Unit 1 Travel Language
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1 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted. The law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as ―internet‖ or ―byte stream‖ just to name a couple. The mind boggles at what the world might face.
2 Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king‘s English prevlent in America, where ―honour‖ is commonly written as ―honor‖ and ―night‖ as ―nite,‖ many well-tested has also been give new meanings, making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk – a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree. The bonnet is a hood, good old nappies are diapers, and a baby‘s matinee jacket is a vest. It‘s obvious that the tw o countries are indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency.
3 Even worse English, however, is in use. Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it on menus and posters, in hotels, and indeed in everyday life can testify that what used to be the king‘s lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate.
4 The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to highlight some of his experiences, which
I feel should not be withheld from a wider readership. He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which promised customers ―a speedy execution‖ and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested gu ests to ―please hung yourself here.‖ One hopes that nobody took the advice literally.
5 To these I can add some of my own experiences, encountered in long years of traveling the world. There was, for example, the observation in an Ostend novelty shop tha t ―revolting new ideas‖ were being marketed, and the boast of some Bombay bakers that ―we are No. 1 loafers, best values in whole town.‖
6 I realized how far Christinanity had come when I read in Hong Kong the following call by a dentist: The teeth they are extracted here by the latest Methodists.
7 I fear it can not be answered with certainty whether these actually illustrate a progressive use of English or are simply reflections of local usages. I feel quite strongly, however, that the Haifa Medical Association should have prevented one of its members from claiming on his brass plate that he is a ―Specialist in Women and Other Diseases.‖
8 Hotels seem to revel in their multilingual signs. One supposes these signs were designed to facilitate the use of modern services in otherwise sterile and barely functional establishments. Nevertheless, the unsuspecting guests confronted in a Brussels hotel with the following instruction for the use of the life (elevator) might well prefer to walk: ―To move the life, push button to wishing floor. If the cabin should enter more persons, each one should push number of wishing floor. Driving is then going alphabetically by natural order. Button retaining pressed position shows received command for visiting station.‖ The less sophisticated notice in Istanbul (―To call room service, please to open door and call ROOM SERVICE‖) at least does not confront the guest with electronics that might not always work.
9 In Turkey, the delight in ―straight talk‖ expresses itself in t he by-now-famous Ankara brochure which advises, ―Visit our restaurant where you can eat Middle East foods in an European Ambulance.‖ A note on a Swiss menu that ―Our wines leave nothing to hope for‖ was equally inviting.
10 Eastern European courtesies have never left the once grand hotels of the former Austro-Hungarian empire. A notice in the hotel rooms that ―the honoured guests are invited to take advantage of the chamber maids from 12-14 o‘clock‖ might, however, result in some unplanned traffic jams. A recent Moscow exhibition‘s announcement drew attention to ―a showing of 300 paintings by Russian artists, most of whom were executed in the last ten years‖ –hardly a welcoming thought to the occasional visitor.
11 A Bangkok laundry‘s advertisement to the visiting public (―Leaving your clothes here and enjoy yourself‖) could also be seen as a invitation to extracurricular activities in that Far Eastern capital of fun.
12 In Rome, a laundry advertised a similar invitation: Ladies, leave your clothes here and spend the afternoon having a good time.
13 It should not surprise the traveller that nightspots advertise their wares in Europe in many and diverse language. The German preoccupation with Majorca led a Munich nightclub to copy a trilingual Palma announcement that dancing was going on in what is indeed a surprising way. The notice read, ―Baile! Baile! Baile!‖ in Spanish, ―Tanz! Tanz! Tanz!‖ in German, and ―Balls! Balls! Balls!‖ in what was meant to be English. We are spared the upper Bavarian version o f the activity.
14 The Black Forest Germans, on the other hand, are known to be rather prudish in their outlook, but is it really necessary to post a sign: ―It is strictly forbidden on our Black Forest camping site that people of different sexes, for example men and women, live together in one tent unless they are married with each other for that purpose.‖
15 I am told that for the otherwise unsuspecting tourist, the following sign proved a real crowd puller. Parrot Phillips claims it to be true that i n an Austrian hotel room he found the sign: ―If service required, give two strokes to the maid and three to the valet.‖
16 There are undoubtedly more and varied versions of the use of English, unprotected as our language is from the interference of emerging and ambitious entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, I prefer
seeing English develop as the lingua franca around the world rather than being suffocated for the sake of so-called purity by some ill-advised legislative process.
Exercises
B部分
1 Some people are very sensitive about what others might think of them.
2 Between Christmas and New Year‘s day, many stores have a long list of goods on sale. This is known as New Year‘s sale.
3 Statistics reveal that traveling during one‘s vocation is becoming prevalent as mo ney and spare time increase.
4 A deficiency in educational resources puts at risk the intellectual development of our children.
5 The applicant‘s documents required for immigration were withheld by the local police station because of his criminal record.
6 During the interview, Mary told the interviewer that she would like to do something interesting but Tom said with certainty that he would choose the job which pays well.
7 It is important that the elevators be functional before the Spring Festival.
8 In spite of a good harvest, farmers were confronted with many difficulties in selling their grain, which they alone could not overcome.
9 Foreign language learners should know that the way of expressing courtesy will be quite different from country to country.
10 You will be spared the fine if you tell us who else was involved.
11 One evening, I was running after a robber in the nearby woods. Suddenly, I was hit by a stroke of a heavy thing from behind and lost my consciousness.
12 A survey shows that ambitious companies will provide the customer with high-quality goods as well as first-class services.
13 Some scientists and doctors claim that purified water, which is popular in the market, may be harmful to children.
14 This book is worth buying for it highlights all the famous American writers and their works.
It is a very demanding job to be a soap-opera writer because the novelty of a soap-opera wears off
quickly.
C部分
1. People who are sensitive in character my have difficulty in making friends.
2. He is loved by his students, for he is not only a learned person but also has a sense of humor.
3. Many discoveries resulted from the sensitivity of scientists to seemingly common things.
4. The Chinese government has issued a law that nine years of education is compulsory for every child.
5. Many teenagers have no weekends nowadays. They undertake extra training or remedial classes under the compulsion of their parents.
6. Those who plan to study abroad have to take a compulsory examination of language proficiency.
7. Many new and tall buildings have big posters on their front windows saying ―For lease or Sale‖ but the real estate prospects are still quite bleak.
8. In order to make some money Mr. Wilson moved his family to the first floor and started to lease the ground floor.
9. Sometimes, leasing an apartment can be cheap and easy for a person who wants to settle down in a new place.
10. Because he was driving his car at a speed of over 180 miles an hour, a tiny rock was enough to deviate his car off the road.
11. Long time tension and pressure may cause people to behave deviantly.
12. The investigation shows that the air crash was caused by a deviation from normal airport procedure.
13. The prevalence of complaints about the bad weather all over the world may make people aware how serious air pollution is.
14. It is very interesting that some styles of clothes that were prevalent in the last century have again become a fashion now.
15. Nowadays the tradition of three generations of a family living under the same roof is no
longer prevalent in many cities of China.
16. All the children in kindergarten are required to drink at least one glass of milk a day because rickets can result from a diet deficient in vitamin D.
17. The demerits of the present educational system are revealed by college graduates who are deficient in practical experience.
18. There is no need to read the whole novel. Sometimes people may benefit a lot from reading just a few extracts.
19. It is reported that some peasants have made a fortune by extracting poison from snakes they raised.
20. Examples extracted from our daily life are vivid and easy for people to understand.
21. Two U.S. Army experts were sent from Germany to join the air force officers in the search for answers to the mystery that confronted them.
22. More than twenty years‘ confrontations between the two countries have solved by diplomatic negotiations.
23. Although he was confronted with many difficulties in setting up a new company, he did not give up.
24. The prover b ―Spare the rod and spoil the child‖ means that discipline is necessary for children; otherwise they may grow up to be spoiled.
25. You need to bring a spare tire with you just in case your car breaks down in the middle of somewhere.
26. Could you spare me a few minutes? I have something important to talk with you.
27. I couldn‘t believe he had a stroke last month because he can walk like a normal person now.
28. People feel sorry for some young women who think that a happy life means to spend their time at home watching TV and stroking their pets.
29. It is really amazing that he could write complicated Chinese characters with one stroke.
改错
1 If our friends cannot take us, we must make alternative arrangements to get to the airport.
2 No one in this department has ever accused the governor of taking advantage of his position; he is hard-working and considerate.
3 The pet dog died when it was fifteen, not of old age, but of a head injury when it fell down a flight of stairs.
4 Casualties are said to be very high and in some villages, where older and less substantial buildings predominate, it is said that not a house remains standing.
5 It was an accepted custom in western countries for men to open the door for women and always to let ladies go first on social occasions.
6 Early industrial people used three times as much energy as their agricultural ancestors; modern people are using three times as much as their industrial ancestors.
7 Geothermal sources, though in a sense free, in order to be maintained, would end up using more energy than they produced.
8 Ever since the invention of the two-day weekend, where-to-go-for-the-holiday has been a live topic for people in this city.
9 When we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something; time weighs less heavily on your hands, and the problem is how to fill it.
10 There is absolutely no reason for saying that there are no regularities in Nature with which our statements of natural law correspond.
完形填空
Whatever else people do when they come together –whether they play, fight, or make automobiles – they talk. We lie in a world of language. We talk to our friends, our associates, our wives and husbands, our bosses, our teachers, our parents and in-laws. We talk to bus drivers and total strangers. We talk face to face and over the telephone, and everyone responds with more talk. Television and radio further swell this torrent of words. Hardly a moment of our waking lives is free from words, and even in our dreams we talk and are talked to. We also talk when there is no one to answer. Some of us talk aloud in our sleep. We talk to our pets and sometimes to ourselves. We are the only animals that do so.
The possession of language, more than any other attribute, distinguishes humans from other animals. To understand our humanity we must understand the language that makes us human. According to the philosophy expressed in the myths and religions of many peoples, it is language that is the source of human life and power. To some people of Africa, a newborn child is a kuntu, a ―thing‖, not yet a muntu, a ―person.‖ Only by the act of learning does the child become a human being. According to this tradition, we all become ―human‖ because we all come to know at least one language.
翻译
在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。遇到这种情况时，他们一般采取以下三种方法之一来对付，吕口：(1)外来人学习说当地主人的语言(或反之)，(2)他们使用当地作为贸易用的第三种语言，或(3)产生一种新的语言——这种语言是由使用者的不同母语的一些成分合成的。在说不同语言的人群中用来作为他们共同的交际工具的语言叫混合语(交际语)。这个名称是由在地中海地区使用的中世纪时的贸易语言派生而来的。这种贸易语言主要基于日耳曼语(意大利语、法语和西班牙语)，但也包括了一些希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的成分。在当今世界，将英语称为最主要的交际语是合适的，因为英语是大部分说不同语言的人的交际工具。
1 One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.
2 In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease the original editions of English films.
3 On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shop, big or small, will come up with more discount notices.
4 When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in society, they will gradually become accepted by the public.
5 The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.
6 Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract customers.
7 It is argued that we should withhold the speed of language change; otherwise we may have to learn a new language every twenty years.
8 I am grateful to him because every time I encountered difficulties in my study he would help me.
9 It will take great pains to improve/change the financial situation of the factory.
10 Those who advocate the purification of a language protect the language for the sake of their culture.
Unit 2 Lies and Truth
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1 What is truth? – and the opposite question that goes with it: what makes a lie? Philosophers, teachers, and religious leaders from all cultures and periods of history have offered many answers to these questions. Among Euro-North-American writers, there is general agreement on two points. The first is that what we call a ―lie‖ must be told intentionally – that is, if someone tells an untruth but they believe it to be true, we don‘t consider them a liar. The second point is that practically
everyone lies, and lies frequently. But there the agreement ends.
2 One rather extreme point of view is that lying is always bad and that we should try to find ways avoid doing it. The reason is that lying hurts not only the listener, but also the liar. Each lie makes the next one easier to tell, and the liar comes not only to disrespect herself, but to mistrust others, whom she believes will lie as easily as she. In a society, where lying is common, trust becomes impossible, and without trust, cooperation can not exist. Furthermore, by lying to people, we remove their power to make important choices about how to spend money, what future career to take, what medical treatment to take.
3 Toward the opposite extreme is the position that although some lies are evil, many others are not – in fact, they are necessary to hold our society together. We lie in harmless ways to protect other‘s feelings and to better our relationship. These are not lies that try to hurt others. We laugh at the boss‘s joke which we have heard before and which she doesn‘t tell very w ell; we pretend interest in a friend‘s story of something uninteresting that happened to him. If someone asks us a question that is very personal and is none of their business, we may lie in response. Sometimes we lie to protect the reputation or even the life of another person. On a larger scale, government may protect national security by lying.
4 Each person seems to have some point at which they draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie. Obviously, this point varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture.
A sometimes painful part of growing up is realizing that not everyone shares your own individual definition of honesty. Your parents and your culture may teach you that liars suffer, but as you go through life, you find that often they don‘t: in fact, dishonest people often seem to prosper more than honest ones. What are you to do with this realization? It may make your moral beliefs look weak and silly in comparison, and you may begin to question them. It takes a great deal of strength and courage to continue living an honest life in the face of such reality.
5 There are many ways to categorize lies, but here is a fairly simple one:
6 Little white lies: This is our name for lies that we consider harmless and socially acceptable. They are usually told to protect the liar or the feelings of the listener. Most of them would be considered social lies, and they include apologies and excuses: ―I tried to call you, but your line was busy.‖ ―You‘re kidding! You don‘t look like you‘ve gained a pound.‖ Some people, however, would consider it acceptable to lie to save themselves from responsibility in a business transaction: ―After I got home, I noticed that it was broken, so I‘m returning it and would like my money back.‖
7 Occ asionally a ―little white lie‖ may have a very profound effect on the lives of the listeners, and may even backfire. Author Stephanie Ercsson tells of the well-meaning U.S. Army sergeant who told a lie about one of his men who had been killed in action. The sergeant reported the man as ―missing in action,‖ not killed, so that the military would continue sending money to the dead man‘s family every month. What he didn‘t consider was that because of his lie, the family continued to live in that narrow space between hope and loss, always watching for the mail or jumping when the telephone or the doorbell rang. They never were able to go through the normal
process of sorrowing for, and then accepting, the death of their father and husband. The wife never remarried. Which was worse, the lie or the truth? Did the sergeant have the right to do what he did to them?
8 What we really mean when we call an untruth a ―little white lie‖ is that we think it was justifiable. Into this category fall many of the lies told within the walls of government. A person may lie to government, or a government official may lie to the public, and believe that by doing so, he becomes a hero. Clearly, however, one person‘s ―little white lie‖ is another person‘s ―dirty lie.‖ That brings us to the second category:
9 Dirty lies: There are lies told with intent to harm the listener or a third party and to benefit the liar. Into this category fall the lies of some dishonest salespersons, mechanics, repairmen; husbands or wives who are having an affair with someone else; teenagers who lie to get out of the house in order to do things that their parents would die if they knew about it; drug addicts who beg family members for money to support their habit. Dirty lies my be told to improve one pers on‘s reputation by destroying another‘s, to hurt a colleague‘s chances of promotion so that the liar will be advanced.
10 Lies of omission: Some people believe that lying covers not only what you say, but also what you choose not to say. If you‘re trying to sell a car that burns a lot of oil, but the buyer don‘t ask about that particular feature, is it a lie not to tell them? In the United States, a favorite place to withhold the truth is on people‘s income tax returns. The government considers this an unquestionable lie, and if caught, these people are severely punished. If omission can be lying, history books are great liars. Until recently, most U.S. history textbooks painted Christopher Columbus purely as a hero, the man who ―discovered America,‖ and h ad nothing to say about his darker side. Moreover, most Native American and African-American contributors to science, technology, invention, literature, art, discovery, and other areas of civilization used to be omitted form children‘s schoolbooks. Many people considered this a lie, and today‘s history books usually mention at least some of it, though not as much as some people might like.
11 False promises: This category is made up of promises that the promiser knows are false, that he has no intention of keeping even as the world leave his lips. While some are fairly harmless and social, others are taken more seriously and can hurt the listener: ―I‘ll never do it again, I promise.‖ Advertisers and politicians suffer from terrible stereotypes because of the false promises of some of their number: ―Lose 50 pounds in two weeks.‖ ―Read my lips: No new taxes.‖ Probably everyone would agree that if we make a promise but have no intention of keeping it, we lie. But what if we really do plan to keep it, and then something happens to prevent it? Consider the journalist who promises not to indentify his resources, but then is pressured by his newspaper or by the law. How far should he go to keep his word? If he breaks his promise, is he dishonest?
12 Lies to oneself: This is perhaps the saddest and most pathetic kind of lying. These are the lies that prevent us from making needed changes in ourselves: ―I know I drank/spent/ate too much yesterday, but I can control it any time I really want to.‖ But there is a fine l ine between normal dreams and ambitions on the one hand, and deceiving ourselves on the other, and we have to be careful where we draw it. It‘s common for young people to dream of rising to the top of their
company, of winning a Nobel Prize, of becoming famous or rich; but is that self-deception, or simply human nature? Were they lying to themselves? More likely, they really believed that such a future was open to them, because they had seen it happen to others. We shouldn‘t be too hard on ourselves, but if we have turned a blind eye to our faults, we should take an honest look in the mirror.
13 There is no question that the terms ―lying‖ and ―honesty‖ have definitions that vary across culture boundaries. Members of one culture may stereotype members of an other as ―great liars,‖ ―untrustworthy,‖ or ―afraid to face the truth.‖ But what may lie behind these differences is that one culture values factual information even if it hurts, while another places more value on sensitivity to other people‘s feelings. Wh ile the members of each culture believe that of course their values are the right ones, they are unlikely to convince members of other cultures to change over. And that‘s ―the truth.‖
Exercises
B部分
1 Many people in China now cannot forget what had happened in the 10-year turmoil and no one can bear going through that again.
2 If you want to quit your job, you have to move out of the apartment, which goes with the job.
3 The documents came in response to various suggestions put forward by the public.
4 I was born and grew up in a world of silence, a world of hard work and necessary patience.
5 He met with some trouble when he was reported to have had an affair with/be having an affair with his secretary.
6 We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that her marriage would not break up if love and loyalty count for anything.
7 Some people believe that some lies are necessary to hold our people together and better our relationship.
8 He has been watching for every mail as he cherishes a hope that one day his missing brother will contact him.
9 European TV was a fairly dull affair in comparison to American TV, but occasionally it was enlivened now and then by American imports.
10 I still feel it is rather difficult for us to draw a line between white lies and dirty lies.
改错
1 The first English immigrations to what is now the United States crossed the Atlantic long after
Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies and South America.
2 We‘d rather have long waits than have no shifting of the s cenes, with all the actors on the stage doing nothing.
3 The teacher said that if we believed something was true and good we should hold on to it.
4 The text and dialogues below focus on cultural differences between Chinese and Western societies which can create misunderstanding if ignored.
5 When sailors are not supposed to be at work on the ship, they go ashore and look around town.
6 Abraham Lincoln once spoke of democracy by saying that he would not be a slave and nor would he be a master.
7 I didn‘t mind their coming late to the lecture, but objected to their making so much noise.
8 It‘s true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer; we won‘t take the new one, though, because we don‘t feel as safe on it.
9 Don‘t make the examiner spend t oo much time trying to get you to say something.
10 On seeing the young girl falling into the lake, Eric sprang to his feet and went to her rescure.
完形填空
During the past ten years a great deal of attention has been given to ―telling it like it is.‖ My impression is that this devotion to speaking one‘s mind has more often led to hurt feelings and ruined relationships than to great joy.
I think we generally agree that never expressing real feelings and withholding all less-than-lovely thoughts about each other always leads to constructive communication. It‘s a great relief to allow ourselves to admit our human weakness and pursue more honest relationships with others. But we need a balance between telling it all and telling nothing.
Recently I received a letter from a mother who had been persuaded by her son to attend a weekend meeting with him. Under pressure from the group, her defenses cracked and she heard herself telling her son for the first time that he had been an accident –that she hadn‘t been pla nning to have a child. He in turn told her that he couldn‘t recall a single day in his childhood that he‘d been happy. ―At that time‖, this woman wrote, ―it seemed helpful. We cried and we made up; I thought telling the truth had been good for us. But the trouble is, it wasn‘t the whole truth. By the time Tommy was born I did want him, and at times he was happy. Ever since that day, we‘ve both been troubled by some terrible feelings we exchanged.‖ I must admit I‘ve come to the conclusion that some things are better left uncovered. Honesty is a fine policy, but we need a new sense of balance. Disclosing is not a solution to every problem nor even an end in itself. It‘s useful under some
circumstances and terribly hurtful under others. It‘s a good idea, I thin k, to bite your tongue for ten or fifteen minutes before saying what‘s on your mind. Try to decide whether it‘s going to open up new and better ways of communication or leave wounds that may never heal.
翻译
Pathological liars are persons who lie constantly and for no apparent reason. They will lie about anything. They seem to be unable to control the impulse to lie. Studies of such people find that many of them were badly treated as children, many of them came from families in which one member was an alcoholic or was mentally ill, and many grew up in families in which the truth was simply never valued or practiced. They seem to have an usually strong need to be liked and admired by others. But not everyone of them, this is true, becomes an uncontrollable liar, and no one knows why some do and some don‘t. Pathological liars tend to have few, if any, close or long-lasting personal relationships. They are very careful not to introduce their acquaintances to each other for fear that they might begin to compare stories.
It‘s common for North American parents to tell their children that lying is bad, that they shouldn‘t do it and should feel guilty if they do. In Euro-American cultures, a traditional punishment for a child who lies is to wash the child‘s mouth out wi th soap. Yet through their actions, parents also teach their children that there are circumstances under which most people do lie. Consequently the children grow up following both teachings –they occasionally lie, but they feel guilty and don‘t want peopl e to know they‘ve done it.
那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。他们会对任何事情说谎。他们似乎无法控制说谎的；中动。对这些人的研究表明，他们中很多人小时候受过虐待或者来自有酗酒或有精神病家属史的家庭；也有不少人在他们生长的家庭里，真话得不到尊重，没有人说真话。他们似乎比常人更加强烈地需要得到别人的爱不口别人的尊重。但事实上，他们中并非每个人都无法控制自己说谎的欲望。没人能说清为什么有些人能克制说谎而有些入却无法克制说谎。病态的说谎者往往没有亲近的或长期维持的私人关系。他们非常谨慎，通常不介绍自己的熟人相互认识以免他们将听到的东西进行比较。
* * * * * * * * *
通常，北美国家的父母告诫他们的孩子说谎是坏事，他们不应该说谎。如果说谎，他们应该感到内疚。在欧美文化中，对一个说谎孩子的传统惩罚是用肥皂清洗他的嘴巴。然而通过他们自己的行为，父母也会告诉孩子，在某些情况下，大多数人确实也会说谎。因此孩子在这种双重教育下长大——他们偶尔也会说谎，但是他们会感到内疚，并且不想让别人知道他们已说了谎。
1 Different people have different opinions about whether lying is always bad and whether it should be avoided.
2 The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with the skyscrapers of New York.
3 The point at which people draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture.
4 Mothers who spoil their children often turn a blind eye to the faults of their children.
5 The country needs a leader who will hold the nation together when violence breaks out.
6 A selfish man categorizes all people into two groups, those he likes and those he dislikes.
7 She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn‘t my intention to hurt her.
8 It is wrong for teachers to stereotype naughty students.
9 In some countries, a person who intentionally leaves his job can find it easy to step aside for a while, supported by unemployment insurance and other benefits.
10 She has gone through tremendous pain since her husband died.
Unit 3 Generation X
What They Think and What They Plan to Do
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1 It‘s often said that kids today aren‘t what they used to be. But is this new generation of teenagers and young adults, commonly referred to as ―Generation X‖ or the ―baby busters,‖ really so different from previous generations? What makes them tick? What impact will they have on us and our institutions as we move into the future?
Current Trends
2 Twenty years ago, employers didn‘t worry about finding enough good people. Just like a box of tissues, there was always another candidate that would pop right up. But the 18-year baby boom of 1946-1964, when birth rates peaked at 25.
3 births per 1,000 population, was followed by the 11-year ―baby bust,‖ when the rate fell to a low of 14.6 births per 1,000. This means the sma llest pool of entry-level workers since the 1930s. ―Generation X,‖ as they were dubbed in a 1991 novel by Canadian writer Douglas Coupland, realize the numbers are on their side. They are now mainly in their 20s, and they see themselves as very marketable in the workplace. They feel that they can be patient when choosing a job, and they can look for the best wages.
3 This generation has watched more TV, and as a result has probably witnessed more violence and murders, than any generations in history. In addition, their gloomy view of the world has been shaped by numerous negative events, such as the Persian Gulf War, escalating crime, riots, AIDS, the nuclear threat, and pollution.
4 They parents practiced birth control and abortion and were highly conce rned about ―making it‖ financially. About 40% of X‘ers are products of divorce, and many were brought up in single-parent homes. The emotional upheaval and conflict this causes helped shape their view of the family and the world. It seems to have sent out a negative message to X‘ers about their value and worth.
5 Many young believe that their economic prospects are gloomy. They believe that they will not do as well financially as their parents or their grandparents. They know that the average income for young people, even with two or three college degrees, has declined significantly over the past generations. Many feel that their chances of finding the job and salary they want are bleak.
6 Couple with the high divorce rate with the fact that many were latchkey children and you get
a generation who may have had more time alone than any in history. They are also the first to spend considerable time in day care. At home, they were weaned on TV, high tech, video games, and computers. They became independent at a young age. Many had to grow up fast, taking on family responsibilities or part-time jobs to help out. All this has helped them become very freedom-minded, individualistic, and self-absorbed.
7 Many resent the fact that their parents were not home to spend more time with them. An often heard sentiment is that things will be different when they raise their own families.
8 The loyalty and commitment to the workplace that previous generations had is gone. Generation X‘ers watched their grandparents sl ave away only to receive a gold watch and pension upon retirement. Thirty or more years of loyalty sometimes ended with a security guard helping them to clean out their desks and escorting them out the door. Their parents‘ dedication to the company has been repaid with downsizing and layoffs.
9 Young people feel there is no such thing as job security. They feel they don‘t want to wait around and pay their dues when there is no long-term commitment from the top. They can‘t believe that their boomer bosses spend 60 or more hours a week at a job that they constantly complain about. They strongly believe there is life after work.
10 Generation X‘ers take longer to make job choices. They look upon a job as temporary instead of as a career, partly because they want to keep their options open. They are always looking to jump ship when they can upgrade their situation. They will often leave a job at the hint of a better position.
11 This generation seems to do things at a much later age than their parents. They graduate from college later, stay at home longer, and marry much later. Many who leave home come back again, sometimes more than once. This is due in part to the high cost of living and the fact that many have piled up huge studentloan debts. In contras t with the baby boomers, who couldn‘t wait to leave home, Generation X‘ers save their money so they can live better when they do leave. It may be that some just want to delay the time when they are on their own, because they spent so much time alone as children.
12 Many of X‘ers‘ parents were busy in the morning getting ready for work and too tired to have any quality time with their children at night. X‘er classrooms were often overcrowded. It was hard for the X‘ers to get noticed, so as adults they hav e a need to be noticed. Often, they seek that attention in the workplace.
13 Whether from watching TV or from being spoiled by their guilt-ridden, seldom-home
parents or grandparents, X‘ers have come to expect a whole lot for nothing. They have a strong propensity for instant gratification, wanting it all and wanting it fast. Their favorite TV programs are soap operas. They would like their world to be filled with the same good-looking people, dressed in the latest fashions, with lots of money and prestige, and without having to work too hard.
14 It is not uncommon for X‘ers to get out of high school and expect to be paid well despite minimal skills. Many disdain low-wage ―McJobs‖ at fast-food chains. Young college graduates look to start at high paying positions with power and perks. They have little patience for working their way up.
15 Yet, the X‘ers feel that making money is not as important as experiencing life. To be a workaholic is to have no life. Consequently, a paradox exists between how they view life and what they think they need from it.
Future Trends
16 Many positive trends appear to be associated with Generation X, and they may change society for the better in many ways.
17 The first boomers are only 10 or 12 years away from retiring – and finally out of the way of the next generation. The X‘ers will begin to take over in politics, arts and culture, education, media, and business. This should lead to a time of better problem solving and quicker solutions, as they hate political maneuvering and want to get to solutions in a fast, no-nonsense way.
18 X‘ers don‘t like the fact that their parents spent so many hours working. They promise to do better with their children, being more accessible and providing a more stable home life. Since many of them will marry later when they are more mature, the divorce rate will finally begin to dip.
19 When X‘ers control the organizations of tomorrow, they will create a shorter workweek, so people will have more time to spend with their families and leisure activities. Productivity won‘t suffer, as technology will enable people to be more productive. In addition, the X‘ers‘ disdain for office politics and desire to solve problems faster will improve productivity. If organizations do not m anage their human resources better, X‘ers will leave to find or create a more humane workplace.
20 Many Generation X‘ers have a freedom-minded and individualistic nature. They like to be left alone to solve problems. They are a perfect group to become consultants, as already evidenced by so many venturing out on their own.
21 Organizations will come to rely on the X‘ers‘ entrepreneurial spirit to foster innovation. They will create systems that will allow ―intrapreneurs‖ to create and run small busine sses within a business. The organization‘s financial support will allow young people to research and create new products at unparalleled rates. Outside entrepreneurs of this generation will team up with these ―intrapreneurs‖ to create joint ventures.
22 Generation X‘ers have started to use their technology skills to create virtual businesses, and they will be the driving force behind this marketplace in the future. They have been quick to take advantage of the lower overhead and quick start-ups that the Internet provides. Being able to reach millions of people with new ideas and products instantly attracts this generation.
23 Generation X has evolved in dramatically different ways than previous generations. What motivated past generations is far different from what motivates this new breed. But the changes will be for the better in many ways. Kids may not be what they used to be, but if we listen, there is a lot we can learn from them. The future will be a better place if we do.
Exercises
B部分
1 Do you k now why the generation in America during the decade of the 1950‘s was dubbed as/was referred to as the Silent Generation?
2 I should not let him take on this job; he has been working overtime every evening.
3 On Children‘s Day, many restaurants are crowed with people, and customers are kept waiting around for a whole hour.
4 In that country, university students must pay a large amount of tuition and, as a result, some students from poor families have piled up student-loan debts.
5 Young people tend to jump ship whenever they have a better chance to improve their situation.
6 That pop singer teamed up with some other people and established a new band, which enjoyed great popularity among young people.
7 They look upon training as a way to learn a new skill or behavior that makes them more marketable.
8 Most foreign visitors to London will live and eat in the West End, while others prefer to venture out into the historic part of London on their own.
9 Ted cleaned out his desk and left the office when his request for a raise had been turned down.
10 The young generation hates slaving away all their life as they think that there is life besides work.
改错
1 No one can predict what the consequences of urban growth on such a scale will be for the people living there or elsewhere.
2 Human beings are paying a lot for medicine and are not getting all that they think they are
paying for: a guarantee to endless betterment.
3 Despite his low opinion of professors – or perhaps in an effort to improve he breed – Smith himself eventually became one.
4 By the word scientist we mean one who is equipped to spend a lifetime for the advancement of science to the best of one‘s ability.
5 Any culture, which, in the interests of efficiency or in the name of some political or religious dogma, seeks to standardize the human individual, commits an outrage against man‘s biological nature.
6 The stroke left him with serious difficulties in speaking and with an impaired memory for recent events.
7 As for the last point, it is perhaps not generally realized how difficult it is to make verbally accurate translations of extremely technical material.
8 This has caused them to deduce that science is mathematics and hardly anything else.
9 There is no doubt that China has benefited greatly from her population policy.
10 The university, faced with tightening budgets and declining enrollments, is casting about for new ways to support and enlarge its research activities.
完形
Generation X activists, Rob Nelson and Jon Cowan, say their generation has every right to worry about its future. To help the X‘ers, Nelson and Cowan have written Revolution X: A Survival Guide for Our Generation.
―We grew up as America, in many ways, fell down,‖ they write. ―While older generations watched Neil Armstrong plant an American flag on the moon, we tuned to see Christa McAuliffe killed in the Challenger explosion. We are … the first to inherit a lower standard living than our parents and a debt that may soon eclipse the size of our economy.‖ Among the harsh realit ies that Generation X‘ers face are: A U.S. teenager in 1990 was less likely to die of an accident, a cardiovascular disease, or pneumonia than someone born in 1960, but more than twice as likely to die by suicide or homicide.
During the last 30 years, the number of children living in poverty has increased by nearly 30%. Half of the uninsured population in the United States is under age 25.
Since the mid-1970s, poverty among young adults has gone up by 50%; the median income of under-30 parents fell by one-third.
In 1993, AIDS was the top killer of young adults in 64 cities. The number of people with AIDS worldwide is expected to rise from 14 million to 30 million by 2000.
―Only when millions more of us get in the face of the system – read up and understand the crises we face, talk about them to friends and family, volunteer, vote, and speak our minds – only then will we see an end to the reckless policies that have mortgaged our future,‖ the authors conclude.
翻译
这些青年人正在确定个人与其周围社会关系的新模式。不受上司与长辈影0向的情况反而使他们更坚定地自行其事。他们对经历了时间考验的传统也不在乎。例如，当今的青年夫妇拒绝向更注重表面的社会生活习俗让步。在我们那一代，年轻的新娘们如果不是家住名区，如果他们家的餐具不够高雅，她们则会咆尝其苦。那时青年人对于有影响的社会关系、部队中的官职、有名的俱乐部成员身份都十分敏感。然而这一代人却坚持希望别人评价他们自身的价值。我常常听说他们小心翼翼地隐藏起出身名门的事实。他们坚持作为一个独立的人被社会接受，这产生一种空前的坦诚。一位女大学生对我说：―你知道我一直都不够诚实，我正在试图改正‖。一位退伍土兵在一个男女混合的场合，当着目瞪口呆的双亲面对大家说他在战后的六个月里一直是一个―精神变态者‖。这些言词说明自由的坚固性——一种属于自己而不属于虚伪的社会习俗的自由。
1 Unlike the young people today, we had to take on family responsibility and help our parents with housework when we were teenagers.
2 Generation X‘ers take work seriously, but the y disdain the workaholic, slave-to-the-job mentality of their parents and bosses.
3 Many kids today can work with a variety of software programs on their own and comprehend them quickly.
4 They were referred to as the Lost Generation because they were disillusioned and did not know what to do with their new liberties.
5 The young people with diverse culture backgrounds all have in common a love for the same clothing styles, music and entertainment.
6 Generation X has a strong propensity for fun and enjoyment, and it is a priority for them to have a good time whether they are at work, school or home.
7 Most people in China look upon their job as a career and have loyalty and commitment to the workplace.
8 These young people desire to upgrade their situation and they are always jumping ship at the hint of a better position.
9 Being spoiled by their guilty-ridden, seldom-home parents, X‘ers are not ready to take over in politics, education and business.
10 Young entrepreneurs are encouraged to team up with their colleagues to do research and create new products at unparalleled rates.
Unit 4 Success
Text
1 A young man of humble origins came to New York from the Midwest to seek his fortune. He dreamed, in the American way, of becoming a millionaire. He tired his luck on Wall Street. He was diligent and shrewd and, when he had to, devious. He put together the National Worldwide Universal deal and he did some things with an electronics acquisition that wouldn‘t bear explaining. He succeeded even beyond his dream: he made twelve million dollars.
2 At first the young man assumed that everything was working out splendidly. ―Isn‘t is grand?‖ he said to his wife, once it was apparent that he had made twelve million dollars.
3 ―No, it isn‘t,‖ his wife said. ―You‘re a nobody.‖
4 ―But that‘s impossible,‖ the young man said. ―I‘m rich person. We live in an era that celebrates rich people. Rich people are shown in the newspapers in the company of movie stars and famous novelists and distinguished dress designers. The names of the richest corporate raiders are known to every schoolboy. There are rich real estate sharks whose faces appear on the covers of glossy magazines.‖
5 ―Yours won‘t,‖ his wife said. ―You‘re a nobody.‖
6 ―But I have twelve million dollars,‖ the young man said.
7 ―So do a lot of people,‖ his wife said. ―They‘re nobodies, too.‖
8 ―I could buy our way onto the committees of important charity balls,‖ the young man said. ―Then we‘d be mentioned in the columns.‖
9 ―Don‘t kid yourself,‖ his wife said. ―The important committees are already filled with people who are really rich. People like us would end up working on something like a dinner dance to benefit the American Psoriasis Foundation.‖
10 ―But I own a co-op apartment o n Fifth Avenue that‘s worth two million dollars,‖ the young man said.
11 ―Two-million-dollar co-ops are a dime a dozen,‖ his wife said, ―so to speak.‖
12 ―I have a stretch limousine,‖ the young man said. ―It‘s twenty-one and half feet long.‖
13 ―Nobody famous has ever ridden it,‖ his wife said. ―Henry Kissinger and Calvin Klein have never heard of you. You‘re a nobody.‖
14 The young man was silent for a while. ―Are you disappointed with me?‖ he finally said to his wife.
15 ―Of course I‘m disappointed in you,‖ she said, ―When you asked me to marry you, you said you would surely amount to something. How was I to know that you‘d turn out to be a nobody?‖
16 For a moment the young man looked defeated. Then he squared his shoulders and cleared
h is throat. ―I‘ll make them pay attention,‖ he said, ―I‘ll buy a professional football team and argue a lot with the coach in public. Celebrities will join me to watch big games from the owner‘s box.‖
17 ―You can‘t buy a professional football team for twelve million dollars‖ his wife said.―Professional football teams cost big bucks.‖
18 ―Then I‘ll buy a magazine and appoint myself chief columnist,‖ the young man said. ―A tiny but exceedingly flattering picture of me will run next to my column every week. The owners of professional football teams will invite me to watch big games from the owner‘s box.‖
19 ―You might be able to buy one of those weekly-shopper throwaways for twelve million dollars, but not a real magazine,‖ his wife said, ―You can‘t buy a real magazine for chicken feed.‖
20 ―Is that what you call what we have?‖ the young man asked. ―Is twelve million dollars chicken feed?‖
21 ―It‘s not a big bucks,‖ his wife said. ―What can I tell you?‖
22 ―But that‘s not fair,‖ the young man said. ―I‘m a young man of humble origins who made twelve million dollars. I succeeded even beyond my dream.‖
23 ―Some of those things you did with the electronics acquisition probably weren‘t fair either,‖ his wife said. ―Fair isn‘t being measured these days. What they measure is money.‖
24 ―Then I‘ll get more money,‖ the young man said. ―I‘m going to go back to Wall Street and make fifty million dollars.‖
25 But before the young man could make fifty million dollars a man from the Securities and Exchange Commission came and arrested him for having committed insider-trading violations in the electronics acquisition.
26 The young man was taken away from his office in handcuffs. A picture on the front page of the afternoon paper showed him leaving his arraignment, trying to hide his face behind an $850 Italian overcoat. A long article in the morning paper used him as an example of a new breed of Wall Street traders who were the victims of their own greed, probably because of their humble origins. His friends and associates avoided him.
27 Only his wife stuck by him. She tired to see the bright side. ―For someone with twelve million dollars,‖ she said to the young man, ―you‘re getting to be pretty well known.‖
Exercises
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程(汉译英Unit1-15) Unit 1 B. 1. 她计划自己创业。 She plans to set up her own business 2. 态度也很重要。 Attitude also matters. 3. 她在客人们到达之前把所有家具都擦亮了. She had polished all the furniture before the gusts arrived. 4. 有些经理不知道如何与人打交道handle Some managers have no idea how to handle people. 5.我们完成那项工程的时间打破了记录(record) We finished the work in record time. 6. 她喜欢东西都摆好以后再开始工作。She likes everything to be in place before she starts working. 7. 她常常一天工作12小时。（put in） She often puts in 12 hours’ work a day. 8. 他是从报纸上得到这一信息的.（acquire） He acquired the information from the newspapers. 9. 我们部门有一个助理的职位空缺. ( Associate professor 副教授lecturer 讲师) There’s an opening for an assistant in our department. 10. 该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊. The organization works to promote friendship between nations. Unit2 B. 1. 今晚她很可能给我打电话。（likely） She is very likely to ring me tonight. 2. 我看不懂这篇文章（beyond） Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. 3. 新刷的一层油漆可使房间焕然一新（transform） A fresh coat of paint can transform a room. 4. 做事不先考虑总会导致失败。（result in） Acting before thinking always results in failure. 5. 他估计那项工作需要三个月。（estimate） He estimated that the work would take three months. 6. 我们相信这个协议将会积极地促进两国之间的贸易。 We believe that this agreement will positively promote the trade between our two countries. 7. 新机场必将推动这个地区的旅行业。 The new airport will certainly push ahead the tourism in this region. 8. 网络经济将对人们的生活产生重要的影响。 Net economy will have significant influence on the people’s life. 9. 在昨天的会议上，他提出了一个新的经济发展计划。 At the yesterday’s meeting, he brought forward a new plan for the economic development.
研究生英语系列教程·多维教程·熟谙－英语课后答案Book II Unit 1 A. 1.assess 2.alliance 3.outcome 4.ethical 5.identity 6.ambiguous 7.tolerable 8.participates 9.pursuit 10.constructive B. 1.at stake 2.were obliged 3.the climate of 4.feel well-equipped 5.beyond my grasp 6.cut back 7.other than 8.rise above 9.care about 10.is bounded C. 1.incompetent 2.indulgence 3.migrants 4.probes https://www.doczj.com/doc/0e15553549.html,plex 6.suspense; engaged https://www.doczj.com/doc/0e15553549.html,passionate; committed 8.tolerant 9.tempted 10.interconnected D. 1. A. Judging from 2. B. in which 3. C. and 4. D. believe 5. A. is one of/ is that of 6. B. must get 7. C. likely 8. D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and 10. B. simpler E. 1.what 2.graduation 3.intend 4.getting 5.eventually 6.survey 7.although 8.graduates 9.transfer 10.rise 11.attending 12.instead 13.cause 14.because 15.attending 16.below 17.failure 18.expectations 19.confidence https://www.doczj.com/doc/0e15553549.html,cation Key to the translation from English to Chinese: 1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。|| 没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。|| 所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的围为他们 开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。 2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。||德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢3 美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕 业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。|| 我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。||这
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
Unit 6 A. 正如诗人埃德蒙.斯宾塞在将近四百年前所说的那样，大自然是“最伟大的女神”。她似乎担任了上帝驻地球的总督的职务。斯宾塞把她描写成一位母亲和法官。她管辖着所有的生物之间的往来，并不分厚薄地给予他们权利，因为她是一位公正的母亲。她把他们紧密地联结在一起，就象兄弟姐妹。因而，在斯宾塞看来，生物繁殖及生物秩序的自然规律与公正原则显而易见地是联系在一起的。当我们得知斯宾塞认为大自然也具有公正原则的时候我们或许有点吃惊。然而，斯宾塞不仅以人类的手足之情而是以所有生物的手足之情为依据来坚持自然界有这么一位“公正的”法官。要是在当今，我们会说斯宾塞是以生态学作为其可靠依据的。 B. 如果我们人类和大自然的固有关系不是相互对抗的，那么，它又是什么样的一种关系呢？对我们来讲，这个变得相当复杂难解，因为正如我先前所讲过的那样，我们中没有人想在未经开发的原始森林里或在未经改造的原始大草原上生活，我们不想被大灰熊吃掉。假如我们是园艺家，我们有正当的理由去抱怨园内的杂草。在肯塔基州，如果我们准备改良牧场，我们就很可能成为那一片随风摆动的大蓟的敌人。但是，如果我们还随心所欲，想做什么就做什么，那么，我们就会对那些曾经被我们砍伐破坏了的原始森林和草原着迷，我们会一而再而三地想起它们，想起那些幸存的原始森林和原始草原。我们还会感到大灰熊深深地吸引着我们。我们知道，在整个人类时期我们会一直想起大灰熊及其他一些危险动物。 1.大多数自然保护主义者认为，在良好的生态环境中人类最易兴旺发达，而各种野生动物的生存则是这种良好生态环境的标志。 1. Most conservationists believe that humans thrive best in ecological health and that the sign of this health is the survival of a diversity of wild animals. 2.史密史先生出示了大量证据来表明:在某种程度上，如果我们破坏大自然，那就是毁灭我们。 2. Mr. Smith produced abundant evidence to indicate that we, to some extent, diminish ourselves if we diminish nature. 3.西方各国的许多城市已经转换到使用新的可减少污染含量的汽油，我们中国有些城市也已经这样做了。 3. Many cities in Western countries have switched to a new gasoline formula that reduces the pollution content. This is also true of some cities in China. 4.正如英国诗人艾蒙德.史宾塞在一首诗里描述的那样，大自然不仅是位母亲，而且是位法官，管辖并公平地对待人类和所有的生物。 4. As depicted in a poem written by the English poet Edmund Spenser, nature is not only a mother but a judge, having jurisdiction over and doing justice to all creatures 5.政府的一项调查研究得出结论是:除了过分拥挤和公共交通很差外，该市面临的最大问题是噪音和污染。 5. A government study concludes that besides overcrowding and poor public transport, the biggest problems the city is up against are noise and pollution. 与所有其他动物不一样，人类具有根据自己的判断而行事的能力 6. Unlike all other creatures, humans have the ability to act on their judgment/ understanding.
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程课后练习题1-4课 第一课 一、词形填空 1.They made regular visits to the park on the suburbs during the weekends. 2.She was prooted to division manager last year. 3.We tried to walk to the park but ended up taking a taxi there. 4.His handing if these important issues was highly praised. 5.Thomas bought a new hat to repluce the one he had lost. 6.The movie received generally favorable reviews. 7.Thank you for all the time and effort you have put in. 8.Make sure you’re home bu midnight . 9.He was hit by a falling tree and killed on the spot 10.The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help. 二、词形转换 1、Open（n）—opening 2、persist（n）—persistence 3.succeed(n)----success 4.succeed(adj)---successful 5.important(n)----importance 6.promote(n)----promotion 7.depress(n)----depression 8.vlaue(adj)----valuable 9.loyal(n)----loyalty 10.favor(adj)---favorable 三、词换词 1. Obtain----aquire 2. Constant---loyal 3. Famous---noted 4. Frightened---startled 5.blame---responsibility 6. Worth doing---rewarding 7. Sincere----genuine 8.encountered---bumped into 9. Bought----purchased 10. At the end ----eventually 第二课 一、选择正确的词或词组填空 1.Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities. 2.The competition among these companies at the printing market has become very intense in this city. 3.To date, We have not received any replies from them. 4.In this competitive world , it is better for any firm to gain technology superiority . 5.The organization works to promote friendship between nations. 6.It is reported that the Far East area is now on the verge of war again. 7.There is an obvious trend that young people like less formal clothing. 8.We should look at these events which happened two hundred years ago from their historical perspective. 9.The outstanding businessman agreed that the last decade was favorable for the emergence of new and promising enterprises in IT field. 10.The witness proved that the killer was a man of medium height. 二、词性转换 1.significance(adj.)-significant 2.connect(n.)-connection 3.transform(n.)-transformation
Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。
[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。
Unit 1 愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。 幸福隐藏的另一面 凯思琳?麦克高恩 1 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。” 2 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_L的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。 3 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。 4 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。 5 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。 6 这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉?金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。 7 在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西?塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作—比如说试着吞咽—对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。 8 塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，
第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程英译汉（Unit 1-10、13、14） Unit 1 1. Two noted Americans explain why it’s not what you earn-it’s what you learn. 两位美国名人解释为什么不是你所挣的而是你所学的更重要。 2. I have never thought I was better than anyone else, but I have always believed I couldn’t be outworked. 我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。 3. Watching my money grow was more rewarding than anything I could have bought. 看着存款数增加比我当时原本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 4. I took a genuine interest in their questions and was able to translate what they wanted into makeup ideas. 我发自内心地关心她们的问题，并能理解她们的愿望，给她们出些该如何化妆的点子。 5. I ended up selling a record amount of cosmetics. 结果我创下了化妆品销售的最好成绩。 Unit 2 1. With the click of a mouse, information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the extremely fast speed of seven-and-a-half times around the earth per second. 只要用鼠标点击一下，在地球另一端的信息马上就会以每秒钟绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。 2. Besides, if everyone shops on the Net , what will happen to the hundreds and thousands of shopping malls? 此外，如果大家都在网上购物，那么成千上万的购物中心该怎么办呢？ 3. The huge power of electronic commerce (e-commerce) will change the face of trade dramatically. 电子商务的惊人威力会使贸易的局面发生激动人心的巨变。 4. The development of e-commerce may well bring the world into a brand new era of “electronic currency” . 电子商务的发展很可能会把世界带进一个“电子货币”的崭新时代。 5. As the Net pushes the economy ahead rapidly, the economy is also bringing the Net market forward , resulting in the Internet itself becoming the world’s largest emerging market. 在网络化高速地推动经济发展的同时，经济也反过来促进网络市场的发展，其结果是国际互联网本身将成为全球最大的新兴市场。 Unit 3 1. So, if you lose a key species, you might cause a whole flood of other extinctions. 所以，如果失去一个重要的物种，那也许会引起大量其他物种的绝迹。 2. Instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve and animals. 这种办法使当地人们可以为了经济上的原因而去保护动、植物，而不是依靠在很大程度上难以奏效的那些反非法偷 猎的规章制度。 3. With corruption popular in many developing countries, some observers are suspicious that the money will actually reach the people it is intended for. 由于许多发展中国家普遍存在腐败，一些观察家对这些钱财实际上能否到达应该接受这笔财物的人们手中表示怀疑。 4. Sustainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. 森林的可持续管理既需要投资种植新树以取代被砍伐的树木，也需要对被砍伐树木的数量进行控制。 5. In theory, consumers would buy only this wood and so fo rce logging companies to go “green” or go out of business. 理论上讲，消费者只能购买这些获得认可的木材，这将迫使伐木公司开始保护“绿色”，否则将无生意可做。 Unit 4 1. The trend began in earnest in 1995, when the Queen of England admitted that the Maori people of New Zealand had been shamefully treated, when the country was a British colony. 这个潮流是从1995年才真正开始的。当时英国女王承认当新西兰还是英国的殖民地时，新西兰的土著毛利人曾遭
The summary of Unit5 Sandwich generation In the modern society，there are a large group，They are the so-called Sandwich generation，people who are struggling to care for both their children and their elders，often while holding down a job as well.The Sandwich generation are living a hard life. The statistics show that the proportion of seniors living with their children is decreasing，those who do move in with their children enter households profoundly changed from previous generations.Because toda y′s seniors had fewer children than their predecessors，there are fewer family members to share the burden.They not only have some elder-care responsibilities，ranging from occasional help with groceries to fulltime care at home，but also care for their children.In fact，the parents of an average family now work 65 to 80 hours a week，up from 40 to 45 hours a week in the 1950s.To stay in the place
作文 1. Recent years, with the development of our economic, the gap of urban-rural development has reduced to some extent. However, some disparities still exist. Compared with city dwellers, rural residents are used to filling up and eating much meat. City dwellers pay more attention to the balance of nutrition. In the way of dressing, people living in urban city often pursue brands, fashion and colors. On contrary, people who live in country dress just for dress. On education, we can easily find that urban students own better and richer hardware and software resource. Besides, they can get in touch with various knowledge and cultures. Rural students, most of them, get textbook knowledge only coming from teachers. However,Cities are a hub for industrialization. There are more factories and businesses, making the areas more polluted. Additionally, the increased population in cities makes the ground more likely to be marred by litter and heavy use.Generally, the convenience of cities makes them costlier.City living may reduce the need for a car,live in smaller living spaces, In contrast, the upkeep of larger country homes may require more natural resources. These are just a few differences between them. We should make great efforts to reduce the gap and make a contribution to rural development. Then China will become strengthened. 2. Last year, I traveled to shan xi province with my friend. As we all know the most distinguishing cate in shan xi is flour-made dishes. Y et, among them, I’am most impressed with glass dumplings. Generally speaking, a glass dumpling is three or four times the size of a common dumpling. From its transparent skin, we can clearly see what stuff is filled. Its skin often is made with naked oats and starch. As for stuffing, it depends on your taste. If you like vegetables, you can add in tomatoes, carrots,chives,black fungus and some spice. If you like meat, OK, you can add in meat. After steaming about 30minutes, the delicious dish is fine which has various ways of eating, for example, dipping broth, dipping vinegar or having it directly. Have a bite and you will find it flexible chewy. Glass dumplings are not only toothsome, but are healthy on account of containing DF. Eating more grain roughage can promote balanced nutrition. So I like glass dumplings best! 3. In modern times, people have more and more kinds of entertainments. It’s not enough to take simple and common activities. Dangerous sports and other dangerous activities are popular with people, like bungee jumping, climbing snow bergs, etc. But why do people like these items? I think being under severe stress is a main reason. Only in these ways can they relax themselves, abreacting mood and take their mind off their work for the moment. In addition, there are some people liking exploring, and they are eager to be close to nature. Doing these items will increase their knowledge, richening life experience, expanding their horizons and open mind. Surly, a part of youths just seek excitement and danger, believing that nothing can stop them and life should be colorful.