2011届高考英语专题复习词汇学案（二）
二、时间、天气与自然灾害
【必会词汇】
时刻：dawn, deadline, instant, moment, by the time, from now on, in time, on time 时段：age, century, decade, future, interval, period, stage; contemporary, permanent, temporary, forever, meanwhile, for a time/ while, for the time being
频度：annual, daily, frequent, occasional, regular, monthly, weekly, yearly, occasionally, once, seldom, twice, at a time, at times, time and time again, now and then
时序：final, former, previous, afterward(s), ago, eventually, ever, first, gradually, immediately, just, last, late, later, next, shortly, since, soon, then
相关：介词: after, at, before, by, during, for, in, on, since, throughout, until, upon
动词: last, pass, run, take
连词: after, as, as soon as, before, hardly…when, no sooner… than, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while
天气：寒冷天气：frost, ice, snow, wind, freeze, cold, freezing, snowy, windy, 温热天气：heat, warmth, clear, dry, fine, fresh, hot, mild, sunny, warm
云雨天气：cloud, downpour, rain, rainbow, shower, storm, thunder, thunderstorm, lightning, pour, cloudy, cool, damp, rain, wet
雾：fog, mist, foggy
其他：climate, forecast, weather, changeable, terrible
自然灾害：名称：earthquake, fire, flood, hurricane, volcano, typhoon,
相关动词：blow, burn, burst, destroy, die, erupt, predict, rescue, ruin, shake, supply, survive
其他：ash, damage, danger, death, disaster, nature, survival, victim, dangerous, muddy, natural
天气(Weather) 相关话题
天气与人类的生活息息相关，谈论天气，是老百姓最关注的话题之一。在写作中weather 涉及的主要内容有：a. Describing weather ( sunny, cloudy, windy, rainy, hot, warm, cold, cool, etc.) b. Understanding weather reports (conditions, temperature, rain, snow, wind, sun, cloud) c. Dressing for the weather (coat, hat, umbrella, raincoat, windbreaker, etc.) d. Extreme weather (storms, gales, hurricanes, etc.)
1. 常见描述天气状况的词汇有：
rainfall(降雨), snowfall(降雪), storm(暴风雨), sandstorm(沙尘暴 ), temperature(气温 ), bright, clear, fine, sunny, windy, cloudy, rainy, snowy, foggy(有雾的 ), cool, hot, dry, wet, warm, cold, chilly（寒冷的）, freezing, frost(霜冻)etc.
2. 谈论天气常用的句型：
1). Asking about the weather(询问天气情况)
a). What’s the weather like today?/How is the weather today?/How is it today?今天的天气怎么样？
b) How do you like our weather? 你知道我们这儿的天气怎么样？
c). Is the weather always like this? 天气总是这样吗？
d). Is it always as cold as this? 天气总是这样冷吗？
e). How are the springs here? 这儿的春天怎么样？
f). Does it snow very much here in December?
g). What does the weather forecast say? 天气预报怎么说？
h). What’s the temperature t oday? 今天的气温是多少？
2). Commenting on the weather(评论天气)
a). It’s fine/cloudy/windy/rainy/snowy/foggy… 天气晴/阴/有风/有雨/有雪/有雾……
b). It’s getting cold/warm/hot/cool/dry/wet, etc. 天气正变冷/暖和/热/凉爽/
干燥/潮湿
c). It’s quite cool here in August.
d). I hope it stays fine.
e). A lovely day, isn’t it?/What a beautiful day!/What beautiful weather!
f). It is boiling today. 今天天热的要命。
3．常用文体：
涉及谈论天气常用的文体有：日记，游记，报道，介绍性说明文, 抒情短文，诗歌等，常
用时态：一般现在时，完成时，一般将来时，将来进行时，一般过去时和过去完成时。
自然（Nature）有关话题
此话题所涉及有关自然的知识，主题就是珍爱自然。其具体内容： a. Plants (green plants, trees, bushes, grass, vegetables, crops, flowers, etc.) b. Animals (farm animals, wild animals, endangered animals, pets, etc.) c. The sun, the moon and the stars d. Describing land (cities, farms, hill, mountains, lakes, rivers, etc.) e. Volcano 写一篇报道新疆地震的短新闻，应包括以下主要内容：
时间：2003年2月24日10：04 am 地点：新疆伽师—巴楚
基本情况：强度6.8级，房屋倒塌，103所学校和16个卫生院受到破坏，水电供应中断，
死亡268人，伤者2058人，许多人失去了家园，国家很快调拨救灾物资，帮助灾民，重建
家园。（词数100左右）
Earthquake in Xinjiang
It is reported by CCTY that a strong earthquake of magnitude 6.8 shook Jiashi—Bachu at 10:04 am on the early mo rning of Feb 24th , 2003. It is said to be China’s strongest earthquake in these years and has caused great damage. 103 schools and 16 hospitals have been destroyed. The electricity and water supply has been cut off. The death number has reached as much as 268, while 2058 persons have been wounded. Many people have become homeless. Immediately after the earthquake, the government allotted goods to help the people in the disaster area.
【巩固练习】
一、以下句子是描述的什么自然灾害？请将其名称写在句子前的横线上。
_______________ The lava flow destroyed three villages.
_______________ The floor was just bouncing and rolling like waves.
_______________ People had boarded up (用木板封住) shops and houses during the day before and stayed indoors.
_______________ People had to stay in the upper floors and sometimes on the roofs of their homes.
5. _______________ 373,000 acres of forests had been burned and at least 390 homes had been destroyed.
二、选出适当的词语，并用其正确的形式填空
contemporary, temporary
1. He was _____________ with the dramatist Congreve.
2. I had seen an advertisement for a __________ job as a waiter in a smart restaurant. as, when, while
3. We talked ________ we walked along.
4. Mary made coffee __________ her guests were finishi ng their meal.
5. Tom was about to close the window __________ his attention was caught by a bird. at a time, at times, by the time, for the time being, time and time again
6. I’d rather talk to you one ________, if you don’t mind.
7. _________you get this card, I’ll probably already be at your house.
8. It can get extremely cold__________ in winter in North China.
9. Could you use the old photocopier __________? The new one’s being repaired.
10. I’ve told you ___________ not to leave that fridge door open! Don’t do that again!
deadline, interval, period
11. The factory will be closed down over a(n) ________of two years.
12. Be sure to finish your task before the ____________.
13. They’re grateful for this brief __________ of music as they go shopping. afterwards, previously, forever, from now on, temporary, formerly, meanwhile, shortly, permanent, now and then
14. The Russian Federation was ___________known as the Soviet Union.
15. Jim went to answer the phone. ________, Harry started to prepare lunch.
16. May the friendship between the peoples of our two countries last ________.
17. we had tea, and ___________we sat in the garden for a while.
18. Mike is a _________lecturer for two weeks. The _________ one’s on leave.
19. He passed through a difficult period ___________ after his marriage broke down.
20. He was lying in hospita l with a broken leg. Two hours _________, he had been skiing.
21. Every ___________, Henry would remember the strange dream he had had years before.
22. I know I haven’t been working so hard recently, but _________ I promise to try harder, starting right here.
since, till, whenever, after, as soon as
23. __________ Jack ran up against difficulties, his family all gave him encouragement.
24. Get off and walk back ________you come to some traffic lights.
25. Three months ___________they moved out, the house was still empty.
26. The exhibition will be opened _______everything is in order.
27. ___________it began in 1951, we have given awards to films from all around the globe.
destroy, burn, ruin, rescue, burst, pour, erupt
28. He dived into the water and _______ the drowning boy.
29. She returned home and found all her furniture had been _______ by the flood.
30. The firefighter broke into the house and saved the children from the _________building.
31. After ten days of rain the river ________its bank and flooded the valley.
32. It can be very unpleasant in winter when it is cold and the rain is ________ down.
33. The strong earthquake has __________ the transport and communication systems in that region.
34. There are more than 500 active volcanoes, about fifty of which __________ each year.
三、选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项
1. A new __________bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago. (2007 天津)
A. normal
B. usual
C. regular
D. common
2. The doctor said I needed a(n)____________ of rest and relaxation, so I’m taking
a three-month’s leave.
A. age
B. time
C. period
D. while
3. The performance________ nearly three hours, but few people left the theater early. (2008全国I)
A. covered
B. reached
C. played
D. lasted
4. I thought she was famous, but none of my friends have ______heard of her. (2006广东)
A. even
B. ever
C. just D, never
5. As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only ______. (2008湖北)
A. occasionally
B. anxiously
C. practically
D. urgently
6. ---Shall we go out for a walk?
---Sorry. This is not the right______ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. (2008江西)
A. moment
B. situation
C. place
D. chance
7. When you turn on the TV set, clear pictures will ______appear on the screen. (2001 上海春)
A. rapidly
B. hurriedly
C. lately
D. immediately
8. In the good care of the nurses, the boy is ______ recovering from his heart operation. (2009浙江)
A. quietly
B. gradually
C. practically
D. actually
9. There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we _______ gave up. (2005上海)
A. eventually
B. unfortunately
C. generously
D. purposefully
10. The girl had hardly rung the bell ______ the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.
A. before
B. until
C. as
D. since
11. Drunk driving, which was once a ______ occurrence, is now under control. (2010福建)
A. general
B. frequent
C. normal
D. particular
12. A good storyteller must be able to hold his listener’s curiosity ______ her reaches the end of story. (2003 上海)
A. when
B. unless
C. after
D. until
13. Hardly had we begun our walk ________it began to rain.
A. than
B. after
C. when
D. as
14. We didn’t know what we should do _______ the money had gone.
A. that
B. once
C. while
D. though
15. _______the month of July these negotiations continued in a frigid(冷淡)atmosphere.
A. At
B. Upon
C. Throughout
D. Before
16. We volunteered to collect money to help the ________ of the earthquake. (2000 上海)
A. victims
B. folks
C. fellows
D. villagers
17. The weather here is usually _______, sometimes beyond one’s expectation.
A. suitable
B. available
C. adaptable
D. changeable
18. I took a walk in t he park and enjoyed the _______ air and sunshine.
A. terrible
B. fresh
C. cheerful
D. difficult
19. When a tornado destroys a house, it doesn’t _______it down the way a hurricane does.
A. blow
B. pure
C. burn
D. put
20. On a _______ morning the little girl was found ________ at the corner of the street.
A. freezing; freezing
B. freezing; frozen
C. frozen; frozen
D. frozen; freezing
21. The Icelandic volcano eruption can cause severe _______ to jet engines and slight warming in the atmosphere.
A. injury
B. wound
C. damage
D. ruin
22. Near the southwestern corner, the ________ is mild and springlike in winter.
A. atmosphere
B. climate
C. condition
D. environment
23. We had to shelter under a big roof and waited until the _______ passed.
A. shower
B. fog
C. snow
D. cloud
24. Although we’re suffering such a severe natural _______, we’ll eventually overcome the temporary difficulty as long as we don’t lose heart.
A. disadvantage
B. danger
C. problem
D. disaster
25. The nations that are actively involved in earthquake_______ programs include Japan, China, Russia, and the USA.
A. identification
B. motivation
C. prediction
D. preparation
26. It is reported that the government has _______ the survivors in the hurricane _______ food, clothes and medicine.
A. supplied; to
B. offered; with
C. supplied; with
D. offered; to
27. The questionnaire takes ten to fifteen minutes to complete and can be used along with the assessment interview. (09湖北卷)
A. mainly
B. punctually
C. approximately
D. precisely
28. Drunk driving, which was once a occurrence, is now under control.（10福建卷）
A. general
B. frequent
C. normal
D. particular
29. I have been convinced that the print media are usually more _______ and more reliable than television.（10浙江卷）
A. accurate
B. ridiculous
C. urgent
D. shallow
30. Do you think shopping online will _______ take the place of shopping in stores?（10浙江卷）
A. especially
B. frequently
C. merely
D. finally
volcano,
earthquake,
hurricane/ typhoon,
flood,
fire
contemporary,
temporary,
as,
while,
when,
at a time,
By the time,
at times,
for the time being,
time and time again,
period,
deadline,
interval,
formerly,
Meanwhile,
forever,
aft erwards,
temporary, permanent
shortly,
previously,
now and then,
from now on,
Whenever,
till,
after,
as soon as,
Since,
rescued,
ruined,
burning,
burst,
pouring,
destroyed,
erupt
CCDBA ADBAA BDCBC ADBAB CBADC CCBAD
高三一轮基于整合话题的词汇复习 十九中高三英语组 高三一轮复习程中词汇复习起着至关重要的作用，但往往词汇复习也是问题最多的。最大的问题就是知识的讲解和训练与听、说、读、写综合语言运用能力的脱离．知识传授与语言技能培养严重分割开来，词汇学习效率低下，最终达不到需要的目的和要求。在词汇复习过程中，教师是“字典”和“题库，例句库”．脱离运用讲解语言知识点。学生辛辛苦苦地记笔记，最后还是不会实际运用。针对这个问题，武老师在本学期期初到我们学校视导时给我们提出了按话题复习的指导和建议，我们组全体同志经过认真集备和研讨，确定了话题复习的范围和方法。具体做法如下：一册书复习结束之后，按照写作的话题安排，确定需要整合的话题，然后围绕中心话题，通过同类归纳的方式，在1-8册书中把相同话题的模块整合起来，创设话题情境，总结复习同类词汇，归纳典型句式，训练类似的话题写作，然后再拓展该话题新材料的阅读，以提高词汇复习的效率。我们把高中阶段外研社的从第一册到第八册的教科书，归纳分类，选择了“学校生活，环境灾难，旅游，文化体育，人物介绍，饮食与健康”等几大类的话题材料，穿插进传统的复习过程中。每个话题所用课时不是固定的，一般是用三个课时。王老师的这一节课就是有关旅游这一话题的整合的第二课时。 第一课时的重点是词汇的整合拓展。以复习“环境灾难”为例，第一课时的课堂教学设计如下： Step I 教师创设话题情境，引导学生走入话题。 教师可以先展示一些有关于环境问题的图片或者录像片段，设计问题：What problems of environment are there on the earth? Step II 引导学生采用联想法，总结复习同类词汇 1.灾难发生 灾难的种类： natural disasters(自然灾难): earthquake 地震tsunami 海啸typhoon 台风sand storm 沙尘暴debris flow/ mudslide泥石流volcanic eruption 火山 爆发flood 洪水drought 干旱flooding 洪水tropical storm 热带风暴 hurricane 飓风a state of emergency 紧急状态dense fog 浓雾 发生时间： at…clock，on…day； in…year 发生地点： distaster/stricken area 受灾地区shelter 避难所 表示灾难发生的动词：hit strike break out occur take place happen 持续： last 发生方式： all of a sudden, suddenly, （突然）unexpectedly（出乎意料） 课文句子精选填空： 1) The worst earthquake ________________________（发生）the United States in 1906,________(导致)the worst fires in the nation’s history. 2) The fires _______ three days, which __________a total of 25,000 buildings. 3)The worst tornado of all time occurred in 1925,________ （影响）three US states. 4) In the past hundred years, there have heen frequent_____________, such as floods, droughts, mudslide, earthquakes, windstorms and sand storm 2. 受灾情况：
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0e1352791.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
阅读理解的题目中常出现的词： 一、主旨题： show说明,展示mean意思是purpose目的view看法example例子experment实验conducte行为researcher研究者meant目的conclusion结论discuss讨论idea设想 main主要的mainly主要地primarily主要地topic话题concemed讨论title标题replaced取代article文章,项目argues表明,认为,坚持,争论indicates表明summary总结leare from结论attitude态度toward对于described描述carry 表达,携带message主旨,信息lead to导致cause原因 reason for原因implied暗示,意味infer推测concluded推断suggest建议advice劝告 二、词义题： refers提到,引用,参考stands for代表,象征probably可能,大概replaced取代close接近的 三、是非题： The least possible choice最不可能的选择true真空的correct正确的false不真实的mentioned提到的except除了opposite对立statement陈述describes描述 四、因果题： in that 因为as 由于due to 由于，因为consequently因此as a resulf 结果，因此depehd on 随...而定because of 由于，因为，基于 why 为什么，何必basis 基础，基准reason理由result结果because 因为for 因为，由于since 因为; 既然; 自从…以来 therefore 因此; 所以lead to导致result in导致result from起因于all this 所有这些; 这一切that is why那就是为什么; 这就是 for these reasons 因此; 由于这些原因as reasons作为原因 五、比较题： first 第一，首先major主要的,重要的,较多的none一点也不,没有一个only 但是，仅仅，可是aware of the risks了解到这些风险according根据,按照,相应的,相符的centers on集中在.上 envisions future展望将来deals with与.交易 expression表达however不管怎样,然而,可是 illustrates with阐明,举例,说明is aimede at其目的在于 problem问题whether…or…是.还是 whether or no不管怎样lies in在于 focus on针对,聚焦于,集中于it comes to涉及到 it is essenhal to 最重要的是appears出现 likely可能probably可能 possible可能的
11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点
高三英语话题写作必备词汇（一） 一、人品人物 【必备词句】 年龄 （1）a five-year-old boy一个五岁的男孩 （2）a boy aged five 一个五岁的男孩 （3）in my teens /twenties在我十/二十多岁时 （4）at the age of five在五岁时 （5）As a child, I liked to... 我小时候喜欢…… 出生 （1）was born in ... 出生在…… （2）be/come from a wealthy family出生于富裕人家 （3）was born into a peasant family出生于一个农民家庭 外表 （1）a 1.80-meter-tall boy 一个高1.8米的男孩 （2）overweight胖的；thin瘦的；slim苗条的；strong强壮的（3）look young for one’s age 显得比实际年龄年轻 （4）good-looking 长得好看； plain-looking 长得一般 （5）well dressed 穿得漂亮；
neatly dressed 衣着干净整洁 能力 （1）efficient办事高效率的 （2）intelligent有智力的；creative 富创造力的 （3）a boy with great ability 能干的男孩 （4）a qualified teacher 一名合格的教师 （5）speak fluent English 讲流利的英语 （6）have a gift for = have a talent for 有……的天赋（7）be skilled in 在……方面熟练 （8）be experienced in 在……方面有经验 健康 （1）be in good health/shape/condition 身体健康 （2）energetic精力充沛的；well-built身材健美的 （3） suffer from... 患上…… 经历 （1）graduate from... 从……毕业 （2）major in 以……为专业 （3）gain scholarship 获得奖学金 （4）get good grades获得好成绩 （5）get a master’s degree 获得硕士学位
七大高考英语热点话题必备词汇 热点话题一：中学生的爱好与兴趣 基本词汇 favorite(最喜欢的); taste(爱好，志趣); read novels(读小说); surf the Internet(上网); chat online(在线聊天); collect stamps(集邮); make e\|friends(交网友); climb mountains(爬山); enjoy pop music(喜欢流行音乐) 亮点词汇 develop an interest in(在……方面培养兴趣); be fond of(喜欢); be keen on(对……着迷); have a taste in(喜爱); hobby(业余爱好); be interested in(对……感兴趣); have a great love for(非常喜爱……) 热点话题二：友谊 基本词汇 make friends with sb.(和某人交朋友); a strong personality (个性强); personal matters(私事); friendly(友好的); a close friend(一个亲密的朋友); trust each other (互相信任); share...with sb.(与某人分享); keep in touch with sb. (与某人保持联系); stay best friends with sb. (和某人保持很好的友谊); a friend in need(患难之交) 亮点词汇 get to know sb.(认识某人); know sb. very well(熟知某人); precious(珍贵的); worthy(有价值的); understanding(善解人意的); be loyal to(对……忠诚); keep sb. company.(陪伴，做伴) 热点话题三：招聘与求职 基本词汇 employ(雇用);
英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new
Key to chapter 1 1 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 2.In what way are words related to vocabulary? V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members. 3.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples . Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write. 4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english words There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling. 5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spelling Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers. 6.What are the characteristics of basic word stock Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability. 7.choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left A tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken coward F .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl 8.given the modern equivalents for the following archaic words haply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bid smooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea 9.Explain neologisms with examples Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings. 10.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words. 11.How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ? Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.