生物专业英语翻译
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教学内容:Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of themass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by theplasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous networkof the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleusalso contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. Apore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules suchas mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。
Inside the LivingCell: StructureandFunctionof Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm: The Dynamic, MobileFactory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the propertieswe associatewithlife areproperties of the cytoplasm.Much of the mass of a cell consistsof this semifluid substance, whichisbounded on theoutside bythe plasmamembrane.Organelles are suspended within it,supported by the filamentous network ofthe cytoskeleton. Dissolvedin thecyt oplasmic fluidare nutrients,ions,solubleproteins, an dothermaterials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus:Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)Theeukaryotic cell nucleus isthelargest organelle andhousesthe geneticmaterial (DNA) onchromosomes.(In prokaryotes the hereditarymaterial isfound in the nucleoid.)Thenucleusalso contains o ne or two organelles-thenucleoli-thatplay arole in c elldivision.A pore-perforated sac called thenuclear envelope separates the nucleus and itscontentsf rom the cytoplasm.Small moleculescan passthro ugh the nuclear envelope,but largermolecules such as mRNAand ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores. 真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。
Lesson One(4学时)Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2.The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。
Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. Apore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。
生物专业英语翻译随着生物科技的迅猛发展,生物专业的英语语言已成为高科技领域的通用语言,广泛应用于生物医学、生物制药、生物工程、遗传学、生物化学、微生物学、生态学等领域。
由于生物学的国际化交流与合作,生物学领域的英语学术论文及报告已成为日常交流与沟通的必备技能之一。
本文将从词汇、语法、文化、科技等方面分析生物学英语翻译。
一、生物学英语词汇翻译1.基因组(genome)基因组指一个生物体内所有基因的集合,基因组学是研究基因组结构、功能和组成的学科。
基因组型(genotype)是基因组的全部畸变及其相应表现性状的总和。
2.遗传物质(hereditary material)遗传物质是指控制生物遗传性状的物质,包括染色体、RNA和DNA,其中DNA是现代分子生物学中的焦点。
3.遗传密码(genetic code)遗传密码是指DNA中的腺嘌呤(A)、胸腺嘧啶(T)、鸟嘌呤(G)和胞嘧啶(C)四种碱基组成的密码规定了三个碱基(1个密码子)所代表的氨基酸。
4.基因编辑(gene editing)基因编辑是指利用CRISPR等技术直接对基因序列进行删减、改写和修改的技术手段,例如删减致病基因,改写某些基因以获得更好的生产性能等。
5.克隆(cloning)克隆是指基因重组和复制技术,通过无性繁殖来复制和传输基因,包括植物克隆、动物克隆等。
二、生物学英语语法翻译1.主语与谓语协调主语与谓语协调要求掌握正确的单复数形式和一致性。
例如:The cells in this tissue are actively dividing.(这种组织中的细胞正在活跃地分裂。
)The molecule has a unique structure and function.(该分子具有独特的结构和功能。
)2.形容词和副词的使用在生物化学领域,需要正确地使用形容词和副词,例如:Hereditary information is transmitted through the DNA-encoded chromosome.(遗传信息通过DNA编码的染色体传递。
Lesson One 细胞器的结构和功能Actin:肌动蛋白,是微丝的结构蛋白, 以两种形式存在, 即单体和多聚体。
basal body::基体,真核细胞的纤毛或鞭毛基底部由微管及其相关蛋白质构成的短筒状结构,是纤毛和鞭毛的微管组织中心。
centriole:中心粒,动物、某些藻类和菌类细胞中的圆筒状细胞器,位于间期细胞核附近或有丝分裂细胞的纺锤体极区中心。
chemotaxis:趋化性,即由介质中化学物质的浓度差异形成的刺激所引起的趋向性。
chloroplast:叶绿体,绿色植物细胞内进行光合作用的结构,是一种质体。
chromosome:染色体,实质是脱氧核甘酸,为细胞核内由核蛋白组成、能用碱性染料染色、有结构的线状体,是遗传物质基因的载体。
cilia:纤毛,从一些原核细胞和真核细胞表面伸出的、能运动的突起。
cytoplasm:胞质,由细胞质基质、内膜系统、细胞骨架和包涵物组成。
cytoskeleton:细胞骨架,真核细胞中与保持细胞形态结构和细胞运动有关的纤维网络。
包括微管、微丝和中间丝。
dynein:动力蛋白,即纤毛中的一种具有ATP酶活性的巨大的蛋白质复合体。
endoplasmic reticulum:内质网,指细胞质中一系列囊腔和细管,彼此相通,形成一个隔离于细胞质基质的管道系统。
flagella:鞭毛,在某些细菌菌体上具有细长而弯曲的丝状物,是细菌的运动器官。
Golgi complex:高尔基复合体,由许多扁平的囊泡构成的以分泌为主要功能的细胞器。
lysosome:溶酶体,真核细胞中一种膜包围的异质的消化性细胞器。
是细胞内大分子降解的主要场所。
microfilament:微丝,由肌动蛋白分子螺旋状聚合成的纤丝,又称肌动蛋白丝,是细胞骨架的主要成分之一。
microtubule:微管,由微管蛋白原丝组成的不分支的中空管状结构,是细胞骨架成分,与细胞支持和运动有关。
mitochondrion:线粒体,真核细胞中由双层高度特化的单位膜围成的细胞器。
Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。
Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. Apore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。
生物专业英语引言生物专业英语是指与生物学相关的领域中所使用的英语词汇和表达方式。
随着全球化的发展,生物领域的研究和交流也日益增多,因此掌握生物专业英语已经成为生物学家和研究人员的基本技能之一。
本文将介绍一些常见的生物专业英语词汇和表达方式,帮助读者更好地理解和使用生物专业英语。
常见词汇和表达方式1. 基本概念•Organism(生物体):指生物学中一个独立的存在体,包括植物、动物、微生物等。
•Cell(细胞):生物体的基本结构和功能单位。
•DNA(脱氧核糖核酸):存储和传递遗传信息的分子。
•Gene(基因):DNA上特定区域,决定了生物体特定特征的单位。
•Species(物种):可以自由交配并繁殖后代的一群生物体。
2. 分子生物学词汇•Protein(蛋白质):由氨基酸组成的生物大分子,参与生物体的结构和功能。
•Enzyme(酶):催化生物体内化学反应的蛋白质。
•Expression(表达):基因在蛋白质水平上的转录和翻译过程。
•Mutation(突变):基因序列的突发性改变,可能导致生物体表现出不同的特征。
•Polymerase Chain Reaction(聚合酶链反应):一种用于扩增DNA 分子的技术。
3. 遗传学词汇•Heredity(遗传):生物特征通过基因传递给后代的过程。
•Allele(等位基因):基因的不同变体。
•Genotype(基因型):生物体内基因的组合。
•Phenotype(表型):基因型在外部可观察到的表现。
•Genetic Variation(遗传变异):生物体内基因和等位基因的变异。
4. 生态学词汇•Ecosystem(生态系统):由生物体和环境相互作用组成的一个自然单位。
•Biodiversity(生物多样性):生物体种类和数量的多样性。
•Food Chain(食物链):生物体之间通过食物相互联系的关系网。
•Conservation(保护):保护自然资源和环境,维护生物多样性的活动。
Lesson One(4学时)Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的:使学生掌握细胞的组成结构(各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置),以及结构与功能之间的关系。
各细胞器及功能相关英语词汇以及主要用法。
教学重点:各细胞器的概念和功能,及相关英语词汇的掌握教学难点:专业英语词汇的记忆讲授方法:以学生翻译为主,老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解授课时间:3月22日;3月29日教学内容:Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from thecytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。
细胞核含有一或二个核仁,核仁促进细胞分裂。
核膜贯穿许多小孔,小分子可以自由通过核膜,而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。
Organelles: Specialized Work Units(细胞器:特殊的功能单位)All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器,每个细胞器都有其特定功能。
本节主要介绍核糖体,内质网,高尔基体系,液泡,溶酶体,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。
The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千,核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。
完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。
核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码,翻译成蛋白质。
一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体,称多聚核糖体。
大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。
输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.内质网,带有花边的生物囊,有管状,泡状之分,以及光滑和粗糙面区别。
两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。
粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体,也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。
SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.光滑内质网上无核糖体,主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。
两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。
Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。
在高尔基复合体中修饰,包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。
Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).细胞中的液泡好象是中空的,但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。
最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中,储备水,糖以及其它分子。
动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。
A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.溶酶体是液泡亚单位,含有消化酶,降解大部分生物大分子。