交,减少了我们到国外推销的支出,外商也可以只派少数人到会选购,不必花大人力到我各口岸寻找生意,节省了买卖双方的费用,深受国外经营各种商品的中小客商的欢迎. The biannual Guangzhou Fair is attended by almost all foreign trade companies in China and presents a great number of export commodities to buyers from abroad. Many transactions are concluded at the fair. As sellers and buyers can all gather in one place to conduct trade talks, the fair apparently saves them a great deal of time and money. This explains why the Guangzhou Fair has long been popular among overseas traders. 2. 准确原则---选词准确,概念表达准确,数码单位准确. 如: 保税区≠Free trade zone 保税仓库≠Tarriff-free warehouse Eg.客商从开发区企业分得的利润汇出境外时,免征所得税. Profits gained by the investors and businessmen from the Development Zone terprises will be exempted from tax when remitted out of China. Eg.如贵方能将尿素报价降至每吨1200美元,我们可以订购150至180吨. If you can reduce your price of Urea to 1,200 dollars per ton, we may consider placing an order of 150-180 tons. 3.统一原则 译名,概念,术语应始终保持统一,不能随意改变译名. 如:基本建设≠basic construction 基本价格≠basic price 4.文化融入 A.注意文化因素---了解中西方文化差异 1)思维方式的不同 中国文化重权威与历史,西方重现实与事实---偏实用. 中国文化重整体,西方偏分析性思维 2) 语言的不同 中国语言重修饰,偏笼统与含糊,西方语言重具体和准确. 谦辞在许多场合被采用,体现了中国文化背景下语用特征之一.
BEC商务英语翻译技巧 为了让大家更好的准备商务英语BEC考试，给大家整理商务英语翻译技巧,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 商务英语翻译技巧 商务英语的文体特征 1. 思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华 正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。长句分词、独立主格结构的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非常适合这种要求。 例如：The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complete ion o f Party A’s plant including the completion of inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.
这是某英文合同文体中的一个句子。这个诗歌并列句，句中主语是work，and连接两个谓语(shall be commenced和shall be completed)。 2.表述简单清楚 商务英语是商务活动的工具，通过阅读文献可以发现：商务英语常用简洁、易懂、规范、正式的词。 这一特点是由国际商务交际的性质决定的，因为国际商务交际非常讲究效益、效率，使用常用的词语便于交易双方的理解和接受;修饰语少，内容上直截了当。偏僻的词汇可能会增加双方沟通障碍，因而不受欢迎。 商务英语的词汇选择讲究精炼、严谨，很少使用口语化的、非正式的、生僻、不规范的词或行话。 了解口语词语和书卷词语在文体风格上的差异有助于实现语言交际的适合性和得体性 3. 模糊性的句法，善用祈使句 商务英语要求准确完整、清楚简洁，但模糊语言的适当使用，能起到积极的效果。语言的模糊性不仅仅体现在词义层面，还应是具体商务活动中句法所表达意义的模糊性。
商务英语翻译技巧与 特点 学生姓名 李世昱 学 号 2014101171 院 系 文 学 院 专 业 广播电视编导 成绩
商务英语翻译技巧与特点 现如今中国综合国力提升，国际地位提高,许多外企希望与中国企业进行合作，而英语作为一种全球性语言，在商务活动中起到了最关键的交流作用。而商务英语由此诞生，同时它是为国际商务活动这一专业学科服务的专门用途的英语，它所涉及的范围相当之广，涉及医疗、交通、保险、金融等许多关键行业，问题复杂。所以，商务英语翻译要求在各个方面都要求对贸易中各个术语使用的准确性，了解各个领域语言的表达特点和表达方法，而对这些的掌握就体现出了一个医者对商务英语翻译的技巧，才能在商务交流中体现它的实际效果 1.商务英语内涵与特点 商务英语是一种特殊用途的专业学科服务的语言，而现今世界全球化趋势、全球经济不断发展的前提下，国与国之间的贸易越来越频繁，在贸易活动中使用的英语我们把它叫做商务英语。而商务英语作为英语的一个特殊功能的变化形式，它具有以下几个特点： ①词汇的运用必须通俗易懂、使用规范、简练而且能表达出来需要表达意思、不必过于华丽。 ②句子表达可能比较冗长稍显复杂，句式完整规范，必须使用正式文本形式如书信体例等。 ③我们在表述一件事或描述一个物件是需要具体且明
确的叙述或形容，不允许打擦边球，乱扯一起或天马行空，避免表述不具体或者难以理解。 示例:Loading on board or shipment on a named vessel may be indicated by preprinted wording on the bill of lading that goods have been loaded on board a named vessel or shipped on a named vessel , in which case the date of issuance of the bill of lading will be deemed to be the date of loading on board and the date of shipment. 译文：装船或装运于记名货船，可以这样表明：即在提单上预先印就这样的文字——货物已装载到记名货船或已装运于记名货船，在此情况下，提单的签发日期即视为装船日和装运日期。。 2.翻译的原则 有了翻译标准或是说原则,我们的翻译才会有理有据有说服力。亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1714-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on Principle of Translation）所阐述的“三原则”： 第一，要求译文应把原文的思想全部表现出来； 其次，译文应与原文语言风格和写作风格还有笔调性质相同； 最后，译文应与原文同样流畅方便阅读。
Unit 1 1.从你的简历和应聘申请书来看，你对营销工作已有相当多的经验。 I see from your résumé and application that you’ve had quite a lot of experience in marketing already. 2.如果你处在我的位置，你希望你的雇员应具备哪些素质？ If you were in my shoes, what sort of qualities you’d look for in your employees? 3.部门经理应该能够主动处理很多事情。 A department manager has to be able to do a lot of things on your own initiative. 4.作为秘书，我做过大量的文字工作，如拟写报告、作会议记录等，而且似乎我的记忆力比一般人强。As a secretary, I’ve had to do quite a lot of paper work, such as handling report writing, keeping minutes at meetings, and I seem to have a better memory than average. 5.从秘书的角度看，我认为和上司共享一个办公室更好，这样对她的上司不太有可能忘记告诉她一些重要的事情。 From the secretary’s point of view I think it’s better to share an office room with her boss so that there’s not much chance of her superior forgetting to let her know about important matters. 6.我工作过的那家公司是一家做营销和公共关系的公司，主要是为在中国投资的外国公司提供咨询。The company where I worked is a marketing and public relations company and they do consultant work for foreign companies investing in China. 7.我想在贵公司会有更多个人发展的机会，而且这里的工作对于我来说更具挑战性。 I feel that I would have more scope and opportunity for personal development in your company and that the work will be more challenging for me. 8.我主要的工作是协助经理安排访问、会议及介绍，并且替他处理信件。 What I basically do is to assist the manager by arranging visits, setting up meetings and presentations and to deal with his correspondence. 9.申请书和简历一样重要，因为申请书通常是申请者和雇主之间第一次直接的接触。 The application letter can be as important as the CV in that it often provides the first direct contact between an applicant and an employer. 10.有效的申请书能说明你对具体单位兴趣的原因，并且辨认出你最相关的技能或经历。 Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Unit2 1.本公司创建于1978年，现在已经成为我国主要的厨房用具出口商之一。 Our company, established in 1978, has now become one of the leading exporters of kitchen appliances in our country. 2.我们在国内有十家专业子公司，在国外有六家常驻办事处。我们在国内还建立了二十多家合资公司。 We have 10 specialist subsidiaries at home and 6 permanent offices abroad. We’ve also set up more than 20 joint ventures in the home market. 3.我们是多元化企业，主要是经营国际贸易、国际运输、劳务输出、房地产等。 We are a diversified company dealing mainly in international trade, international transportation, labor export, real estate and so on. 4.我们从事纺织品经营已经有30多年，并与当地纺织品大厂家及分销商保持密切的联系。 We have been handling textiles for more than 30 years and maintain close contact with large manufacturers and distributors in our area. 5.为了迅速发展，我们组成了多元化战略联盟，使我们能扩大到新的市场领域。 In order to grow rapidly, we’ve formed a diversifying strategic alliance which allows us to expand onto new market areas. 6.我们的目标主要是本地市场，但是我们也在研究进入欧洲市场的可能性。 We mainly target local markets, but we are looking at the possibility of entering the European market. 7.我们公司的领导体系是这样的：首先是合伙人；其次，直接在合伙人之下的是三位合作伙伴，也就是，最上层是两位合伙人和直接在合伙人之下的三个合作伙伴。在合作伙伴之下，我们有高级工程师、初级工程师、绘图员等，一直往下至办公室的勤杂工。 The system of command of our company is that we have the partners, and then we have three associates immediately below the partners, that is, two partners at the top and three associates directly below them. And then below the associate we have senior engineers, junior engineers, drafts-person and so on and so forth, down to the office boy. 8.我们是新成立的公司，只有大约五年的历史。公司共有四十名员工，分布在四个办事处中。 We’re a young company, only about five years old. There are only about 40 people in the company, split amongst four offices. 9. 谈到进口在中国畅销的美国产品，我们作为一家在中国的美国公司，感到比其他公司更有优势。 As an American company in China we find we have an advantage over other companies when it comes to importing American products that are marketable here in China.