XX大学
201７届本科毕业论文（设计）
英文文献及翻译
Research on the Construction of College Students' Online
Entrepreneurship Platform
学生姓名：XXXX
所在系别：管理系
所学专业：信息管理与信息系统
导师姓名：
完成时间：201７年4月12日
Research on the Construction of College Students' Online
Entrepreneurship Platform
Abstract—Along with the transformation of China's economic structure and the popularization of mass education, the employment situation of university students is becoming grimmer. As an ideal way for university students to take up an occupation, the entrepreneurship has become the focus of attention to the government, society and university. However, there are some problems that need to be solved. Starting from the cultivation of university students' innovation consciousness, the construction of online venture platform could create business atmosphere, implement entrepreneurship education, link up the entrepreneurs and firms, and bring about the comprehensive development of university students' entrepreneurship.
Keywords :college students, entrepreneurship, platform,education
I.THE BACKGROUND OF COLLEGE ST UDENT S' ENTREPRENEURSHIP
In recent years, under the guidance of central policy and the change of the environment of economics and society, entrepreneurship has become one of the important employment choices for graduates.Thus, entrepreneurship for graduates has been in the active period.Graduates would have achieved a great career if they could seize the opportunities under the background of entrepreneurship.
A. The grim employment situation
After successfully completing studies, most of university students face with the choice of employment. The development of economy and society has greatly changed the employment situation of university students . First, after 30 years of rapid growth, China’s comprehensive economic strength leapt to the forefront of the world, with significantly enhancing the level of science and technology and unceasingly strengthening the international competitiveness of firms. All above promote the continuous optimization of the industrial structure, constantly upgrade the traditional manual industry, develop the intensive technology industry and weaken the demand of employment. Secondly, after the rapid growth, Chinese economy faces with the growth shift which will inevitably give employment growth to some pressure. Finally, the number of college graduates is growing rapidly.According to the information released by China Education Online ，the popularization of mass education in universities leads to the increase of graduates from 1140000 in 2001 to 7490000 in 2015[1]. The factors that have changed the state where the state and government offer jobs for graduates include the adjustment of economic structure, the transition of industrial structure and the growth of the number of university graduates . So, the employment pressure increases for the university students.
B. The unprecedented entrepreneurship opportunity
The new time give students the chance of entrepreneurship. First, the government, with the society and universities pays attention to university students' entrepreneurship,
formulates a series of preferential policies and measures to assist, and relieves taxation, funding and charges considerably. Taking Chongqing for an example, it is made clear in the plan of support mechanism and implementation for Chongqing small micro enterprise (The Chongqing municipal government[2014] 36) that the support mechanism of the small and micro firms has been listed in the 25 key reform projects. The government has formulated a series of policies to support micro firms, reduce the costs of entrepreneurship and stimulate creativity. To strengthen the industry guidance, support policies stipulate that the micro firms, that are founded in area of five municipal encourage innovation (such as science and technology, electronic commerce, energy conservation and environmental protection, cultural and creative, and agriculture) and the encouraged industry of the county, can apply for less than 5 million yuan start-up grants (formerly financial subsidies) and a maximum of 15 million yuan of business support loans after two months of the registration. At present, the entrepreneurship of university graduates in Chongqing can obtain the maximum subsidy of up to nearly 240000[2]. Secondly, with the rapid development of the internet, its users grow rapidly. As of June 2014, the 34th …China Internet development statistics report? released by CNNIC showed that the scale of China's Internet users had reached 6.32 billion, with the increase of 1442 million compared with the end of 2013, internet penetration rate was 46.9%. So, online entrepreneurship has become one direction of university students? entrepreneurship. The diversification of entrepreneurship channels not only encourages university students to achieve the real entrepreneurship, but also online entrepreneurship.
II. THE GENERAL SITUATION AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS' ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The entrepreneurship of graduates has become the focus of the whole society. However,only when the main problems below get solved,can the entrepreneurship of graduates develop healthily.
A.The college students' entrepreneurial desire is stronger, but less actual business
Entrepreneurship is the implementation process of entrepreneurs from wealth accumulation to realize the value of life. The power of example is endless. When they know other entrepreneurs can quickly grow up to be the CEO of an enterprise, entrepreneurs take to the road of their own business from employees to the boss step by step. They get success quickly from penniless to a sharp increase in wealth or even in a short time earn the first bucket of gold. Therefore, more and more students are eager to entrepreneurship. From December 2014 to March 2015, by face to face interview and network investigation,we made questionnaires to the graduates of Chongqing Technology and Business University and other universities , in which 691 effective questionnaires were taken back, 46.16% of college students have a desire for entrepreneurship but no business. Only 6.08% with entrepreneurial aspirations and being entrepreneurial. Obviously for college students entrepreneurship is attractive. However these entrepreneurs who are not confident about it due to the limited knowledge and experience are less implementation and less success. Data shows our country college students' entrepreneurial success rate of Chinese graduates is only 2% ~ 3%, far below the average rate of entrepreneurial success.
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B. Low business level and low-tech
Through the investigation, Zhang finds that a quarter of the students believe that entrepreneurship is nothing but making money ,whatever career you choose[4]. Most of college students' entrepreneurship who behave irrationally and much blindness stay in low-tech and apply less their professional knowledge to business like street vendor and selling small commodities. Entrepreneurs who can not find the right entrepreneurial opportunities in their own fields pay more attention to how to get more economic benefits as soon as possible without combining with their own expertise and entrepreneurship. Hence in competition with other entrepreneurs who did not play their strengths result in low-tech and poor quality.
C. Weak entrepreneurial ability
Due to lack of experience, undergraduate entrepreneurship was not sensitive to the market and most college students were easier to follow the others blindly. Therefore, the opportunity was not easy to be mining and the company was not arranged and operated effectively. For the majority, university student presents strong capriciousness. Since had no long term plan and not managed the company scientifically, college students were more likely to give up as soon as the company become unprofitable. Furthermore, the the poor ability to use resources, plan project and implement led to a loose team and incompetence of leadership which restricted the development of enterprise.
III. THE BENEFIT TO ESTABLISH ONLINE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PLATFORM FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
Through online entrepreneurial platform ,students could raise their interest in entrepreneurship ,get aid and guidance about the practical problems in the process of entrepreneurship.
A.To realize the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education
Compared with the entrepreneurs of forties, fifties, college students, as young, educated generation in the society have numerous advantages. Firstly, they have a quick comprehension toward new things and are good at learning new knowledge from the surrounding environment, especially getting the information, knowledge from the internet. They are easy to accept new things and willing to have a try for new things they are interested in. Moreover, they have a great push to do what they want to do without being fettered by old tradition. Secondly, through studying from the primary school to college, they are equipped with systematic knowledge and specialized skill. In the age of “Internet+”, much information can be obtained from the internet which is a field college students are good at. The establishing of entrepreneurship platform can provide the training of entrepreneurship knowledge, the preferential policy and choice of entrepreneurship project and anther information. By this way, it can separate itself from the traditional theoretical teaching model and at the same time can add more simulations and interesting.
B. To adapt the living habit of college students
With entering in the age of Internet, Big Data and Cloud Platform create much connection between the life of college students and the internet. The online library also becomes an important measure for college students to acquire knowledge and read on line. Moreover, they shop online, send message on line and make friends on line and so on. Internet has been penetrating the life of college students and makes their entrepreneurship no longer be confined in the reality. For example in the website of Chongqing college student entrepreneurship service, the students can get the online entrepreneurship training and education and make full use of their scattered time to accomplish the accumulation of entrepreneurship knowledge without being restrained by the time and space.
C. To make up the insufficiency of real entrepreneurship practice
In the real entrepreneurship practice, college student are required to a series of formalities to be registered and then need som e money to rent a shop. What?s more, they should hire a man to manage this shop, stock up goods for customer?s choosing. The opening time is also rigidly restricted. However, starting business on line just requires some simple registrations and is unnecessary to rent a shop and hire a man. You can purchase your goods when receiving the order, which can realize the zero stock and lower the cost sharply. Beside the opening time can be stretched to 24 hours. So it can be a good way to realize the entrepreneurship through internet.
IV. CREATING A HIGH QUALITY ONLINE PLATFORM FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS’ ENTREPRENEURSHIP
To establish an online platform for college students? entrepreneurship is in urgent need due to the multiple developments of college students. Online platform can not only realize the entrepreneurship in reality but also accomplish the space and time for extended business as well as give a full play to the advantages of college students.
A.To cultivate the awareness of college students’ innovation and entrepreneur
Entrepreneurship is an advanced activity that integrated comprehensive application of knowledge and comprehensive ability. Entrepreneurship education which can foster innovation and entrepreneurship is the strategic target of cultivating talents and train more senior personnel. First, training students through an online business platform can not only jobs but also entrepreneurship. Students who have innovation consciousness will be the force of promoting China's economic development. Secondly, innovative entrepreneurship education also can promote the education reform and development of colleges and universities. In May 2015 the State Council issued the "Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Higher Education Innovation and Entrepreneurship" in which it clearly requires to develop research methods, frontier, pioneering foundation, business guidance and other aspects of the employment of compulsory and elective courses for all students. These courses should to be included in credit management. The construction of the specialized course group of the innovation and entrepreneurship education should be progressive, organic connection and scientific and reasonable. Cultivating students' innovative undertaking consciousness is the needs of the development of times.
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B. Creating the culture and atmosphere of public entrepreneurship
The entrepreneurial information could be published through online platforms such as entrepreneurial forums and entrepreneurial web. For example,universities could public the information ,assess and guide entrepreneurial activities such as entrepreneurial planning competition and innovation training projects for undergraduates on these platforms..On these platforms,people could study and discuss any entrepreneurial topic ,thus they can make progress together.Therefor,entrepreneurial teams could be established more easily by people who already share the interests , ambitions and topics on the platforms.
C. Innovating the online teaching system of entrepreneurial education
The traditional "spoon-feeding" teaching methods emphasize the importance of teachers and theories,neglected practice and the initiative of the students which entrepreneurial education pays attention to .Entrepreneurial education also focuses on "one-on-one"and small group instruction.Thus, entrepreneurial education should better join the strength of schools and societies,which can be attained by the the online teaching system.Through the the online teaching system,entrepreneurial education would be more practical and lively,which will stimulate the students ' enthusiasm for learning.
V. CONCLUSION
In the practice of entrepreneurial education, it is meaningful to create a online entrepreneurial platform combined with students' characteristics for undergraduates which helps to cultivate the culture,ability of entrepreneurship of the undergraduates. we will take the simulation software and the simulation project as the starting point, cooperate with related technology companies, and build the perfect frame structure using the modular form.Though these entrepreneurial platforms, excellent student entrepreneurs and enterprises could be combined,which not only improve the entrepreneurial ability of students but also promote the development of small and micro enterprises.
Source: Jiang Y. Research on the construction of college Students' online
entrepreneurship platform[C]// International Conference on Cultivating Undergraduate Entrepreneurship and Management Engineering. 2015:p45-p48
大学生网络创业平台建设研究
摘要
随着中国经济结构转型和大众化教育的普及，大学生就业形势日益严峻起来。创业是一种缓解就业压力的理想方式，如今已经变成了政府、社会和大学高度关注的焦点，但是，这其中依然有不少问题亟待解决。建立网上创业平台可以培养商业氛围，加强大学生创业实践锻炼，培养大学生的创业意识，实现大学生未来创业更好的发展。
关键词：大学生，创业，平台，教育
一、大学生创业的背景
近年来，在中央政策指导下和经济社会环境变化的双重作用下，创业已成为毕业生的重要就业选择之一，大学生的创业活动其间一直处于非常活跃的阶段。大学生如果能够抓住盯住市场变化，跟上政策走势，就能趁势而起，在创业的道路上更加容易取得成功。
（一）大学生就业情况严峻
大学生在完成学校的课程后，绝大多数要面临就业的压力。，但是中国经济社会的发展大大改变了大学生就业形势。首先，经过30年的快速发展，中国的综合经济实力跃居世界前列，科技水平大大提高，企业的国际竞争力不断提高，产业结构不断优化，发展技术密集型产业，客观上减少了大学生就业需求量。其次，经济实力的迅速增长，意味着中国经济已经面临产业结构调整的关口，一些行业产能过剩，减少用人量。这些都给大学生就业带来巨大的压力。最后，大学生人数还在快速增长。根据中国教育在线发布的信息，大学教育普及导致大学生人数从2001年的114万人增加到2015年的749万人，大学生数量的增长导致就业压力加大。
（二）前所未有的创业机会
新的历史机遇给了大学生创业的机会，各级政府大力支持，而且中国互联网也得到了巨大的发展。政府关注大学生创业，并制定一系列优惠政策，大力协助大学生创业，减免征税，资金和收费。以重庆为例，重庆小型企业（重庆市政府[2014] 36号）支持机制和实施方案明确规定，小微企业的支持机制已列入25个关键改革项目。政府制定了一系列扶持小微企业的政策，降低创业成本，激发创造力。加强小微企业的行业指导，建立五个市区试点鼓励创新（如科技，电子商务，节能环保，文化创意，农业）的微型企业和鼓励县工业可以申请不到500
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万元的初创资金（以前的财政补贴），经过两个月的登记后最多可以支付1500万元的商业支援贷款。目前，重庆大学毕业生的创业扶持最高可达24万元。其次，互联网的迅速发展，用户数量快速增长。截至2014年6月，CNNIC发布的第34期“中国互联网发展状况统计报告”显示，中国互联网用户规模达到6.32亿，同比增长1.442亿，互联网普及率为46.9％。所以网络创业已经成为大学生创业的一个重要方向。
二、大学生创业的现状和主要问题
大学生创业已成为全社会的重点，但是，只有当下面的主要问题得到解决时，大学生的创业才能真正的健康发展。
（一）大学生的创业愿望较强，但实际业务较少
创业是创业者财富积累的实现过程，实现自己的价值。例子的力量是无穷的，当他们知道其他创业者可以一步一步向老板迈进，迅速成长为一个企业的CEO 时。他们从白手起家到财富的急剧增长迅速获得成功，甚至在短时间内获得了第一桶金时，其他创业者就会变得斗志昂扬，坚定创业的目标。因而，越来越多的大学生渴望创业。
从2014年12月至2015年3月，通过面对面访问和网络调查，对重庆科技大学等大学毕业生进行问卷调查，其中有效问卷691份，占46.16％，大学生已经创业却没有生意。显然对于大学生来说，创业是有吸引力的。然而，由于知识和经验有限，对自己不了解的创业者，实施效果较差，成功率较低。数据显示，我国大学毕业生的创业成功率只有2％?3％，远低于国际平均创业成功率。（二）业务水平低，技术含量低
通过调查发现，无论选择什么行业，有25%的大学生认为创业只是赚钱。大多数大学生的创业选择不合理，盲目性很大。将专业知识用于街头小贩，销售小商品等业务。由于在自己所学的领域找不到正确的创业机会的创业者，更多地关注如何尽快获得更多的经济利益，而不是结合自身的专长的创业。
（三）创业能力弱
由于缺乏经验，大学生创业者对市场不敏感，大多数大学生更容易盲目追随其他创业者。因此，没有明确的调查和有效运作，挖掘机会不容易。对大多数大学生人来说，既没有长期的计划，也没有科学地对创办实体进行管理，大学生创办的实体一旦变得无利可图就有可能放弃。此外，资源利用能力差，项目实施计划不力导致团队疏散，领导层无能力同样限制了企业发展。
三、建设大学生在线创业平台的对策
通过网络创业平台，学生可以提高对创业精神的兴趣，获得有关创业过程中实际问题的帮助和指导。
（一）实现创业教育的有效性
与80年代的创业者相比，2010年代，大学生，作为年轻、受过教育的一代在社会上有很多优势。首先，他们对新事物有一个快速的理解过程，擅长从周边环境中学习新知识，特别是从互联网获取信息和知识。他们很容易接受新事物，愿意尝试他们感兴趣的新事物，而且他们有很大的推动力去做他们想要做的事情，而不被旧的传统所束缚。其次，从小学到大学学习，大学生都具备系统的知识和专业技能。在“互联网+”的时代，可以从互联网获得很多信息，这是大学生擅长的，也是网上创业需要的。建立创业平台可以提供创业知识的培训，优惠政策、创业项目的选择共享等。通过这种方式，它可以与传统的理论教学模式相辅相成，同时可以增加更多的模拟和趣味性。
（二）适应大学生的生活习惯
随着互联网时代的到来，大数据和云平台在大学生和互联网的生活中创造了很多联系。网上图书馆也成为大学生获取知识和阅读阅读的重要途径，互联网一直在渗透大学生的生活。例如在重庆大学生创业服务网站上，学生可以进行网上创业培训和教育，充分利用分散的时间来完成创业知识的积累，而不受时间和空间的限制。
（三）弥补真实创业实践的不足
在真正的创业实践中，大学生需要一系列的手续注册，然后需要资金来租一家商店。此外，还可能需要请一个人来管理这家店，为客户选择货物。开放时间也受到严格限制。然而，网上创业开始只需要一些简单的注册，并且不必租用商店，雇用人手。可以在收到订单时购买商品，实现零库存，大幅降低成本。开放时间可以延长至24小时。因此，通过互联网实现创业是一个很好的途径。
四、为大学生提供高质量的网络创业平台
建立大学生网上创业平台不仅是大学生创业精神的迫切需要，而且能够让大学生提前感受创业中的各种困难，帮助他们提前做好心理准备。网络创业平台不仅能够帮助大学生增强创业精神，而且能够拓展业务空间和时间，充分发挥大学生的优势。
（一）培养大学生创新意识和创业意识
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创业是大学生专业知识和社会能力的综合应用，创业教育是要培育大学生的创新意识和创业精神。首先，通过网络创业平台培养学生不仅可以工作，还可以创业，具有创新意识的学生将是促进中国经济发展的力量。其次，创新型创业教育也可以促进高校的教育改革和发展。 2015年5月，国务院发布“关于深化高等教育创新创业思想的意见”，明确要求提升大学生的创业能力，引导大学生创业，改革创业教育。创新创业教育专业课程的建设应该是进步的、科学合理的、有机联系的，培养学生的创新意识同时也是时代发展的需要。
（二）创造校园创业的文化氛围
创业信息可以通过网络平台发布，如创业论坛和创业网。例如，高校可以在这些平台上发布信息，评估和指导大学生创业活动，如创业计划竞赛和创新培训项目等等。在这些平台上，创业者们可以学习和讨论任何创业话题，从而共同进步。在平台上讨论信息，创业理想和政策，可以更容易地寻找自己的创业团队队员。
（三）创新企业教育在线教学体系
传统的“勺子喂养”教学方法强调了教师和理论的重要性，忽视了实践和学生的主观能动性的重要性。创业教育也应侧重于“一对一”帮助和小组学习。因此，创业教育应该更好地借助学校和社会的力量，可以通过网上教学来实现。通过网络教学系统，创业教育既实用又活泼，还可以激发学生的学习热情。
五、结论
在创业教育实践中，一个与大学生特点相结合的网络创业平台是有重要意义的，能够培养大学生的文化水平和创业能力。以仿真软件和仿真项目为出发点，与相关技术公司合作，以模块化形式构建完善的框架结构，为大学生提供一个创业的实践平台。网络创业平台可以让优秀的大学生和创业可以联系起来，既可以提高大学生的创业能力，又能促进小微企业的发展。
出处:Jiang Y,《大学生网上创业平台研究》，2015大学生创业培育与管理工程国际研讨会2015：45-48.