常见常用法律英语词汇笺注(修订稿)
天涯网友春风秋水
【按】余翻阅西文法律报刊书籍之时，凡有不知者、可疑者，则笔而记之。为日既久，得百数词。遂求诸中西著述，抉其可否，溯厥源流，加以疏证而明通之。余以所见未能精确，现帖之于网络，望诸君子有以教我。
1、 a fortiori——更加
prep. Latin for "with even stronger reason," which applies to a situation in which if one thing is true then it can be inferred that a second thing is even more certainly true. Thus, if Abel is too young to serve as administrator, then his younger brother Cain certainly is too young.
【注】 a fortiori（更加），系拉丁语，意为“有更充分的理由”。
2、A mensa et thoro——法定分居
A mensa et thoro is a Latin term meaning "from table and bed" which became used in English as "from bed and board."
A kind of divorce which does not dissolve the marriage bond, but merely authorizes a separate life of the husband and wife. Neither spouse has the right to remarry where there is a divorce a mensa et thoro; only parties who have been awarded a divorce a vinculo matrimonii, the more common type of divorce, can do so.
【注】即一种不解散婚姻关系的离婚。处于此种状态的配偶均不得再婚。
3、A vinculo matrimonii——解除婚姻、离婚
literally "from the bond of marriage." Such a divorce generally enables the parties to marry again.
【注】意为“解除婚姻关系”。
4、Ab initio——自始无效
[Latin, From the beginning; from the first act; from the inception.]。An agreement is said to be “void a b initio（自始无效）” if it has at no time had any legal validity. The illegality of the conduct or the revelation of the real facts makes the entire situation illegal ab initio (from the beginning), not just from the time the wrongful behavior occurs.
【注】形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。
『笺』“自始无效”（void ab initio）是一项合同法律关系中广泛运用的制度，它的意义在于，一旦某个合同或某项合同条款因违反法律或公共秩序而被宣告无效，那么宣告无效的效力将上溯到合同签订的那一刻起，即合同自始都是无效的。如果合同已部分履行，那么被宣告自始无效的合同的已履行部分将被恢复原状，回到合同履行前的状态。自始无效是一项古老的法律制度，它对于保护无效合同中善意当事人一方的利益具有极其现实的意义。
一般而言，合同的无效都是指自始无效。合同的无效要和合同的“撤销”区别开来，“撤销”指的是合同自撤销一刻起丧失效力，而“无效”则是自始无效，经撤销的合同在撤销前的履行行为依然有效。在英美法系国家，不论在以判例形式出现的普遍法中，还是以制定法形
式出现的成文法中，也都贯穿着“自始无效”的原则。
5、Aberemurder——故意杀人犯
obsolete：An apparent, plain, or downright murder. It was used to distinguish a wilful murder, from a chance-medley, or manslaughter. （Source: Bouviers Law Dictionary 1856 Edition）
【注】它通常指别于过失杀人、无过失杀人。
6、Abet——教唆、唆使、煽动
①To approve, encourage, and support (an action or a plan of action); urge and help on. ②To urge, encourage, or help (a person): abetted the thief in robbing the bank.
This word is usually applied to aiding in the commission of a crime. The word abet is most commonly used as part of the comprehensive phrase aid and abet.
【注】指鼓动、煽动或怂恿别人做某事，特指实施犯罪。经常用在“怂恿并教唆”短语中。这种行为称之为教唆或实施教唆,实施这种行为的人称为教唆犯。教唆犯不同于从犯。从犯必须在犯罪进行时在场并鼓励或帮助主犯。犯罪前进行的帮助主要是同谋与促成犯罪,犯罪后进行的帮助如逃跑,均不构成教唆；只是犯罪时到场,并且未阻止犯罪也不构成教唆。教唆犯以前在重罪中，作为第二级主犯承担刑事责任。现在，在任何情况下，教唆犯都是作为主犯来承担责任的。（见《牛津法律大辞典》，光明日报出版社1988年版，第2页）
7、Abscond——潜逃、避债
to travel covertly out of the jurisdiction of the courts, or to conceal oneself in order to avoid their process.
【注】秘密地躲藏起来以躲避逮捕或诉讼。
8、accessory——从犯
An accessory is a person who assists in the commission of a crime, but does not actually participate in the commission of the crime as a joint principal. The distinction between an accessory（从犯）and a principal（主犯）is a question of fact and degree:
●The principal is the one whose acts or omissions, accompanied by the relevant mens rea （犯罪意图）, are the most immediate cause of the actus reus (Latin for "guilty act"，即犯罪行为).
●If two or more people are directly responsible for the actus reus, they can be charged as joint principals (see common purpose. The test to distinguish a joint principal from an accessory is whether the defendant independently contributed to causing the actus reus rather than merely giving generalised and/or limited help and encouragement.
In some jurisdictions, an accessory is distinguished from an accomplice（同谋、帮凶）, who normally is present at the crime and participates in some way. A person who incites another to a crime will become a member of a conspiracy if agreement is reached, and may then be considered an accessory or a joint principal if the crime is eventually committed.
The concept of accessory is part of English common law, and been inherited by those countries with a more or less Anglo-American legal system. The concept is less used in countries with completely different legal traditions. The specific terms accessory-before-the-fact and accessory-after-the-fact are more commonly used in England and the United Kingdom than in the United States and are more common in historical than in current usage.
【注】从犯，是相对于主犯在犯罪活动中的地位而言，是指在共同犯罪中起次要或者辅助作用的罪犯。从犯可为：（一）在共同犯罪中起次要作用的。这种从犯在犯罪集团活动中，听从主犯的指挥，从事某一方面的犯罪活动；或者在一般共同犯罪活动中，虽然参与了实施犯罪，但没有直接造成严重的后果和情节不很严重。（二）在共同犯罪中起辅助作用的。这种从犯一般是为共同犯罪活动提供犯罪工具、指点犯罪地点和对象、窥探被害人的行踪、排除障碍、创造有利条件，事先允许窝藏其他共同犯罪人和窝赃、销赃等等。他们都不直接参加实施犯罪的行为。
从犯，不同于同谋。
9、Accelerated Rehabilitation——察看
Also called AR. A program that gives persons charged with a crime or motor vehicle violation for the first time a second chance. The person is placed on probation for up to two years. If probation is completed satisfactorily, the charges are dismissed.
【注】当一个因犯罪或机动车辆违法而被控告时将被给予一个察看期。察看器一般是2年。察看期如果满意的话，控告将被取消。
10、Accused——被告
The generic name for the defendant in a criminal case.
【注】Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。
11、Acquittal——罪名不成立
to be found not guilty of a violation of law.
【注】刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。
12、Adjourn——休庭
Postponement of a court session until another time or place.
【注】法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。
13、Adjudication——判决、（法院的）宣告
A decision or sentence imposed by a judge.
【注】法官作出的裁决或判决。
14、Adjudicatory Hearing——裁决听证
Juvenile court proceeding to determine whether the allegations made in a petition are true and whether the child/youth should be subject to orders of the court.
【注】少年法庭在判定申诉书中的申辩是否真实以及少年是否应屈从于法庭的命令而进行的一项流程。
15、Adult Probation——未成年缓刑
A legal status, applied to people 16 years of age and older, who have been convicted of a crime and placed under the supervision of a probation officer for a period of time set by the court.
【注】对16岁或更大一点的人因犯罪而给于的一种法律地位。其将在法庭确定的一段时间内接受缓刑监督官的监督。
16、Affidavit——宣誓书、书面陈述
Affidavit: A written statement made under oath.
Affirmation：Declaring something to be true under the penalty of perjury by a person who will not take an oath for religious or other reasons.
【注】以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit，而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation，两者的格式用词有些分别，但主要作用相同。
17、AKA——也即是，也称为
"Also known as". Used to list aliases or another name, or another spelling of a name used by a person.
【注】“也称为，也即是”。通常用来列举一个人的别名、化名或其他名字及另外的拼写法。
18、Allegation——声称，辩解
Saying that something is true. The assertion, declaration or statement of a party in a case, made in a pleading.
【注】诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言，例如：The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant's breach of contract，原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。
19、Alimony——离婚赡养费、生活费
Money a court requires one spouse to pay the other spouse for support before and/or after the divorce is granted. If you do not ask for alimony at the final hearing, you can never get it in the future.
【注】法院要求配偶的一方在离婚前或离婚后支付给另一方以维持生活的费用。
20、Alternate Juror——候补陪审员、预备陪审员
A juror selected as a substitute in case another juror must leave the jury panel.
【注】陪审团成员之一必须离场时，挑选一人以代替该名陪审员进行听审。
21、A. L. R.（American Law Reports）——《美国法律报告》
In American law, the American Law Reports are a resource used by American lawyers to find a variety of sources relating to specific legal rules, doctrines, or principles. It is an important tool for legal research.
Each ALR volume contains several annotations. An annotation is an article that summarizes the evolution of a very specific legal concept in a concise and precise fashion. The article will either be preceded by the full text of an important relevant case, or in later series, contain a reference to the text of the case, which is reproduced at the end of the volume.
【注】 A. L. R.（American Law Reports，《美国法律报告》），1919年开始由律师合作出版公司出版，现在由西方集团出版。从1992年起开始出版第五系列（A. L. R. 5th ）。1969年以前A. L. R.的内容一直包括涉及联邦法律问题及州法律问题的判决，从1969年考试不再收录联邦法院的判决。后者收入新出版的一个系列，《美国联邦法律报告》（American Law
Reports, Federal），简称A. L. R. Fed.。A. L. R.和A. L. R. Fed.由“注释”和“判例”两部分组成。
22、Amicus curiae——法庭之友、法官的顾问（也有人将其译为“法庭特聘顾问”）
Amicus curiae (Latin, plural amici curiae) is defined as, "A friend of the court. One not a party to a case who volunteers to offer information on a point of law or some other aspect of the case to assist the court in deciding a matter before it". The information may be a legal opinion in the form of a brief, testimony that has not been solicited by any of the parties, or a learned treatise on a matter that bears on the case.
“……a phrase that literally means "friend of the court" -- someone who is not a party to the litigation, but who believes that the court's decision may affect its interest."”William H. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court, page 89.
【注】“法庭之友”（amicus curiae或friends of the court），根据布莱克法律词典的解释，是指“对法院有疑问的事实或法律上的观点善意地提醒法院注意或向法院报告的人”。据此可以理解，所谓的“法庭之友”，通常是对特定案件的事实或法律问题具有专业特长或独到见解的专业人士，其向法院提供的报告将有助于法庭加深对特定案件的理解从而形成公正合理的判断。在这个意义上说，“法庭之友”对特定案件的解决是有积极意义的。
『笺』“法庭之友”有着悠久的历史，它肇始于罗马法，发展于英国普通法，而后移植到美国法中得以繁荣。“法庭之友”发展至今，也为许多大陆法系国家的法院所采用，如法国；国际仲裁机构也有一定程度的采用。在国外学者的相关论著中，提及“法庭之友”时，亦会用“Amicus”的缩写；相应地，“法庭之友陈述”也有“Amicus Curiae Briefs”和“Amicus Briefs”两种表达方式。
23、Anno Domini/A.D.——耶穌紀元……年、公元……年
Anno Domini (Latin : "In the year of (Our) Lord"), abbreviated as AD or A.D., defines an epoch based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth. AD is also an abbreviation for Christian Era. Similarly, Before Christ (from the Ancient Greek "Christos" or "Anointed One", referring to Jesus), abbreviated as BC or B.C., is used in the English language to denote years before the start of this epoch. Some prefer the alternatives 'CE' and 'BCE', arguing that they are more neutral terms
【注】Anno Domini（耶穌紀元……年、公元……年），西拉丁语，意为“我们在主的时代”，一般缩写为A.D.，公元的時間計算起於耶穌基督出生之日。
24、Anno Regni/ A. R.——在……统治时代、在……朝代
'in the year of (his/her) reign'.
【注】Anno Regni（在……统治时代、在……朝代），一般缩写为A. R.。如A.R.V.R.22（Anno Regni Victoriae Reginae vicesimo secundo）指在维多利亞女王统治的第22年。
25、Annulment——无效婚姻判决书、撤消婚姻
A court order declaring that a marriage is invalid.
Annulment is a legal procedure for declaring a marriage null and void. Annulment differs from divorce where the court ends an otherwise legal marriage on a specific date.
In strict legal terminology, annulment refers only to making a voidable marriage null; if the marriage is void ab initio, then it is automatically null, although a legal declaration of nullity is required to establish this. The process of obtaining such a declaration is similar to the annulment
process.
【注】一份法院宣告其婚姻无效的判决书。撤消婚姻是宣布婚姻无效的一道法律程序。撤消婚姻不同于离婚。严格说来，无效婚姻指的是可推翻的婚姻。
『笺』annulment是annul的名词形式，意思是“废除、取消（法律等）”，尤其指取消法院对不合法婚姻所作的不生效的宣告。
26、Appellant——上诉人
The party appealing a decision or judgment to a higher court.
【注】它指的是就某一决定或判决而向高级法院申诉的当事人。
27、Arbitration:——仲裁
Submitting a case or dispute to designated parties for a decision, instead of using a judge.
【注】仲裁（arbitration）又称公断，是指各方当事人自愿地将他们之间发生的争议交给各方所同意的第三者进行审理和裁决，该裁决对各方当事人均具有约束力，能最终解决争议。
28、Arguendo——法律中的前提假定
“for purposes of argument”, as in "assuming 'arguendo' that my opponent's contentions are correct." [In Latin, in this context, "arguendo" would mean "for the sake of arguing concerning another thing."
The term is most often used in the following logical context:
●P1 argues "X is a result of Y"
●P2 responds "While you may or may not be correct that X is a result of Y, assuming 'arguendo,' that you are correct, you still fail to account for the existence of Z, which makes null your contention."
【注】“法律中的前提假定”通常用于“为了讨论另外有关的事情”。
29、Arraignment——传讯、提审
The first court appearance of a person accused of a crime. The person is advised of his or her rights by a judge and may respond to the criminal charges by entering a plea. Usually happens the morning after a person is arrested.
【注】当大陪审团起诉书或检察官起诉书提交法院后，法院应根据迅速及时的原则，对该案安排传讯。传讯应当在公开法庭进行，被告人必须到庭。法官首先问明被告人个人情况，然后向被告人宣读起诉书，说明指控性质，告知被告人享有的诉讼权利，接着要求被告人对指控作出答辩。
『笺』一般说来，美国的刑事诉讼程序可以分为三个阶段，即审前程序，审理程序，和审后程序。
审判前程序（Procedure Prior to Trial）基本包括以下几个步骤，即：提出控告（Complaint）；逮捕（Arrest）；在警察局“登记” （Booking）；逮捕后在治安法官前聆讯（Appearance before Magistrate after Arrest）；预审（Preliminary Examination，有时又称预先听证—preliminary hearing或审查性审判—examining trial）；正式起诉（Filing of Accusation or Pleadings）；传讯（Arraignment）；被告人答辩（Plea by Defendant）。
审理程序（Procedure during Trial）包括：选定陪审团（Selection of Jurors）、开场陈述（Opening Statements）、起诉方举证（Presentation of Government?s Case）、辩护方举证
（Presentation of Defendant?s Ca se）、终结辩论（Closing Arguments）、指示陪审团（Instructing the Jury）、陪审团评议（Jury Deliberations）、陪审裁决（Conviction or Acquittal）。
审后程序（Procedure after Trial）相对简单，其包括：课刑（Sentencing）、上诉（Appeal）等。
30、Arrearages——拖欠的赡养费/抚养费
Money for alimony and/or child support, which is overdue and unpaid.
【注】拖欠的离婚赡养费和（或）子女抚养费。
31、As is——现状
As is (or as-is) is a legal term and concept used to disclaim liability for an item being sold. "As-is" denotes that the seller is selling, and the buyer is buying an item in whatever condition it presently exists, and that the seller is accepting the item “with all faults”（不保证商品没有瑕疵）.
A seller of a used automobile, for example, sells his car to a buyer, and puts into the contract of sale, the statement: "The buyer accepts the automobile AS-IS, WITH ALL FAULTS". Two minutes after the buyer drives off with his shiny '87 Honda Accord, the engine seizes, and the car stalls. Unless the buyer can show that there was some fraud involved in the sale, he is stuck with the car without any recourse to return the car (now presumably being hooked up to a tow truck) to the seller, and gets his money back.
【注】“As is”常用于物业买卖的合约中，指物业的现状。“The property is and will be sold on an ”as is“ basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。
32、Assault——殴打、侵犯
At common law, an intentional act by one person that creates an apprehension in another of an imminent harmful or offensive contact.
An assault is carried out by a threat of bodily harm coupled with an apparent, present ability to cause the harm. It is both a crime and a tort and, therefore, may result in either criminal or civil liability. Generally, the common law definition is the same in criminal and tort law. There is, however, an additional criminal law category of assault consisting of an attempted but unsuccessful battery.
Law.：①Sexual assault；②The crime of rape.
【注】以武力侵犯他人的行为，称为Assault。一般性质的殴打，称为“Common Assault”；严重者称为Aggravated Assault；未经许可触摸他人身体，可以被控非礼，称为Indecent Assault。
『笺』侵犯是通过明显的武力而实施的故意行为，无论在刑法还是民法上都导致侵权。刑法上，它还包括试图但未遂的侵袭。
另外，此词还指性侵害、强奸。
33、Assistant Attorney General——首席检察官助理
An attorney who represents a state agency in civil cases.
【注】首席检察官助理是代表州检察机关的律师。
34、A. V. (Authorized V ersion)——钦定圣经
An English translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek published in 1611 under the
auspices of James I. Also called Authorized V ersion, King James V ersion.
【注】A. V. (Authorized V ersion)，即詹姆斯一世欽定《圣经》英译本〔King James Bible〕。钦定版圣经不仅影响了随后的英文版圣经，对英语文学的影响也是很大的。为了让更多未受良好教育的普通人也能知晓「上帝的旨意」，该部圣经一共的辞汇量只在8,000个常用的英文单词，因此十分容易理解。一些著名作者，如John Bunyan, John Milton, Herman Melville, John Dryden, and William Wordsworth 很明显从这个版本的圣经中得到启发。一些圣经如，英语修订版圣经（English Revised V ersion），新美国标准版圣经(New American Standard Bible）, 修订标准版圣经（the Revised Standard V ersion）, 还有新钦定版圣经（New King James V ersion)等都是这个版本的修订版。这个版本尽管常被说成是“权威版”（Authorised V ersion (A V)）或者“权威标准版”（Authorised Standard V ersion (ASV)）。它本身从来没有被英国政府或者英国教会正是这样承认过。
35、Bail——保释、保释金
Also called Bond. Money or property given to the court for the temporary release of a defendant, to ensure that the defendant will return to court.
【注】刑事案中的嫌疑犯或被告，可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的，也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。
『笺』根据《朗文法律词典》的介绍，保释是指“在被逮捕的人提供担保或者接受特定条件的情况下将其释放的制度”。保释制度发源于英国，大约形成于12－13世纪。波洛克和梅特兰认为保释制度直接产生于实际需要，而不是对抽象自由的热爱。英国《1976年保释法》第一条规定：（1）在某人被指控或被宣告有罪的程序中或者相关的程序中，可准予保释。（2）因为某一罪行被逮捕或正在被签发逮捕证的犯罪人可准予保释。法律倾向于给予任何被监控者保释，准予保释是常态，而不准保释反而有着十分严格的规定。
英美国家要求对于被逮捕的犯罪嫌疑人应尽快由法官或警察决定将其保释还是羁押，一般来说，保释的程序分为申请、听审、裁定以及救济四个阶段。
『笺』在英美法系，保释制度已较为发达，立法趋于完善，司法实践经验也较为丰富。而我国的取保候审制度与之在某些做法上相似，但有本质的不同，且实际适用比例并不高，作用有限。毋庸讳言，在我国，犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的羁押率是很高的。高羁押率、长期羁押乃至超期羁押的危害极大。对于重罪嫌疑人来说，由于久押不决，给他们精神上造成巨大的痛苦；对于轻罪嫌疑人来说，则有可能其未决羁押期限超过了实际判处的刑期，从而给司法机关带来极大的尴尬与被动；对于未构成犯罪或者依法不应判罪的嫌疑人来说，则侵权性质更为严重，造成的损失往往无法补救。
36、Balance of probabilities——可能性较高者、平衡可能性
Also known as "preponderance of the evidence", this is the standard required in most civil cases. The standard is met if the proposition is more likely to be true than not true. Effectively, the standard is satisfied if there is greater than 50% chance that the proposition is true. Lord Denning in Miller v. Minister of Pension described it simply as "more probable than not".
【注】这是民事案件中举证的标准，法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据，认为那一方的可信性较高，便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言，民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益，所以法庭对举证的要求，相对也较刑事案为低。
37、bench warrant——法院拘票
Court papers issued by the judge, "from the bench," for the arrest of a person.
A bench warrant is used for attachment or arrest in a case of contempt, which is the willful disregard or disobedience of an authority such as the court. A bench warrant is also issued when an indictment, which is a written accusation of a person's guilt for an act or omission, is handed down.
A third instance where a bench warrant is issued is to obtain a witness who disobeys a subpoena, which is a command to appear at a specified time and place to present testimony upon a certain matter.
【注】法官签发的逮捕令。
法官签发拘票的情况有：当事人故意漠视、对抗法庭的命令拒不到庭时；当事人因罪被恐时；当不服从传票在法庭上作证时。
38、Beyond reasonable doubt——无合理疑点
The standard that must be met by the prosecution's evidence in a criminal prosecution: that no other logical explanation can be derived from the facts except that the defendant committed the crime, thereby overcoming the presumption that a person is innocent until proven guilty.
Beyond a reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof that must be met in any trial.
【注】这是刑事案件中举证的标准，控方向法庭提出的证据，必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点，法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言，较为严重，举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格，如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点，都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。
39、Binding——有约束力的
Imposing or commanding adherence to a commitment, an obligation, or a duty: binding arbitration; a binding agreement.
【注】“binding”通常的解释是连结一起，但法律上则多用作有约束力的，例如：This provisional agreement is a binding contract。这份临时协议是有法律约束力的。
40、Body Corporate——法人实体、法人
A body corporate is the English legal term for a corporation. It is distinct from a natural person(自然人), although it has many of the same legal rights.
A body corporate can be either a corporation sole (consisting of a single person) or a corporation aggregate (consisting of two or more persons). The UK Crown is an example of a corporation sole, whereas J Sainsbury plc is an example of a corporation aggregate.
【注】经法律程序而产生具有与自然人相同法律地位的组织，例如：根据公司条例注册成立的有限公司Limited Company，可以拥有资产，可以向外借贷，可以提出控诉，也可以被申索。法人团体没有自然的死亡因素，所以必须经法律程序才可以将它消除。
法人既可以是由一个人组织的机构，也可以是两个人以上成立的组织机构。
『笺』legal person、moral person、juristic person、artificial person、juridical person都译为“法人”，与“自然人”相对。
41、Bond——保释、保释金
Also called bail. Money or property given to the court for the temporary release of a defendant, to ensure that the defendant will return to court. There are two kinds of bonds:
●Non-financial bonds: Non-surety bond where the defendant's signature alone guarantees the amount of bond and the defendant is not required to post any property or retain the services of
a professional bail bondsperson as collateral.b) Promise to appear.
●Surety bond（履约保证）: The court requires cash, real estate or a professional bail bondpersons signature as collateral before releasing the defendant back into the community. (The court may allow the defendant to post ten percent of the bond in cash to secure his or her release.)
【注】保释分为无条件保释和有条件保释两种形式。最初的保释是嫌疑人用保证金作担保获得审前释放，接着出现了保证人保证的形式。而且保证金可以嫌疑人自己交，也可以由保证人交。以后保释逐步附加其他条件，称为有条件保释。有条件保释是指，如果决定保释而不附加条件将导致危险时，可附加以下一个或多个条件：（1）有一个明确的住址。（2）每天上午到当地警察局报到。（3）宵禁，即晚上不能出门。（4）缴纳保证金。至于保证金的数额，则根据嫌疑人的财产、涉嫌犯罪的轻重等情况来确定。（5）有防止逃跑的安全措施。（6）符合保释支持计划（即政府推行措施保证被保释人出庭）等等。无条件保释是指嫌疑人无条件获得保释。一般情况下，应无条件保释，实践中大多数为无条件保释。如情况变化，无条件保释可以转化为有条件保释。
『笺』在英美国家，保释制度经过了很长的发展历程。目前，保释观念已经深入人心。保释制度赖以产生和发展的两个理论基础是：其一，任何公民都享有人身自由权。人身自由是公民的一项基本权利，即便存在着犯罪嫌疑，仍然应当尽量保证公民作为社会生活中的一员的自由。其二，是无罪推定原则。基于无罪推定原则，任何人在依法被判处有罪以前，都是无罪的，因此在等待法庭审理时，应享有自由的权利。
“保释是一种权利，而不是一种特权”，它与“人生来是自由的”这一天然权利是联系在一起的。既然是公民的权利，就不是司法机关恩赐的，而是依法享有的。基于这样一种司法理念，在英国，保释的适用范围是很广泛。从理论上说，无论什么性质的案件都可以适用保释。与美国的做法不同，在英国，保释并不仅仅因罪行的严重程度而被拒绝。在美国，谋杀、恐怖、有组织犯罪、国际走私犯罪均不予保释。在英国，案件的性质及严重程度并非拒绝保释的唯一理由（当然会有一定程度的影响）。
保释的例外即拒绝保释有三种情形：（1）有足够的理由相信不会按照保释要求出庭。如以前保释后有潜逃的记录而没有合理的解释等。（2）有足够的理由相信可能进一步犯罪。这是根据嫌疑人、被告人以前的经历与此次犯罪的性质等因素来判定的。（3）有足够的理由相信会威胁、干扰、伤害证人、妨碍司法程序正常进行。
42、Bond Review——保释听证
A hearing for a judge to decide if the defendant?s bond amount needs to be changed.
【注】法官决定是否有必要调整被告保释金金额而举行的听证。
43、Bondsman——保释保证人
A surety; one who has put up cash or property as collateral before a defendant may be released.
【注】为被告保释而支付保释金的人。
44、Broken Down Irretrievably——感情破裂并无法挽回、夫妻感情确已破裂
The most common reason for granting a divorce. It means there is no hope of the husband and wife getting back together again. Also known as "no-fault" divorce.
【注】“感情破裂并已无法挽回”是准予离婚的最常见理由。它意味着配偶双方已无法继续共同生活。因此而离婚被称为“无过错”离婚。
45、Burden of Proof——举证责任、证明责任
Obligation of proving a disputed charge or allegation. For example, Are you sure you mailed the tax return on time? The burden of proof's on you. A legal term dating from the late 1500s, it has also been used more loosely in recent times.
【注】无论是刑事或民事案件，提出控诉的一方，都负有举证的责任，即是向法庭提出证据，支持控诉和申索的事由。虽然在一般的情况下，向法庭举证是主控和原告的责任，但如果被告在刑事案中被法庭判罪之后，再被受害人以民事追讨赔偿，则在有关的民事诉讼中，如果被告否认他对受害人的损失需要负上赔偿的责任，被告便有责任向法庭举证，支持他的抗辩。
burden of proof（举证责任），它的一般含义是指“谁主张，谁举证”，即是指在诉讼中，当事人必须为自己的诉讼主张提供证据，如果举不出证据或证据不能证明主张，将承担败诉的风险。例外规则有“举证责任转移或倒置”和“法庭主动或协助收集证据”，前两者是当事人行使诉权所引出的必然规则，最后一点是法庭行使审判权的或然规则。
『笺』在英文中，burden of proof一词，既有提供证据的含义，也有以证据证明其事实主张的含义。因此，就burden of proof应译成“举证责任”，还是“证明责任”，在学者中存在争议。
举证责任的设置，本为促进诉讼的进行，严格举证责任的时效。最早提出举证责任概念的，当为德国刑事诉讼法学者格尔查（又译为格拉斯，juliusglaser）。在1883年，格尔查从实体法与程序法的二元论出发，在其名著《刑事诉讼导论》一书中将举证责任分为“实质上的举证责任”（materielle beweislast）与“诉讼上的举证责任”（prozessuale beweislast）两层含义。承接格拉查的举证责任双层含义说，德国人莱昂哈德（leonhard）对举证责任分为客观举证责任与主观举证责任两类。
在英美法系，发现举证责任多义性的是美国学者赛叶（thayer），他在1890年的《证明责任论》（the burden of proof）和1898年的《证据理论研究》（a preliminary treatise on evince）两篇论著中对举证责任的多义性进行了分析。据赛叶的理解，人们是在三层含义上使用举证责任这一术语：⑴当事人应对不能证明某一论题或主张而承受相应的败诉风险。⑵当事人在诉讼中应对其事实主张承担提出证据的责任。⑶不加区分地使用前两种含义。
46、Capias Mittimus——拘票、收押令
A civil arrest warrant used to get a person physically into court to respond to a specific case or claim.
【注】将人带到法庭以应辩的一种逮捕令。
47、Capital Felony——重刑罪
A criminal offense in which the death penalty may be imposed
【注】罪名之一种，因其犯罪行为将导致被判死刑的罪。
48、Case Conference——个案研讨会
A meeting scheduled by the court to review the case.
【注】法庭定期举行的以讨论某案件的会议。
49、Case File——个案案卷
The court file containing papers submitted in a case.
【注】所谓个案案卷就是关于某案的有关资料的法律档案。
50、Cause of Action——诉讼理由
The fact or combination of facts that gives a person the right to seek judicial redress or relief against another. Also, the legal theory forming the basis of a lawsuit.
The cause of action is the heart of the complaint, which is the pleading that initiates a lawsuit. Without an adequately stated cause of action the plaintiff's case can be dismissed at the outset.
The cause of action is often stated in the form of a syllogism（三段论）, a form of deductive reasoning that begins with a major premise (the applicable rule of law), proceeds to a minor premise (the facts that gave rise to the claim), and ends with a conclusion. In a cause of action for battery, the rule of law is that any intentional, unpermitted act that causes a harmful or offensive touching of another is a battery.
【注】提出诉讼，必须要有合理的事实根据，缺乏合理的诉讼理由，对方不但可以向法庭请求剔除有关的诉讼，同时可以要求赔偿浪费了的律师费及其它费用。
诉讼理由是申诉的核心所在。如果没有足够的诉讼理由，原告的案子在一开始就会被法院拒斥。
诉讼理由通常采取三段论形式来表达：即以一个大前提的推论开始（可使用的法规条例），接着是一个小前提（引发申诉的事实），最后是一个结论。
51、Caution——警诫词
a warning against certain acts
【注】执法人员（警察及海关人员等）在拘捕疑犯时，提醒疑犯保持缄默的权利的警告说话。执法人员在没有给予疑犯警诫词的情况下所录取的供词，可能不会被法庭接纳为有效的证供。
52、Certified Copy——核证副本、正式核准的副本
A photocopy of a document, judgment, or record that is signed and attested to as an accurate and a complete reproduction of the original document by a public official in whose custody the original has been placed for safekeeping.
A certified copy is admissible as evidence in a lawsuit when the original document cannot be produced because it has been lost or destroyed. This rule, which considers a certified copy to be secondary evidence unless circumstances of loss or destruction warrant its treatment as primary evidence, is known as the best evidence rule.
【注】核证副本通常都有核证人的签署和核证日期，以确认对该副本进行了核证，除特别声明必须用文件正本的情况外，核证副本一般都视为有效的文件。
在诉讼中，如果原件已遗失或损毁，核准副本可以作为证据而被接受。
53、Certiorari——调卷令、诉讼文件移送命令
[Latin, To be informed of.] At common law, an original writ or order issued by the Chancery or King's Bench, commanding officers of inferior courts to submit the record of a cause pending before them to give the party more certain and speedy justice.
【注】在下级法院的判决受到异议时，上级法院向下级法院发出令状或命令，要求它呈上案件记录，以便审查它所作的判决。
在1891年前，只要上诉案件来自于联邦法院系统，或者是关系到联邦问题、或者是从州最高法院上诉的，最高法院都有正式义务受理这些上诉案件。以至于1890年，最高法院竟然处理了18000多个案件。1925年《司法法》（Judiciary Act of 1925）极大地抑制了纠错令的使用，通过进一步确定调卷令，在更多种类的案件中授予联邦最高法院以更大的裁量权。只有当最高法院9名大法官中至少有4名大法官同意审查某一案件时才签发调卷令。
调卷令的案件中往往涉及不同法院对联邦法律的不同解释，例如，两个联邦上诉法院对某一法律的解释有冲突；联邦上诉法院和州最高法院对某一法律的解释有冲突；或者联邦上诉法院对某一法律的解释与联邦最高法院以前的判决有不一致之处等。
54、Chamber——办公室
A room in which a judge may consult privately with attorneys or hear cases not taken into court.
Chiefly British. A suite of rooms, especially one used by lawyers.
【注】诉讼律师和法官的办公室，称为“Chamber”。诉讼程序中有部份的聆讯是在法官的办公室中进行的，称为内庭聆讯“hearing in chambers”，内庭聆讯只准许当事人及其法律代表出席。
55、change of venue——管辖权变化、审理法院变更
In law, the word venue designates the location where a trial will be held. It derives from the Latin word for "a place where people gather."
A change of venue is the legal term for moving a trial to a new location. In high-profile matters, a change of venue may occur to move a jury trial away from a location where a fair and impartial jury may not be possible due to widespread publicity about a crime and/or defendant(s) to another community in order to obtain jurors who can be more objective in their duties. This change may be a few towns away, or across the state.
This is done when there is a reason to think that a defendant will not receive a fair trial, for whatever the reason.
【注】审理法院变更是指将一个案件的审讯移到另外一个新的管辖地法院进行审理。这种变化既可在一州之内进行，也可跨州进行。当被告没有受到公平审判十，无论什么理由都必须进行审理法院变更。
56、Charge——收费，控罪，抵押，押记
To impose a burden, duty, obligation, or lien; to create a claim against property; to assess; to demand; to accuse; to instruct a jury on matters of law.
【注】Charge可以是名词，也可以是动词，它包含了多个不同的解释：①是提供服务的收费，例：Legal Charge（律师收费）；②是刑事控罪，例：This case has more than one charge （这案件包含多于一项的控罪）；③是借贷的抵押，例：The company charged its property for the loan（这间公司以其物业作为借款的抵押）；④是对法定债务人的物业的押记，用以偿还有关的法定债务。
57、Chattels——动产
All property except real property; personal property. For example: jewelry, clothing, furniture, and appliances.
A chattel is treated as personal property rather than real property regardless of whether it is
movable or immovable.
【注】动产，指的是除了不动产以外的财产。它是“不动产”相对应的一个概念。
58、“Chip Smith Charge”——奇普·史密斯指控判例
The "Chip Smith charge" is an instruction to deadlocked jurors, urging those jurors whose disagree with the majority vote to reexamine the majority views in an effort to reach a unanimous verdict.
"Everything old is new again." We've all heard this phrase before, and this is certainly the case with the Chip Smith charge. The charge derives from State v. Smith, 49 Conn. 376 (1881). James "Chip" Smith was a 21-year-old who was drinking, firing off his gun and causing a general disturbance of the peace one afternoon in December of 1880. His behavior forced his father out into the street and to the home of Daniel J. Hayes, the chief of police for the borough of Ansonia. The elder Mr. Smith begged Mr. Hayes to come and arrest his son. Mr. Hayes went in search of Chip, found him in a downtown street and tried to arrest him. A struggle ensued, and Chip shot Hayes in the abdomen. Hayes later died of his injuries. James "Chip" Smith was tried for and convicted of Hayes' murder. In an opinion reviewing Smith's conviction, the Connecticut Supreme Court set forth language concerning the duty of jurors when deliberating. This language became known as the Chip Smith charge, and trial courts repeatedly gave the charge to jurors when they reported that they were deadlocked.
Over the years, the Chip Smith charge became an established part of Connecticut jurisprudence. However, the instruction was often challenged as being coercive and implying that a juror in the minority should "give in" to the majority for the sake of unanimity. Recently, in State v. O'Neil, 261 Conn. 49 (2002), the instruction was challenged once again, and our old Chip Smith charge was given a new dressing.
【注】奇普·史密斯指控判例，是指对处于审理僵局的陪审团进行指导以促使这些意见不一的陪审员在再次投票时以获得一致性的裁决结论。
『笺』该指控来自1881年康涅狄格州的“州诉史密斯”一案。21岁的詹姆士·奇普·史密斯酒后开枪影响了街区的平静，当该镇的公安局长丹尼尔·J·贺耶斯试图逮捕史密斯时，史密斯开枪射中了贺耶斯的腹部以致其身亡。当康涅狄格州高级法院审理此案时，陪审团成员之间分歧很大，后来反复审理最终取得一致性结论。“奇普·史密斯指控”已经康涅狄格州司法的一部分。该案提供的指示经常迫使陪审团的少数派成员让步以达成全体一致。
59、Citation——引证
Law. A reference to previous court decisions or authoritative writings.
【注】所谓Citation（引证）是指援引一个司法先例或者法律依据，借以支持或削弱某一观点。
对于如何引证各种法律依据，美国有一套广为接受的引证体系，俗称“蓝皮书”（），其全称是《统一引证体系》（A Uniform System of Citation），由《哈佛法律评论》协会（Harvard Law Review Association）出版。它对于各种类型的法律引证制定了详细的规则、格式和缩写。（Peter W. Martin, Introduction to Basic Legal Citation, see https://www.doczj.com/doc/1a804044.html,/citation/index.htm）
而英国没有这样统一的规则体系，不过在实践中形成了一套被大家普遍接受的引证方式。其中牛津大学指定的一套名为《牛津法律依据标准引证》（The Oxford Standard Citation of Legal Authorities）的法律引证体系在司法实践中具有较大的影响。
60、Civil Action——民事诉讼
A lawsuit other than a criminal case usually filed in a Judicial District courthouse. Includes family actions (divorces, child support, etc) and small claims cases, although these are both separately designated.
A lawsuit brought to enforce, redress, or protect rights of private litigants—the plaintiffs and the defendants— not a criminal proceeding.
Today, courts in the United States generally are not divided into common-law courts and equity courts because most states and the federal government have merged the procedures for law and equity into one system. Now all kinds of lawsuits are simply called civil actions without the former distinctions of procedure in law or in equity.
A criminal proceeding is called a penal action to distinguish it from civil actions.
【注】民事诉讼是指不同于刑事诉讼的一种诉讼以执行、救济、保护诉讼人的权利。
美国的法院通常被分为普通法院和衡平法院，因为许多州和联邦政府已经将普通法和衡平法的诉讼程序并入同一系统。
61、C. J. S.(Corpus Juris Secundum)——《美国法律百科全书》（第二辑）、《美国法大全续编》
The Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.) is an encyclopedia of U.S. law (see Secondary authority). Its full title is Corpus Juris Secundum: Complete Restatement Of The Entire American Law As Developed By All Reported Cases (1936- ) It contains an alphabetical arrangement of legal topics as developed by U.S. federal and state cases (1658-date).
The CJS is an authoritative 20th century American legal encyclopedia that provides a clear statement of each area of law including areas of the law that are evolving and provides footnoted citations to case law and other primary sources of law. Named after the 6th century Corpus Juris Civilis of Emperor Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire, the first codification of Roman law and civil law. (The name Corpus Juris literally means "body of the law"; Secundum denotes the second edition of the encyclopedia, which was originally issued as Corpus Juris by the American Law Book Company.)
【注】C. J. S.(Corpus Juris Secundum，《美国法律百科全书（第二辑）》)又西方集团出版，1936年开始出版，共150卷，包括400多个主题，主题细分为小主题（sub-topics），再分为节（sections）。每节都包括文章和注脚两部分。每一卷带有索引，并且每年出版适用于全系列的总索引。该系列附有若干增补卷（pocket supplements）。
C. J. S.的前身即（第一辑）称为《美国法律百科全书》（Corpus Juris），简称 C. J.，从1914年到1937年共出版72卷。C. J. S.对于C. J.中的文章完全重写，但已有的脚注不再重复，只是在C. J. S.中注明C. J.之卷数和页数。
在美国，法律百科全书的引证格式为：卷数+名称缩写+主题名称+节号+（出版年份）。其中出题名称可以省略，如果引用出自增补卷，还要表明该信息。例如：85 C. J. S. Taxation § 806 (1954); 72 C. J. S. Supp., Prods. Liab. § 31 n. 93 (1975)。
62、Claim——申索、主张权利
To demand or assert as a right. Facts that combine to give rise to a legally enforceable right or judicial action.
【注】Claim，即要求、主张某一项权利。
民事诉讼的传票中，原告须要将其向被告申索的事由详细列明，称为Statement of Claim 或Particulars of Claim。
63、Common Law——普通法
Laws that develop through case decisions by judges. Not enacted by legislative bodies.
common law, system of law that prevails in England and in countries colonized by England. The name is derived from the medieval theory that the law administered by the king's courts represented the common custom of the realm, as opposed to the custom of local jurisdiction that was applied in local or manorial courts. In its early development common law was largely a product of three English courts—King's Bench, Exchequer, and the Court of Common Pleas—which competed successfully against other courts for jurisdiction and developed a distinctive body of doctrine. The term “common law” is also used to mean the traditional, precedent-based element in the law of any common-law jurisdiction, as opposed to its statutory law or legislation, and also to signify that part of the legal system that did not develop out of equity, maritime law, or other special branches of practice.
【注】普通法指的是由法官的案例判决发展而来的法律，它不同于立法机关颁布的法律。
『笺』普通法系是当今世界两大法系之一。关于普通法的历史基础和传统在英国法律史学家S·F·C·密尔松的《普通法的历史基础》和美国法理学家卡尔·N·卢埃林的《普通法的传统》中已经说得十分清楚，而对于普通法之所以有如此强大的生命力的根源以及普通法的精神，美国社会法学学派创始人、美国哈佛大学法学院院长罗斯科·庞德（Roscoe·Pound）则在其《普通法的精神》一书中进行了精辟的阐述。
64、Community Service——感化工作、社会服务
Work that convicted defendants are required to perform in order to repay the community for the harm caused to the community by the crime.
【注】感化工作，指的是有罪的被告进行一定的工作以回报因其犯罪而受害的社区，其所作的工作是犯法者宣判的一部分。
『笺』社会服务令(community service order)是一种代替监禁的刑罚，既有惩罚的成分，也有令其改过自新的公用。
65、Compurgation——共誓涤罪、立誓免罪
compurgation , in medieval law, a complete defense. A defendant could establish his innocence or nonliability by taking an oath and by getting a required number of persons to swear they believed his oath. Compurgation, also called wager of law, was found in early Germanic law and in English ecclesiastical law until the 17th cent. In common law it was substantially abolished as a defense in felonies by the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164). Compurgation was still permitted in civil actions for debt, however, and vestiges of it survived until its final abolition in 1833. It is doubtful whether compurgation ever existed in America.
【注】Compurgation（共誓涤罪、立誓免罪），又称“wager of Law”（赌法律、誓证裁决、宣誓断讼），是盎格鲁—撒克逊时期的一种司法程序，在该方式下，被告以宣誓方式否认原告的主张，同时须找来11个或者法庭规定数目的“共誓人”（oath-helpers）为其作证；如果能够做到这些即可获得胜诉。（[美]腓特烈·G·坎平《盎格鲁—美利坚法律史（第三版）》）
66、Concurrent Sentence——合并判决
when a criminal defendant is convicted of two or more crimes, a judge sentences him/her to a certain period of time for each crime. Then out of compassion, leniency, plea bargaining, or the fact that the several crimes are interrelated, the judge will rule that the sentences may all be served at the same time, with the longest period controlling.
【注】刑事案中的被告犯了两项或以上的罪名同时成立，但各项罪名的判刑同时执行，例如第一项罪的判刑是一年监禁，而第二项罪的判刑是监禁两年，两项罪合并判决，被告只需要被服刑两年。
67、Conditional Discharge——有条件的释放
A disposition, in criminal cases, where the defendant must satisfy certain court-ordered conditions instead of a prison term.
If the conditions of the discharge are met it becomes an absolute discharge.
A court may grant a conditional or absolute discharge only in offences that have a maximum penalty of less than fourteen years.
【注】所谓有条件释放，指的是法院要求当事人在一定时间内，通常是一年时间左右，不得再犯事，否则要向法院缴交罚款。如果当事人达到规定的要求，则无条件释放。
有条件释放，主要适用于14左右的青少年。
68、Consecutive Sentence——连续判决
a sentence that runs before or after another
【注】刑事案中的被告所犯的不同罪行，是以连续判决执行，则被告需要分别服刑，例如一项罪被判了两年，另一项罪则被判了三年，被告便需要连续服刑五年，才会被释放。
『笺』concurrent sentence（合并判决）: a sentence that runs at the same time as another，in which the period of imprisonment equals the length of the longest sentence.
consecutive sentence（连续判决）: a sentence that runs before or after another，in which the period of imprisonment equals the sum of all the sentences.
cumulative sentence（累积判决）：the combination of two or more consecutive sentences.即将两个或两个以上的连续判决累加起来。
69、Consideration——对价，约因
Something of value given by both parties to a contract that induces them to enter into theagreement to exchange mutual performances.
Consideration is an essential element for the formation of a contract. It may consist of a promise to perform a desired act or a promise to refrain from doing an act that one is legally entitled to do. In a bilateral contract（双务合同）—an agreement by which both parties exchange mutual promises—each promise is regarded as sufficient consideration for the other. In a unilateral contract（单务合同）, an agreement by which one party makes a promise in exchange for the other's performance, the performance is consideration for the promise, while the promise is consideration for the performance.
Consideration must have a value that can be objectively determined. A promise, for example, to make a gift, or a promise of love or affection, is not enforceable because of the subjective nature of the promise.
【注】合约是订约方自愿建立的法律关系，是一方以有价值的代价或者承诺以换取对
方的承诺或代价，这些合约中的承诺或代价称为对价或约因，缺乏有效的对价或约因，合约便不能成立。
『笺』英美各国法律认为，“没有对价的许诺只是一件礼物；而为对价所做出的许诺则已构成一项合同。” 所谓对价，是指根据协议已经履行或将要履行义务的当事人由此得到某种利益，或者接受义务履行的当事人为此而遭受某种损失的事实要素；它是对履行义务当事人一方的某种回报。1875年的“居里诉米沙案”判例将其定义为：“一方得到权利、利益、利润或好处，或者另一方抑制一定行为，承受损害，损失或责任。”
对价，又称约因(consideration)，其内涵是一方为换取另一方做某事的承诺而向另一方支付的金钱代价或得到该种承诺的承诺。对价从法律上看是一种等价有偿的允诺关系，而从经济学的角度说，对价就是利益冲突的双方处于各自利益最优状况的要约而又互不被对方接受时，通过两个或两个以上平等主体之间的妥协关系来解决这一冲突。换句话说，在两个以上平等主体之间由于经济利益调整导致法律关系冲突时，矛盾各方所作出的让步。这种让步也可以理解为是由于双方从强调自身利益出发而给对方造成的损失的一种补偿。
70、Contempt of Court——蔑视法庭、蔑视法庭
A finding that someone disobeyed a court order. Can also mean disrupting court, for example, by being loud or disrespectful in court.
A finding of contempt of court may result from a failure to obey a lawful order of a court, showing disrespect for the judge, disruption of the proceedings through poor behavior, or publication of material deemed likely to jeopardize a fair trial. A judge may impose sanctions such as a fine or jail for someone found guilty of contempt of court. Typically judges in common law systems have more extensive power to declare someone in contempt than judges in civil law systems.
In English law (a common law jurisdiction) the law on contempt is partly set out in case law, and partly specified in the Contempt of Court Act 1981. Contempt may be a criminal or civil offence.
【注】藐视法庭，是一种严重的罪行，可以被判罚款或监禁。藐视法庭包括不遵守法庭命令、违反对法庭作出的承诺，妨碍司法公正等行为。
『笺』藐视法庭罪，其惩罚范围极其宽泛：凡不服从或不尊重法庭或法官、可能影响司法运作之言行，皆可入罪。蔑视法庭罪，部分是渊源于判例法，部分依据1981年《蔑视法庭法案》。
藐视法庭罪，是指负有举证责任的单位和个人迟延提交证据或者拒不提交证据；负有出庭作证的单位和个人无正当理由拒不出庭作证；负有协助法庭执行审判职务的义务拒不履行协助义务；拒不交纳法庭罚款；在法庭上辱骂或者殴打司法工作人员；对法官进行言语攻击和无理纠缠；聚众哄闹、冲击法庭、扰乱法庭秩序，情节严重的行为。
71、Contributory Negligence——分担责任、过失责任
Contributory negligence，is a common law defence to a claim or action in tort. It applies to a situation where a plaintiff or claimant has, through their own negligence, caused or contributed to the injury they suffered from a tort. For example where a pedestrian crosses a road carelessly and is hit by a driver who is also driving carelessly.
【注】意外中的伤者对意外的造成及他自己的受伤程度，需要分担部份疏忽的责任，他所获得的赔偿额也会相对地减少。
其适用范围是，当事人双方在该民事侵权行为中因其自己的疏忽而引发的意外伤害，其
必须承担一定的责任。
『笺』关于受害人过错的性质，学说上也有不同的观点，主要有“不忠实态度说”、“违反社会义务说”、“未采取合理注意说”和“未预见说”四种。“不忠实态度说”认为，受害人的过错是指受害人违背诚实信用原则，对其自身采取了不忠实的态度；“违反社会义务说”则认为，人人均对其人身和财产负有一种合理的注意义务，违反此义务实际上构成对社会义务的违反；“未采取合理注意说”认为，受害人负有一种使自己处于安全状态、并不使加害人处于一种负责任的危险状态的义务。若受害人未尽合理注意而违反该义务，则不仅使自己处于不安全状态中，而且使他人处于负责任的不安全状态中，于此场合，受害人便有过错；“未预见说”认为，受害人应当预见并且能够预见到自己可能遭受损害。
72、Continuance——休庭
The adjournment or postponement of a court case to another day.
【注】即暂时中止一案件的审理，并择日再审。
73、Copyright——版权
An intangible right granted by statute to the author or originator of certain literary or artistic productions, whereby, for a limited period, the exclusive privilege is given to the person to make copies of the same for publication and sale.
【注】版权，是作者对他所创作的作品的发表、翻印、复制等专有权利，版权在作品完成后便自动产生及受法律保护，毋须经过任何注册程序，但必须为原创作品才拥有版权。
『笺』美国的第一部版权法是1790年版权法，这部法律保障作者14年出版“地图、图表和书籍”的专权。美国现行的版权法是1976年修改并于1978年月1月1日生效的版权法。尽管美国版权法是国内法，但其对于外国作者的版权在一定情况下给予保护。即不管作者的国籍，只要其作品于1978年1月1日后第一次在美国出版的，美国版权法对其权利给予一定的保护。如果外国作者的作品是1978年以前出版的，其必须是与美国签订有版权公约的有关国家的公民或者其在美国有住所。关于版权侵权方面，美国版权法仅限于保护侵权行为发生在美国的情况。对发生在美国国外的版权侵权问题，美国版权法一般不对版权所有者提供保护。
74、Counter Claim——反诉、反要求、反索赔
A claim by the defendant in a civil action that the defendant is entitled to damages or other relief from the plaintiff.
【注】在民事诉讼中，被告可以对原告提出赔偿等反要求。
反诉，是指在已经开始的民事诉讼程序里，被告按照起诉的程序和方式，以本诉的原告作为被告，向法院提出的和本诉有联系的保护自己的民事权利和合法利益的请求。原告提起的诉称为本诉（或称原诉），被告提起的诉称为反诉。
『笺』反诉与反驳不同。反驳是被告为维护自己的合法权益，针对原告提出的诉讼请求，提出种种有利于自己的事实和根据进行驳斥或否定。根据被告所提出的事实和理由的不同，被告的反驳可以分为程序上的反驳和实体上的反驳。
75、Court——法院
Court is an English word known since 1175, from Old French curt, from Latin cohors ("enclosed yard," and by extension, perhaps associated with curia "sovereign's assembly", those assembled in the yard。
The words court, judge, or judges, when used in laws, are often synonymous.
【注】英文的“Court”一词，来源于拉丁文的curia，原义是指中世纪时期的访苏所附带的长方形封闭庭院，后来逐渐用于指称正式或非正式集合起来的一群人。
76、Court-Appointed Attorney:——法庭指定律师、法庭指定辩护律师
An attorney who is asked by the court (judge) to either represent a party to the case, or to serve in some other capacity that the case requires.
【注】法庭指定律师，指的是由法庭指定的以代某一案件的当事人进行辩护的律师。
『笺』美国宪法第六条修正案规定，被告人享有获得律师帮助为其辩护的权利。在司法实践中，这一保障被理解为在刑事诉讼的每个重要阶段被告人都可以由其律师代表，其目的是切实保障刑事被告人在刑事诉讼各阶段的合法权益不受侵犯，切实保障法庭的公正审判得以实现。如果被告人因贫穷无钱聘请律师，法院有义务为其指定律师，费用由政府方开支。
77、Court Interpreter——庭审口译员
The person who translates court hearings from English to another language. Provided at state expense in all criminal cases and in cases enforcing child support orders, if requested. No interpreter is available for divorce or any other civil case.
【注】庭审口译员，即将庭审内容翻译成其他语言的人。庭审口译主要发生在刑事案件和青少年案件中，象离婚等民事案件无权要求庭审口译。
『笺』有史记载的法庭口译最早可以追溯到十七世纪在南非的殖民时期（Moeketsi, 1999; Mikkelson，2000）。Colin Morris (1996)比较详细地记录了1682年和1820年在英国进行的有口译服务的庭审（引自Mikkelson，2000）。1682年的那次庭审涉及一件凶杀案，诉讼各方有多种语言背景。而当时法庭在决定哪一方诉讼人有权享有法庭口译服务时，依据的不是各方的语言需求而是阶级，即说英语的贵族才有权享有口译服务。1820年的庭审则是一场涉及卡罗琳王后的通奸案。该案的庭审口译不仅翻译了证人证言的语言内容，而且还解释了其中的文化差异（Mikkelson，2000）。
美国联邦法院于1978年制订了《庭审口译员法案》(Court Interpreters Act of 1978)，要求法庭口译员必须完整准确、一字不差地(verbatim)翻译源语信息，不得修饰和省略源语信息，不得更改源话语的语体和语域。该法案为联邦地方法院在美国作为原告时的民事和刑事诉讼中使用庭审口译服务提供了依据，也为颁发庭审口译员证书提供了依据，标志着美国议会对庭审口译这一专业性很强的职业的认可。从此，法庭口译成为一个独立的职业，专门为英语水平较差者提供语言服务。该法案规定的两类服务对象是：只会说或主要说除英语以外的其他语言的，以及有听力障碍的。
78、Court of Equity——衡平法院
Courts of equity were common law courts but had their own principles (e.g., clean hands doctrine) and their own unique remedies (e.g., injunction, specific performance). Actions were brought either equitably "in chancery" or legally "at law." Courts which are guided primarily by equitable doctrine are said to be courts of equity. Thus, a bankruptcy court is a court of equity.
【注】衡平法院（Court of Equity），又称大法官法院（Court of Chancery）。1474年，大法官首次以自己的名义发布命令，标志着完全独立的衡平法院正式诞生。
衡平法院，也叫良心法院（Court of Conscience）。法官凭良心判案。衡平法院不实行陪审制，由大法官独自进行审理，自由裁量的余地很大，每个法官的判决也有很大的差别。因此有人说衡平法院的判决是由大法官脚的长短来决定的。衡平法官处理案件主要依据“衡
一、律师部分 案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee ?p??li: 被诉人respondent; defendant 本案律师councel pro hac vice 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定） 裁决书award（用于仲裁） 裁决书verdict（用于陪审团） 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions 产权转让conveyancing 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁agency for arbitration 代写文书drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述statement of the parties 第三人third party 吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence 调解mediation 调解书mediation 二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书legal opinions 法律援助legal aid 法律咨询legal counseling 法庭division; tribunal 法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws) 法学会law society 法学课程legal courses 法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws) 法学系faculty of law; department of law 法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士) 法学院law school 法院公告court announcement 反诉状counterclaim 房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer 非合伙律师associate lawyer 非诉讼业务non-litigation practice 高级合伙人senior partner 高级律师senior lawyer 各类协议和合同agreements and contracts 公安局Public Security Bureau 公司上市company listing 公诉案件public-prosecuting case 公证书notarial certificate 国办律师事务所state-run law office 国际贸易international trade 国际诉讼international litigation 国内诉讼domestic litigation 合伙律师partner lawyer 合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law office 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client 会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect 兼职律师part-time lawyer 监狱prison; jail 鉴定结论expert conclusion 缴纳会费membership dues 举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi 决定书decision
常用外贸服装英语词汇 3-plys export carton 三坑出口纸箱 a pair of braces 一副裤子背带 accessory 辅料 acetate lining 亚沙迪里布，亚沙地里布 air freight 空运费 allover embroidery 全身绣花，[粤]全身车花 anti-pilling agent 抗起毛剂 antistatic finish 防静电处理 automatic lock (zip) 自动锁拉链 apparel 成衣 applique 贴布绣 appearance quality 外观质量 approved swatch 确认的样布 armhole，scye 袖窿，[粤]夹圈 [欧]Art.No.，[美]style No. 款号 assembling of front & back part 前后幅合并 assorted color 混色 assorted size混码 assorted color assorted size 混色混码 attach collar 上领，绱领 attach cuff to sleeve 车袖头到袖子上，[粤]车鸡英到袖子上attachment （安装在衣车上辅助车缝的）附件 attention card 注意 autolock zipper 自动锁拉链 azo dye 偶氮染料 back cover front 后搭前，后盖前 back rise 后直裆，[粤]后浪 back stitch 回针，倒针，[粤]返针 back 后片，后幅 backless dress 露背裙 barb wire，loop pin 行李索 bar code sticker 条码贴纸，条形码贴纸 bargaining 讨价还价 base layer （多层服装的）内层 basting 疏缝，假缝 bead （装饰用）有孔小珠 bell bottom 喇叭裤脚 belt 带，腰带 belt loop，（belt-loop，beltloop）腰带袢，裤带袢，[粤]裤耳，耳仔bias cut 斜纹裁，[粤]纵纹裁 binder 滚边器，[粤]拉筒，包边蝴蝶，滚边蝴蝶
一、律师部分 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定） 裁决书 award（用于仲裁） 裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团） 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions
法律英语词汇大全完美 版 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 ac 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation 撤销权 right of claiming cancellation
法律英语实用单词讲解 accord释义：accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 acquire释义：acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger 的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 act释义：act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear 相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from action释义：act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 adopt释义：adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal 采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。 admission释义：admission是admit的名词，在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中，则通常是法律程序中的一个用语，意思是采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。 affect释义：affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一，意思是影响，通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语，affect（本义没有改变，仍然是影响），确实非常正式的用法，通常不能用influence 等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same．任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。 affiliate释义：affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一，意思是关联方，关联公司，也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party，including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。 agent释义：agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一，意思是代理人，代理商，通常指商业代理，如果指非商业性质的代理，如替别人出席会议等，则可用proxy。 例句：Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, 1egal representative, subsidiary，joint venturer，partner，employer，or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever． 参考译文：本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行，无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。
常用衣服类单词 2015/11/5 常用量词单位： Pair[p?r] 一对，一双，一副 Trousers ['tra?z?z] 裤子，长裤，西裤 Pants [p?nts] 裤子 Jeans[d?inz] 牛仔裤 数量： a pair of... 一条... two pairs of... 两条... 例如： a pair of trousers 一条裤子 Dress[dr?s] 连衣裙；女装 Shirt [??t] 衬衫 T-shirt['ti,??rt] 短袖圆领汗衫，T恤 Jacket['d??k?t] 夹克
Coat[k??t] 外套，上衣，外衣，短大衣 Overcoat ['??v?k??t] 大衣，外套 Sweater['sw?t?] 毛衣 Down[da?n] jacket 羽绒服；鸭绒衣；羽绒夹克Waistcoat['we?s(t)k??t]背心；[服装] 马甲数量： a 一（件） 例如： A jacket 一件夹克 Three dresses 三条连衣裙 Shoes[?u?s] 鞋 Sneaker['snik?]运动鞋 High-heeled[hild] shoes 高跟鞋 Leather['l?e?] shoes 皮鞋 Boot[bu?t] 靴子 Snow boot 雪地靴 数量：a pair of... 一双... two pairs of... 两双...
例如：two pairs of boots Cap[k?p] (无帽边或前有帽舌的)帽子 Hat[h?t] (有檐的)帽子 Scarf[skɑrf]围巾 Glove[gl?v] 手套 a pair of gloves 一双手套Tie[ta?]领带；鞋带；领结 Bow tie[b?u'tai] 领结；蝶形领结 数量： a 一... 例如：A scarf 一条围巾
法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange
法律英语常用词汇大全
法律英语常用词汇大全 一、律师部分 案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee 被诉人respondent; defendant 本案律师councel pro hac vice 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书award(用于仲裁) 裁决书verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions 产权转让conveyancing 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate
服装英语词汇－男装名词集锦 西装 Western-style clothes/tailored suit/suit 男装 men's wear; men's suit 男童装 boy's clothes 西装上衣 upper garment; jacket/top coat/blouse/blouson 中西式上衣Chinese and western style blouse 中山装上衣 Zhongshan coat/Chinese style jacket/Sun-Yat-Sen style jacket 男式短上衣 mannish jacket 男便装上衣 sack coat 男紧身上衣 * 短西装上衣 minisuit 轻便型上衣/运动上衣 sports coat 运动短上衣 stadium jumper 双排扣短上衣 spencer croise （法） V领套头上衣 pull en V （法） 风帽上衣 hood jacket; anorak 套头宽上衣 pull blouson 宽大短上衣talma 紧身短上衣 tunic/coatee 超短上衣 minicoat 春秋衫 spring and autumn coat 罩衫 smock/blouse 茄克衫 jacket/blouson
衬衫 */blouse 男衬衫 */chemise（法） 男用外衬衫 liquette（法） 美式男用衬衫 chemise American （法） 礼服衬衫 dress * 休闲衬衫 leisure * 牛仔衬衫 cowboy * 套头衬衫 pullover * 背心/马甲 vest/waistcoat 礼服背心 dress/evening vest 西服背心 waistcoat/vest/weskit 户外背心 outer vest 运动背心 sport/gym vest 牛仔背心 cowboy vest 单襟背心 single-breasted vest 两扣背心 two-button waistcoat 紧身背心 */weskit 长裤 trousers/pants/slacks/pegs/pantalon（法）bags（英口语）西装长裤 trousers 英式长裤 British trousers 高尔夫长裤 golf jupon 礼服裤 dress slacks//court breeches 礼服条纹裤 striped trousers
一、 action 诉讼 to bring an action/lawsuit against sb. 向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人 defendant 被告 appellant 上诉人 appellee 被上诉人 cause of action 案由 transaction 交易 to join sb. as plaintiff/defendant 与某人共同起诉、把某人作为第三人被告合并起诉to make a complete determination of a controversy彻底解决争端 to be liable 负有责任 to rest on 依靠，依赖 adversary 敌手，对手；敌对的 adversary system 抗辩制 advocate 用户，提倡；拥护者，辩护者 produce 拿出，出示 evidence 证据 inquisitorial 纠问的 civil law tradition 大陆法传统 presentation 介绍，陈述 intervene 干涉，介入 safeguard 预防措施，保证条款；保护 prevalence 流行，盛行 manifold 多种多样的 contest 比赛 interested 有利害关系的 resolution 解决 to bear the burden of 承担 to reduce... to 把.....降为，把......归纳为 unbiased 无偏见的 satisfy 满足，符合 critic 批评者 merit 事实真相，是非曲直 phase 阶段 reside 属于，归于 affirmative 肯定的，积极的 join 合并 to be liable to sb. for sth. 因某事对某人负有责任 to rest on 依靠 to reside in/with 属于 二、 allege 声称 allegation 声称
法律英语专业词汇大全 一、律师部分案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人respondent; defendant 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）裁决书award（用于仲裁）裁决书verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条source legal provisions 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁agency for arbitration 代写文书drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述statement of the parties 第三人third party 吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence 调解mediation 调解书mediation 二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail 法律顾问
法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译 Ξ 李 丽 (三峡大学外国语学院教师 香港中文大学翻译系博士生 香港沙田) 摘 要 法律文件的英汉翻译在中国发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文从四个方面归纳法律英语词汇的特点,即专业性、正式性、客观性及准确性,并进一步探讨具体的法律词汇翻译的方法和对策。关键词 法律翻译 法律词汇特点 翻译方法 翻译策略 Abstract Translation of legal documents is now playing an ever -increasing role in China.This paper first surveys four primary characteristics of legal vocabulary ,namely ,professionalism ,formalism ,objectivity and exactitude ,followed by a presentation and discussion of s pecific strategies and methods of translating legal vo 2cabulary between English and Chinese. K ey Words Legal translation characteristics of legal vocabulary translation methods translation strate 2gies 随着中国加入WTO ,世界经济一体化,中国与世界的交往和联系越来越多。法律文件的翻译将会在社会生活中扮演很重要的角色。要做好法律文件的英汉翻译,我们必须了解法律英语的一些特点。所谓法律英语,“是指法律界通用的书面英语(包括法律、法规、条例、规章、协定、判定和裁定等),尤其是指律师起草法律文件(合同、章程、协议、契约等)惯常使用的语 言。”[1] 法律英语在词汇、句式等方面都有它自己的特点。本文尝试归纳出法律英语在词汇方面的四大特点,并进而探讨一些具体的翻译方法和策略。1 专业性 “法律语言部分地是由具有特定法律意义的词组成,部分地是由日常用语组成。具有特定法律意义的词,在日常用语中即使有也很少 使用,如预谋、过失、非法侵害等。”[2] 除了具有特定法律意义的词之外,很多在日常生活中普遍应用的词汇,一旦到了法律文本中,便具有了区别于日常意义的法律意义。这也就是我们常 说的法律词汇的“专业性”。下表列举部分英语单词的普通意义和法律意义: 英语单词 日常意义法律意义adverse 相反的非法的battery 电池伤害、人身攻击condemn 谴责判刑、定罪declaration 声明、宣言申诉书exhibit 展出物证hear 听见听审immunity 免疫力豁免权leave 离开休庭proceed 进行起诉report 报告揭发sentence 句子判决undo 解开勾引、诱奸vacation 假期休庭期warrant 保证拘捕令 除了这些普通词汇所具有的专业意义之外,法律英语中还保留了一些外来词和旧体词,这也是法律词汇专业性的一个体现和标记。 外来词:现代法律词汇中保留一些来自拉文的词汇,如: ad hoc 专门地bona fide 真诚地 de facto 事实上的inter alia 除了别的因素以外in re 关于 mutatis mutandis 已作了必要的修订pari passu 按相同比例per se 自身pro bono 为了公益pro rata 按比例 第18卷3期2005年8月 中国科技翻译CHIN ESE SCIENCE &TECHNOLO GY TRANSLATORS JOURNAL Vol.18.No.3 Aug.2005 收稿日期:2005—03—09/14
法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice 等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith 行为act 作为ac 不作为omission 合法行为lawful act 违法行为unlawful act 民事权利权利能力civil right 绝对权absolute right 相对权relative right 优先权right of priority 先买权preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权right of relief 支配权right of dominion 请求权right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation 撤销权right of claiming cancellation
常用法律英语词汇 Ab initio 从开始形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 Acquittal 罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。 Adjourn 休庭，押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Affidavit 誓章以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit，而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation，两者的格式用词有些分别，但主要作用相同。 Allegation 声称诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言，例如：The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant’s breach of contract，原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。Assault 殴打，侵犯以武力侵犯他人的行为，称为Assault，一般性质的殴打，称为“Common Assault”；严重者称为Aggravated Assault；未经许可触摸他人身体，可以被控非礼，称为Indecent Assault。As is 现状“As is”常用于物业买卖的合约中，指物业的现状。“The prop erty is and will be sold on an “as is” basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。 Bail 保释刑事案中的疑犯或被告，可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的，也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。 Balance of Probabilities 可能性较高者这是民事案件中举证的标准，法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据，认为那一方的可信性较高，便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言，民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益，所以法庭对举证的要求，相对也较刑事案为低。 Beyond reasonable doubt无合理疑点这是刑事案件中举证的标准，控方向法庭提出的证据，必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点，法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言，较为严重，举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格，如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点，都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。 Binding 有约束力的“binding”通常的解释是连结一起，但法律上则多用作有约束力的，例如：This provisional agreement is a binding contract。这份临时协议是有法律约束力的。 Body Corporation
t h e i e 法律英语 法律渊源 source of law 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange