《会计学原理》名词解释
1.Accounting: is an information and measurement system that
identifies records and communicates relevant reliable and comparable information about an organization’s business activities.(P2)
2.Managerial accounting: is the area of accounting that serves
the decision-marking needs of internal users.(P4)
3.Events: refer to happenings that affect an entity’s
accounting equation and can be reliably measured.(P11) 4.External user: of accounting information are not directly
involved in running the organization.(P3)
5.Internal user: of accounting information are those directly
efficiency and effectiveness of an organization.(P4)
6.Ethics: are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They
are accepted standards of good and bad behavior.(P5)
7.Cost principle: means that accounting information is based
on actual cost.(P7)
8.Revenue recognition principle: provides guidance on when a
company must recognize revenue.(P7)
9.Matching principle: prescribes that a company must records
its expenses incurred to generate the revenue reported.(P7) 10.Going-concerning assumption: means that accounting
information reflects a presumption that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold.(P7) 11.Audit: through review of an organization’s accounting
records and accounting reports and return make by the analysis.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1317965772.html, income:amount a business earns after paying all
expenses and costs associated with its sales and revenues.(P15)
13.Income statement: describes a company’s revenues and
expenses along with the resulting net income or loss over
a period time due to earnings activities.(P14)
14.Statement of owner’s equity: explains changes in equity
from net income (or loss) and from any owner investments and withdrawals over a period of time.(P14)
15.Balance sheet: describ es a company’s financial
position (types and amounts of assets liabilities and equity) at a point in time.(P15)
16.Statement of cash flows: identifies cash inflows
(receipts) and cash outflows (payments) over a period of time.(P15)
17.Owner’s withdrawals account: the account used to record
the transfers of assets from a business to its owner. (P31)
18.Liabilities: is what a company owes its no owners
(creditors) in future payments, products, or services.(P10)
19.Accounting equation: Assets=Liabilities + Equity.(P10)
20.Accrued expense: refer to costs that are incurred in a
period but are both unpaid and unrecorded.(P66)
21.Operating cycle: is the time span from when cash is used
to acquire goods and services until cash is received from the sale of goods and services. (P96)
22.Shareholders (investors): are the owners of a
corporation. (P3)
23.Current radio: a ratio used to help evaluate a company’s
ability to pay its debts in the near future.
24.Merchandise inventory: refers to products that a company
owns and intends to sell.(P113)
25.Cash discount: reduction in a receivable or payable if
it is paid within the discount period. sellers can grant a cash discount to discourage buyers to pay earlier(P137) 26.Gross profit: also called Gross margin, which equals net
sales cost of goods sold.(P137)
27.Credit period: the amount of time allowed before full
payment is due.(P137)
28.Acid-test ratio: a ratio used to assets a company’s
ability to pay its current liabilities; defined by current liabilities.
29.Selling expense: include the expenses of promoting sales
by displaying and advertising merchandise, making sales, and delivering goods to customers.(P124)
30.General and administrative expense: support a company’s
overall operations and include expenses related to accounting, human resource management, and financial management.(P124)
31.Time period assumption: presumes that the life of a
company can be divided into time periods, such as months and years, and that useful reports can be prepared for those periods.(P7)
32.Account receivable: are held by a seller and decreased
by customers to sellers.(P29)
33.Prepaid account (also called prepaid expenses): are
assets that represent prepayments of future expenses (not current expenses). (P29)
34.Unearned revenue: refers to a liability that is settled
in the future when a company delivers its products or services.(P30)
35.Accrued liabilities: is the company’s debt owed. For
example, salaries payable, taxes payable, and interest payable and so on.(P31)
36. Purchase discount: purchaser’s description of a cash
discount received from a supplier of goods.(P137)
37.Sales discount: seller’s description of a cash discount
granted to buyers in return for early payment.(P137)
38.Trade discount: reduction below list or catalog price hat
is negotiated in setting the price of goods.(P137)
39.FOB shipping point (FOB factory): means the buyer accepts
ownership when the goods depart the seller’s place of business.(P117)
40.FOB destination: means ownership of goods transfers to
the buyer when the goods arrive at the buyer’s place of business. (P117)
41.Credit terms: for a purchase include the amounts and
timing of payments from a buy to a seller.(P114)
42.Current assets: are cash and other resources that are
expected to be sold, collect, or used within one year or the company’s operating cycle, whichever is longer.(P97) 43.Plant assets: refers to long-term tangible assets used
to produce and sell products and services.(P98)
44.Long-term investment: notes receivable and investments
in stocks and bonds are long-term assets when they are expected to be held for more than the longer of one year or the operating cycle.(P98)
45.Intangible assets: are long-term resources that benefit
business operations, usually lack physical form, and have uncertain benefits. (P98)
46.Current liabilities: are obligations due to be paid or
settled within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer.(P98)
47.Long-term liabilities: are obligations not due within
one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer.(P98) 48.Accounting cycle: refers to the steps in preparing
financial statements.(P95)
49.Temporary (or nominal) accounts: accumulate data related
to one accounting period.(P91)
50.Permanent (or real) accounts: report on activities
related to one or more future accounting periods.(P91)
A (1)ABC 作业基础成本计算 A (2)absorbed overhead 已吸收制造费用 A (3)absorption costing 吸收成本计算 A (4)account 帐户,报表 A (5)accounting postulate 会计假设 A (6)accounting series release 会计公告文件 A (7)accounting valuation 会计计价 A (8)account sale 承销清单 A (9)accountability concept 经营责任概念 A (10)accountancy 会计职业 A (11)accountant 会计师 A (12)accounting 会计 A (13)agency cost 代理成本 A (14)accounting bases 会计基础 A (15)accounting manual 会计手册 A (16)accounting period 会计期间 A (17)accounting policies 会计方针 A (18)accounting rate of return 会计报酬率 A (19)accounting reference date 会计参照日 A (20)accounting reference period 会计参照期间A (21)accrual concept 应计概念 A (22)accrual expenses 应计费用
A (23)acid test ration 速动比率(酸性测试比率) A (24)acquisition 购置 A (25)acquisition accounting 收购会计 A (26)activity based accounting 作业基础成本计算A (27)adjusting events 调整事项 A (28)administrative expenses 行政管理费 A (29)advice note 发货通知 A (30)amortization 摊销 A (31)analytical review 分析性检查 A (32)annual equivalent cost 年度等量成本法 A (33)annual report and accounts 年度报告和报表A (34)appraisal cost 检验成本 A (35)appropriation account 盈余分配帐户 A (36)articles of association 公司章程细则 A (37)assets 资产 A (38)assets cover 资产保障 A (39)asset value per share 每股资产价值 A (40)associated company 联营公司 A (41)attainable standard 可达标准 A (42)attributable profit 可归属利润 A (43)audit 审计 A (44)audit report 审计报告
1. Accounting is an information and measurement system that identifies, records, and communicates relevant, reliable, and comparable information about an organization's business activities. 2. Bookkeeping is the recording of transactions and events and is only part of accounting. 3. An accounting information system communicates data to help businesses make better decisions. 4. Managerial accounting is the area of accounting that provides internal reports to assist the decision making needs of internal users. 5. Internal operating activities include research and development, distribution, and human resources. 6. The primary objective of financial accounting is to provide general purpose financial statements to help external users analyze and interpret an organization's activities. 7. External auditors examine financial statements to verify that they are prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles. 8. External users include lenders, shareholders, customers, and regulators. 9. Regulators often have legal authority over certain activities of organizations. 10. Internal users include lenders, shareholders, brokers and managers. 11. Opportunities in accounting include auditing, consulting, market research, and tax planning. 12. Identifying the proper ethical path is easy. 13. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) requires each issuer of securities to disclose whether is has adopted a code of ethics for its senior financial officers and the contents of that code. 14. The fraud triangle asserts that there are three factors that must exist for a person to commit fraud; these factors are opportunity, pressure, and rationalization. 15. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) does not require public companies to apply both accounting oversight and stringent internal controls. 16. A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. 17. Owners of a corporation are called shareholders or stockholders. 18. In the partnership form of business, the owners are called stockholders. 19. The balance sheet shows a company’s net income or loss due to earnings activities over a period of time. 20. The Financial Accounting Standards Board is the private group that sets both broad and specific accounting principles. 21. The business entity principle means that a business will continue operating for an indefinite period of time. 22. Generally accepted accounting principles are the basic assumptions, concepts, and guidelines for preparing financial statements. 23. The business entity assumption means that a business is accounted for separately from other business entities, including its owner or owners. 24. As a general rule, revenues should not be recognized in the accounting records until it is received in cash.
第一章总论 会计是经济管理活动的重要组成部分。它是以提高经济效益为目标，以货 币为主要计量单位，运用专门方法，对企、事业单位的经济活动进行核算和监 督的一种经济管理活动。 会计的特点： 1 会计是经济管理活动的重要组成部分——本质 2 以货币为主要计量单位来表示的有关单位的经济活动——对象 3 核算和监督——基本职能 4提高经济效益——目标 会计的基本职能 核算：也称为反映职能。就是对企、事业单位所发生或完成的经济业务进行全面、连续、系统的记录和反映。 监督：就是对所核算的经济业务的合法性、合规性和有效性进行审核和检查。 会计核算的方法（7个） 设置帐户复式记帐成本计算财产清查填制和审核凭证登记帐簿编制会计报表 会计核算的基本前提 会计主体：会计为之服务的特定单位 持续经营：以正常生产经营活动为前提 会计分期：人为地将持续不断的生产经营活动划分为若干时期 货币计量：以货币作为主要计量单位（派生出：币值不变假设） 权责发生制:凡属本期实现的收益或已发生的费用，不论款项是否收付，都应 作本期的收益和费用；凡不属于本期的收益和费用，即使款项已在本期收付， 都不应作为本期的收入和费用。亦应付制，应计基础。（权责发生制举例：某企业3月29日销售产品，并向银行办理了托收，4月2日接到银行通知款项收到。现收现付制：3月份不作处理，4月份作现金增加、产品销售收入增加处理。权责发生制：3月份作债权增加、产品销售收入增加处理；4月份作现金增加、债权减少处理。） 第二章设置账户和复式记账原理 会计要素：对会计对象的简单分类叫会计要素。包括：资产、负债、所有者 权益、收入、费用和利润六个会计要素。
【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增
You already know that receivables arise from a variety of claims against customers and others, and are generally classified as current or noncurrent based on expectations about the amount of time it will take to collect them. The majority of receivables are classified as trade receivables , which arise from the sale of products or services to customers. Such trade receivables are carried in the Accounts Receivable account. Nontrade receivables arise from other transactions and events, including advances to employees and utility company deposits. To one degree or another, many business transactions result in the extension of credit. Purchases of inventory and supplies will often be made on account. Likewise, sales to customers may directly (by the vendor offering credit) or indirectly (through a bank or credit card company) entail the extension of credit. While the availability of credit facilitates many business transactions, it is also costly. Credit providers must conduct investigations of credit worthiness, and monitor collection activities. In addition, the creditor must forego alternative uses of money while credit is extended. Occasionally, a creditor will get burned when the borrower refuses or is unable to pay. Depending on the nature of the credit relationship, some credit costs may be offset by interest charges. And, merchants frequently note that the availability of credit entices customers to make a purchase decision. Banks and financial services companies have developed credit cards that are widely accepted by many merchants, and eliminate the necessity of those merchants maintaining separate credit departments. Popular examples include MasterCard, Visa, and American Express. These credit card companies earn money off of these cards by charging merchant fees (usually a formula-based percentage of sales) and assess interest and other charges against the users. Nevertheless, merchants tend to welcome their use because collection is virtually assured and very timely (oftentimes same day funding of the transaction is made by the credit card company). In addition, the added transaction cost is offset by a reduction in the internal costs associated with maintaining a credit department.THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF SELLING ON CREDIT CREDIT SALES CREDIT CARDS chapter 7 Accounts Receivable Principles of https://www.doczj.com/doc/1317965772.html, Your goals for this “receivables” chapter are to learn about:The costs and benefits of selling on credit.Accounting considerations for uncollectible receivables.Alternative approaches to account for uncollectibles.Notes receivable and interest, including dishonored obligations. ? ? ? ?
宏观经济学 第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量 Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. 微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。 Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值 Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing. 消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。 Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing. 投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government. 政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。 Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports) 净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。 Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。 GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. GDP平减指数：用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。
会计的基本概念 (一)会计的概念 考试内容：了解财务会计和管理会计的概念及两者的主要联系和区别。 会计是以货币为主要计量单位，采用专门的技术方法，通过对单位的全部资金运动进行系统、客观、及时地进行确认、计量和报告的一种经济管理活动。 现代会计以企业会计为核心，形成财务会计与管理会计两大分支。 财务会计与管理会计根本的区别是对外提供还是对内提供决策所需的信息。 (二)会计的职能 考试内容：掌握会计的职能。 会计具有核算和监督两项基本职能。 1.会计的核算职能 核算职能是会计的最基本职能。会计核算具有完整性、连续性和系统性的特点。 2.会计的监督职能 会计监督包括事前、事中和事后监督。 会计的核算职能和监督职能是不可分割的。核算是基本的、首要的，核算是监督的前提;会计监督保证会计核算的正确性。
现代会计的职能还包括预测、决策、评价等。 (三)会计的对象 考试内容：掌握会计的对象。 会计的对象是会计所核算和监督的内容，即会计的客体。会计的对象是企业的资金运动，包括资金投入、资金周转、资金退出三个基本环节，或供应、生产和销售三个过程。 财务会计的对象通常是已发生的经济活动，管理会计的对象是未来的经济活动，主要是预期的价值增值活动或现金流动。 会计的目标 (一)会计的目标 考试内容：掌握会计的目标。 在市场经济条件下，会计的一般目标是向企业内部管理部门和企业外部与企业有利害关系的主体提供决策所需要的会计信息及其与之相关的其他财务信息。 (二)会计信息的使用者 考试内容：熟悉会计信息的主要使用者。 企业会计信息的使用者包括企业内部管理人员和外部利益关系人两大类。 1.企业内部管理人员
经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.
《会计学原理》名词解释 1.Accounting: is an information and measurement system that identifies records and communicates relevant reliable and comparable information about an organization’s business activities.(P2) 2.Managerial accounting: is the area of accounting that serves the decision-marking needs of internal users.(P4) 3.Events: refer to happenings that affect an entity’s accounting equation and can be reliably measured.(P11) 4.External user: of accounting information are not directly involved in running the organization.(P3) 5.Internal user: of accounting information are those directly efficiency and effectiveness of an organization.(P4) 6.Ethics: are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior.(P5) 7.Cost principle: means that accounting information is based on actual cost.(P7) 8.Revenue recognition principle: provides guidance on when a company must recognize revenue.(P7) 9.Matching principle: prescribes that a company must records its expenses incurred to generate the revenue reported.(P7) 10.Going-concerning assumption: means that accounting
会计学原理复习知识要点 第一章总论 第一节会计的含义、职能与目标 一、会计的含义 （一）会计的概念: 会计是以货币作为主要计量尺度，对一定单位的经济业务进行确认、计量、记录、和汇总，向有关方面报告财务会计信息的一种经济管理活动。 以货币作为主要计量尺度——货币计量假设 一定单位——会计主体 确认、计量、记录和汇总——会计程序和方法 经济业务——会计的对象 提供财务信息——会计目标和职能 一种管理活动——会计的本质属性 二、会计的基本职能——核算职能与监督职能 1、核算职能的特点有哪些？； 2、监督职能的特点有哪些？； 3、两种职能之间的关系如何？ 三、会计的目标： （1）为什么提供会计信息[why]；（2）向哪些人提供会计信息 [who]；（3）什么是有用的会计信息 [what] 第二节会计对象和会计要素 一、会计对象（以货币表现的经济活动） 制造业： G——W……P……W’—— G’筹集资金——购进——生产——销售——收回资金 商品流通企业： G——W——G’筹集资金——购进——销售——收回资金 二、会计要素 六大会计要素：资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用、利润 （一）反映财务状况的要素——资产 1、资产的定义:是指过去的交易或事项形成并由企业拥有或者控制的，预期会给企业带来经济利益资源。 2、资产的特征：（1）为企业所拥有的或者控制的（2）能给企业带来经济利益（3）由过去的交易或事项形成 Q问题：下列各项属于资产吗？为什么？ 融资租入固定资产经营租入固定资产长期闲置固定资产合同或协议购买固定资产代销商品 3、资产的分类本课程涉及的资产的分类项目（主要项目）：（按资产流动性强弱划分）：流动资产和非流动资产（二）反映财务状况的要素——负债 1、负债的定义:是过去的交易或者事项形成的预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。 2、负债的特征：（1）是过去交易或事项形成的现时义务； （2）偿还义务的履行会导致经济利益的流出；（3）能够用货币计量。 3、负债的分类:按偿还期长短分为：流动负债和非流动负债 （三）反映财务状况的要素——所有者权益 1、所有者权益的定义:指企业资产扣除负债后由所有者享有的剩余权益。 2、所有者权益的特征（1）是所有者对企业净资产享有的权利； （2）不是一个独立要素，依赖于资产和负债的计量。 3、所有者权益的分类: 包括：实收资本（股本）、资本公积、盈余公积和未分配利润。 反映财务状况的会计要素之间的关系: 资产=负债＋所有者权益或：资产=权益 （四）反映经营成果的要素——收入 1、收入的定义:企业在日常活动中（如销售商品、提供劳务及让渡资产使用权）形成的、会导致所有者权益增加的、与投资者投入资本无关的经济利益的总流入。包括主营业务收入和其他业务收入。
经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)
经济术语 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价price 码头费wharfage 总值total value 卸货费landing charges 金额amount 关税customs duty 净价net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price 国际市场价格world (International)Marketpr ice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight
public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的
名词解释 1、会计要素：是对会计对象的基本分类，是会计对象的具体化，是反映会计主体的财务状况和经营成果的基本单位。 2、会计分录：是表明某项经济业务应借、应贷账户及其金额的记录。 3、会计科目：是对会计对象的具体内容即会计要素进一步分类核算的项目。 4、账户：是对会计要素进行分类核算的工具，它以会计科目为名称，并具有一定的格式，反映会计要素增减变动及其结果的工具。 5、存货：是指企业在正常的生产经营过程中持有的以备销售或耗用的各种实物性资产。 6、复式记账法：指对发生的每一项经济业务，都以相等的金额，在相互关联的两个或两个以上账户中进行登记的记账方法。 7、未达账项：是指银行与企业之间，由于凭证传递上的时间差，导致一方入账而另一方尚未入账的项目。 8、财务费用：是指企业为筹集生产经营所需资金而发生的各项费用，包括银行借款利息支出（减存款的利息收入）、汇总损失（减兑损失（减汇兑收益）以及相关的手续费。 9、贴现：指银行承兑汇票的持票人在汇票到期日前，为了取得资金，贴付一定利息将票据权利转让给银行的票据行为，是持票人向银行融通资金的一种方式。 10、折旧：（固定资产折旧）：是指固定资产的使用寿命内，按照确定的方法对应计提折旧额进行的分摊。
11、实收资本：是指企业实际收到的投资者投入的资本，它是企业所有者权益中的主要部分。 简答题 会计的六大要素及其特征： 一、资产：是指过去的交易、事项形式并由企业拥有或者控制的资源，该资源预期会给企业带来经济利益。 （1）资产是一项由过去的交易或者事项形成的资源。 （2）资产必须由某一特定主体所拥有或控制。 （3）资产能为给企业带来预期的经济利益。 二、负债：是指过去的交易，事项形式的现时义务，履行该义务预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。 1.引起负债的交易或事项已经发生，即负债是现有的负债，而不是预期的负债； 2.负债的清偿预期会导致经济利益流出企业（牺牲）。 三、所有者权益：是指所有者在企业资产中享有的经济利益，其金额为资产减去负债后的余额。 1.除非发生减资，清算等事项，企业不需要偿还所有者权益。 2.企业在清算时，只在清偿所有的负债后，所有者权益才可以给
《会计学原理》名词解释Accounting: is an information and measurement system that identifies records and communicates relevant reliable and comparable information about an organization’s business activities.(P2) Managerial accounting: is the area of accounting that serves the decision-marking needs of internal users.(P4) Events: refer to happenings that affect an entity’s accounting equation and can be reliably measured.(P11) External user: of accounting information are not directly involved in running the organization.(P3) Internal user: of accounting information are those directly efficiency and effectiveness of an organization.(P4) Ethics: are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior.(P5) Cost principle: means that accounting information is based on actual cost.(P7) Revenue recognition principle: provides guidance on when a company must recognize revenue.(P7) Matching principle: prescribes that a company must records its expenses incurred to generate the revenue reported.(P7)
会计学原理知识整理-第一讲 第一章．总论 第一节．会计及其生产与发展 一．会计的含义与特点 1.从会计的工作来看，会计可以被认为是采用专门的方法，对一个单位的经济活动及其结果进行确认， 归集，分析，计量，分类，记录，汇总和报告，并进行控制（反映）与监督，预测与决策的一种管理方法 （1）会计是一种管理工具 （2）会计是一种提供信息的技艺 （3）会计是一个经济信息系统 （4）会计是一种管理活动 2.现代会计的特点： 1）以货币为主要计量单位（实物量和劳动量通常是会计货币量度的辅助量度） 2）以凭证为基本依据 3）以一套完整的专门技术方法为手段（包括核算方法和监督方法，会计核算方法是基本） 4）对经济活动的管理具有全面性，连续性和系统性 二．会计的发展 1.会计作为一门学科，是基于人类管理生活，生产需要而产生的，并随着经济关系和经济管理活动的日 趋复杂而得以不断发展和进步 第二节会计的只能与目标 一．会计的职能 1.会计职能包括核算（反映），监督（控制），预测和参与经济决策等方面 1）核算职能—会计核算是会计的首要职能 2）控制职能（包括事前控制、事中控制和事后控制） 3）预测和参与经济决策的职能 二．会计的目标（也是财务的目标） 1.会计的目标可分为两层： 1）向会计信息的使用者提供与一个单位的财务状况，经营成果和现金流量等有关的会计信息 2）反应管理层受托责任履行情况，帮助会计信息使用者作出经济决策 第四节会计基本假设与基础 一．会计基本假设（重点） 1.会计主体假设（是对空间的限定，概念详见书17页） 1）注意：法律主体可以成为会计主体但是会计主体不一定能成为法律主体 2）会计主体可以由一个法律主体，几个法律主体，几个法律主体组成的企业集团构成
管理经济学中英文术语及其解释 Ability-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Accounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit cost Adverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party Agent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal Arrow ?s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences Average fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of output Average revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of output Benefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services Budget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receipts Budget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services Cartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unison Circular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Coase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own Collusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Common resources共源goods that are rival but not excludable Comparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost Compensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs Competitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other Condorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays