英语阅读材料
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【导语】阅读是运⽤语⾔⽂字来获取信息、认识世界、发展思维,并获得审美体验与知识的活动。
它是从视觉材料中获取信息的过程。
视觉材料主要是⽂字和图⽚,也包括符号、公式、图表等。
以下是⽆忧考整理的《⼩学⽣英语课外阅读⽂章4篇》相关资料,希望帮助到您。
【篇⼀】⼩学⽣英语课外阅读⽂章3篇 People love parrots for their beautiful and bright colours. They are clever birds. They can learn to talk. They are able to tell if objects are the ‘same’ or ‘different’. There are more than 300 different kinds of parrots. Like other birds, parrots are animals in the wild. They like flying and they like trees. When people buy them from pet shops, parrots have to live in cages. They feel bad there. So if you keep parrots, you’d better give them a big cage. Remember to feed your parrots with good food and give them fresh water to drink. You can feed them with cooked rice and fruits. Many people think parrots are lovely birds. That is why so many people keep parrots at home and talk with them all the time and make friends with them. 【篇⼆】⼩学⽣英语课外阅读⽂章3篇 Almost everyone likes to eat apples. Apples grow in nearly every part of the world. The United States produces more apples than any other country except France. The states of Washington and New York grow the most apples. New York is on the east coast and Washington is on the west near Canada. Apples are red, yellow or green. They are very popular in the United States. Many people like to carry apples to work or to school to eat with their lunches. Most American people are often too busy or too tired to cook, so they often have their lunches very simply. Apple juice is also a popular drink and apple pie is the favorite dessert of many Americans. The state of Washington is proud of its apples. The trees there produce nearly five billion apples every year - one apple for every man, woman and child in the whole world.【篇三】⼩学⽣英语课外阅读⽂章3篇 Jimmy lives in a country,and he loves playing in the river near his house,But his father gets a job in a big city,and he moves there with his family. Their new house has a garden,but the garden is small,Jimmy isn't happy"Is there a river near here?"He asks his mother on the first morning.His mother answers,"No,there isn't,but there's a nice park near here and there's a good pool in it.Weare going there this afternoon."Jimmy is happy now. After lunch,Jimmy and his mother go to the park.Jimmy wants to walk near the pool,but there's a sign before it.His mother reads it to him,"Warning;This pool is dangerous.367people fell into it."Jimmy looks into the pool carefully,and he says"But I can't see them".【篇四】⼩学⽣英语课外阅读⽂章3篇 Do you know anything about the way of shopping in western countries? People there usually make shopping list first and then they go shopping. Most people like to go to the supermarkets because they can get almost everything in one supermarket. For example,many styles of clothes,food,spots things. And the things in supermarkets are cheaper. When they get into the supermarket,they carry a basket. Then they buy things and put them in the basket. After getting everything they want,they pay the money. Most people go to the supermarket once a week.。
【导语】英语阅读同中⽂的⼀样,⾸先,使我们增长见识,其次,能够提⾼我们的阅读和写作能⼒,再者,阅读能扩宽我们的知识⾯和眼界,这对我们将来找⼯作是很重要的。
最后,阅读使我们变得有修养,这对我们⼀⽣都是很有好处的。
以下是整理的相关资料,希望帮助到您。
【篇⼀】The Monkey and the Fishermen Once upon a time, there lived a monkey in the woods. The monkey climbed up the tree and looked down at the river everyday. One day, the monkey saw fishermen throw a net over the river. He watched how the fishermen caught fish. Sometime after, the fishermen left the net and went to have lunch. Then, the monkey climbed down from the tree and went to the riverside. The monkey was planning to throw the net like the fishermen did. The monkey was confident since he was good at imitating. Yet, the net wound around the monkey when he touched it. Tied up in the net, the monkey fell into the water. The monkey regretted his behavior, but it was too late. “I should have learned how to use the net before touching it. After believing my prowess and showing off, I am in a bad fix.” The monkey who did not behave carefully drowned in the water.【篇⼆】The Son and the Picture of a Lion Once upon a time, there lived a very timid-minded father in a town. He was always worried that his son might get hurt. The son was brave and loved hunting, but his father prevented his son from hunting everyday. One night, the father dreamed of his son being pursued by a lion. After he woke up, he thought, ‘I should not leave things like this.’ The father built a strong wooden house for his son because he believed his son would not be in danger if he locked his son in the house. The father brought pictures of animals to his son‘s room so that the son would not get bored. The father even stuck a picture of a lion on the wooden wall. However, the son felt stuffy about just staying home. One day, the son vented his anger on the picture of a lion. “You bastard! I cannot go outside because of you! Why did you appear in my father’s dream and torture me?” The son hit the picture with his fist. Right then, the wooden wall broke down and a thorn got stuck in his hand. The son tried to take it out, but it did not come out easily. Due to the thorn, the wound enlarged and the inflammation worsened. After a few days, the young son died from the wound. The father who tried to shut his child in lost his child because of his actions.【篇三】Two Travelers and the Bear Once upon a time, two young men were walking along the mountain trail. They were very close friends. But, all of a sudden, a bear showed up. Shocked, the young men were looking for a place to hide. One fellow hid himself by climbing up a tree, but the other one was unable to run away. When the bear pounced upon him, the fellow who could not run away threw himself flat down upon the ground and pretended to be dead. The young man on the ground held his breath and stayed still. The bear, coming up to him, put his muzzle close to the man, and sniffed. “He‘s dead. I don’t eat dead meat.” The bear left the young man along and went away. After the bear was gone, the friend in the tree came down. Wiping away his cold sweat, the friend asked, “What did the bear say to you?” “Oh, the bear told me”, said the other, “Not to hang out with a friend who runs away when a risky situation occurs.” After hearing him, the young man who climbed up the tree alone felt sorry for his behavior. Friends mean being there for each other even when danger comes.。
【导语】海阔凭你跃,天⾼任你飞。
愿你信⼼满满,尽展聪明才智;妙笔⽣花,谱下锦绣第⼏篇。
学习的敌⼈是⾃⼰的知⾜,要使⾃⼰学⼀点东西,必需从不⾃满开始。
以下是为⼤家整理的《⼩学六年级英语阅读材料【五篇】》供您查阅。
【第⼀篇:逃家⼩兔】1. "Clifford, I have to go out now. Will you help me take care of Wally?" says Emily. Clifford wags his tail. “Cliffod,我现在得出去了。
你愿意帮我照看⼀下Wally吗?”Emily说。
Cliford摇摇尾巴。
2. Cleo and T-bone come to visit. "Wally is so lovely. Can we take him out and play with him?" says Cleo. "OK!" says Clifford. Cleo和T-bone来拜访。
“Wally好可爱。
我们能带他出去和他⼀起玩吗?”Cleo说。
“好啊!”Clifford说 3. Clifford opens the cage, and Wally runs away. Clifford and his friends run after him. T-Bone is stuck in a log. Clifford打开笼⼦,Wally跑了出来。
Clifford和他的朋友在后⾯追它。
T-bone被⽊头困住了。
4. Where is Wally? The three dogs run here and there, but still can't find Wally. "There he is!" says Clifford. "Gosh, he's fast!" says Cleo. Wally在哪?这三只狗到处跑,但还是找不到Wally。
英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇(一)我们如何在28小时内到达火星? (1)(二)饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理 (9)(三)人们是否应该接受人造肉 (29)(四)为什么当代手机电池还是这么不经用 (40)(一)我们如何在28小时内到达火星?How Could We Get To Mars In Only 28 Hours?Everyone always wants to get to Mars.每个人都总是渴望去火星Unfortunately, the journey would be a long one,不幸的是依靠我们目前的技术taking hundreds of days of travel with our current technology.这趟旅途将会十分漫长长达几百天Well, what if we could shorten that time to only a matter of days试想如果我们不使用宇宙飞船by throwing away our spaceships而是用一些在太空中急速穿梭的东西and using something that’s already zooming acr oss space?这趟旅程可以缩短到几天?I’m talking about comets.我说的是彗星Comets are big ol’ cosmic snowballs,彗星是一个由冻结气体岩石和尘埃made from frozen gases, rock, and dust组成的巨大雪球that end up orbiting the Sun after the other planets当其他行星试图把彗星扔向地球tried throwing them at Earth and missed.但没成功时它们便围绕地球飞行Well, that last part probably isn’t true.当然最后那部分可能是假的Everyone knows that the planets only have water gun battles.我们都知道行星上只有水枪之战Not to mention, comets can actually be pretty big.更不必说彗星实际上可能非常大Frozen, you could probably liken them to about the size of a small town.这些雪球你可以把它们比做一个小镇那么大However, when these things get close to the Sun in their orbit,然而它们在自己的轨道环形并接近太阳时they can begin to heat up.会逐渐变热Then they start spewing dust and gases,接着喷涌出尘埃和气体forming a giant glowing head.形成一个巨大的发光脑袋Huh. I thought only I had that problem.哈我认为只有我有这个顾虑Luckily enough, if we want to use one of these things for stellar travel,幸运的是如果我们想用其中一个彗星进行星际旅行we have quite a few to choose from!我们的选择有很多!According to NASA,根据美国航天局there are around 3,600 comets that we currently know of.我们目前已知的彗星约有3600颗Beyond that, it’s believed that there are billions of other comets out there此外据说在遥远的柯伊伯带还有数十亿颗彗星orbiting our Sun in the Kuiper Belt and even more distant Oort Cloud. 甚至是更远的奥尔特云围绕着太阳运行的What makes comets great for getting around in space彗星能够穿梭星际is that they can go SUPER fast.是因为其速度极快Yeah, this baby can fly!是的这小东西会飞!How fast they’re travelling depends on a bunch of different factors,它们的速度取决于多种不同因素but they can travel anywhere from a few thousand kilometers per hour,但在一定条件下它们的速度可以从时速几千公里to over 160,000 kilometers per hour under certain conditions.达到每小时超16万公里在任何地方飞行In fact, in 2016, scientists at NASA recorded2016年美国航天局的科学家们记录了a comet traveling at nearly 600 kilometers per second as it dove toward the Sun.一颗秒速六百公里驶向太阳的彗星That’s over 2 /million/ kilometers per hour!那超过了两百万公里每小时!To put that in perspective,就此展望if we could travel at 2 million kilometers per hour,如果我们能以每小时两百万公里的速度飞行then wecould get to Mars from Earth in around 28 hours,我们可以在一天多的时间里just little more than a single day,约28小时就可以完成火星之旅assuming the two planets were close together in their orbits. 假设轨道上有两颗行星距离很近Lining up the planets is the least of our worries though.我们可以在可控范围内排列行星While comets can go super fast,彗星的速度超快getting to them would be a big problem.登上彗星仍会是一大问题That’s because, not even considering how hard it would be to actually commandeer one,因为我们甚至没有考虑控制一个彗星有多难comets just don’t typically get that close to Earth.彗星一般离地球很远Hale-Bopp, a comet that made the news about two decades ago, 大概二十年前新闻上报道了海尔-波普彗星came closer to Earth than most comets do,它比大多彗星更靠近地球and it was still about 200 million kilometers away.但还是有约两百万公里的距离We might as well just go straight to Mars at that point!照那样我们还不如直接去火星吧!Even if a comet did come by Earth,即使彗星确实经过地球we assume that its trajectory is towards Mars,我们也断定它的轨道是朝着火星的and we ignore that it would likely be in its more gassy, less-solid state,并且我们忽略了它可能更多的是气体而非固态物质you’d still have to keep yourself alive on the comet.你还要在彗星上生存下去I guess if it’s only a day or so then food and water would be less of an issue我猜如果只是一天左右那食物和水就不是问题了since the aliens would definitely feed you once we got there,因为一旦我们到了那里外星人肯定会伺候我们的but you’d still have to worry about oxygen and protecting your self from space.但你仍要担心氧气并且保护自己远离太空You would need about 0.84 kilograms of oxygen a day,你每天约需0.84公斤的氧气so you better grab a spacesuit and take a big breath before jumping on the comet.所以跳上彗星前你最好穿上宇航服深吸一口气So yeah, using comets as a means of space travel is probably not that viable in the end.所以利用彗星进行太空旅行或许并不可行Sometimes I like doing these thought experiments, you know,有时我喜欢做这些思维实验and then realizing that they can’t work.然后意识到不可能实现But it’s still interesting!仍然它仍很有趣!That’s how we learn people!这也是咱认识人类的方法!So do you have any questions about space that you want me to answer.你有关于太空的疑问想要我解答?Any planets that we should cover next?接下来我们要讲哪些行星?Let me know right now in the comment section below!请立刻在下方评论区告诉我吧!Curious to know what would happen if you were trapped on the international space station?我很好奇如果你被困在国际空间站会发生什么?We teamed up with our friend William Osman to answer that question.我们会与我们的朋友William Osman一起为你解答ISS actually gets its power from solar arrays made up of thousands of solar cells.国际空间站的能量来自上万个太阳能电池组成的阵列These arrays can efficiently covert solar energy into electrical power. 这些阵列可以有效地将太阳能转换成电能Typically producing more power than the station needs at one time. 通常在同一时间产生超出所需的电力(二)饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理The Engineering of the Drinking BirdThis toy has fascinated me since childhood.我从小就对这个玩具着迷To me its motion is almost hypnotic.对我来说它的运动就像是催眠Here’s how it operates.它是这样运转的Wet the bird beak thoroughly with room temperature water.将鸟喙完全浸透在室温的水中The opaque container makes it looked chilled,不透明容器使它看起来冷淬了but it isn’t…其实并没有Then stand it upright…然后让它直立It will take a few seconds for it to start drinking…它要等几秒钟后才开始喝水Notice that all of the action right now takes place in the stem here 注意现在所有的运动都发生在躯干这里As l speed up the action当我快进这个过程you see liquid rising and the bird rocking back and forth.可以看见液面上升饮水鸟开始前后摇摆If I return to normal speed,如果调回常速播放you can see the bird slowly …可以看到饮水鸟慢慢地very, very slowly ….非常非常慢地Rock forward…向前摆动Until it takes a drink,直到它喝到了水which it will do again and again.然后一遍又一遍地重复此过程In this video I’ll detail the bird’s clever engineering design,在本视频中我将详述这只鸟精妙的工程设计explain how it uses thermodynamics,阐明它是如何运用热力学知识and link its action to some of the greatest将其运动与一些工程师创造的and most impactful devices created by engineers.伟大且影响深远的装置联系起来的This toy has long history,这个玩历史悠久but its current incarnation is due to Miles V. Sullivan—它的当前形态是由贝尔实验室一名科学家a scientist at Bell Labs.Miles V. Sullivan创造的He specialized in methods of manufacturing semiconductors,他专精于研究制造半导体的方法but as a sideline invented toys.发明玩具是他的副业Its reported that this bird delighted U.S. President Herbert Hoover,据说这只饮水鸟深得美国总统赫伯特·胡佛喜爱an engineer who failed to figure out how it worked,作为一名工程师他没搞懂它的工作原理and it also defeated the great scientist Albert Einstein,而且它还难倒了伟大的科学家艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦who spent three and half months studying it.爱因斯坦花了三个半月来研究它It’s reported that he refused to take the bird apart.据报道他拒绝把这只鸟拆开With the benefit of hindsight,有了后见之明let’s start by exploring how it works让我们从探索它的工作原理and examining the key engineering design aspects.以及检查关键的工程设计方面开始First, let’s ask is the water ornamental or essential?首先要问的是水是装饰品还是必需品?At first the bird acts just as if the water were still there.最初饮水鸟的行为好像水还在那里一样Now let’s speed up the bird’s motion我们快进饮水鸟的动作you see at 15 minutes it is still drinking.可以看见过了15分钟它仍在喝水At 30 still drinking.30分钟还在喝水45 minutes still drinking.45分钟依然还在喝水60 minutes still drinking.60分钟还在喝水75 minutes still drinking.75分钟仍然还在喝水And five or ten minutes later,又过了5到10分钟后at eighty or eight-five minutes it takes its last drink.约在80到85分钟它喝了最后一次水The liquid still rises a bit,虽然液面上升了一点but it never rises enough to make the bird tip over,但它从没上升到足够使鸟翻倒的高度which shows that the motion is not perpetual说明这个运动不是永恒的—as long as there is water, the bird keeps drinking.只要有水鸟就一直喝水Let’s look inside the bird来看看饮水鸟的内部to get an idea of how it works.了解它的工作原理Underneath the bird’s hat, beak and fabric covering lies a glass bulb 在鸟帽鸟嘴和织物覆盖物下面有一个玻璃泡smaller than the bulb at the base, and also rounder.它比底部的玻璃泡小也更圆Now, watch as I put a few drops of isopropyl alcohol on the bulb to cool it.现在我滴几滴异丙醇在玻璃泡上使它降温The liquid rapidly rises to the head,里面的液体快速上升到头部this changes the bird’s center of gravity这改变了饮水鸟的重心so that it will tilt forward.使它向前倾斜The head now fills with liquid and then …现在头部充满了液体接下来……there…你看…it …drinks.它喝水了It becomes upright and the liquid drains from the head.它直立后液体从头部排出Liquid rises again to the head and…液体再一次上升到头部……the bird drinks again.饮水鸟再一次喝水This cycle repeats until all of the isopropyl alcohol on the bird ’s head evaporates.这个过程循环往复直到鸟头上的异丙醇都蒸发掉Why does the liquid rise?为什么液面会上升呢?The place to begin is with the bird’s manufacture.我们从饮水鸟的制造说起The bird is filled through this “tap ”—a small pipe built into the head —通过装在头部里的小管子即龙头with methylene chloride dyed red, which is then frozen,向鸟内装入冷冻的染成红色的二氯甲烷a vacuum applied to evacuate the air,抽走空气形成真空the tap sealed ( and of course, later hidden by the bird’s hat )…把龙头密封(当然后来被鸟帽盖住了)And then the methylene chloride melts:之后二氯甲烷融化It turns to liquid and then some of it evaporates(turns into vapor).转变为液态其中部分二氯甲烷蒸发(变成蒸汽)The key to the bird’s operation is饮水鸟运转的关键就在于that the vapor in the head and in the base are separated by the liquid in the base.头部和底部的气体被底部的液体所隔离It’s hard to see,这很难看清楚but the tube extends into the base, nearly reaching the bottom.不过管子延伸到底部几乎接触到底面This separates the vapor in base and the vapor in the tube使得底部和管中的气体隔离……and …of course, the head.当然还有头部的气体So, at rest the pressure in these two spaces are equal,在静止状态这两个空间的压强相等but when the bird’s beak is wet,但当鸟喙湿润时the temperature falls鸟喙温度下降and as I’ll explain in a moment the pressure in the head drops头部的压强下降这个我稍后会解释below that in the base and the liquid rises.降到低于底部的压强然后液面上升Of course this liquid in the head causes the bird to…tilt forward, to drink …自然头部的液体导致饮水鸟向前倾斜喝水and when it drinks,当它喝水时the vapor in the head and the base are connected,头部和底部的蒸汽连通the pressures is nearly equalize两端压强几乎相等—a slug of vapor rises to the top and some liquid drains from the head一股蒸汽上升到头部迫使部分液体流出and then the cycle repeats.然后循环重复To see the pressure equalize为了看到压强平衡过程l will slow down the bird as I tilt it forward.我会慢一点倾斜饮水鸟Right now the head is half full.现在头部已经半满了When I tilt it you see a slug of vapor go from bottom to top.当它倾斜时可以看见一股蒸汽从底部升到顶部I’ve tilted it far enough forward我把它倾斜得够多that the liquid in the head is below the top of the tube以至于头部的液面低于管子的顶端and the liquid in the base is below the section of the tube that almost reaches the bottom of the bird.同时底部液面也低于几乎触底的管子底端This allows the pressure to equalize,这样头部和底部的压强相等and as the bird becomes upright而当饮水鸟站起来时the liquid returns to the base before the cycle starts again.液体会在下一次循环开始之前返回到底部In operation it doesn’t tilt quite this far forward实际运转时它不会向前倾斜这么多and so the pressures don’t fully equalize.因此压强不会完全平衡Why, though, does the pressure in the head drop as the temperature falls?那么头部压强为何会随着温度下降而下降呢?You can see the answer if I shoot cool, compressed gas across the bird’s head.你看我向头部射低温压缩气体就知道答案了As the cool gas strikes,遇到低温气体时you see liquid condensing inside the head;头部内壁出现了冷凝的液体and, as you see on the left,正如你在左图看到的this causes the liquid in the base to rise.这导致底部的液面上升The cool gas withdraws energy as heat from the head,低温气体带走头部的热量causing some of the methylene chloride vapor inside to condense –to turn into a liquid.导致头部部分二氯甲烷气体冷凝成液体This decreases dramatically the amount of vapor in the head.这大大减少了头部的气体体积Liquid is 1,000 times more dense than vapor.液体的密度是气体的1000倍This in turn lowers the pressure in the head and causes the liquid to rise.结果降低了头部的压强使液面上升I used compressed gas to cool the head我用压缩气体给头部降温because I can control the amount of cooling;因为我可以控制降温的程度the bird, though, cools its head by “drinking.”然而饮水鸟通过喝水来降温The head is wrapped in fabric that absorbs water.其头部包裹在吸水的织物中As I put drops on its beak当我把水滴在鸟喙上you can see the water beads up at first…一开始你可以看到水珠……and then saturates the fabric and spreads rapidly across the bird’s face.然后水珠浸透织物并迅速扩散到鸟的整个面部On the right side you can see it creeping to back of the head.从右边看可以看到水渍浸到了后脑勺If I now turn the bird around,如果我现在把鸟转过来you can see that the water has spread to the back.可以看到水已经蔓延到后面As I continue adding drops on the beak如果我继续往鸟喙上滴水the saturated area on the back increases.头背处渗水区域扩大When this water evaporates into the air, it removes energy from the bulb as heat当水蒸发到空气中带走了头部的热量you feel this effect every time you step out of the shower,每次你洗完澡都会有这种感受the evaporating water withdraws energy as heat and chills you.蒸发的水带走热量让你感到冷飕飕的This evaporation, this withdrawal of heat, lowers the temperature 蒸发吸热降低了头部的温度and begins the condensation of the vapor, which starts the cycle 蒸汽冷凝启动循环as I showed you with the cool, compressed gas.就像我之前用低温压缩气体做的演示一样As long as the head is wet and heat is withdrawn from it,只要头部保持潮湿而且有热量带走the bird will always “drink, ”饮水鸟将一直“喝水”but if you were to operate the bird in humid air,但如果你把饮水鸟放在潮湿的环境it would slow down, because little water would evaporate,它就会减速喝水因为很少有水分蒸发and if the air were at 100 % humidity the bird would stop如果空气湿度是100% 饮水鸟将停止喝水because no water would evaporate at all.因为根本没有水蒸发Now, to make this dramatic condensation happen现在为了达到明显的冷凝效果when the temperature is lowered just slightly当温度只稍微降低时the evaporating water lowers the temperature by only about three-tenths of a degree水的蒸发只降低了0.3 度the bird’s designer choose a highly volatile liquid.饮水鸟的设计者选择了一种极易挥发的液体This means one whose boiling point is near ambient temperature这就需要这种液体的沸点接近室温because for small changes in temperature因为即使温度轻微变化there is a large change from vapor to liquid从气态至液态的变化也是巨大的and so the variation of pressure is large.从而引起压强的巨大变化Watch what happens as I “heat ”the base of the bird with my hand.观察我用手加热饮水鸟的底部时会怎么样You see the liquid level in the base dropping,可以看到底部的液面在下降that’s because energy from my hand is converting some of the liquid into vapor,这是由于手的热量使部分液体转化成气体which increases the pressure in this region…增大了这个区域的压强and that causes the liquid to rise to the head.从而使液体上升到头部Eventually I heat the vapor so much that it shoots up the stem.最终我把蒸汽加热到从管子中冒出来Now watch as I place my hand around the head.现在看我把手放在头部Heat from my hand converts liquid to vapor,手上的热量将液体转化为蒸汽which increases the pressure从而增大了压强and forces the liquid back to the base.并迫使液体回到底部To test this explanation of the bird’s operation,为了验证这个饮水鸟运转的解释let’s activate the bird in different ways.让我们用不同方式来触发饮水鸟As I noted it is the temperature difference between its top and bottom我说过是它顶部和底部的温差that drives liquid to rise to the head.驱使液体上升至头部So, let’s see what happens if I point a light at the base of the bird,那么我们看看对底部进行光照会怎么样which I’ve painted black我把饮水鸟的底部涂成了黑色so it will absorb the energy from the light better.这样它能更好地吸收光能As I heat the base of the bird,当我给饮水鸟底部加热时the liquid rises, as before but …液体像之前一样上升但是……五倍速播放the bird tips backwards.饮水鸟向后倾斜The wet nose tilted the center of gravity……湿润的鼻子倾斜了饮水鸟的重心……and so I added some modelling clay to the nose于是我在鸟鼻子上加了些粘土to get the bird to tilt forward.好让鸟向前倾斜And now when I turn on the light the liquid rises,现在当我打开灯光液体上升the birds drinks as if there were liquid in front of it until…鸟儿就像面前有水一样喝水直到……I turn the light off我把灯关掉and the bird drinks for a little bit longer until eventually…这只鸟再坚持了一会儿直到最终……it comes to rest.它停了下来Next, let’s see what happens if we use this: Whiskey.接下来让我们看看用这个会怎么样:威士忌Again, thoroughly wet the bird’s beak with the liquid…再次用液体浸润鸟喙……stand it upright …让它直立……and then we see again the liquid rising in the bird …然后我们又看到饮水鸟体内的液面上升and then …it drinks.然后……它在喝水We can also now understand why the bird’s rate of drinking differs 我们现在也能理解在三种不同的刺激下among the three methods I used to “activate ”the bird:为什么饮水鸟的喝水频率不同了a heat lamp, whiskey and water.加热灯威士忌和水三种刺激Roughly, heat bird takes three drinks for every one of the water bird,大致上饮水鸟每喝一次水受热鸟喝三次the whiskey bird takes two for every drink of the water bird.而饮水鸟每喝一次饮酒鸟喝两次The reason the bird drinks whiskey faster than water is之所以饮酒鸟比饮水鸟快because the rate of evaporation of the alcohol is greater than that of water.是因为相对于水酒精更易挥发This means that heat is withdrawn faster from the head也就是说头部的热量散失更快and so more vapor condenses in a shorter amount of time,短时间内冷凝的蒸气更多which accelerates the pressure difference.从而加速扩大压差The heat lamp causes the greatest difference of all,加热灯导致的压差最大which highlights how an engineer thinks about this bird.这重点表明了工程师对饮水鸟的想法To an engineer this bird is a heat engine.对工程师来说饮水鸟是一个热机A heat engine turns heat differences into work —mechanical motion.热机将热能转化为功——机械运动To see that recall that when the bird is just about to drink回想一下当鸟正要喝水时that its head is at a lower temperature than its base,它的头部温度比底部的低which is at ambient temperature.底部温度就是环境温度Then when it “drinks ”, the pressure in the head and base start to equalize,当它“喝水”时头部和底部的压强开始平衡so liquid returns to the base,于是液体回到底部but the overall temperature of the bird但是现在饮水鸟的整体温度is now just a little below ambient temperature.只是稍低于环境温度When it return to upright, the base draws in energy as heat…当它恢复直立时底部吸热……the head then rejects some energy as heat头部放热and the bird drinks again.然后饮水鸟再次喝水These two flows define a heat engine:这种热传递定义了热机:a device, operating in a cycle一种循环运行的装置that absorbs heat from a high temperature reservoir,从高温热源处吸热converts part of it into work,将部分热能转化为功and rejects the remainder into a low temperature reservoir.向低温热源放热The fact that this is a heat engine饮水鸟就是热机这一事实means it’s related to the great machines that make our globalized world happen:表明它跟实现全球化的许多伟大机器有关among those the mighty steam turbine that generates electricity,其中有能发电的大型蒸汽轮机the giant diesel engine that propels container ships across the oceans,推动货轮穿越海洋的大型柴油机and the great gas turbine that flies us around the globe.还有让我们飞遍全球的燃气轮机(三)人们是否应该接受人造肉Lab-Grown Meat Is Coming to Your Supermarket. Ranchers Are Fighting Back.Would you eat a hamburger or a chicken nugget你会吃在实验室生长的肉made of meat grown in a laboratory?所制的汉堡或鸡块吗?Joshua Tetrick, co-founder and CEO of JUST is betting that you will. JUST的合伙人兼CEO Joshua Tetrick断言你会吃In tomorrow’s world, you can eat more meat,在将来你能在不吃动物的情况下hopefully safer meat, even better tasting meat, without eating the animal.吃到更多的肉很可能是更安全甚至更好吃的肉JUST which is based in San Francisco,JUST公司位于美国旧金山has been producing and selling2013年起就生产销售non animal versions of food like mayonnaise since 2013各种无动物食品and it’s raised more than 310 million dollars in venture capital.并筹集到超过3.1亿美元的风险投资基金Tetrick and his team have created products like JUST Mayo Tetrick及其团队通过寻找鸡蛋等常见动物产品的植物替代品by identifying plant based alternatives to common animal products like eggs.创造了像JUST Mayo这样的产品We’re one part pharma,我们公司有医药部one part bio-tech and a whole bunch of regular food company.有生物技术部总得来说是一个常规的食品公司We built a discovery system that我们创建的搜索系统has the only patent of the world拥有世界上唯一能够that utilizes machine learning for food ingredient discovery利用机器学习如何搜索食物组成的专利and it helped us find this mung bean该系统还帮我们找到了that when you put it in a pan scrambles一种放入平底锅时变得蓬松的绿豆and that process broken down means that这一过程的突破意味着we source from over 51 countries in the world,我们的原料来自超过世界上51个国家we look at about 21 different molecular properties,我们要研究大约21种不同分子的性能we look at how that bean functions,研究这种绿豆的作用does it bake a cake, does it gel in a pan看它能否用来烤蛋糕是否会粘在平底锅上and then we see if it makes ice cream or butter or scrambled eggs. 以及能否用来做冰淇淋黄油或炒鸡蛋Our process of finding these new tools is high tech,这些新工具的开发过程技术含量高but what we find is not high tech at all.但开发结果却简单的很The mung bean has been in the world’s food system for 4400 years.早在4400年前绿豆就已经被当做食物了I sure as hell didn’t invent the mung bean.我很肯定绿豆不是我发明的JUST is one of the handful of tech companies workingJUST只是众多致力于to disrupt the meat production industry.颠覆肉类供应行业的高科技公司之一While many of its competitors are pursuing better plant based meat substitutes,正当其他竞争者还在寻找更好的以植物为基础的肉类替代品时JUST is pushing ahead with so called clean meatJUST已经开始推进所谓的瘦肉or lab grown animal tissue that requires no farming,和无需农场养殖无需喂养牲畜且无需屠宰场no feeding of livestock and no slaughterhouses.的实验室生长的动物组织Only a single sample from a single animal duplicated endlessly.只需要动物身上的一个样本就可以无限克隆JUST and companies like it are poised toJUST和其他同类公司准备disrupt the entire livestock industry but颠覆整个畜牧业the established players are turning to the government to protect their turf.但是现有的畜牧公司正在向政府寻求庇护The United States Cattlemen’s Association, which declined to participate in this story,美国牧民协会拒绝受访submitted a petition still under consideration by the United States Department of并向美国农业部递交了请愿书目前正在受理中Agriculture asking that the words meat and beef exclude any products他们请求肉和牛肉这样的词汇不得用于that are ‘neither derived from animals, nor slaughtered in the traditional manner.’任何既不来自动物也不经传统方法宰杀的肉类产品The power of the terms is a lot more powerful than people think, 这些术语的影响力远比人们想象的要大especially in food尤其是在食品行业Imagine Tesla launches a pickup truck,想象一下如果特斯拉推出了一辆小货车but US Department of Transportation says然后美国交通部门说-Hold up, Tesla, y ou can’t call it a pickup truck.-等等特斯拉你不能把它称作小货车You have to call it electric mobility transport unit.你必须叫它“电动交通装置”That’s not winning in Alabama, even though it might be fast,这在阿拉巴马州行不通即使它可能很快even though it might have an amazing amount of horsepower,马力也超级大because a car is identity, but food’s identity even more.因为车有它的定义而食物的定义则更复杂JUST is also looking to transcend the vegan vs carnivore paradigm. JUST也在试图寻找一种超越纯素食主义者和肉食主义者的范式来界定We don’t allow the term vegan to be used in our company.我们公司不允许使用“纯素食主义者”这个词Not because we don’t believe in the spiri of it,并不是因为我们不相信素食主义精神that word ends up turning off 99% of people.而是这个词会令99%的人反感The food system needs to start over,食物体系需要革新了little girls in the second row of a class in Liberia aren’t ge tting proper nutrients,在利比里亚教室里第二排的女孩们营养不良a young boy growing up in Birmingham Alabama is阿拉巴马州伯明翰的一个男孩accelerating a path to Type 2 diabetes,患2型糖尿病的速度加快了animals are being confined in needless ways,动物们受到了一些不必要的限制it’s contributing to climate change,这加剧了气候变化and I think if we can think differently about the food system而且我觉得如果我们对食物系统换种思维while also realizing that we can’t be so new and so out there同时认识到我们不能太新奇太超前that it doesn’t relate to the everyday human being,以至和百姓的寻常生活脱节we can do a whole lot of good.我们就可以造福大家And that’s what I want to do.而这就是我想要做的This isn’t Tetrick’s first fight with entrenched food interests.。
中考英语阅读理解原文材料中考英语阅读理解原文材料英语阅读理解题的原文材料其实也是不错的阅读文章,下面是店铺整理的一些中考英语阅读理解题,欢迎大家阅读!中考英语阅读理解【1】Happiness is for everyone. You don’t need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time. In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your health; when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happiness is always around you.Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also you are very happy, because you have something else that can’t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋转的)door. When it does, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.1. Those who have big houses may often feel ________.A. happyB. lonelyC. freeD. excited2. When you fall down in a PE class, both your teacher and your classmates will ________.A. laugh at youB. play jokes on youC. quarrel with youD. help you up3. What will your friends say to you when you make great progress?A. Oh, so do I.B. Congratulations.C. Good luck.D. It’s just so-so.4. Which idea is NOT RIGHT according to the passage?A. People who have cars would never like to walk in the open air.B. You can get help from others when you make mistakes.C. You can still be a happy person even if you have little money.D. Happiness is always around you though difficulties come towards you.5. Which of the following is this passage about?A. Bad luck.B. Good luck.C. Happiness.D. Life.参考答案:1. B。
高中英语课外阅读材料经典高中英语课外阅读材料(一)加倍重视自己的价值Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.Amulberry leaf(桑叶) touched with the genius of man becomes silk.A field of clay touched with the genius of man becomes a castle.A Cyprus tree touched with the genius of man becomes a shrine.A cut of sheep's hair touched with the genius of man becomes raiment for a king.If it is possible for leaves and clay and wood and hair to have their value multiplied a hundred, yea a thousandfold by man, cannot I do the same with the clay which bears my name?Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.I am liken to a grain of wheat which faces one of three futures. The wheat can be placed in a sack and dumped in a stall until it is fed to swine. Or it can be ground to flour and made into bread. Or it can be placed in the earth and allowed to grow until its golden head dividesand produces a thousand grains from the one.I am liken to a grain of wheat with one difference. The wheat cannot choose whether it be fed to swine, ground for bread, or plantedto multiply. I have a choice and I will not let my life be fed to swine nor will I let it be ground under the rocks of failure and despair to be broken open and devoured by the will of others.Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.To grow and multiply it is necessary to plant the wheat grain in the darkness of the earth and my failures, my despairs, my ignorance,and my inabilities are the darkness in which I have been planted inorder to ripen. Now, like the wheat grain which will sprout and blossom only if it is nurtured with rain and sun and warm winds, I too must nurture my body and mind to fulfill my dreams. But to grow to fullstature the wheat must wait on the whims of nature. I need not wait forI have the power to choose my own destiny.Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.And how will I accomplish this? First I will set goals for the day, the week, the month, the year, and my life. Just as the rain must fall before the wheat will crack its shell and sprout, so must I have objectives before my life will crystallize. Insetting my goals I will consider my best performance of the past and multiply it a hundredfold. This will be the standard by which I will live in the future. Never will I be of concern that my goals are too high for is it not better to aim my spear at the moon and strike only an eagle than to arm my spear atthe eagle and strike only a rock?Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.The height of my goals will not hold me in awe though I may stumble often before they are reached. If I stumble I will rise and my falls will not concern me for all men must stumble often to reach the hearth. Only a worm is free from the worry of stumbling. I am not a worm.I am not an onion plant. I am not a sheep. I am a man. Let others builda cave with their clay. I will build a castle with mine.Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.And just as the sun must warm the earth to bring forth the seedling of wheat so, too, will the words on these scrolls warm my life and turn my dreams into reality. Today I will surpass every action which I performed yesterday. I will climb today's mountain to the utmost of my ability yet tomorrow I will climb higher than today, and the next willbe higher than tomorrow. To surpass the deeds of others is unimportant; to surpass my own deeds is all.Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.And just as the warm wind guides the wheat to maturity, the same winds will carry my voice to those who will listen and my words will announce my goals. Once spoken I dare not recall them lest I lose face.I will be as my own prophet and though all may laugh at my utterances they will hear my plans, they will know my dreams; and thus there willbe no escape for me until my words become accomplished deeds.Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.I will commit not the terrible crime of aiming too low.I will do the work that a failure will not do.I will always let my reach exceed my grasp.I will never be content with my performance in the market.I will always raise my goals as soon as they are attained.I will always strive to make the next hour better than this one.I will always announce my goals to the world.Yet, never will I proclaim my accomplishments. Let the world, instead, approach me with praise and may I have the wisdom to receive it in humility.Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.One grain of wheat when multiplied a hundredfold will produce a hundred stalks. Multiply these a hundredfold, ten times, and they will feed all the cities of the earth. Am I not more than a grain of wheat?Today I will multiply my value a hundredfold.And when it is done I will do it again, and again, and therewill be astonishment and wonder at my greatness as the words of these scrolls are fulf in me.高中英语课外阅读材料(二)世界上最遥远的距离The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love youThe furthest distance in the worldIs not when i stand in font of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from bothYet cannotBe togehterThe furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when plainly can not resist the yearningYet pretendingYou have never been in my heartThe furthest distance in the worldIs notBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you世界上最遥远的距离,不是生与死而是我就站在你的面前,你却不知道我爱你世界上最遥远的距离,不是我站在你面前,你却不知道我爱你而是明明知道彼此相爱,却不能在一起世界上最遥远的距离,不是明明知道彼此相爱,却不能在一起而是明明无法抵挡这股想念,却还得故意装作丝毫没有把你放在心里世界上最遥远的距离,不是明明无法抵挡这股想念,却还得故意装作丝毫没有把你放在心里而是用自己冷漠的心,对爱你的人掘了一条无法跨越的沟渠高中英语课外阅读材料(三)难忘的野营When I was a boy, I belonged to the Boy Scouts so I used to go camping every summer, and once something happened which I have never been able to explain.We were camping in a place above a river. After arriving, we all rushed down to the river and had a swim. Standing by the river, we noticed that it was surrounded(环绕) by cliffs(悬崖). If someone wanted to reach the river at this point, he had to walk past our camp.Several days later, the scoutmaster had to be away for a day. That afternoon, we had supper early. We were sitting round the fire, eating and talking, when a man walked past and went down towards the river. We all felt that this man looked very strange, but, because each of us was afraid of looking very stupid, no one said anything.We ate rather slowly, taking as long as possible. After finishing, we collected our plates together so that we could take them to the river where we always washed them. But no one moved towards the rivere stood looking at each other ashamed. Then all shouting at once, we began talking about the man who had walked past us. We agreed how strange he looked and we wondered what he could be doing by the river. We knew that he could only return by passing through our camp.An hour passed. Then one of the boys suggested we shouldcreep(悄悄移动) down by the river so that we could see what the man was doing. Moving very slowly and keeping in the shadow, we crept down towards the bank. One boy climbed a tree so that he could see everything clearly. He called to us that there was no one there, so we ran down to the bank, looking everywhere carefully. We could not understand where the man had gone.When it got dark, we went back to our camp feeling bewildered. We told the scoutmaster what had happened in the evening. Smiling, he doubted that we had seen the man, but finally suggested we go and look again. We did, but there was no one there.Many years have passed, but I still remember it as if it were yesterday. What did we see? I do not know.。
Little House in the Big WoodsBy Laura Ingalls WilderLaura Ingalls Wilder wrote many books about her life in the wilderness。
This is a true story from one of her books. On the edge of the Big Woods of Wisconsin in 1872, she lived with her family in a little log house. It was miles from any neighbors and far from any town。
One day her father was away from home, leaving the family alone in the wilderness. At night there came a big bear. What were the mother and her daughters going to do? Were they safe in the end? Please read the following story。
Then one day Pa said that spring was coming。
In the Big Woods the snow was beginning to thaw. Bits of it dropped from the branches of the trees and made little holes in the softening snowbanks below。
At noon all the big icicles along the eaves of the little house quivered and sparkled in the sunshine, and drops of water hung trembling at their tips。
【导语】阅读是运⽤语⾔⽂字来获取信息、认识世界、发展思维,并获得审美体验与知识的活动。
它是从视觉材料中获取信息的过程。
以下是®⽆忧考⽹整理的《⼩学六年级英语阅读⽂章5篇》相关资料,希望帮助到您。
【篇⼀】⼩学六年级英语阅读⽂章 It was Saturday yesterday. Mr. and Mrs. Smith took their children Bill and Mary to the park . They got up early and had their breakfast quickly . After that they went to the park by car. It was half past nine when they arrived there. There were many people in the park. Bill went boating and Mary played games with some other children. Mr. and Mrs. Smith were very tired after five days' work. They sat under a big tree and had a rest. The Smith family had a very good time all the morning.【篇⼆】⼩学六年级英语阅读⽂章 At midnight on New Year's Eve, my parents and I were in the flower fair. There were some roses, lilies, tulips, peach flowers, bluebells and some different kinds of plants. The flowers were beautiful. And there were some different kinds of toys. We bought a toy Micky Mouse. It's lovely and cute. And we bought some peach flowers. Because the flower fair is big, so we felt tired. The first day of Sprig Festival. My mother and I made some dumplings. In the evening we ate some dumplings and noodles. Because the noodles bring long life. During Spring Festival, I had some lucky money. There were about 1000 yuan.I felt very happy!【篇三】⼩学六年级英语阅读⽂章 Miss Jones teaches at a school. She teaches the boys and girls about nine years old. The pupils are not good at maths in one of her classes. Miss Jones always wants to make her lessons interesting. One day she gave them a question. “ If you go to the shop to buy apples,” she said, “and an apple and a half cost twelve cents(美分), how much will you have to give for twelve apples?” The pupils began to write in their exercise books, and for a long time nobody spoke. Then one boy put his hand up and said, “could you say the question once again, please?” Miss Jones said, “If an apple and a half…” But the boy shouted, “ oh, an apple and a half? All the time I am working it out (算出来)in oranges, Miss Jones. So the answer must be different.”【篇四】⼩学六年级英语阅读⽂章 Summer is the second season of the year. When summer comes, it is getting hot and sunny. The days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter, for the sun gets up early and goes to bed late. The world has become a green world, green leaves on the trees, green grass by the river, green plants in the fields, and we can see beautiful flowers everywhere. Birds sing from morning till night. It's so hot that all of the children go swimming in rivers or lakes, and the old people sit under big trees to enjoy the cool air, but thefarmers are still busy working in the fields.【篇五】⼩学六年级英语阅读⽂章 A young apple tree begins to grow from a seed. When its roots reach into the soil, it gets water. The young tree uses light from the sun and makes its own food. For several years, the tree grows bigger. Then, in spring, it grows sweet flowers. During the summer, apples begin to grow. They grow bigger and bigger. In autumn, they began to fall from the tree. People like apples because they taste good. And they are good for health.。
英语课外英文阅读材料带中文翻译小学与初中看的英语阅读材料是不同的,先不说其它,就说难度,很明显的,在初中时期,我们选择的英语阅读材料要比小学时期要难得多。
今天小编给大家带来英语课外英文阅读材料,希望大家喜欢并且能够有所收获。
英语课外英文阅读材料(一)眼睛会说话Much meaning can be conveyed, clearly, with oureyes, so it is often said that eyes can speak.Do you have such kind of experience? In a bus youmay look at stranger, but not too long. And if he issensing that he is being stared at, he may feeluncomfortable.The same in daily life. If you are looked at for morethan necessary, you will look at yourself up and down, to see if there is anything wrong withyou. If nothing goes wrong, you will feel angry toward other’s stare with you that way. Eyes dospeak, right?Looking too long at someone may seem to be rude and aggressive. But things are differentwhen it comes to stare at the opposite sex. If a man glances at a woman for more than 10 seconds and refuses to avert his gaze, his intentions are obvious, that is, he wishes to attracther attention, to make her understand that he is admiring her.However, the normal eye contact for two people engaged in conversation is that the speakerwill only look at the listener from time to time, in order to make sure that the listener does payattention to what the former is speaking, As for the listener, he will,to a certain extent,lookcontinously at the speaker to tell him that he is attentive.If a speaker looks at you continuously when speaking, as if he tries to dominate you, you willfeel disconcerted. A poor liar usually exposes himself by looking too long at the victim, sincehe believes in the false idea that to look straight in the eye is a sign of honest communication. Quite the contrary.In fact, continuous eye contact is confined to lovers only, who will enjoy looking at each othertenderly for a long time, to show affection that words cannot express.Evidently, eye contact should be done according to the relationship between two people and thespecific situation.我们的眼睛能准确地传达一些信息,所以人们常说,眼睛会说话。
初三英语:阅读理解题含答案优秀9篇(经典版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如总结报告、心得体会、应急预案、演讲致辞、合同协议、规章制度、条据文书、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays, such as summary reports, insights, emergency plans, speeches, contract agreements, rules and regulations, documents, teaching materials, complete essays, and other sample essays. If you would like to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!初三英语:阅读理解题含答案优秀9篇初三英语阅读理解中的原文材料,对于初中生来说其实也是很好的英语阅读素材,我们做题时不只是做题,还可以从中学到知识。
Passage 1:Colds are very common. The symptoms of the common cold include a sore throat, runny nose, stuffed-up nose(鼻塞), and tiredness. Colds are caused by viruses(病毒), but scientists cannot explain the exact cause. There is no cure. Many people, however, believe that they know the causes of and cures for the common cold. For example, they believe that it is possible to get a cold if we get chilled, if we get extra tired, or if we are too close to a person with a cold. In other words, if we want to prevent catching cold, we should stay warm and dry; we should avoid getting too tired, and we should not be in close contact with people who have colds.Meanwhile, there are probably hundreds of "cures" throughout the world for the common cold. For example, the following suggestions are popular in quite a number of societies: (l ) drink plenty of water; (2) get extra rest; (3) take a lot of vitamin C, (4) take aspirin; (5) keep warm.Each year people spend a lot of money on cold medicines -- pills, liquids, lozenges (含片).But these medicines do not cure colds they can only relieve cold symptoms. In other words, they make us feel better.1. The passage is mainly about _______.A. looking for the common coldB. some facts about the common coldC. introducing some patientsD. new medicines for curing the common cold2. According to the passage, people with colds feel ______.A. quietB. activeC. thirstyD. tired3. To prevent catching cold, you ______.A. should keep away from a person who has a coldB. should wash your hair in cold weatherC. should go out on a rainy dayD. should make yourself tired4. Which of the following is NOT a "cure" for the common cold?A. Take a lot of vitamin C.B. Drink plenty of water.C. Put on as many clothes as possible.D. Get more rest.5. Which of the following is true about the common cold?A. Scientists are close to finding a cure for colds.B. There are hundreds of symptoms of the common cold.C. Many people know what causes the common cold.D. There are no medicines that can cure colds.Passage 2:Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is now to get rid of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem -- how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which uses not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as light bulbs(灯泡)and refrigerators(冰箱) as well. The system works so well that no fuel is needed to make the campus's six buildings comfortable.Some parts of most modern buildings -- theaters and offices as well as classrooms -- are more than sufficiently heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-conditioned even in winter. The technique of saving heat and redistributing it is called "heat recovery". A few modern buildings recover heat, but the University's system is the first to recover heat from buildings and reuse it in others.Along the way, Pitt has learned a great deal about some of its producers. The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male students send out more heat than female students, and the larger a student is, the more heat he produces. It is tempting to conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a hard-working overweight male genius(天才).1. What is characteristic of the buildings on Johnstown campus of the University of Pittsburgh?A. They collect body heat to regulate the temperature inside.B. They are more comfortable to live in than other buildings.C. They use light bulbs to heat the classrooms.D. They consume less fuel to keep the classrooms cool.2. According to the passage, the technique of heat recovery is used _____ .A. to provide a special form of air-conditioning in the cityB. to provide heat for the hot water systemC. to collect heat and reuse itD. to find out the source of heat3. The phrase "the hottest prospect" in this passage refers to ______.A. the person who suffers most from heatB. the person who gives off most heatC. the person who needs more heat than othersD. the person who makes better use of body heat4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according the passage?A. The harder a student works, the more heat he or she produces.B. The bigger a student is, the more heat he or she sends out.C.. A 1arge and hard-working boy student gives off the most heat.D. A girl student sends out more heat than a boy student.5. Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?A.Recovery of Body HeatB.Body Heat and SexC.Modern Building‘s Heat SystemD. Ways of Heating BuildingsPassage 3.Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing your own psychological(心理上的) space needs is important because they strongly affect your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child family, and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will offer separate bedrooms for them. In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a bed near them.The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to each other and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to be alone.Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.1. The passage is chiefly concerned with _________ .A. American way of livingB. living requirements in different culturesC. living conditions in developed countriesD. space and economic factors2. According to the author, the amount of living space a person needs is decidedby ____ .A. his financial situationsB. the relationship between the family membersC. his cultural backgroundD. how many rooms there are in his house3. The example of American families seems to suggest that ______ .A. psychological space needs are developed when one is very youngB. Americans are more eager to be alone when they are at homeC. it is advisable to let the baby sleep with his parentsD.it is advisable to let the baby sleep with his sister4. Some families gather close to each other at home because _______ .A. it satisfies their psychological space needsB. they have no living spaceC. they have been brought up in a small familyD. they have small corners for themselves5. According to the author, psychological space needs ______ .A. will change greatly as one's incomes are reducedB. will change if you move to a smaller houseC. can hardly be changed altogetherD. can be changed at willPassage 4.Do you believe that only boys do well in science? Does it seem to you that girls have better vocabularies than boys? In your opinion, are boys better at building things ? If your answer to each of those questions is ―Yes,‖ you are right.On the average, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solving skills. Females show superior ability in tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory.It is known that bones, muscles(肌肉)and nerves(神经)develop faster in baby girls. Usually, too, baby girls talk at an earlier age than boys do. Scientists think there is a physical reason for this. They believe that the nerve endings in the left side of the brain develop faster in girls than in boys. And it is this side of the brain that strongly influences an individual's ability to use words, to spell, and to remember things.By the time they start to schoo1, therefore, little girls have an advantage that boys do not have. Girls are physically more ready to remember facts, to spell, and to read. These, of course, are skills that are important in elementary school.But what have the boys been doing in the years before starting school? They have been developing something called aggression (进攻). An aggressive person has courage and energy. He feels strong and independent. He is often the first one to start fight.1. Scientists believe that the differences between boys and girls are determined by ___.A ) their personal abilitiesB) their physical conditionC ) their courage and independenceD) their age and sex2. Which of the following is Not true?A ) Girls remember things more easily.B ) Boys score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning.C ) Boys are more skillful at building things.D) Girls are better at facts which measure problem solving ability.3. According to this passage, boys are ______.A ) more ready to spellB) more ready to remember factsC ) stronger and more independentD) quicker at learning4. The word "this" ( Para 3) refers to________________.A ) the difference between boys and girlsB. the ability to solve problemsC ) the development of brainsD) the age when babies begin to talk5. The author's view of the difference between boys and girls is basedon_______.A ) scientific factsB ) personal experienceC ) social behaviorsD ) logical reasoningPassage 5:Third World countries often mistakenly decided to permit rapid industrialization. When this industrialization occurs, many new factories open, and workers get jobs. Unfortunately, many of these new jobs are not permanent. The leaders of an industry want their factories to be as productive as possible, and they will do anything to achieve that goal. Whenever they can, they take advantage of automation, which means that workers are replaced by a more efficient machine. As a result, a worker trained for a specific factory job becomes unemployed, and the profits of the factory owners are maximized.Many experts in Third World economics are concerned about rapid industrialization because it brings problems as well as progress. Citizens of these countries need jobs that will last, not jobs that are temporary. In the opinion of these economists, the leaders of Third World countries should be aware of the dangers as well as the advantages of rapid industrialization.1. The rapid industrialization in Third World countries could mean _______.A)more progress to the stateB)more profits to the factory ownersC)more problems to the governmentD)all of the above2. Of the following four points, which one do leaders of an industry consider first?A)More jobs for the workers.B)Rapid development in all the fields.C)Better pay for the workers.D)Highest productivity.3. According to the passage, automation could lead to _________.A)more jobs and therefore more payB)fewer machines and therefore more workersC)more machines and therefore fewer workersD)fewer machines and therefore more workers4. In the sentence ―Citizens of these countries need jobs that will last‖(Para.2), the word ―last‖ means ________.A)follow all the restB)go onC)become lateD)be most recent5. The author wrote the passage in order to _________.A)tell us an interesting storyB)reveal a factC)tell us the disadvantages of automationD)give a warning to some Third World countriesPassage 6:If we were asked exactly what we were doing a year ago, we should probably have to say that we could not remember. But if we had kept a book and had written in it an account of what we did each day, we should be able to give an answer to the question.It is the same in history. Many things have been forgotten because we do not have any written account of them. Sometimes men did keep a record of the most important happenings in their country, but often it was destroyed by fire or in a war. Sometimes there was never any written record at all because the people of that time and place did not know how to write. For example, we know a good deal about the people who lived in China 4, 000 years ago because they could write and leave written records for those who lived after them. But we know almost nothing about the people who lived even 200 years ago in central Africa, because they had not learned to write.Sometimes, of course, even if the people cannot write, they may know something of the past. They have heard about it from older people, and often songs and dancesand stories have been made about the most important happenings, and these have been sung and acted and told for many generations. For most people are proud to tell what their fathers did in the past. This we may call ―remembered history.‖ Some of it has now been written down. It is not so exact or so valuable to us as written history is, because words are much more easily changed when used again and again in speech than when copied in writing. But where there are no written records, such spoken stories are often very helpful.1. Which of the following ideas is not conveyed in the passage?A) ―Remembered history‖, compared with written history, is less reliable.B) Written records of the past plays a most important role in our learning ofthe human history.C) A written account of our daily activities helps us to answer somequestions.D) Where there are no written records, there is no history.2. We know very little about the central Africa 200 years ago because.A) there was nothing worth being written down at that timeB) the people there ignored the importance of keeping a recordC) the written records were perhaps destroyed by a fireD) the people there had not known how to write3. ―Remembered history‖ (Line 6, Para, 3) refers to .A) history based on a person‘s imaginationB) stories of important happenings passed down from mouth to mouthC) songs and dances about the most important eventsD) both B) and C)4. ―Remembered history‖ is regarded as valuable only when .A) it is written downB) no written account is availableC) it proves to be trueD) people are interested in it5. It can be inferred (推论) from the passage that we could have learned muchmore about our past than we do now if our ancestors (祖先) had .A) kept a written record of every past eventB) not burnt their written records in warsC) told exact stories of the most important happeningsD) made more songs and dancesPassage 7:The water level of oceans rises and falls alternately (交替地) twice a day. This movement of water is called the tide (潮汐). Tides are caused by the pull of the sun and the moon on the eart h‘s surface; since the moon is closer, it affects the tides more than the sun. When the moon is directly overhead, it actually pulls on the water that is below it. This causes the water level to rise because the water is pulled away from the earth. As the moon disappears (消失) over the horizon (地平线), the pull lessens and the water level settles back towards the ocean bottom.When the water reaches its highest level, we have high tide. And when the water comes to its lowest level, we have low tide. From its lowest point, the water rises gradually for about six hours until it reaches high tide. Then it begins to fall continuously for about six hours until it reaches low tide. Then the cycle begins again.1. Which of the following may be the best title for the passage?A) The Moon and Oceans.B) The Moon and the TideC) Water LevelsD) The Pull of the Moon and the Sun2. The pull of the moon on the earth‘s surface is stronger than that of the sunb ec a u s e.A) the moon is directly over the earthB) the moon pulls the water away from the earthC) the moon is closer to the earthD) the moon moves around the earth3. Water level reaches its low point when .A) the moon is hidden by cloudsB) the moon‘s effect is indirectC) the moon moves far awayD) the sun is overhead4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A) Weather sometimes affects tides.B) The force directly affecting the earth‘s surface comes from the moon onlyC) The effect of the sun on the ocean water can be neglectedD) Tides are the result of the pull of the moon and the sun.5. In the sentence ―As the moon disappears over the horizon, the pull lessens...‖(Line 6, Para.1), the word lessens most probably means .A) rises B) arrivesC) decreases D) spreadsPassage 8:The ideal(理想的) teacher may be young or old, tall or short, fat or thin. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality (人格) is as important as his scholarship (学识). The ideal teacher must be enthusiastic (热情的). He must never teach anything he himself is not interested in. He should be a bit of an actor and he should not be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. He must like his students and respect them, but he must also respect himself and take pride in his work. Otherwise, he cannot respect his students and win respect from them. The ideal teacher should have an understanding of his students and be able to relate to them. He needs students‘ understanding, too. The ideal teacher should be kind, encouraging, and helpful and he should motivate (激发) his students to seek (探索) knowledge. The ideal teacher should see his students as individuals (个人) and acknowledge (承认) their differences. He must know how to encourage the self-development and growth of each of his students. The ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.So what about the teachers around you?1. Which of the following is the least important in judging an ideal teacher according to the passage?A) His age and appearance.B) His scholarship.C) His personality.D) His attitude towards his students.2. Can an ideal teacher make mistakes?A) No. He should be very careful not to make any mistakes.B) Yes. Because no one can be perfect.C) No. He should always be the authority (权威) to his students.D) Yes. But he should be willing to learn.3. What relationship should be set up between an ideal teacher and his studentsaccording to the passage?A) Mutual (相互的) respect and understanding.B) Mutual encouragement and help.C) Mutual aid and affection (慈爱)D) Mutual support and inspiration (激励)4. An ideal teacher views his students .A) as talented (有才能的) young peopleB) as different from each otherC) as self-centered individualsD) as understanding, respectful individuals5. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A) An ideal teacher should always set an example for his students.B) Teachers and students benefit from each other in the process of teachingand learningC) Students should never expect their teachers to be ideal.D) Those who are trying to improve themselves constantly(不断地) areideal teachers.Passage 9 :The Golden Gate Bridge joins the beautiful city of San Francisco with the suburbs to the north. Each day, about one hundred thousand automobiles cross the bridge taking people to and from the city. Fully half of them cross the bridge during the morning and evening rush hours; with traffic so heavy, the trip is hardly a pleasure.Now, however, there is at least one group of happy commuters. These are the people who travel under the bridge instead of on it. They go to work by boat and enjoy it so much that most of them say they will never go by car again.The ferry(渡船) they take is the roomy, quiet, comfortable ―Golden Gate‖. Commuters can enjoy the sun on deck. In the morning they can have breakfast in the coffee shop, and in the evening they can order a drink in the bar while watching San Francisco‘s famous skyline a nd the nearby hills.The trip takes only thirty minutes and is not very costly. But best of all, being ona boat seems to make people friendlier toward each other. There has already been a marriage of two commuters who met on the ―Golden Gate‖.Because the experiment has been successful, there are plans to use other, still larger boats. There is also a proposal for a high-speed boat that will make the trip in fifteen minutes.1. When are the rush hours on the Golden Gate Bridge?A) From 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.B) Around 6:00 a.m. and 6:00p.m.C) Each day from spring to fall.D) In the morning and at noon.2. According to the passage, _____________.A) it is a nice thing to travel in the rush hours on the Golden Gate BridgeB) it is very happy for people to go to work to travel on the Golden GateC) the people on the bridge are very pleased to watch San Francisco‘s famousskyline and the nearby hillsD) fully half of the people cross the river on the bridge instead of under it3. Which of the following statements is true?A) The trip takes only half an hour and is hardly pleased.B) Above all, being on a boat seems to make people friendlier toward each other.C) Every one is not happy to get back and forth faster.D) To use a high-speed boat is a good idea for people who go to work by boat.4. What is most probably the meaning of the word ―commuter‖?A) A person who travels car.B) A person who travels by boat.C) A person who crosses a river every day.D)A person who makes regular journey of some distance between home andwork.5. Which of the following can serve as the title of this passage?A) The Golden Gate Bridge.B) The Happy Way to Get to Work.C) Pleasure Trip.D) The Hope to Cross the Bridge Quickly.Passage 10.More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third-floor window. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to £50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the driver's responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.1. This text is taken from ________.A.a medical magazineB. a police reportC a legal documentD. a government information booklet2. Wearing a seat belt in a vehicle ________.A. reduces road accidents by more than halfB. saves lives while driving at a speed up to 30 miles per hourC. reduces the death rate in traffic accidentsD. saves more than 15,000 lives each year3. It is the driver's responsibility to ________.A. make the front seat passenger wear a seat beltB. make the front seat children under 14 wear a seat beltC. stop children riding in the front seatD. wear a seat belt each time he drives4. According to the text, which of the following people riding in the front does nothave to wear a seat belt?A.Someone who is backing into a parking space.B.Someone who is picking up the children from the local school.C.Someone who is delivering invitation letters.D.Someone who is under 14.5. For some people, it may be better ________.A.to wear a seat belt for health reasonsB.not to wear a seat belt for health reasonsC.to get a valid medical certificate before wearing a seat beltD.to pay a fine rather than wear a seat beltPassage 11Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people‘s. In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle --- compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way t o get the right answer. Let‘s end all this nonsense of grades, exams, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.1. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?A) By copying what other people do.B) By making mistakes and having them corrected.C) By listening to explanations from skilled people.D) By asking a great many questions.2. What does the author think teachers to which they should not do?A) They give children correct answers.B) They point out children‘s mistakes to them.C) They allow children to mark their own workD) They encourage children to copy from one another.3. The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are __________.A) not really important skillsB) more important than other skillsC) basically different from learning adult skillsD) basically the same as learning other skills4. Exams, grades and marks should be abolished because children’s progress should only be estimated by ___________.A) educated persons B) the children themselvesC) teachers D) parents5. Why should children learn to judge their own work?A) Because most children don‘t like their teachers.B) Because their parents ask them to do so.C) Because they can learn much more things in this way.D) None of the above.Passage 12:Every animal is a living radiator —— heat formed in its cells is given off through its skin. Warm blooded animals maintain a steady temperature by constantly replacing lost surface heat; smaller animals, which have more skin for every ounce of body weight, must produce heat faster than bigger ones, Because smaller animals burn fuel faster, scientists say they live faster.The speed at which an animal lives is determined by measuring the rate at which it uses oxygen. A chicken, for example, uses one half cubic centimeter of oxygen every hour for each gram it weighs. The tiny shrew uses four cubic centimeters of oxygen every hour for each gram it weighs. Because it uses oxygen eight times as fast, it is said that the mouselike shrew is living eight times as fast as the chicken. The smallest of the warm blooded creatures, the hummingbird, lives a hundred times as fast as an elephant.There is a limit to how small a warm blooded animal can be. A mammal or bird that weighed only two and a half grams would starve to death. It would burn up its food too rapidly and would not be able to eat fast enough to supply more fuel.1. The selection says that every animal is a living radiator because it .A) produces heat in its body cellsB) burns fuel to produce heatC) gives off heat through its skinD) requires oxygen to produce heat2. Small animals are said to live faster than big ones because they .A) have more skin for every ounce of body weightB) replace lost heat fasterC) burn fuel faster。