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商务英语谈判技巧

商务英语谈判技巧
商务英语谈判技巧

Business Negotiation Skills in English

(商务英语谈判技巧)

Phases of Negotiation

According to Robert Maddux, author of Successful Negotiation, negotiation is the process we use to satisfy our needs when someone else controls what we want. In business negotiations, the two parties endeavor to obtain their business goals through bargaining with their counterparts. Business negotiations are conducted in the following four phases: the preparation phase, opening phase, bargaining phase and closing phase.

Preparation phase

1.Choosing your team

The negotiation team should include members in the following areas: Commercial: responsible for the negotiation on price, delivery terms, and commercial policy of risk taking.

Technical: responsible for specifications, programs, and methods of work.

Financial: terms of payment, credit insurance and financial guarantees.

Legal: contract documents, terms and conditions of contract, insurance and legal interpretation.

Interpreter: familiar with the foreign language needed as well as the negotiation-related knowledge, and having certain communication skills.

The most important role in the team is the chief negotiator (CN), who is supposed to possess the following qualities: sociability, shrewdness, adaptability, patience, endurance. Other than that, extensive knowledge, clear oral expression as well as strong leadership are also important for a CN.

2. Gathering and analyzing information

Valuable information covers the areas in political, legal as well as business system, market research, financial policies, infrastructure and logistics. The knowledge on the counterpart is also necessary. With the information at hand, it is time do a feasibility study to adjust our goals to be achieved.

3. The negotiation plan

The plan defines the negotiating objectives, sets the minimum acceptable level for each term, and states the time control, initial strategy, the tactics and others including the location, personnel and facilities needed. A well-designed plan allows more flexibility in different situations and guides the negotiators through the negotiation process without getting off track.

The opening phase

It is common that the seller submits proposals. Then the buyer confronts with three options: outright acceptance, outright rejection, and qualified rejection,

the last of which is usually the most choice. Once the positions and objectives of both parties are revealed, the negotiators begin to reflect both on the loss they will suffer if they would concede and on the loss they will receive if they would refuse to concede.

The bargaining phase

At this stage, concessions are made and advantages are gained, thus an agreement is to be achieved. Necessarily the team should make a reappraisal of the other party’s concession factor. If the other party concedes more/faster than expected, their real concession factor is greater. Adversely, if the other party concedes less/slower than expected, they are perhaps correct in estimation, or they are simply bluffing. As the negotiation moves to the stage of identifying particular concession exchanges, the negotiators will expect to receive signals which indicate the genuine positions.

The closing phase

Once the seller and the buyer reach an agreement, it is time to draw up the contract. Typically one party prepares the contract listing the agreed upon clauses. The other party makes amendments to the wording to make them more closely reflect the agreement.

Negotiation Strategies and Tactics

Negotiation strategies and tactics are crucial to business negotiation. Generally speaking, strategy may be defined as the overall plan used to gain advantage over the opponent or achieve some end. Tactics may be defined as the means by which the strategic objective is achieved. Once a strategy has been chosen, tactics must be devised to assure that the goals are achieved.

Strategies

There are two basic strategies: offensive and defensive. Offensive strategies are used to take initiative while the defensive ones are to observe and wait until opportunities come and necessary measures be taken. Usually the party with the greatest sense of need will make the initial contact. However, a suitable strategy will only emerge only after the following guidelines are considered:

What is our main goal in the target market?

What are the issues to be negotiated?

What level of agenda control can I or we expect?

Have we analyzed the personal information of our counterparts or their

negotiation history?

Have we analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of both sides?

What is our opening offer and what is the bottom line?

Have we collected enough evidence?

Have we worked out the alternatives for the solution?

Can we afford to say “No”?

What are the alternatives to a completed negotiation?

Tactics

There are two types of tactics commonly used in the negotiation process: offensive and defensive.

Offensive Tactics:

Probe for Insight. Ask value-free, informational questions to find out what the other party’s underlying needs are. Avoid judgmental styles of questioning-even though your first instinct is to use them. How you word these questions will help or hinder you in obtaining responses. For example, if you say, “How did you ever think you could get that objective?” you will simply put the other party on the defensive. But if you say, “I’m not sur e I understand why that objective is so important to you. Can you explain your concerns?” You are far more likely to obtain useful information about the other party’s underlying concerns.

Feign a blow to the east and attack in the west. One party will over emphasize the apparent importance to securing a particular point when their real objective is the exact opposite. Some negotiators are usually suspicious of any proposal made by their counterparts.

Take Tit for tat. It’s an effective tactic to make your counterpart give up. By saying “No”clearly and firmly, you can make an impression that you have made enough concession and will withdraw no longer. Usually the hard-shell approach pushes the deal forward and fools the opponent into making concessions and closing the deal.

Control the written record.Seize the opportunity to get the word in by volunteering to prepare the minutes of the meeting, the draft of the report, or the summary of the discussion.

Even when a written report isn’t required, you ca n still take it upon yourself to play this role by simply writing a follow-up letter or e-mail to the other party.

For example, if you’ve just had a telephone discussion with a supplier, follow it up with a quick e-mail stating, “Nice to speak with you today. Here’s a quick note to help me remember what we decided in our phone conversation.” Unless they refuse the written version, they’ve tacitly accepted it.

By the way, this is a great tactic for dealing with difficult bosses. So long as the written follow-up is polite and respectful, your boss will probably let you get away with documenting things like your job assignments and performance feedback that you have an interest in securing. Then you don’t have to say later on, “But I thought you said…” Yo u – and your boss – will know what was said.

Develop alternatives. It’s so easy to develop alternatives, but most negotiators never do, which means you can gain a significant advantage by specializing in this simple tactic.

For example, suppose you call a resort hotel to make a reservation for a conference that requires you to stay for two nights over a weekend – only to find that the hotel’s policy requires a three – night stay. You could grin and bear it, paying for the extra night you don’t need. Ma ny guests do –that’s why the resort persists in the policy. But why not develop alternatives? First, ask to speak to a supervisor (who presumably would have the authority to negotiate), and then ask her/him politely to give you the names and numbers of other hotels nearby in case you can’t get the reservation you want.

This innocent question, followed by a momentary pause in which you write down the numbers, puts you in a better opening position by letting the point sink in that you can very well take your business elsewhere. And it takes only a moment and no additional calls since the information about alternatives is solicited from the other party. When the dust settles you should get what you want – an exception to the policy –because you have invoked the threat of exercising your alternatives.

Nibbling. Nibbling is among the most popular of negotiation tactics. The actual strategy is to continue the negotiations after the deal is supposedly done. This tactic is most effective when a great deal of time has been spend finalizing the negotiation and the other party has invested a great deal of time into it. For instance, if you are buying a piece of property, after the deal is finalized you may ask for other accommodations that were not originally part of the plan for the property that you purchased. This can be a fairly risky tactic although a large majority of individuals will not renege on the deal after so much time has been put into it. If you choose to try the nibbling technique, you may not want to ask for too much as this can break down the entire process.

Defensive tactics:

Silence is golden. You can’t give anything away if you don’t talk. In fact, how much you give away is generally proportional to how much you talk. That means the one who talks the most, loses.

So why is it so hard to shut and listen in a negotiation? It isn’t hard for everybody. Many Japanese negotiators are comfortable with long periods of silence – a cultural difference that gives them a natural edge over more talkative Americans.

Let’s think quietly about that for a minute. (Wait one minute before moving on).

Okay. We’re back. Did you squirm a little while we were sitting here silently? Were you tempted to fill the void? Most people are. Leave a thoughtful gap in the conversation and you might simply hear some useful information about their concerns. Whatever you hear, it is likely to help you understand the other party and design your next move. And even if you hear nothing of value, you can still have the

satisfaction of knowing that by being quiet you gave away nothing of value.

Help the other party save face. If the other party made a commitment that it now needs to abandon, it is usually an astute move on your part to help them save face. This is where you will need to be less competitive than you might expect. If you keep the pressure on them, they are likely to either lock in to their unreasonable position and refuse to budge, or they will feel so embarrassed that they may plot to get even with you later.

Instead, we recommend that you help them save face. You might allow them to change their offer, find a way for them to be flexible without looking foolish, say that this is being done for the greater good, or make some other generous and supportive statement. If constituencies are involved, you might actively compliment the other party so that their constituency can overhear.

After you! “Let’s compromise.” How many times has someone said those famous words as an invitation to strike a quick, simple deal when a conflict bogs things down? By saying, “Let’s compromise,” you immediately signal your willingness to expedite the resolution of the problem.

But don’t stop there. In the “after you” tactic, you say, “Let’s compromise. What do you think is fair? This invites the other party to make the first concession. And it sets the bottom limit on what you’ll have to give up. It also gives you the opportunity to simply say so –if their offer is clearly more than twice as low as your target. If so, po litely say something like “Maybe compromising isn’t such a good idea after all.” Postpone the compromise, treating the first round as a trial balloon. Then try to initiate a compromise later on with a more favorable opening (using the same after you tactic).

But most likely, the other party’s opening offer will be reasonable, and you can start bargaining from there. If they want a compromise, too, they will make a reasonable or even generous opening offer. By letting them go first, you often get a more favorable outcome than if you had made the first offer.

Buying time with accommodation. Will Rogers once said that “Diplomacy is the art of saying ‘Nice doggie’ until you can find a rock.” Sometimes you feel very strongly about the outcome, but haven’t the strength to press for a satisfactory settlement through a Competitive, Compromising, or Collaborative negotiating style at the moment. Maybe you lack support because you haven’t been able to get in touch with your management or some other powerful constituency. Perhaps you are waiting for information, funding, or other resources to arrive. Whatever the problem, your hands are tied behind your back.

In which case, you can use an accommodating-for-now approach to delay the negotiation. The way to us e this tactic is to make it clear that , while you don’t agree, you will go along with the other party for now –and discuss it again later on. Use wording like “for now” and “until I have time to look into it” or “it’s okay for now, but I’m not satisfied with it and we will have to go into it later.”

Such phrasing makes it clear that you are using the accommodating-for-now tactic, and have reserved the right to negotiate later on.

To conclude, different strategies and tactics are employed to serve different situations which are subject to change constantly, thus flexibility and adaptability in negotiation is advisable. Of course there are certainly other tactics involved, which can be drawn from the real negotiation practice.

Practice:

1. Read the following two simulated negotiation, and analyze what negotiation tactics are employed by the Party B.

A Negotiation on Price

A: Perhaps we could turn to the question of price today. As I said earlier in our discussions, we are willing to place a trial order of one shipload, say 25,000——30,000 tons. Could I have your lowest quotation, please?

B: Yes, I’d be delighted, but before we discuss price, I’d like to say a few words about the market situation.

A: Please do.

B: Soybeans in Europe enjoy an increasing demand. The prices have advanced over 10% during the last 12 months. The market is firm with an upward trend.

A: You could be right, but if you take a closer look at the international market situation, you’ll find that the supply of soybean is more than enough to meet the demand. The main producing countries, like the United States, have increased their production drastically. At the moment there are more soybeans around than they can find the market for. It is estimated that the market will continue to be weak. B: Well, you will appreciate that the European market is slightly different from that of the United States.

A: Yes, but we must also bear in mind the fact that all of us are operating in a highly competitive global market, in which we have been forced to cut our prices from time to time to win business.

B: Well, that’s true.

A: Now, Mr. B, if your price compares favorably with those of other suppliers, I have good reason to believe that we could place regular orders with you.

B: Thank you, Mr. A. as we are anxious to do business with you, we are prepared to give you a special first order price, which is .$508 per ton FOB.

A: Thank you for the offer. Unfortunately, your price appears to be on the high side, I’d like to suggest that you could perhaps make some reduction that would help to introduce your product into our market.

B: I ’m sorry to hear that you find our price to high. As a matter of fact, the quoted price leaves us with only a small profit margin. If it were not for the large orders we are anticipating, we could not have quoted even at that price.

A: I think I should be quite frank with you. The quotation we received this morning from a . supplier is . $500 per ton.

B: Ah, the Americans again. The problem with us is that we have to import some raw materials from abroad, which adds a great deal to our cost. By comparison, the

Americans are in a more advantageous position. They don’t have to import the raw materials. They have plenty of it in the States. Considering the high production cost, we don’t fell that the price we quoted is all that expensive.

A: I appreciate you position, but we really can’t afford to accept like that. The South Korea soybean goes at . $ 495.

B: I see what you mean. Can you give us a counter-offer?

A: Yes, of course. We are willing to pay .$500 per ton FOB for delivery with 4 weeks of order. I hope you will be able to take advantage of this exceptional offer. Please understand that we can’t leave it open for more than 48 hours. You may decide now or telephone your acceptance later.

B: Did you say 500?

A: Precisely.

B: Well. I will have to consult my board. I can’t give my final word until I speak to them. Can I use your telephone?

A: Yes, please do.

B: It gives me great pleasure to tell you that we’ve decided to accept your counter-offer.

A: Good. I am sure you have made the right decision. I am glad we’ve struck the first deal, and I look forward to many years of fruitful cooperation.

B: So do I

2. A Negotiation on Delivery

A: Now we have settled the terms of payment. Is it possible to effect shipment during September?

B: I don’t think we can

A: then when is earliest we can expect shipment?

B: By the middle of October, I think.

A: It’s too late you see. November is the season for this commodity in our market, and our cus tomer’s formalities are rather complicated.

B: I understand.

A: well, the flow through the marketing channels and the red tape involved take at least a couple of weeks. Thus, after shipment it will be altogether four to five weeks before the goods can reach our retailers, the goods must therefore be shipped before October, or we won’t be ready for the season.

B: but our factories are fully committed for the third quarter. In fact, many of our clients are placing orders for delivery in the fourth quarter.

A: Mr. Li, you certainly realize that time of delivery is a matter of great importance to us. If we place our goods on the market at a time when all other importers have already sold their goods at profitable prices, we shall lose out.

B: I see your point. However, we have done more business this year than any of the previous years. I am very sorry to say that we cannot advance the time of delivery. This is too bad, but I sincerely hope you will give our request your special

consideration.

B: You may take it from me that the last thing we want to do is to disappoint a customer, particularly an old customer like you. But the fact remains that our manufactures have a heavy hack log on hand.

A: But can’t you find some way to get round your producers for an earlier delivery? Make a special effort, please. A timely delivery means a lot to us.

B: All right, Mr. B, we’ll get in touch with our producers and see they have to say.

A: I am waiting for the good news.

B: We’ll give you a definite answer tomorrow.

2. Generate a simulated negotiation and present it in the class. Refer to the following list of words that are commonly used in negotiation.

Would anyone like something to drink before we begin?在我们正式开始前,大家喝点什么吧?

We are here to solve problems. 我们是来解决问题的。

We’ll come out from this meeting as winners. 这次会谈的结果将是一个双赢。

I hope this meeting is productive. 我希望这是一次富有成效的会谈。

I need more information. 我需要更多的信息。

Not in the long run. 从长远来说并不是这样。

Let me explain to you why . 让我给你一个解释一下原因。很好的转折,又可磨炼自己的耐心。

That’s the basic problem. 这是最基本的问题。

Lets compromise. 让我们还是各退一步吧。

The longer we wait ,the less likely we will come up with anything. 时间拖得越久,我们成功的机会就越少。

Are you negotiable?你还有商量的余地吗?

Im sure there is some room for negotiation. 我肯定还有商量的余地。

We have another plan. 我们还有一个计划。

We could add it to the agenda. 我们可以把它也列入议程。

Our position on the issue is very simple. 我们的意见很简单。

We can work out the details next time. 我们可以下次再来解决细节问题。

Lets dismiss and return in an hour. 咱们休会,一个钟头后再回来。

I suggest that we take a break. 建议休息一下。

Works referred:

By Thomas Noble of Law Offices of Thomas Noble, . The Fast Forward MBA in Negotiating and Deal Making (Fast Forward MBA Series) by Roy J. Lewicki, Alexander Hiam, Paperback - 288 pages, (October 1998) John Wiley & Sons; ISBN: 06

4. Negotiation Strategy: Planning Is Critical By Cathy Cronin-Harris Business Negotiation. Chief ed.: Yu Muhong and Zhang Ruwen. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, July, 200

5.

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谈判技巧培训心得体会 谈判对于我们每一位员工都很重要,而想要获得双赢的结果则要有一定的谈判技巧和谈判方式方法,非常有幸参加公司组织的这场谈判技巧的课程,同时也非常感谢公司领导对员工培训的重视,这也是提高我们工作能力与工作素质的一个机会。 通过课程我学习到了以下几个方面: 1、要有一定的谈判技巧,主要是掌握谈判心理。 所谓谈判就是让别人支持我们从他们那里获得我们想要的东西的一个过程,这个过程中我们会遇见种种阻扰我们前进的障碍。要想越过这些障碍也要保持一种把控对方心理的能力,这既是一种谈判也是一种心理战术。谈判没有谁赢,只有双赢或者双输,没有真正的胜利者,只有双方都达到了各自的目的,并且在这个结果达成以后能够获得利益。与对方谈判要掌握一定的技巧,要先了解自己行业的动态,了解公司的产品和资源,熟悉客户的行业资源,对谈判对手有一个深入的了解,这样在谈判过程中才能更好的与客户进行良好的沟通。 2、有效的沟通、倾听。 所谓的沟通就是为了设定的目标,把信息、思想和情感在人或者人群中传递,并达成共同协议的过程。有效的沟通有利于我们和客户之间互相了解彼此的情况,要正确的了解他人的感受和情绪,做到互相理解、关怀和感情上的融洽。 3、有效的判断客户类型进行谈判。 有效的判断客户类型是我们谈判的一个基础,在谈判中会遇见这 样的几种人和角色:首席代表、白脸、红脸、强硬派、清道夫。谈判桌上要学会察言观色,能够有力的分析出谁是主要的角色,而同时我们自己又应该扮演怎样的一个角色,对于这一点是我在以后的工作需要不断地努力学习的,一个好的谈判高手要拥有的素质需要不断地学习和培养。 课程的内容很多,这些精华对我来说有着很大的触动。原来谈判可以这样的有趣,与人交流其实是我们每天必须经历的。可是怎样交流如何交流,运用这种谈判的知识,会让我们的工作更加的顺畅,更加愉快。同时也会给我们一种巨大的荣誉感,积极主动地面对我们的生活,懂得包容、理解、关心和爱,我们的幸福指数篇二:谈判技巧培训课程 /retype/zoom/5ace23dcbb4cf7ec4bfed013?pn=1&x=0&y=0&raww=731&rawh=141&o=jpg_6_0__ _____&type=pic&aimh=92.58549931600547&md5sum=97ebd21b2d231b883c9c46e6d501f08e&si gn=4dd9a0752a&zoom=&png=0-7085&jpg=0-7907" target="_blank">点此查看课程大纲 第一讲:道篇-谈判的基本认知 1.谈判的基本认知 ◆谈判的基本定义 ◆审视谈判的局 2.谈判对手的分析 ◆微行为心理学 ◆东西方人格分析 3.谈判的筹码 ◆什么是筹码 ◆常见的筹码 ◆不给也是一种筹码 ◆如何增加自己的筹码 4.谈判让步的艺术

8条最基本的商务谈判技巧

谈判就是为了最终的双赢而不断交流的过程,但是这个交流不是简简单单没有任何技术含量的随便聊天,而是需要谈判双方共谋达成一致结果的互相争取和让步。但是无论如何,商务谈判中你都要谨记这8条最重要的谈判技巧,没有这些技巧,我想你的谈判生涯不知道将要怎样开始或怎样结束! 1.有主动谈判的意识: 许多人都羞于谈钱,认为太鲁莽或无关紧要。但我们不得不去,特别是买房、买车、找工作时。如果别人看出你没有勇气,就会利用这一点。 2.不感情用事: 很多事只有感觉双方自愿才能谈妥。如果对方感觉受了攻击或不喜欢你,他们可以也不会服输。保持冷静、耐心、友善,即使对方失去冷静你也要控制住。 3.不要总是限于“规则”中: 给你一份协议要去签,你不但可以指出不同意什么,还可以写上自己想要什么。没有法规说协议不能加东西,如果对方不乐意,就让我知道,一起解决,不要说什么不能改。房产商、招聘人员、汽车推销员等有经验的谈判人员知道大多数人总是遵守规则,他们就会利用它做出限制。 4.永远不要做提出数字的第一个人: 比如当对方问你出价时,反问“这个协议的预算是多少?“别人给出的答案会比你期望的还要好。 5.比你期盼得到的要求更多: 只要别人给出的数,哪怕超出你的预期,要说“我认为还有这更好的”,不要冒犯,镇定的说。没有人愿意放弃已经开始的谈判,你要让大多数人相信他们已经胜过你,要你从“不现实的期望”中让步了。 5.让他们相信不光由你来下最终决定: 许多人总想快速结束谈判,不耐心就会吃亏。最好的办法是让他们相信一些他们不要在和你谈,而是和一些“权威”。如说“好的,但我明确答复你前我要和我的老板、爱人、搭档谈谈” 7.不要表现的太专注: 让他们感觉你随时可以离开找更好的交易。

国际商务英语谈判技巧

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