Passage 1:
Colds are very common. The symptoms of the common cold include a sore throat, runny nose, stuffed-up nose（鼻塞）, and tiredness. Colds are caused by viruses（病毒）, but scientists cannot explain the exact cause. There is no cure. Many people, however, believe that they know the causes of and cures for the common cold. For example, they believe that it is possible to get a cold if we get chilled, if we get extra tired, or if we are too close to a person with a cold. In other words, if we want to prevent catching cold, we should stay warm and dry; we should avoid getting too tired, and we should not be in close contact with people who have colds.
Meanwhile, there are probably hundreds of "cures" throughout the world for the common cold. For example, the following suggestions are popular in quite a number of societies: (l ) drink plenty of water; (2) get extra rest; (3) take a lot of vitamin C, (4) take aspirin; (5) keep warm.
Each year people spend a lot of money on cold medicines -- pills, liquids, lozenges (含片).But these medicines do not cure colds they can only relieve cold symptoms. In other words, they make us feel better.
1. The passage is mainly about _______.
A. looking for the common cold
B. some facts about the common cold
C. introducing some patients
D. new medicines for curing the common cold
2. According to the passage, people with colds feel ______.
A. quiet
B. active
C. thirsty
D. tired
3. To prevent catching cold, you ______.
A. should keep away from a person who has a cold
B. should wash your hair in cold weather
C. should go out on a rainy day
D. should make yourself tired
4. Which of the following is NOT a "cure" for the common cold?
A. Take a lot of vitamin C.
B. Drink plenty of water.
C. Put on as many clothes as possible.
D. Get more rest.
5. Which of the following is true about the common cold?
A. Scientists are close to finding a cure for colds.
B. There are hundreds of symptoms of the common cold.
C. Many people know what causes the common cold.
D. There are no medicines that can cure colds.
Passage 2:
Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is now to get rid of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem -- how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which uses not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as light bulbs（灯泡）and refrigerators(冰箱) as well. The system works so well that no fuel is needed to make the campus's six buildings comfortable.
Some parts of most modern buildings -- theaters and offices as well as classrooms -- are more than sufficiently heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-conditioned even in winter. The technique of saving heat and redistributing it is called "heat recovery". A few modern buildings recover heat, but the University's system is the first to recover heat from buildings and reuse it in others.
Along the way, Pitt has learned a great deal about some of its producers. The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male students send out more heat than female students, and the larger a student is, the more heat he produces. It is tempting to conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a hard-working overweight male genius（天才）.
1. What is characteristic of the buildings on Johnstown campus of the University of Pittsburgh?
A. They collect body heat to regulate the temperature inside.
B. They are more comfortable to live in than other buildings.
C. They use light bulbs to heat the classrooms.
D. They consume less fuel to keep the classrooms cool.
2. According to the passage, the technique of heat recovery is used _____ .
A. to provide a special form of air-conditioning in the city
B. to provide heat for the hot water system
C. to collect heat and reuse it
D. to find out the source of heat
3. The phrase "the hottest prospect" in this passage refers to ______.
A. the person who suffers most from heat
B. the person who gives off most heat
C. the person who needs more heat than others
D. the person who makes better use of body heat
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according the passage?
A. The harder a student works, the more heat he or she produces.
B. The bigger a student is, the more heat he or she sends out.
C.. A 1arge and hard-working boy student gives off the most heat.
D. A girl student sends out more heat than a boy student.
5. Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?
A.Recovery of Body Heat
B.Body Heat and Sex
C.Modern Building‘s Heat System
D. Ways of Heating Buildings
Passage 3.
Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing your own psychological(心理上的) space needs is important because they strongly affect your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child family, and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will offer separate bedrooms for them. In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a bed near them.
The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to each other and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to be alone.
Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.
1. The passage is chiefly concerned with _________ .
A. American way of living
B. living requirements in different cultures
C. living conditions in developed countries
D. space and economic factors
2. According to the author, the amount of living space a person needs is decided
by ____ .
A. his financial situations
B. the relationship between the family members
C. his cultural background
D. how many rooms there are in his house
3. The example of American families seems to suggest that ______ .
A. psychological space needs are developed when one is very young
B. Americans are more eager to be alone when they are at home
C. it is advisable to let the baby sleep with his parents
D.it is advisable to let the baby sleep with his sister
4. Some families gather close to each other at home because _______ .
A. it satisfies their psychological space needs
B. they have no living space
C. they have been brought up in a small family
D. they have small corners for themselves
5. According to the author, psychological space needs ______ .
A. will change greatly as one's incomes are reduced
B. will change if you move to a smaller house
C. can hardly be changed altogether
D. can be changed at will
Passage 4.
Do you believe that only boys do well in science? Does it seem to you that girls have better vocabularies than boys? In your opinion, are boys better at building things ? If your answer to each of those questions is ―Yes,‖ you are right.
On the average, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solving skills. Females show superior ability in tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory.
It is known that bones, muscles（肌肉）and nerves（神经）develop faster in baby girls. Usually, too, baby girls talk at an earlier age than boys do. Scientists think there is a physical reason for this. They believe that the nerve endings in the left side of the brain develop faster in girls than in boys. And it is this side of the brain that strongly influences an individual's ability to use words, to spell, and to remember things.
By the time they start to schoo1, therefore, little girls have an advantage that boys do not have. Girls are physically more ready to remember facts, to spell, and to read. These, of course, are skills that are important in elementary school.
But what have the boys been doing in the years before starting school? They have been developing something called aggression (进攻). An aggressive person has courage and energy. He feels strong and independent. He is often the first one to start fight.
1. Scientists believe that the differences between boys and girls are determined by ___.
A ) their personal abilities
B) their physical condition
C ) their courage and independence
D) their age and sex
2. Which of the following is Not true?
A ) Girls remember things more easily.
B ) Boys score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning.
C ) Boys are more skillful at building things.
D) Girls are better at facts which measure problem solving ability.
3. According to this passage, boys are ______.
A ) more ready to spell
B) more ready to remember facts
C ) stronger and more independent
D) quicker at learning
4. The word "this" ( Para 3) refers to________________.
A ) the difference between boys and girls
B. the ability to solve problems
C ) the development of brains
D) the age when babies begin to talk
5. The author's view of the difference between boys and girls is based
on_______.
A ) scientific facts
B ) personal experience
C ) social behaviors
D ) logical reasoning
Passage 5:
Third World countries often mistakenly decided to permit rapid industrialization. When this industrialization occurs, many new factories open, and workers get jobs. Unfortunately, many of these new jobs are not permanent. The leaders of an industry want their factories to be as productive as possible, and they will do anything to achieve that goal. Whenever they can, they take advantage of automation, which means that workers are replaced by a more efficient machine. As a result, a worker trained for a specific factory job becomes unemployed, and the profits of the factory owners are maximized.
Many experts in Third World economics are concerned about rapid industrialization because it brings problems as well as progress. Citizens of these countries need jobs that will last, not jobs that are temporary. In the opinion of these economists, the leaders of Third World countries should be aware of the dangers as well as the advantages of rapid industrialization.
1. The rapid industrialization in Third World countries could mean _______.
A)more progress to the state
B)more profits to the factory owners
C)more problems to the government
D)all of the above
2. Of the following four points, which one do leaders of an industry consider first?
A)More jobs for the workers.
B)Rapid development in all the fields.
C)Better pay for the workers.
D)Highest productivity.
3. According to the passage, automation could lead to _________.
A)more jobs and therefore more pay
B)fewer machines and therefore more workers
C)more machines and therefore fewer workers
D)fewer machines and therefore more workers
4. In the sentence ―Citizens of these countries need jobs that will last‖(Para.2), the word ―last‖ means ________.
A)follow all the rest
B)go on
C)become late
D)be most recent
5. The author wrote the passage in order to _________.
A)tell us an interesting story
B)reveal a fact
C)tell us the disadvantages of automation
D)give a warning to some Third World countries
Passage 6:
If we were asked exactly what we were doing a year ago, we should probably have to say that we could not remember. But if we had kept a book and had written in it an account of what we did each day, we should be able to give an answer to the question.
It is the same in history. Many things have been forgotten because we do not have any written account of them. Sometimes men did keep a record of the most important happenings in their country, but often it was destroyed by fire or in a war. Sometimes there was never any written record at all because the people of that time and place did not know how to write. For example, we know a good deal about the people who lived in China 4, 000 years ago because they could write and leave written records for those who lived after them. But we know almost nothing about the people who lived even 200 years ago in central Africa, because they had not learned to write.
Sometimes, of course, even if the people cannot write, they may know something of the past. They have heard about it from older people, and often songs and dances
and stories have been made about the most important happenings, and these have been sung and acted and told for many generations. For most people are proud to tell what their fathers did in the past. This we may call ―remembered history.‖ Some of it has now been written down. It is not so exact or so valuable to us as written history is, because words are much more easily changed when used again and again in speech than when copied in writing. But where there are no written records, such spoken stories are often very helpful.
1. Which of the following ideas is not conveyed in the passage?
A) ―Remembered history‖, compared with written history, is less reliable.
B) Written records of the past plays a most important role in our learning of
the human history.
C) A written account of our daily activities helps us to answer some
questions.
D) Where there are no written records, there is no history.
2. We know very little about the central Africa 200 years ago because
.
A) there was nothing worth being written down at that time
B) the people there ignored the importance of keeping a record
C) the written records were perhaps destroyed by a fire
D) the people there had not known how to write
3. ―Remembered history‖ (Line 6, Para, 3) refers to .
A) history based on a person‘s imagination
B) stories of important happenings passed down from mouth to mouth
C) songs and dances about the most important events
D) both B) and C)
4. ―Remembered history‖ is regarded as valuable only when .
A) it is written down
B) no written account is available
C) it proves to be true
D) people are interested in it
5. It can be inferred (推论) from the passage that we could have learned much
more about our past than we do now if our ancestors (祖先) had .
A) kept a written record of every past event
B) not burnt their written records in wars
C) told exact stories of the most important happenings
D) made more songs and dances
Passage 7:
The water level of oceans rises and falls alternately (交替地) twice a day. This movement of water is called the tide (潮汐). Tides are caused by the pull of the sun and the moon on the eart h‘s surface; since the moon is closer, it affects the tides more than the sun. When the moon is directly overhead, it actually pulls on the water that is below it. This causes the water level to rise because the water is pulled away from the earth. As the moon disappears (消失) over the horizon (地平线), the pull lessens and the water level settles back towards the ocean bottom.
When the water reaches its highest level, we have high tide. And when the water comes to its lowest level, we have low tide. From its lowest point, the water rises gradually for about six hours until it reaches high tide. Then it begins to fall continuously for about six hours until it reaches low tide. Then the cycle begins again.
1. Which of the following may be the best title for the passage?
A) The Moon and Oceans.
B) The Moon and the Tide
C) Water Levels
D) The Pull of the Moon and the Sun
2. The pull of the moon on the earth‘s surface is stronger than that of the sun
b e
c a u s e
.
A) the moon is directly over the earth
B) the moon pulls the water away from the earth
C) the moon is closer to the earth
D) the moon moves around the earth
3. Water level reaches its low point when .
A) the moon is hidden by clouds
B) the moon‘s effect is indirect
C) the moon moves far away
D) the sun is overhead
4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A) Weather sometimes affects tides.
B) The force directly affecting the earth‘s surface comes from the moon only
C) The effect of the sun on the ocean water can be neglected
D) Tides are the result of the pull of the moon and the sun.
5. In the sentence ―As the moon disappears over the horizon, the pull lessens...‖
(Line 6, Para.1), the word lessens most probably means .
A) rises B) arrives
C) decreases D) spreads
Passage 8:
The ideal(理想的) teacher may be young or old, tall or short, fat or thin. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality (人格) is as important as his scholarship (学识). The ideal teacher must be enthusiastic (热情的). He must never teach anything he himself is not interested in. He should be a bit of an actor and he should not be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. He must like his students and respect them, but he must also respect himself and take pride in his work. Otherwise, he cannot respect his students and win respect from them. The ideal teacher should have an understanding of his students and be able to relate to them. He needs students‘ understanding, too. The ideal teacher should be kind, encouraging, and helpful and he should motivate (激发) his students to seek (探索) knowledge. The ideal teacher should see his students as individuals (个人) and acknowledge (承认) their differences. He must know how to encourage the self-development and growth of each of his students. The ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
So what about the teachers around you?
1. Which of the following is the least important in judging an ideal teacher according to the passage?
A) His age and appearance.
B) His scholarship.
C) His personality.
D) His attitude towards his students.
2. Can an ideal teacher make mistakes?
A) No. He should be very careful not to make any mistakes.
B) Yes. Because no one can be perfect.
C) No. He should always be the authority (权威) to his students.
D) Yes. But he should be willing to learn.
3. What relationship should be set up between an ideal teacher and his students
according to the passage?
A) Mutual (相互的) respect and understanding.
B) Mutual encouragement and help.
C) Mutual aid and affection (慈爱)
D) Mutual support and inspiration (激励)
4. An ideal teacher views his students .
A) as talented (有才能的) young people
B) as different from each other
C) as self-centered individuals
D) as understanding, respectful individuals
5. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A) An ideal teacher should always set an example for his students.
B) Teachers and students benefit from each other in the process of teaching
and learning
C) Students should never expect their teachers to be ideal.
D) Those who are trying to improve themselves constantly(不断地) are
ideal teachers.
Passage 9 :
The Golden Gate Bridge joins the beautiful city of San Francisco with the suburbs to the north. Each day, about one hundred thousand automobiles cross the bridge taking people to and from the city. Fully half of them cross the bridge during the morning and evening rush hours; with traffic so heavy, the trip is hardly a pleasure.
Now, however, there is at least one group of happy commuters. These are the people who travel under the bridge instead of on it. They go to work by boat and enjoy it so much that most of them say they will never go by car again.
The ferry(渡船) they take is the roomy, quiet, comfortable ―Golden Gate‖. Commuters can enjoy the sun on deck. In the morning they can have breakfast in the coffee shop, and in the evening they can order a drink in the bar while watching San Francisco‘s famous skyline a nd the nearby hills.
The trip takes only thirty minutes and is not very costly. But best of all, being on
a boat seems to make people friendlier toward each other. There has already been a marriage of two commuters who met on the ―Golden Gate‖.
Because the experiment has been successful, there are plans to use other, still larger boats. There is also a proposal for a high-speed boat that will make the trip in fifteen minutes.
1. When are the rush hours on the Golden Gate Bridge?
A) From 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
B) Around 6:00 a.m. and 6:00p.m.
C) Each day from spring to fall.
D) In the morning and at noon.
2. According to the passage, _____________.
A) it is a nice thing to travel in the rush hours on the Golden Gate Bridge
B) it is very happy for people to go to work to travel on the Golden Gate
C) the people on the bridge are very pleased to watch San Francisco‘s famous
skyline and the nearby hills
D) fully half of the people cross the river on the bridge instead of under it
3. Which of the following statements is true?
A) The trip takes only half an hour and is hardly pleased.
B) Above all, being on a boat seems to make people friendlier toward each other.
C) Every one is not happy to get back and forth faster.
D) To use a high-speed boat is a good idea for people who go to work by boat.
4. What is most probably the meaning of the word ―commuter‖?
A) A person who travels car.
B) A person who travels by boat.
C) A person who crosses a river every day.
D)A person who makes regular journey of some distance between home and
work.
5. Which of the following can serve as the title of this passage?
A) The Golden Gate Bridge.
B) The Happy Way to Get to Work.
C) Pleasure Trip.
D) The Hope to Cross the Bridge Quickly.
Passage 10.
More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third-floor window. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.
Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to ￡50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the driver's responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
1. This text is taken from ________.
A.a medical magazine
B. a police report
C a legal document
D. a government information booklet
2. Wearing a seat belt in a vehicle ________.
A. reduces road accidents by more than half
B. saves lives while driving at a speed up to 30 miles per hour
C. reduces the death rate in traffic accidents
D. saves more than 15,000 lives each year
3. It is the driver's responsibility to ________.
A. make the front seat passenger wear a seat belt
B. make the front seat children under 14 wear a seat belt
C. stop children riding in the front seat
D. wear a seat belt each time he drives
4. According to the text, which of the following people riding in the front does not
have to wear a seat belt?
A.Someone who is backing into a parking space.
B.Someone who is picking up the children from the local school.
C.Someone who is delivering invitation letters.
D.Someone who is under 14.
5. For some people, it may be better ________.
A.to wear a seat belt for health reasons
B.not to wear a seat belt for health reasons
C.to get a valid medical certificate before wearing a seat belt
D.to pay a fine rather than wear a seat belt
Passage 11
Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people‘s. In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle --- compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.
If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way t o get the right answer. Let‘s end all this nonsense of grades, exams, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.
1. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?
A) By copying what other people do.
B) By making mistakes and having them corrected.
C) By listening to explanations from skilled people.
D) By asking a great many questions.
2. What does the author think teachers to which they should not do?
A) They give children correct answers.
B) They point out children‘s mistakes to them.
C) They allow children to mark their own work
D) They encourage children to copy from one another.
3. The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are __________.
A) not really important skills
B) more important than other skills
C) basically different from learning adult skills
D) basically the same as learning other skills
4. Exams, grades and marks should be abolished because children’s progress should only be estimated by ___________.
A) educated persons B) the children themselves
C) teachers D) parents
5. Why should children learn to judge their own work?
A) Because most children don‘t like their teachers.
B) Because their parents ask them to do so.
C) Because they can learn much more things in this way.
D) None of the above.
Passage 12:
Every animal is a living radiator —— heat formed in its cells is given off through its skin. Warm blooded animals maintain a steady temperature by constantly replacing lost surface heat; smaller animals, which have more skin for every ounce of body weight, must produce heat faster than bigger ones, Because smaller animals burn fuel faster, scientists say they live faster.
The speed at which an animal lives is determined by measuring the rate at which it uses oxygen. A chicken, for example, uses one half cubic centimeter of oxygen every hour for each gram it weighs. The tiny shrew uses four cubic centimeters of oxygen every hour for each gram it weighs. Because it uses oxygen eight times as fast, it is said that the mouselike shrew is living eight times as fast as the chicken. The smallest of the warm blooded creatures, the hummingbird, lives a hundred times as fast as an elephant.
There is a limit to how small a warm blooded animal can be. A mammal or bird that weighed only two and a half grams would starve to death. It would burn up its food too rapidly and would not be able to eat fast enough to supply more fuel.
1. The selection says that every animal is a living radiator because it .
A) produces heat in its body cells
B) burns fuel to produce heat
C) gives off heat through its skin
D) requires oxygen to produce heat
2. Small animals are said to live faster than big ones because they .
A) have more skin for every ounce of body weight
B) replace lost heat faster
C) burn fuel faster
D) maintain a higher body temperature
3. The speed at which an animal lives is determined by measuring .
A) the amount of food it eats
B) its body temperature
C) the rate at which it uses oxygen
D) the amount of oxygen it uses
4. The amount of oxygen an animal uses depends on .
A) its body weight
B) the food it eats
C) its general size and shape
D) the length of time it lives
5. An animal weighing less than 2 1/2 grams would starve because it would
not be able to .
A) get enough oxygen
B) maintain its body temperature
C) burn its food fast enough
D) eat fast enough to supply fuel
Passage 13:
People everywhere agree on what a mountain is. The fact is that definitions vary. Everyone admits, for example, that Everest is a mountain, the highest of them all, with an altitude of almost 30,000 feet. But what about Snowdon, the loftiest peak in Wales? It rises a mere 3000 feet, yet it is also called a mountain. Comparison, a little matter of relativity, is the key. To the average person living "on North America's Great Plains, Vermont's Green Mountains look lofty indeed, but to anyone from the Rocky Mountains, the Green Mountains seem nothing more than hills.
Geographers generally agree that, to be a mountain topographically (在地形学方面) , a landmass must reach an altitude of 3000 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Everest, for instance, is 30,000 feet above sea level, but only 15,000 feet above the neighboring Tibetan plateau. Geologists restrict the definition even more, maintaining that a mountain is a mountain by virtue of its geological structure. Some rugged highlands are not really mountains, while some flat, low-lying rock surfaces are true mountains. They are low now because of centuries of erosion. There are even mountains under the sea, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for example. Like all true mountains, they were originally formed by large-scale movements of the earth's crust.
1. How high a mountain looks to the average person depends on what he
A) compares it with C) reads about geology
B) knows about the climate D) thinks of topography
2. Everest is the highest mountain in
A) the world C)North America
B) Europe D) Africa
3. Geographers measure mountains by comparing them with
A) the surrounding land C) the level of the sea
B) the height to which clouds rise D) other mountains
4. Geologists are not primarily concerned with a mountain's
A) history C) structure
B) height D) formation
5. Most flat, low-lying mountains are
A) very old C) exceptionally beautiful
B) found in the ocean D) covered with snow
Passage 14:
Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.
1. Normally a student would at least attend ____ classes each week.
A. 3
B. 12
C. 15
D. 20
2. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed _____.
A. to live in a different university
B. to take a particular course in a different university
C. to live at home and drive to classes
D. to get two degrees from two different universities
3. American university students are usually under pressure of work because
_________.
A. they want to run for positions of authority
B. they are heavily involved in student affairs
C. they have to observe university discipline
D. their academic performance will affect their future careers
4. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably
because ________.
A. they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study.
B. they will then be able to stay longer in the university
C. such positions help them get better jobs
D. such positions are usually well paid
5. The student organizations seem to be effective in _______.
A. dealing with the academic affairs of the university
B. ensuring that the students observe university regulations
C. evaluating students' performance by bringing them before a court
D. keeping up the students' enthusiasm for social activities
Passage 15
When an art museum wants a new exhibit, it buys things in finished form and hangs them on its walls. When a natural history museum wants an exhibit, it often must bui1d it realistically---from a mass of materia1 and evidence brought together by careful research.
An animal, for examp1e, must first be skinned. Photographs and measurements are used to determine the animal's structure in a natural position--fighting, resting, or feeding. Then muscle forms are built and a plaster shell is made. Final1y the skin is pulled over the shell like a wet g1ove. This comp1etes the animal subject.
Displaying such things as stone heads, giant trees, and meteorites is basically mechanical. Most other natural history exhibits present more difficult problems. For instance, how can a creature be exhibited when it is too small to be seen clearly? In these cases, 1arger-than-life models are bui1t. The American Museum of Natura1 History has models of fleas, houseflies, and many other insects enlarged up to seventy-four times. The mode1s show the stages of the insects' deve1opment and the workings of their bodies.
l. Natural history exhibits differ from art exhibits in that they _____.
A. are never borrowed
B. are not displayed to the public
C. often must be constructed
D. do not require research
2. What is the last step when exhibiting an animal?
A. to skin the animal
B. to build the muscle forms
C. to make a plaster shell
D. to cover the shell by skin
3. The items that are most difficult to display are _____.
A. objects such as meteorites
B. large animals
C. creatures too small to be seen clearly
D. creatures of the sea
4. The best title for this passage is _________.
A. Constructing an Animal Subject
B. Prob1ems of Exhibiting Natura1 History
C. Natural History
D. Building a Museum Exhibit
5. Which of the following is implied?
A.Nothing in a natural history museum is alive.
B.Some creatures cannot be disp1ayed.
C.Meteorites come from outer space.
D.Natural history exhibits often must be bui1t.
Passage 16
Both labor and laborers can be classified into three groups: skilled, partly skilled, and unskilled. There are certain qualities which are particular to each group and which show the differences between it and the other two groups. These qualities are the degree of skill and training needed for the job and how specific a task the worker performs.
Skilled labor is of two kinds. The first kind has expert knowledge in a particular area, like making tools or printing. The second kind has received advanced education and special training. Doctors, teachers and lawyers are examples of this kind of skilled labor.
A partly skilled worker is a person who has gained a very large amount of skill over a very limited number of activities. Such workers can be trained very quickly. Someone who welds (焊接) in a plant where automobiles are put together is an example. In the same way, one person who makes business machines believes that a person can be completely trained to operate one of these machines in two days.
Unskilled workers, or workers who are not skilled, as their name suggests, need hardly any specialized training. Skills can be obtained on the job itself, and as the workers become used to the work, they become more productive. For example, when the canals (运河) were built in Britain, and later when the railroads were laid, the entrepreneurs who built them found that it took a full year for strong healthy farm boys to become diggers. These young men had to use their energy economically so that they could work long hours without tiring. A lot of special training was not needed, but the strong body and character that the job required was not produced in a single day.
1. A tool maker and a teacher can be put together because ________.
A) their jobs are the same in nature
B) both of them do skilled labor
C) neither of them works outdoors
D) they belong to laboring class
2. A partly skilled worker is the one who ________.
A) works part-time
B) is a professional
C) is skillful at only a few activities
D) mainly does physical labor
3. An unskilled worker ________.
A) is hard to train because of his dullness
B) refuses to learn on the job
C) may work very well only on farms
D) can be very productive
4. According to the passage, to be an unskilled worker, which of the following is NOT necessary?
A) any kind of training
B) special training
C) a strong body
D) a long time practicing
5. The sentence used to summarize the article can be found in paragraph ________.
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
Passage 17
A new plan for getting children to from school is being started by the education authorities (当局) in part of Eastern England. This could end the worries of many parents fearful for their children‘s safety on the roads.
Until now the County Council have only been prepared to provide bus services for children living more than three miles from their school, or sometimes less if special reason existed.
The new plan is to be tried out this term for children living at Milton who attend Impington school. The children live just within the three-mile limit and the Council has said in the past it would not provide free transport to the school. But now they have agreed to organize a bus service from Milton to Impington and back, a plan which has the support of the school‘s headmaster.
Between 50 and 60 parents have said they would like their children to take part. Final calculations have still to be carried out, but a Council official has said the cost to parents should be less than ￡6.50 a term.
They have been able to arrange the service at a low cost because there is already an agreement with the bus company for a bus to take children who live further away to Impington. The same bus would now just make an extra journey to pick up the
Fast Reading Materials for Senior I完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5，满分 30 分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从 36~55 各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 While I studied at school, I felt a great difficulty in learning my Latin translations. I was always very 36 in using a dictionary, and 37 it most difficult, while to other boys it seemed no 38 . I formed an alliance（盟友）with a boy in the Sixth Grade .He was very clever and 39 read Latin as easily as English .My friend for his part was almost as 40 troubled by the English essays he had to write for the headmaster as I was 41 these Latin words .We agreed together that he would 42 me my Latin translations and that I should do his essays. The arrangement 43 wonderfully. The headmaster seemed quite 44 with my work, and I had more time to myself in the morning. On the other hand, once a week 45 I had to compose the essays of my friend. For several months no difficulty 46 , but once we were nearly caught out. One afternoon, the headmaster 47 my friend to discuss one essay with him in a lively spirit. “I was interested in this48 you make here. I think you might have gone further .Tell me 49 you had in your mind.” The headmaster continued in this50 for some time to the fear of my friend. However the headmaster, not wishing to 51 an occasion of praise into 52 of fault-finding, finally. 53 him go. He came back to me like a man who had had a very narrow 54 and I made up my mind to make every effort to study my 55 . 36．A．quick B．slow C．hard D．good 37．A．made B．got C．found D．left 38．A．trouble B．difference C．labor D．worry 39．A．might B．would C．should D．could 40．A．very B．little C．much D．few 41．A．for B．by C．in D．to 42．A．change B．take C．forgive D．tell 43．A．worked B．tried C．happened D．developed 44．A．angry B．satisfied C．frightened D．sad 45．A．or so B．or else C．as usual D．as far 46．A．became B．seemed C．lay D．appeared 47．A．called B．taught C．arranged D．sent 48．A．aim B．goal C．point D．opinion 49．A．why B．how C．which D．what 50．A．excitement B．way C．meaning D．disappointment 51．A．turn B．leave C．grow D．become 52．A．none B．one C．either D．some 53．A．ordered B．asked C．took D．let 54．A．surprise B．escape C．hope D．chance 55．A．reading B．writing C．translations D．essays II 阅读理解
Passage 1 There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools. You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to. 1.Open education allows the students to ____. A.grow as the educated B.be responsible for their future C.develop their own interests D.discover subjects outside class 2. Open education may be a good idea for the students who ____. A.enjoy learning B.worry about grades C.do well in a traditional classroom D.are responsible for what they do in life 3. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____. A.there are too few rules B.they hate activities C.open education is similar to the traditional education D.they worry about the rules 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?____ A.Some traditional teachers do not like it.
《分析化学》阅读材料03 摘自Analytical Chemistry (FECS) ●In the Br?sted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Each acid is related to its conjugate base and vice versa: Acid = base + proton Therefore, the conjugate base of a strong acid must be a weak base and the conjugate base of a weak acid must be a strong base. Together they form a couple, and an acid without its conjugate base is a meaningless concept. In order to release a proton, the acid must find a base to accept it. In an aqueous solution, the proton, H+, having an extremely small ionic radius, cannot exist as such. It is hydrated, forming the hydronium ion H3O+ and higher hydrates. Thus, an acid-base equilibrium is not a simple dissociation equilibrium, but the result of a proton transfer reaction in which there are at least two reagents and two products. Such a process is also called protolysis. The overall reaction is expressed by: HX + H2O = H3O+ + X-. The overall equilibrium constant is K = [H3O+][X-]/[HX][H2O]. The acid dissociation constant Ka is given by: Ka = K[H2O] = [H3O+][X-]/[HX]. Ka reflects not only the acid strength of HX, but also the base strength of water. This why different acid dissociation constants are observed for the same acid in different solvent. ●Similar proton transfer reactions exist in all solvents possessing proton donor and acceptor properties. Proton transfer reactions are extremely fast. This makes them very suitable for analytical applications and acid-base reactions have found wide use in volumetric methods and other analytical techniques. ●The pH value is a measure for the acidity or basicity of a solution, aqueous or nonaqueous. ●Acid-base indicators are chemical substances with acid-base properties, having different colors in their protonated and deprotonated forms. ● A most important application of acid-base systems is related to the property of such a system to act as a buffer. Many chemical reactions produce protons (in aqueous solutions hydroniums) or hydroxide ions. If these products remain in the system, a corresponding pH change is observed. However, if a buffer is present in the solution it reacts with the liberated hydrogen or hydroxide ions so that only a relative small change of pH occurs. Buffer consist of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The most efficient buffer for a given pH consists of a 1:1 ratio of the protonated and deprotonated forms of a weak acid (with pKa = pH). This cannot always be achieved, but if we wish to prepare a solution of a certain pH, we select a weak acid with a pKa value close to the desired pH. Buffer solution resists changes in pH upon adding of strong acids or strong bases. Depending on the relative concentrations of the acid and base forms of the buffer, the system can resist small or large additions of strong acid or base. This buffer capacity is defined as the number of moles of strong acid of base required to change the pH of 1 L of buffer solution by one pH unit. Solutions with high or low pH values, formed as a result of dissolution of large quantities of a strong base or acid, are characterized by a large buffer capacity, although the electrolyte practically consists of only one of the conjugate forms (e.g., HCl or NaOH solutions). ● A general requirement for all volumetric methods is that the titration process is fast and that it proceeds in a definite stoichiometric ratio, the endpoint of the reaction must by easy to detect and the reaction should be specific and not influenced by other constituents of the solution, i.e., there should be no interference. Question: 1. A H3PO4 solution is brought to pH = 7.00 by the addition of NaOH. Calculate the concentration of the various forms of orthophosphate if the total phosphate concentration in buffer is 0.200 mol /L. pKa1 = 2.16, pKa2 = 7.21, pKa3 = 12.32. 2. A buffer solution is prepared from acid, HA, Ka = 5 10-5, and its salt. The concentration of HA in the buffer is 0.25 mol / L. To 100 mL of the buffer added 5.0 mmol of NaOH, and the pH of the resulting solution is 5.60. What was the pH of the original buffer? 3.It is desired to change the pH of 100 mL of 0.100 mol / L HCl from 1.00 to 4.40 by the addition of sodium acetate, CH3COONa3H2O. How much solid sodium acetate salt must be added in grams? Assume no volume change for the solution as the result of the addition. 4.What is the buffer capacity of a solution which is 0.100 mol / L of NH3 and 0.200 of NH4Cl? 5.Calculate the pH of each of the following solution: (a) Water in equilibrium with CO2 of the air; pKa1 = 6.38, pKa2 = 10.25. (b) Water as in part (a) brought to pH = 7.00 with NaOH and allowed to regain equilibrium with CO2. 6. Derive the following expression for the pH at the first stoichiometric point in the titration of a mixture of two weak acid: HA, the stronger, Ka1, concentration C1; HB, the weaker, Ka2, concentration C2: pH = 1/2 (pKa1 + pKa2) – 1/2 lg (C1/C2)
New words and express ions: why 为什么because 因为 drop 落下poor 可怜的 Poor man Look at this man. What is he doing? He’s carrying a very big box. The box is full of big apples. He wants to put it on the back of his bike and take it home. Can he do that? No, I don’t think so. Why not？Because the box is too full and too heavy(重). Look! What’s wrong?(错误)He drops the box. Poor man! Exercise： 看看这个人。他正在做什么?他带着一个非常大的盒子。盒子里充满了大苹果。他想把它放在他的自行车,把它带回家。他能这样做吗?不,我不这么认为。为什么不呢?因为这个箱子太满、太沉重。看!怎么了?他滴。可怜的男人! 1. Read carefully and write “T” for true and “F” for false beside the statements. 仔细阅读，在下列句子前标上（T）对或（F）不对。 （ F ）1. The box is not very big. （T ）2. The box is full of apples. （ F ）3. He puts the apples in the bag. （ F ）4. He can carry the box home. 2. Choose the best answer： （ B ）1. What is the man doing? He is ______________ A. eating some apples B. carrying a box C. riding a bike D. making a box （ C ）2. What’s in the box? A. some books B. some bikes C. some apples D. some boxes （ C ）3. Can he carry the box? A. Yes, he can. B. Yes, he is. C. No, he can’t D. No, he isn’t （ D ）4. Is the box full or empty? A. Yes, it is. B. No, it isn’t. C. It’s empty. D. It’s full. New words and expressions: parents 父母亲work 工作 study 学习 a little 一点儿 Kate Kate is a new student. She is twelve. She is from America. She can speak English very well and she can speak a little Chinese. She is in Nanjing. Her parents are doctors. Kate is studying in a school near her home. She has classes from Monday to Friday. On Saturdays and Sundays, she often plays games with her Chinese friends. She loves China and her Chinese friends.
2020年高三英语材料之阅读理解精品版
高三英语材料之阅读理解 阅读理解1 A Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival ,or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour. We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods. The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame（芝麻）, osmanthus flowers(桂花), rose petals, sweetened tangerine（橘子）peel, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣子酱）. A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling . The salty variety is filled with minced meat（肉末儿）, vegetables or a mixture. The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nutmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size. The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers. 1.Which of the following is NOT true? A．The custom of eating Yuanxiao dates back to the fourth century. B．Sugar, rose petals and minced meat are all fillings of Yuanxiao. C．Sweet Yuanxiao are usually made in southern China. D．People in northern China usually make Yuanxiao by rolling like a snowball. 2.Which country does the Lantern Festival come from? A．China B．South Korea C．Jin Dynasty D．Tang and Song periods. 3.Choose the right order of making Tangyuan in southern provinces. ① make a hole and insert the filling ② roll the dough between your hands ③ shape the dough of rice flour into balls ④ close the hole ⑤ prepare some rice flour A．⑤③②①④ B．③⑤①②④ C．③①④②⑤ D．⑤③①④② 4.What is the best title of this passage? A．The Lantern Festival
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/161515889.html,/wenkxd.htm（报名网址）Passage 14 Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do-especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,”he says. “Resumes arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, ”Crossley concludes. If they cannot take of these details. “Why should we trust them with a job?” Can we pay too much attention to detail? Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,”says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.” Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,”says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.”Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. 66. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected________ A) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume C) because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications D) because they eliminated their names from the applicants list themselves 67. The word “perfectionists”(Line 1, Para 3)refers to those who________ A) demand others to get everything absolutely right B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances C) pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives D) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do 68. Which of the following is the author’s advice to the reader? A) Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked B) Don’t forget details when drawing pictures
计算机专业英语阅读材料 计算机英语（1） Desktop Pattern In the graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows 98,a graphical pattern-called wallpaper-displayed on the desktop (the background "beneath" windows, icons, and dialog boxes). The pattern or picture in the screen background that can be chosen by the user. To change the desktop pattern, choose Display from the Control Panel. 桌面图案 在Microsoft Windows 98的图形用户界面中,一种显示在桌面上称为壁纸(Wallpaper )的图形图案(窗口、图标和对话框后面的背景),屏幕背景可由用户选择图案样式或画面。要改变桌面图案时,从控制面板上选择显示方式。 计算机英语（2） Federated Database In scientific networking ,a collaborative database (part of a collaborator) in which scientists pool their knowledge and discoveries .Federated databases are one proposed solution to the Grand Challenges——problems that are so complex that they far outstrip the capabilities of individual scientists ,or even individual research institutions ,to tackle them independently. 联合式数据库 在科学联网中,科学家们汇集其知识和发现的一种合作数据库(合作的一部分)。联合数据库是对种种重大挑战问题(Grand Challenges)的一种建议性的解决方案——这些问题太复杂,以致于超出单个科学家的能力,甚至单个研究所都无法来单独解决它们。 计算机英语（3） Collapse When creating an outline or viewing a directory tree (such as in the Windows Explorer ),the process of hiding all the outline levels or subdirectories below the selected outline heading or directory. 折叠 当生成一个题纲或观察一个目录树(如在Windows资源管理器中)时,在选定的题纲标题或目录下隐藏所有的题纲层或子目录的过程。 计算机英语（4） Collision In local area networks (LANs) ,a garbled transmission that results when two or more workstations transmit to the same network cable at exactly the same time . Networks have means of preventing collisions. 冲突 在局域网(LANs)中,当两个或多个工作站恰好在同时向同一个网络线路上传送(数据)时产生的错乱传输。网络拥
Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but thedoubters insisted that we didn‘t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the scienceuncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government shouldstay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us tothe growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy ofSciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth‘s atmosphere is definitely warmingand that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protectourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the prefaceto the panel‘s report: ―Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the bestavailable guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policieson the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of presentactions.‖Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about globalwarming is incomplete, that it‘s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. Thisis a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risksobvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it‘s obvious that a majority of thepresident‘s advisers still don‘t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, theycontinue to press for more research —a classic case of ―paralysis by analysis.‖ To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmosphericand oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won‘t take thelegis lative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation