托福综合写作模板的开头段是怎么样的呢?怎么样的开头段可以提高你的托福作文质量。这里小编为大家整理了托福写作开头段的句式和模板分享，希望对大家托福考试有帮助。
托福综合写作模板：开头段写作句式
开头
An increasing number of people begin to realize/ complain/ question that...
OR: The majority of people tend to have a favorable/ an unfavorable attitude towards something
OR: XXX has now caused wide public concern
OR: When it comes to... people often consider...
The thing is, which XXX, A or B, (is a more efficient mean of learning/ what do we mean by)? People may give various answers to this question. OR：Ask people… and they may give a diverse of answers based on their individual value systems
Some believe that… while others/ some claim…
On balance, my favor goes to A....
托福综合写作模板：开头段写作模板(一)
In this argument, the arguer concludes that ______. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that______. In addition, the arguer reasons that_____.This argument suffers from several critical fallacies. In this argument, the arguer recommends that_____.To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that ____. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that _____. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.
In this analysis, the arguer claims that ____. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example that____. In addition, the arguer assumes that ____. This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.
In this argument, the arguer advocates that ____. The recommendation is based on the observation that_____. Meanwhile, the arguer assumes
that____. The argument is problematic for two reasons.
The conclusion in this argument is that_____. In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that _____.Moreover, the arguer assumes that_____. This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.
托福综合写作模板：开头段写作模板(二)
An increasing number of people begin to realize/ complain/ question that...
OR: The majority of people tend to have a favorable/ an unfavorable attitude towards something
OR: XXX has now caused wide public concern
OR: When it comes to... people often consider...
The thing is, which XXX, A or B, (is a more efficient mean of learning/ what do we mean by)? People may give various answers to this question. OR：Ask people… and they may give a diverse of answers based on their individual value systems
Some believe that… while others/ some claim…
On balance, my favor goes to A....
希望上面的内容对大家托福写作提升有帮助。最后，小编预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。
托福英语独立写作模板指导 很多学习者翻开作文书籍，就如同想打开一本武功秘籍，只希望看到5个字母trick(技巧) 。技巧固然十分重要，但在应试准备中，常常需要70%的基础和30%的技巧。这里要提醒大家的是，不可高估技巧的作用，犹如在武打片中，要想得到某某宝典和剑法，是需要付出惨痛的代价的。 如何运用托福英语写作模板 1. 熟悉和理解4大评分标准是高分关键 评分标准1：effectively addresses the writing topic and task. 要求考生有效地阐明主题，考生千万不要跑题。从笔者的教学经验看，考生全部跑题现象较少，但是局部跑题现象十分严重，这也是考生不能轻取高分的缘故。 评分标准2：well organized and well developed 逻辑条理清楚，发展充分。每次作者在讲写作时总是把它和阅读相对照。各位考生要想拿到独立写作满分必须真正理解八股文的结构，千万不要写中国式的八股文，而应写出美式八股文。 评分标准3：uses specific details and examples to support you view 考生的论据一定要具体、明确，且对论点有支持作用，而不能空洞和泛泛而谈。 评分标准4：displays language facility by demonstrating syntactic variety, word choice and idiom.(通过谴词造句和习惯表达来展示语言的熟练程度) 这一点是各位考生经常忽视,迷惘和不清楚的一点。新托福作文占总分120分的30分。我们对大家的要求是在作文上花的时间既要少又要拿高分，至少28分。凡是想拿到28分甚至满分
托福综合写作模板的开头段是怎么样的呢?怎么样的开头段可以提高你的托福作文质量。这里小编为大家整理了托福写作开头段的句式和模板分享，希望对大家托福考试有帮助。 托福综合写作模板：开头段写作句式 开头 An increasing number of people begin to realize/ complain/ question that... OR: The majority of people tend to have a favorable/ an unfavorable attitude towards something OR: XXX has now caused wide public concern OR: When it comes to... people often consider... The thing is, which XXX, A or B, (is a more efficient mean of learning/ what do we mean by)? People may give various answers to this question. OR：Ask people… and they may give a diverse of answers based on their individual value systems Some believe that… while others/ some claim… On balance, my favor goes to A.... 托福综合写作模板：开头段写作模板(一) In this argument, the arguer concludes that ______. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that______. In addition, the arguer reasons that_____.This argument suffers from several critical fallacies. In this argument, the arguer recommends that_____.To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that ____. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that _____. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is. In this analysis, the arguer claims that ____. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example that____. In addition, the arguer assumes that ____. This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.
托福综合写作模板：写作经典句式 Both the lecture and the reading discussed …. However, their viewpoints are strongly contradictory for several reasons. First, the reading points out that …, but the lecturer supposes that …. And he also argues that …, thus… Moreover, the author holds that ... The lecturer, however, believes that…. Since it is …, …. Besides, the professor also refutes the idea that ... from the passage. He provides us with the instance/reason that.... In sum, according to the discussion above, the speaker totally disagrees with the conclusions revealed in the reading passage. Frequently Used Sentences 1 We are so development-oriented that we almost can sacrifice moral values for the purpose of obtaining a little material gain. 2 It is often reported in our daily newspapers that university undergraduates commit crimes, XXX from XXX University, is a case in point. 3 According to the latest paper published by the Chinese Academy of Social Science, the number of smoking people is increasing at an accelerating speed (alarming rate), especially in China.
托福综合写作7范文托福作文的综合写作应该写托福作文写作应该分为三个层次，也就是我们确定中心思想后应该找三个理由来支持。托福写作还有一个五段论，第一段为中心思想，二三四为支持段落，第五段总结观点。这个就是所谓的八股文。但是形式不能太明显，在表达中多加入自己的思想，八股文的形式会隐晦一些。一般这种写作可以助你在托福作文中取得高分。 构建综合写作整体，你可以从以下这几个方面入手：第一，将听力及阅读中的核心观点提炼出来，并指明对应的两个观点是支持还是对立；第二，分为几个段落，分别从不同角度总结出两个观点的论据。最后，重申主要论证观点并注意切忌掺加个人观点。听力结束后，考生还会有时间回看阅读文章，所以不用完整记忆阅读文章的论点和论据，记下核心即可。 有问题，可以再问我。 我觉得 ___老师讲的不太对，我自己本身也在 ___培训过，感觉他们讲的方法都是很过时的方法，不太适用于新托福的考试。下面是我自己考了四次托福的感想： 2、其实考试的时候，观点找错的情况似乎不太会发生。。。因为阅读里面都有提示了啊。。。一般不会弄错的，所以不用担心，
重点是细节不要搞错，要挺清楚细节说了那几点，尽量不要落下那个点，细节齐全 3、写得时候模板适当用用，但是表全部都用，那样文章就有点僵硬了，你自己读着通顺就好啊。 4、文章内部用词要有多样性，要适当地用一些高级的词汇，如重要的这个意思，你不要只用important, 这样显得你不认识多少单词，可以用significant, vital, essential, of great importance, core, 这种意思相近的单词或者是意群来表达，这样他们就认为你词汇量大了。 5、写综合写作最能体现你的词汇量和句型的多边性，所以不要直接照抄听力或者是阅读的内容，这样就表现不出你自己了，多看看新概念4里面的表达方法，哪些句型神马的都很好，对考试很有用！！！ 6、模板没有对错之分，你自己需要好一个模板，然后自己用自己弄出来的，这样比较好，不过这种东西都差不多，重点还是看个人的表达神马的，还有词汇量什么的。
考场上面通常我们脑子会很紧张很乱，很难在短时间之内想到好的综合写作的好的模板，包括转折句，开头结尾，递进等等之类的东西，这会耽误我们很多时间，更重要的是用平凡普通的词汇句子也会影响整体分数。以下这个模板是我在一边作文书上找到的，非常非常 好用，大家可以选一篇机经里的综合写作试试看，制定出一个适合自 己的模板，然后熟记，在考场上可以节省很多时间，同时，对字数和分数的提高也很有帮助。LZ就是靠这个模板在124的考试里在结尾没写完的情况下依旧writing部分28分，虽然没有牛到30分，但是对于上一次只有17分的我来说着实提高了很多。希望这个模板可以帮助正在努力攻克托福的你，good luck! 红色的字体是可以替换的部分。 The reading passage explores the issue of …The professo' s lecture deals with the same issue?However, he/she thinks that ?…, which contradicts what the reading states And in the lecture, he/she uses three specific poin to support his/her idea. First, even though the reading passage suggeststhat …,the professor argues in the lecture that …This is because…,which means …Obviously, the professor ' argument disproves its counterpart in the reading. Moreover, despite the statement in the reading that …,the professorcontendsthat …Then he/she supports this point with the fact that …In other words,
01 题目 阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。 一项关于大学生就业意向的调查中，认为影响大学生就业的因素主要有以下几个：学校知名度，专业知识，实践能力，工作经验，社会关系，沟通表达能力，学科优势，外表形象。 请从中选择两三个关键词来呈现你对这个问题的认识。要求选好关键词，使之形成有机的关联；选好角度，明确文体，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭；不少于 800 字。 02 高分作文 就业要自身硬 当代大学生是很幸运的，因为他们面临的是百年以来最好的机遇，中国将在他们这一代成为富强的世界大国，因此有更广阔的天地让他们施展抱负。但在历史机遇的同时，当代大学生也面临前所未有的挑战；每个大学生都将面对越来越快的社会发展所带来的竞争压力。竞争，推动了社会的发展，展示了社会的活力；竞争就是优胜劣汰。面对就业竞争，大学生何以应对？何以立足？唯有自身的素质和过硬的本领为你说明一切。 眼下，“就业难”已是不争的事实；但“就业难”又是相对的。据国家权威部门统计公布，我国经济正处于快速上升的发展阶段，每年可增加就业岗位壹仟万个，特别是高技能型实用人才十分缺乏。在这个职业大市场中，大学毕业生无疑是最优秀的群体。我们有理由相信：每一位毕业生只要转变就业观念，凭借自己的学识和素质，一定能尽快地求得一份相对满意的工作。
面对就业形势和就业市场，大学毕业生不能“等、靠、要”，更不要指望天上会掉馅饼。要以积极态度，树立市场经济观念，不断提高自己的竞争意识和综合竞争能力。 我们主张毕业生“先就业后择业”，十分看重走出校门的必要磨炼；从人才的发展和成才规律来看，任何事业有成的人无一不是从基层、从工作第一线摸爬滚打成长起来的。而好高骛远，眼高手低、华而不实只能是一事无成。作为高校在校生或即将走出校门的毕业生，要认清就业的大众化和市场化，要强化自身的素质，要明明白白知道用人单位选用什么样的人才。用人单位的用人原则通常是：挑选最能胜任本工作岗位的人选。具体的讲：有学识有才干有素质，敬岗敬业，吃苦耐劳，有团队合作精神和开拓进取精神。其次对文明礼貌、气质和语言表达、沟通能力等也很讲究。这就要求毕业生既要有扎实的专业知识，又要有实践技能，更要有很高的个人素质。 另外，大学生就业中的沟通能力也很重要。沟通能力已经成为21世纪人才竞争的重要指标之一。沟通能力涉及到大学生学习与生活的各个方面，在当今独生子女越来越多、社会竞争及社会压力越来越大的背景下，沟通能力已经成为每个社会成员生存、生活和发展过程中越来越重要的素质，这不仅关系到个人的发展，而且对社会的发展与进步也有重要影响。加强大学生沟通能力培养，不仅可为其顺利完成学业创造良好的学习、生活环境，而且可为其毕业后尽快顺利融入社会打下坚实的基础，这也是大学生健康成才最基本的条件和未来事业成功的必备素质。 海阔凭鱼跃，天高任鸟飞，走出校门的学子都是时代的弄潮儿，愿他们在工作和社会实践中图变化、谋发展，实现自己的人生价值。 03 详解 本题考查学生任务驱动型作文的写作能力。
Topic: Does easier-prepared food improve the way people live? 同意----开头段 1、排比反问句： Have you ever been worry about three meals whole day? Have you ever washed the vegetables and meat? Have you ever had to prepare the meal even so tired? If you have never suc h experiences, you would never know the improvement of people’ s way live on account of easier-prepared food. 2、个例深入式 On a hot summer noon, I went off my study, and had no choice but to go to the food market. With sweat on face, I went into the kitchen and wash vegetables and meat which have just been purchased. I was peeling the flat piece of potatoes, cutting cabbage into pieces, putting them together, and then cooking. It took me nearly one and a half hour to make 4 dishes, because some of my friends would come and have a lunch. If you do not have such experience, you would never know how convenient the easier-prepared foods are! 3、背景知识式 With fast development of techniques, more and more ‘fast’ ‘earlier’ sets have been formed, such as earlier-p food. Earlier-p food has been launched on the market for several years. There is a public debate about whether the earlier-p food improve the way people live. With every aspect taken into consideration, I believe that earlier-p food do improve people’s way live. 4、纵览全文
托福综合作文写作万能模板 一，对立类（就一个事物判断是与否agree or disagree） 1,开头（给出A B C三个方案） A方案.(GM) With the development/introduction…, xxx, the xxx, are more and more +adj/ become adj increasingly. Xxx often face the dilemma of whether to vt …… with all aspects carefully considered, I believe that……/ I think to vt what would be a better choice. B方案． 在日常生活中，有很多值得我们去推敲判断的问题。就像我们看到上文作者提出的问题时，你会如何认为？（有的人认为……；也有的人认为……；）就我的来说，如下的考虑方向使得我认为……。 In daily life /during our life, so many problems are worth considering carefully. As what has been come up with, when you face/when it comes to /there is a public debate today that/recently the problem has been brought into focus that… ……what is your choice and what is your opinion? Some hold the view that/some think………..while the others believe that………. However, with all aspects carefully considered, I believe that…………… 零碎的句子：A is a common way of ….., but is it a wise one？Some people hold the different view…… C方案. (excellent) 如果发现能够用到反问排比就这样套句,前提是你的例子充足多，头脑风暴用的又好又快。
托福写作的评分标准 The TOEFL test uses automated scoring to complement human scoring for the two tasks in the Writing section. Combining human judgment for content and meaning, and automated scoring for linguistic features, ensures consistent, quality scores. 由此可见，TOEFL的综合写作以及独立写作评分同时使用机器自动评分和人工评分，其中，人工评分看的是文章的内容和意义，而机器 评分看的是文章的语言特征。之所以采取两种评分方式，是为了保证 评分的一致性和质量。 那么我们来看看辛勤劳作的机器是怎么工作的吧： (一)审查语言特征 从ETS官网的描述中能够看出托福写作会有机器专门来看文章的 语言，而机器看语言跟人工看语言是有区别的。人在看文章语言的时 候多半还是以印象为主，而不会去细致数每一个单词，也不会去计算 文章有多少个句子。但如果是机器评分，机器能够更精确地计算出文 本中的语言特征。来看看ETS官网对机器评分具体会看的语言特征的 描述： The e-rater engine predicts essay scores based on features related to writing quality, including： errors in grammar (e.g., subject-verb agreement) usage (e.g., preposition selection) mechanics (e.g., capitalization) style (e.g., repetitious word use) discourse structure (e.g., presence of a thesis statement, main points)
托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 好的开端等于成功的一半，所以托福写作如果能写好开头，你的作文也能奠定下高分的基础。今天和大家分享托福独立写作高分开头写作方法,希望能帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 一.先根据话题铺设背景 在独立写作的背景铺垫中，首先我们需要明晰独立写作常考的15个topic，其中包括education，technology，sports等。在审题、理解题意之后，可以适当定位关键词进行文题分析和头脑风暴，进行社会背景定位。 示范：Increasingly，under the backdrop of the fierce social competition and the need for searching for individual growth，people especially employees show great concern to their career development. 二.确定观点 此步骤一定不要直接抄写原题。结合第一句的背景铺垫，可适当改写题目，引出有争议性的argument。 三.表明自己针对话题的立场
立场是开头段最为重要且核心的句子，其作用是表明了考生对这一论题的态度，且后面内容的陈述也是建立在这一立场基础上进行论证、分析;立场表明时，尽量用自己的语言进行表述最佳。 四.结尾句启下 过渡句的作用是承上启下，承接开头段内容的同时，以一种自然流畅的方式简要引出下文，从而加强*的逻辑关系;也可以适当提及中间段会涉及的论点，进行实际内容的铺垫。建议大家多进行练习和范文积累，一定可以总结出不同的过渡句写作方式。 示范：… with several reasons t o exemplify. 托福独立写作是托福写作的重点，而开头段对于独立作文整体评分影响颇大，所以小站君建议大家认真学习上文中关于开头段的写作方法，并运用起来，写出漂亮的开头。 托福写作解析：take more exercise 托福写作解析： If there’s a way to improve yourself, which one among the three choices you would take? 1. take more exercise 2. eat more healthy food
托福综合写作万能模板：IBT综合写作模板 In this listening material, the professor made several points about ____________. First of all / Moreover / Furthermore, the professor states / claims / argues / discusses / mentions / talks / indicates / says / contends / raises the issue / demonstrates / makes the point / holds / believes / shows that __________________, while the reading passage (反对)contradicts / departs from / refutes / disagrees with / opposes to the writer’s expectation / casts doubt on / presents a (totally) different idea / jeopardizes / differs from / on the contrary / makes the explanation seem less likely / in contrast /(支持)supports / illustrates / strengthens / agrees with / bolsters / (perfectly) reinforces / presents the same view that ____________.
孝感托福作文开头段 我们常说“well began ishalf done”，好的开始就是成功的一半。托福写作的开头是一篇文章的门面，也是给读者留下的第一印象。学会更好地优化托福写作开头段的内容，能够帮助考生提高文章水平。学会使用不同的开头方式非常重要，出guo和大家分享孝感托福作文开头段。 Luckily， he didn’t know my phone number; otherwise， he would bother me. Incredibly， Helena got straight A in her school report this semester. Interestingly， cats and dogs can hardly get along well in a house. obviously undoubtedly apparently fortunately clearly unfortunately
incredibly luckily unluckily surprisingly frighteningly 这些副词大多数表示说话人对全句的看法，在意思上相等与“It is ... 形容词that ...”。 e.g： Obviously，he is nervous about the test. =It is obvious that he is nervous about the test. Unfortunately，he tripped over and fell in the mud. =It is unfortunate that he tripped over and fell in the mud. Hurriedly，the man drew me a scratch map to show me the direction. Dangerously，the drunkard sped down the street. Slowly and gently，snowflakes were drifting down from the sky.
托福综合写作模板 红色字体的单词或词组标识该部分有可替换的词汇总结在同义词替换文档里， 大家可以比照着修改做出属于自己的个性化模板 开头段 The reading passage explores the issue of 。 . The professor ' s lecture deals with the same issue. However, he/she （请注意你必须根据说 话人的声音在这两个代词中间选择一个，而且也正是因为上一句里出现了所指的人， 这里才可以使用人称代词，否则语法就不正确了） thinks that （这里填入教授关 于讨论话题的总论点） , which contradicts what the reading states. And in the lecture, he/she （这里当然也只能选择一个代词） uses three specific points to support his/her （仍然只能选一个） idea. 主体段 1 First, even though the reading passage suggests that （此处转述阅读段 落中的第一个分论点，后面如果还跟有支持的句子也不妨从阅读段落里再转述一两 句支持句过来，拿分啊） , the professor argues in the lecture that （教授的 第一个反驳分论点） ., This is because （转述教授第一个分论点后面的支持句） which means （最好能在深入写半句教授对其第一个分论点的支持句，但如果实在 写不出来了，就把前半句再转述一下） obviously, the professor 's argument disproves （V. 证明。。。。不正确，学术写作中的常见词，不过生活里不太常 用） its counterpart （对应物，这里就是指阅读中的第一个分论点） in the reading. 主体段 2 Moreover, despite the statement in the reading that （转述阅读段子里 的第二个分论点，如果后面还能从段子里转述过来一两句引申最好） , the professor contends that （转述教授的第二个反驳分论点） Then he/she The professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that （教授第三个分论点的支持句）一i.e., …（如果这里能再引申1~2句就非 常棒了，但实在填不出那就结束，应该字数也够了） 结尾段（也可以选择不写） In conclusion, the professor clearly identifies （ V. 确定） the weaknesses （n. 弱点） in the reading passage and convincingly shows that supports this point with the fact that In other words, （继续转述） 主体段 3 Finally, the professor asserts that the author of the 教授对其第二个分论点的支持句） （转述第三个反驳分论点） whereas 转述阅读文章作者的第三个分论点）
综合写作模板： According to the lecture and passage, there is a conflict of practices/hypothesis/opinions about whether the four-day working practice would benefit the economy, companies and employees. In the reading, the author points out three major aspects to support benefits brought by this new working practice, which, however, is refuted by the following lecture. First of all, contrary to the perspective in the reading, the professor assumes this shorter working practice would not increase profits of company,which totally disagrees with the statement in the reading. The evidence from the professor is that the four-day working practice would allow companies to spend much more money than before; specifically, hiring more employees w ill cost greater volume of money for training,medical benefits, which would be same no matter employees working for four or five days. What is more, the company would also spend more money on the more office space and computers. Thus, the counter-evidence proposed by the professor would totally refute the statement in the reading. In addition, unlike the statement in the reading, the speaker in the lecture believes the four-day working style, to large extent, cannot reduce the unemployment rate, which is fully contradictive in the reading passage. It is because the professor argues that hiring new employees would be very costly, more important, the company holds other options such as working overtime to make up the difference. Worse,the company would even raise their working expectation to ask their four-day employees to do the work as the same amount they used to do in five days.As a result, there is no additional job position to be created and the current working mood would be unpleasan t. Consequently, the statement in reading is totally challenged by the lecture. Lastly, different from the perspective in the reading passage, the professor also asserts that the quality of employees’ life would not be improved due to the shorter working practice, which contradicts the view in the reading. It is due to the fact from the lecture that the four-day workweek may undermine the job stability and harm the development of caree r. To demonstrate that, those employees would lose their jobs during the economic downturn, and can be ignored by the promotion which is given to employees with five working days. Thus, the point of view in the passage cannot be persuasive due to the evidence stated in the listening. In conclusion, based on the discussion in the lecture, it is very clearly to say that the professor makes the persuasive argument toward this issue to totally challenge ideas in the passage with many inaccuracies.
托福备考资料杭州朗思教育
托福写作结尾段有三种写法 托福写作中考生不能完全照搬模板，要有自己的写作特色，但是在开头和结尾部分，考生还是可以参考一定的规律。用好这些规律可以帮助考生节省托福写作构思时间。一起看看托福写作结尾的写法，希望对大家有所帮助。 托福写作结尾段的两个部分： 1. 再次陈述主题。用paraphrase 方式再次呈现主题陈述中出现的三要素: a.问题中存在争议的地方; b.观点;c.理由。 2. 结束句。放在陈述完主题之后。 托福写作结尾段的三种构思方法： 一. 托福写作的最后总结教训或提出建议 In conclusion, whether to imitate or vary from others to achieve success, it hinges mostly on the occupations we engage in. For jobs like doctors that require routine practices, it is unnecessary for them to make alterations to become successful. Whereas artists like painters whose works are characteristic of creativity and imagination, it is of crucial importance to distinguish from others to succeed. 二. 提出令人忧虑的结果或可能出现的负面结果 假设读者没有想作者说的那样去做，在结论中提出将会出现的负面结果，帮助读者预见到令人忧虑的后果，进而令读者自然第接受作者的意见。 e.g., To summarize, on one hand, for artists who are fortunate to profit immensely from their occupation, it is unnecessary for the government to offer additional financial incentives for them. On the other hand, government should provide financial support and appropriate policies to impoverished artists who engage in conventional craftsmanship because these are viewed as national treasure and cultural heritage of the
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文文本： First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong. Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone. 托福TPO2综合写作听力原文文本： Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed. On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" ... they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well ... the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts. Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple