Unit 1
Text A
II. Language points
1. How successful you’ll be in making transitions among careers can at least be partially attributed to the amount of career planning and preparation you’ve done.(Para. 1) If you are well-prepared in making plans for your future career, the chances are that you might as well succeed in changing your career because how successfully you change your career may in part result from what preparations you’ve done in career planning.
2. Think of career planning as building bridges from your current job/career to your next job/career; without the bridge, you may easily stumble or lose your way, but with the bridge there is safety and directions. (Para. 2) You should regard making plans for your career as building bridges which are the transitions from your current job/career to your next job/career and may help you find the right door to the future.
3. And while career planning and career decision-making is an important aspect of your life, do not put so much pressure on yourself that it paralyzes you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans. (Para. 5)… don’t put too much pressure on yourself to make real choices, decisions, or plans.
4. To help you with your career planning, consider using the following exercises to their fullest potential. (Para. 6) … consider using the following exercises to their fullest degree/ as much as possible.
5. Reflect on the times and situations in which you feel most passionate, most energetic, most engaged — and see if you can develop a common profile of these situations. (Para. 9) Consider the times and situations in which you feel most excited, most vigorous, most engrossed—and try to generalize the features these situations have in common.
6. Remember those papers you had to write as a kid about what you wanted to be when you grew up (Para. 13) Do you still remember when you were little you were asked to write about what you would like to be in the future
7. Take the time to revert back to those idyllic times and brainstorm about your current dream job; be sure not to let any negative thoughts cloud your thinking.(Para. 13) Spend some time in returning back to these simple, peaceful and pleasant times and trying to think more about your current ideal job to make sure that no negative thoughts could make your thinking obscure /unclear.
8. Look for ideas internally, but also make the effort to explore/research other careers/ occupations that interest you. (Para. 13) You should not only look for ideas inside yourself/ at the bottom of your heart, but also explore/research other careers/occupations you are interested in from the outside.
9. Pinpoint the qualifications you need to move to the next step in your career or to make the move to a new career path. (Para. 18) Mark clearly the qualifications that are needed in career changing.
10. If you’re not sure, search job postings and job ads, conduct informational interviews, research job
descriptions. (Para. 18) If you’re not sure about the qualific ations required in the new career, you should search job postings and job advertisements for those qualifications, take part in interviews in which you know something about the job, and study the list of general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position..
11. Develop a timeline and action plans for achieving each type, being sure to set specific goals and
priories. (Para. 20) Make a timetable and action plans for achieving each type of qualification you need and remember to set concrete goals and decide what should be done first.
12. Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have or plan
for today may not be in demand years from now. (Para. 21) Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have mastered or you plan to master now may not be required or needed in the future.
13. Long-range career planning should be more about identifying and developing core skills that
employers will always value while developing your personal and career goals in broad strokes.
(Para. 21) When planning career for the long run, you should focus on pinpointing and developing the essential skills in general that will always be valued no matter whom your employers are or how time changes.
14. Here’s a collection of the best self-assessment tools, designed to give you a better idea of your
attitudes and interests as they relate to possible career choices.(Para. 25) The best collected self-assessment tools are developed to make you clear about your attitudes and interests related to the careers that you may choose.
15. Some tools and resources especially for established job-seekers contemplating a career change.
(Para. 26) In the section of Career Change Resources, there are some tools and resources especially for those established job-hunters who consider changing careers.
16. Taking the time to use a career journal is a fantastic way to conduct career planning on a regular
basis.(Para. 31) It is great to spend some time using a career journal to carry out career planning regularly.
17. The concept of transferable skills is a vital job-search technique that all job-seekers should master,
though the concept is especially important for career changers and college students. (Para. 33) All job-hunters should master those skills that are needed to make transitions from school to workplace or from your current job to the next job
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading Comprehension
(1) According to the author, career planning is very essential because it functions as bridges built from
one’s current job/career to his/her next job/career and with the bridges there is safety and direction.
(2) The main idea of the passage:
The passage offers some basic guidelines for both short-term and long-term career planning.
(3) Short-term career plan and long-term career plan are different. A short-term career plan focuses on
a timeframe ranging from the coming year to the next few years. It is characterized by developing
realistic goals and objectives that can be accomplished in the near future. But long-term career planning usually involves a broader set of guidelines and preparation and focuses on and developing workplace core skills and identifying career trends.
(4) In order to hold a positive attitude towards short-term career planning, you should free yourself
form all career barriers, such as personal barriers, family pressure and peer pressure. And you shouldn’t put so much pressure on yo urself because it may paralyze you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans.
(5) Before you develop a picture of yourself and your career, you should analyze your current/future
lifestyle, likes/dislikes, passion, definition of success, personality, dream job and current situation.
2. Vocabulary
Section A
(1) on the move (2) In terms of (3) quintessential (4) perspective
(5) priority (6) cloud (7) brainstormed (8) extravert, introvert
(9) Reverting(10) timeframe
Section B
(1) A(2) B(3) C(4) C(5) A(6) D(7) D(8) A(9) C(10) A
3. Cloze
(1) right (2) not (3) wrong (4) First of all (5) knowledge
(6) Only (7) no matter what (8) outperform (9) successful (10) higher
(11) who (12) still (13) rather than (14) figure out (15) worst
(16) Then (17) However (18) rehearse (19) more (20)instead of
4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Although we failed this time, we should not be sunk in apathy, because as we all know, “failure is
the mother of success.” And we are all wedded to the belief that this failure will be the beginning of future success.
(2) The idyllic Indonesian island is a beautiful combination of spirituality, natural beauty and a taste of
the exotic.
(3) Adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood, is always a critical time for everybody. So
parents must pay special attention to their children’s growth in this period.
(4) Thank you for your really practical advice, but I still need time to reflect on it.
(5) You’d better contemplate the related issues before making a final decision, and formulate a feasible
action plan that can be fulfilled in one year.
(6) In this English Speaking Contest, what impresses me most is that contestant 11 is a very fluent
speaker of English, but it’s a pity that he fails to confine himself to the subject.
(7) Neither difficulty nor failure frustrates his passion in his research. He was content to go as far as he
could.
(8) Anthropologists, as far as I know, are still unable to pinpoint just where along the line man and the
apes branched into two distant species.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
We all have goals and aspirations. Sometimes we have difficulty knowing where to start. We want that new body, or want to be healthy and have more energy, but we just do not know what the first step is. In addition, the road to our goals is sometimes a rocky one. It is difficult to transgress and sometimes we just want to give up. We sometimes forget that our current situation did not occur overnight and so changing it will not happen overnight either. It will take time and hard work. Therefore, I suggest that you should set only one goal at a time.When you try to take on too much at once, you can become overwhelmed quickly. Create a list and take one goal at a time. Once you achieve that goal, back to your list to mark it off, and move to the next one. The act of achieving goals individually will give you a greater sense of accomplishment. You can even break the one goal into smaller parts. This gives you motivation and success more often than waiting for days or months to achieve a larger goal.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
每位求职者都需要花点时间远离日常繁忙的工作，仔细思量你的事业，为未来制定计划。无论你喜欢现在的工作和老板或是感到受缚于目前工作，职业规划能够帮助你。职业规划被视作建立连接目前工作/职业和未来工作/职业的桥梁，没有这座桥，你会跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了这座桥，就有了安全的保证和明确的方向。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
（1）一位权威科学家警告说，机器人在家庭、工作场所和战争中的兴起必须受到伦理规范的监督和控制，以此限定机器人在一些敏感情境中的运用，比如看小孩、照顾老人以及作战等情境。
（2）谢菲尔德大学的人工智能专家诺埃尔·夏基教授警告说，机器人正被引入潜在的敏感情境中，这可能会导致（被服务者）与世隔绝的状态，因为人们在给机器人设定指令后，往往很长时间不再问津。
（3）第一条规定机器人不得伤害人类；第二条规定机器人必须服从人类的命令，但不得违反第一条定律；第三条规定机器人应尽量保护自己，但不得违反前两条定律。
（4）但是20世纪末提出的有关具有高度人工智能的机器人将崛起的预言并未实现，不过机器人科学家已赋予了听命于他们的机器以准智能的特征，比如简单的言语识别、情绪表达以及面部识别等能力。
（5）目前机器人的智力水平连愚蠢都算不上。如果我哪怕认为他们会在智力上高出人类一等，我都不会有这些担忧了。
Text B
Career Path: Acting Your Age
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) troublesome (2) strenuous (3) handicap (4) similar in meaning
(5) applies (6) commendable (7) saturated (8) intimidating
(9) attracting (10) What’s more
True or false
(1)T(2) F(3) T(4) F(5) F(6) T(7) T(8) F
Unit 2
Text A
II. Language points
1. Even a modest space voyage, Dyson calculated, would set the average family back 1,500 years in wages.According to Dyson’s calculation, even a modest and common space voyage would cost the average family wages of about 1,500 years.
set back:cost (a person) specific amount
. My new car set me back $3 000.
2. The difference reflected the relative difficulty of space travel, but also the limitations of big government programs to do things on the cheap.The cost difference not only has showed space travel is much more difficult than the Ma yflower’s voyage in 1620 and the westward journey of the
Mormons in 1840s, but also proved that government needs to reduce its spending on big and expensive programs and turn its attention to the programs that cost less money.
3. Nothing has happened in the past 40 years to suggest that NASA has come any closer to the commercial sweet spot of the Colonial settlers.In the past 40 years, nothing has shown that NASA’s has found its best solution to which it could start and develop its business just like early colonial settlers who found their place, Massachusetts, to settle down and made their living move on based on their settlement.
A sweet spot is a place, often numerical as opposed to physical, where a combination of factors suggests a particularly suitable solution. In the context of a racquet, bat or similar sporting instrument, sweet spot is often believed to be the same as the center of percussion. In this context, sweet spot means a financially profitable situation. Colonial settlers found this sweet spot while NASA didn’t come close.
4. The commission headed by Lockheed Martin chairman Norm Augustine that has spent much of the past year deliberating on NASA’s human spaceflight program…
deliberate on: to consider /discuss or negotiate仔细研究，审议
. We had no time to deliberate on the problem.
5. ...even though ending this program would send NASA’s international partners into apoplexy. …even though ending the ISS program would make NASA’s international partners feel very angry.
The apoplexy is an outdated medical term, which can be used to mean “bleeding”. It can be used non-medically to mean a state of extreme rage or excitement.
6. More embarrassing, with NASA’s space shuttle due to be mothballed in 2010, and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule, not due to fly until 2012, the partners face a two year gap in which they will have to rely on Russia’s Soyuz ships to commute to the space station.To NASA’s embarrassment, they had to stop using their shuttle in 2010 and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule cannot fly until 2012, so there will be a two year gap between 2010 and 2012, in which NASA’s international partners have to depend on Russia’s ship to come and go to the space station.
mothball: to decide not to use or develop something, for a period of time, especially a piece of equipment or a plan 封存；搁置不用
If someone in authority mothballs a plan, factory, or piece of equipment, they decide to stop developing or using it, perhaps temporarily.
7. The shortfall may force NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators to a degree that’s unprecedented in its history.The shortage or lack of money may force NASA to get commercial operators involved in its space-exploration program to a degree that has never happened before.
shortfall:n. 缺口；差额；亏空
If there is a shortfall in something, there is less of it than you need.
8. The move could create opportunities for the modern equivalents of Young and Bradford—entrepreneurs willing to risk their livelihoods on making the exploration of space affordable by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to their targets.The move —NASA’s opening up its space program to commercial or private sectors—could create opportunities for upcoming modern entrepreneurs like Young and Bradford in the early times. They are willing to take a risk in spending much money, effort and even their lives on space exploration in order to get it started and moved on by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts
or equipment to meet NASA’s targets.
9. In the past, NASA has been deeply involved in managing design and development work by outside contractors, a messy process that made the shuttle expensive and unsafe, rather than cheap and safe. Now the agency is under pressure to step back and buy services wholesale from private firms.In the past, NASA has spent much effort and time asking outside contractors to design and develop space shuttles, which is a very complicated process making the space shuttle expensive and unsafe rather than cheap and safe. Now due to financial pressure, the agency has stepped back to entrust private firms to do all the business for NASA.
10. “We’re talking about a movement from where the government has been the prime contractor,
managing situations with a very hands-on role, to a situation where they are just a customer,” says Larry Williams.We are talking about the movement —NASA has shifted it role from a major contractor who needs to do every detailed and practical work by itself to a customer who buys services wholesale from private firms.
11. The next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft. The next
step is to enable the private firms to send astronauts to outer space just like cargo that can be delivered.
aloft:adj./adv. high in the air 在空中高处
Something that is aloft is in the air or off the ground.
12. To do that, NASA will have to relinquish some of its oversight of crew safety. This isn’t entirely
without precedent.In order to let private firms send astronauts into space, NASA will have to give up their responsibility of regulating crew safety. This has happened before.
relinquish:vt. to stop having something, especially when this happens unwillingly
If you relinquish something such as power or control, you give it up.
oversight: the state of being in charge of somebody/something 负责；照管
13. Space X claims it could adapt its cargo-carrying spaceship for ferrying a human crew in less than
three years, once it gets the green light.Space X claims it could make some change to its spaceship so that it could send people to outer space in less than three years, once it gets permission.
14. If Virgin and other commercial firms can deliver, Earth orbit will be far more accessible than it’s
ever been before. Although it would still be a stretch for all but the wealthiest people, costs could come down low enough to jump-start markets for tourism.If commercial firms like Virgin Galactic can deliver man to Earth orbit, then Earth orbit would be much easier to get to than ever before.
It would be open to nobody but the wealthiest people since only the rich can afford the high price，but the cost could be reduced so that it would become a rising market for tourism.
15. The big sticking point, however, will be safety. Even though NASA holds the safety of its crew
paramount, it still hasn’t been able to escape the occasional disaster, like the loss of the Columbia shuttle and its crew in 2003.The key point is still the consideration of safety of its crew. Even though NASA regards the safety of its crew as the most important thing, it still hasn’t been able to avoid the occasional disaster, such as the loss of the Space shuttle, Columbia and its 7 crew members in 2003. 16. …the space shuttle is unreliable, in part, because its all-purpose design is overly complex. NASA
needs a bigger rocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a long-duration trip, beyond the tether of Earth’s gravity.… the space shuttle is unreliable partly because its space shuttle is designed for all- around purposes, such as carrying cargo or people, etc. And the process of design is extremely complex. NASA needs a bigger rocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a longer trip, beyond the limitation or influence of Earth’s gravity.
overly: too/ extremely
17. It might be able to entice commercial firms to undertake their own big rockets if there were some
payoff down the road.Private firms might be attracted to build their own rockets to deliver astronauts to outer space if they could get profits.
payoff:n. return; reward; payment
18. Many seemingly ridiculous ideas for generating energy and beaming it back to Earth now seem
much less so, thanks to the climate crisis.The ideas of generating energy and shining it back to earth, which used to sound very funny, but now seems much possible and necessary due to the consideration of the climate crisis.
19. …the challenge of sending people safely into deep space and back for a profit is big enough to give
any entrepreneur pause.… the challenge for private services to send people safely into deep space and back for making profits is so big that any entrepreneur would hesitate before they take their steps.
give sb./sth. pause:使踌躇，使犹豫
This finding should give pause to it. 这个发现令人深思。
His recent behavior has given her pause about their relationship.
他最近的行为让她对他们的关系产生了犹豫。
20. The Industrial Revolution didn’t take off until the railways arrived.
Here it means that the private sector will play an important role and do lots of work in deep space only if NASA gets it started.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) In early times there was an essay comparing space travel to the colonization, but nothing can keep Dyson
from making a meticulous effort to quantify and compare the costs of these vastly different ventures. (2) By presenting the relationship between FedEx and the . Postal service, the writer wants to show that
NASA actually can pay private firms, like Space X to design and develop space program.
(3) NASA opened up its space exploration program to commercial operators because NASA lacks funding to
keep its human spaceflight program moving on and operating. So, it is the shortfall that forces NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators.
(4) There are two steps that NASA is going to take after it begins working with smaller companies. The first
is to get cargo delivered to space; the next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft.
(5) Give your own comments.
2. Vocabulary
Section A
(1) fanciful(2) eminent(3) meticulous(4) aloft(5) mogul
(6) shortfall(7) quantify(8) relinquished(9) entrust(10) wholesale
Section B
(1) C(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) B(6) C(7) B(8) D(9) C(10) B
3. Cloze
(1) predicted (2) pass (3) doubt (4) catch (5) running
(6) high-lever (7) lag (8) convinced (9)assured (10) reasonably
(11)dismissed (12) acute (13) called (14) offer (15) creation
(16) feats (17) failed (18) lack (19) blame (20) boss
4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) By some estimates, 10 million Americans will be telecommuting in 5 years so that three quarters of a
billion gallons of petrol could be saved.
(2) Rogge also thanked the security forces that kept the Winter Olympic Games safe at the cost of about
$310 million, a bill that increased following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.
(3) Government has given our city a modern international airport capable of meeting our requirements far
into the next century.
(4) What makes parents worry is that some primary students keep indulging themselves in computer games
day and night and nothing can entice them from computers.
(5) It’s an interesting suggestion for space program, but we need a bit longer time to give pause to it since it
is so costly.
(6) At present, government particularly needs to work on vocational training in various forms, open up new
opportunities of employment and strive to assist as many laid-off workers as possible in finding new jobs.
(7) A recent survey found 55 percent of those polled considered true love paramount in a relationship, while
45 percent still believed in love at first sight.
(8) Graduates are under great pressure before leaving college because of job hunting, poverty, emotional
problems, school achievements and surroundings, etc.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
After the Soviet space program launched the world’s first human-made satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The . Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to . security and technological leadership (known as the “Sputnik crisis”), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced an agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was also created at this time.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
首要任务是把货物送到太空。美国航空航天局猎户星座航空舱仅是针对航天员设计的，所以把种子基金付给私人太空机构去实现把物品送到太空站。去年美国航空航天局就签订了两个合同，一个是以16亿美元的价格委托美国宇宙探索技术公司(SpaceX)为美国航空航天局12次发射运载火箭。另一个是以19亿美元的价格委托美国轨道科技公司（Orbital Sciences Corp.）为其完成八次太空飞行任务。为了履行这一合同，美国宇宙探索技术公司(SpaceX) 现正在组建猎鹰9号火箭助推器，以便运送无人驾驶的太空舱与太空站对接。太空员卸下货物后让其返回地球。美国轨道科技公司（Orbital Sciences Corp.）组建的类似的金牛座II火箭预计将在2011年投入使用。威廉说：“从美国航空航天局的角度来看，他们最终关心的不是你怎么收到了邮件，而是想办法把邮件送到。”
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
（1）太空项目的提案者早就有过这样的警告，逐渐增加的太空垃圾带最终会导致碰撞，就正如星期二所发生的，在西伯利亚上空500英里处，美国的一颗卫星与现已失效的俄罗斯卫星发生严重的撞击。
（2）人类有惊人的乱丢垃圾的能力，但普遍存在的共识是：浩瀚的太空不会因为人类的行为而受到巨大的伤害。
（3）我们的卫星在太空飞行的最高处离地球22 000英里，当你知道这是地球到月球距离的1/10
时，这一距离就听起来就不是很远的了。
（4）每次即便是我们把一个小小的卫星送入它运行的轨道，伴随这一运载过程的也不仅仅是卫星。
（5）一些政府机构的联盟，包括美国航空航天局、北美防空联合司令部，甚至美通讯委员会跟踪记录了星球上空的漂浮的所有垃圾，目前这些不断增加的垃圾让人无比地恐慌。
Text B
The New Space Race
(1) left / flied away from (2) hesitated (3) prevented or impaired
(4) brought back to use / revived (5) unfriendly / hostile
(6) made free from bacteria (7) space / vacancy (8)vulnerable / weak
(9) a kind of metal element (10) filled with / full of
True or false
(1) T(2) F(3) F(4) T(5) F(6) T(7) T(8) F
Unit 3
Text A
II. Language points
1. The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end.(Para. 1)The utilitarian principle is that happiness is worth obtaining and is the only thing worth obtaining as a purpose; all other things being so only as a way to obtain happiness.
2. What ought to be required of this doctrine, what conditions is it requisite that the doctrine should fulfill, to make good its claim to be believed (Para. 1)What requirements should this principle meet, what are the necessary conditions this principle should accomplish to make its claim good for people to believe requisite a. required by circumstances or necessary for success
. Have you the requisite visa to enter Canada
have/lack the requisite capital to start a business
3. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it. (Para. 2)Likewise, I think the only evidence we can possibly offer to prove anything to be desirable is that people do actually desire it.
apprehend v. grasp the meaning of (sb./sth.); understand
. Do I apprehend you aright, . Do you mean what I think you mean
sole a. one and only; single
. the sole cause of the accident
the sole survivor of the crash
4. If the end which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in theory and in practice, acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any person that it was so. (Para. 1)If the purpose which the utilitarian doctrine itself intends to fulfill were not accepted to be a purpose both in theory and in practice, then nothing could ever make anyone believe that it was so.
5. No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he
believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. (Para. 2)We can give no reason why the general happiness is desirable except that each person desires his own happiness as long as he believes that it can be achieved.
attainable a. that can be attained
. These objectives are certainly attainable.
6. This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good, that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons. (Para. 2)However, it is a fact that the general happiness is desirable, and we have not only all the evidence that the case agrees with, but all the evidence that it is likely to need, to prove that happiness is a benefit, that each person’s happiness is a benefit to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a benefit to all persons as a whole.
aggregate n. total amount; mass or amount brought together
. the complete aggregate of unemployment figures
7. Now it is palpable that they do desire things which, in common language, are decidedly distinguished from happiness. (Para. 3)Now it is obvious that people do desire things which, in everyday words, are definitely different from happiness.
palpable a. clear to the mind; obvious
. a palpable lie, error
distinguish v. recognize the difference between (people or things)
. People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blind.
The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.
8. They desire, for example, virtue, and the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure and the absence of pain. (Para. 3)For example, they want to have virtue and avoid vice as much as they want to have pleasure and avoid pain.
vice:n. evil or unprincipled conduct; wickedness
. Greed is a terrible vice.
9. The desire of virtue is not as universal, but it is as authentic a fact, as the desire of happiness. (Para.
3)Although the desire of virtue is not as common as the desire of happiness, it is as true a fact as the desire of happiness.
authentic:a. known to be true or genuine
. an authentic document, signature, painting
10. And hence the opponents of the utilitarian standard deem that they have a right to infer that there
are other ends of human action besides happiness, and that happiness is not the standard of approbation and disapprobation.(Para. 3)For this reason, those against the utilitarian standard consider that they have a right to conclude that there are other purposes of human action apart from happiness, and that happiness is not the criterion for judgment.
opponent n. person who is against another person in a fight, a struggle, a game or an argument
. a political opponent
Her opponent left the tennis court in tears.
deem v. consider; regard
. He deemed that it was his duty to help.
She was deemed to be the winner.
It is deemed advisable.
I deem it a great honour to be invited to address you.
infer v. reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sth.
. It is possible to infer two completely opposite conclusions from this set of facts.
Am I to infer from your remarks that you think I’m not telling the truth
approbation n. approval; consent
. awaiting the approbation of the court
11. But does the utilitarian doctrine deny that people desire virtue, or maintain that virtue is not a
thing to be desired The very reverse. (Para. 4)But does the utilitarian doctrine refuse to admit that people desire virtue, or assert that virtue is not worth desiring Just the opposite.
reverse n. thing that is the contrary or opposite to what is expected
. In hot weather, the reverse happens/applies.
Children’s shoes aren’t cheap — quite the reverse.
You were the very reverse of polite.
12. It maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself.
(Para. 4) It claims that virtue not only is worth desiring, but also should be desired for its own sake in a fair and unselfish way.
13. Whatever may be the opinion of utilitarian moralists as to the original conditions by which virtue
is made virtue, however they may believe (as they do) that actions and dispositions are only virtuous because they promote another end than virtue, yet this being granted, and it having been decided, from considerations of this description, what is virtuous, they not only place virtue at the very head of the things which are good as means to the ultimate end, but they also recognize as a psychological fact the possibility of its being, to the individual, a good in itself, without looking to any end beyond it;...(Para. 4)No matter what opinion the utilitarian moralists may have about the original conditions which make virtue virtue, no matter how they may believe (as they do) that deeds and characters are virtuous only because they promote a purpose other than virtue, after considering this description of what is virtuous, we may see that they not only put virtue in the first place among the things which are good as a way to the ultimate end, they also accept it as a psychological fact that it is possible for virtue to be a benefit to the individual without thinking about the ultimate end.
disposition:n. person’s natural qualities of mind and character
. a calm, irritable, cheerful, boastful, etc disposition
look to sth.make sure that sth. is safe or in good condition; be careful about sth.
. The country must look to its defenses.
You should look to your health.
14. …and hold, that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state conformable to Utility, not in the
state most conducive to the general happiness, unless it does love virtue in this manner—as a thing desirable in itself, even although, in the individual instance, it should not produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to produce, and on account of which it is held to be virtue.
(Para. 4)…and utilitarian moralists believe, that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state corresponding to Utility, not in the state most favorable to the general happiness, unless it does love virtue as a thing worth desiring for its own sake —even although, in some cases, it should not produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to produce, and because of which it is held to be virtue.
be conducive to sth.allowing or helping sth. to happen
. These noisy conditions aren’t really conducive to concentrated work.
on account of sth.because of sth.
. We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather.
15. This opinion is not, in the smallest degree, a departure from the Happiness principle. (Para. 4)This
opinion is not against the Happiness principle at all.
departure from sth.action different from (what is usual or expected)
. a departure from old customs, the standard procedure, etc.
16. The ingredients of happiness are very various, and each of them is desirable in itself, and not
merely when considered as swelling an aggregate. (Para. 4) Happiness is made up of many elements, each of which is desirable in itself and not just when considered as a whole.
ingredient n. any of the qualities of which sth. is made
. the ingredients of a/sb.’s character, of success, of happiness, etc.
swell:v. (cause sth. to) become greater in intensity, number, amount or volume
. The group of onlookers soon swelled into a crowd.
The murmur swelled into a roar.
Small extra costs all swell the total.
The river was swollen with flood water.
17. To illustrate this farther, we may remember that virtue is not the only thing, originally a means,
and which if it were not a means to anything else, would be and remain indifferent, but which by association with what it is a means to, comes to be desired for itself, and that too with the utmost intensity.(Para. 5) To illustrate this point more clearly, we may recall the following fact: virtue is a means at first which would be and remain unimportant if it were not a means to anything else; but by being associated with what it is a means to, virtue comes to be desired for its own sake with the greatest passion. What happens to virtue also happens to some other things.
illustrate:v. explain or make (sth.) clear by examples, diagrams, pictures, etc.
. To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.
utmost a. greatest; furthest; most extreme
. in the utmost danger
of the utmost importance
with the utmost care
pushed to the utmost limits of endurance
intensity n. state or quality of being intense
. work with greater intensity
18. There is nothing originally more desirable about money than about any heap of glittering pebbles.
(Para. 5) At first people’ s desire for money is just the same as that for any pile of shining stones.
glitter:v. shine brightly with little sharp flashes of light; sparkle
. stars glittering in the frosty sky
a necklace glittering with diamonds
19. Its worth is solely that of the things which it will buy; the desires for other things than itself, which
it is a means of gratifying. (Para. 5)The worth of money lies only in the things it will buy; people don’t desire money for its own sake, and money is just a way to satisfy people’s desire for other things.
gratify:v. give pleasure or satisfaction to (sb.)
. I was most gratified at/by/with the outcome of the meeting.
It gratified me to hear of your success.
I was gratified that they appreciated what I did for them.
20. It may, then, be said truly, that money is desired not for the sake of an end, but as part of the end.
From being a means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the ind ividual’s conception of happiness. (Para. 5) Therefore, we may say that money is desired not to fulfill a purpose, but as part of the purpose. From being a way to obtain happiness, money itself has become a main part of the individual’s idea of happiness.
principal:a. first in rank or importance; chief; main
. the principal members of the government
The Danube is one of the principal rivers of Europe.
The principal aim of the policy is to bring peace to the area.
The low salary is her principal reason for leaving the job.
21. The same may be said of the majority of the great objects of human life: power, for example, or
fame; except that to each of these there is a certain amount of immediate pleasure annexed, which has at least the semblance of being naturally inherent in them—a thing which cannot be said of money.(Para. 5) The same thing may happen to most of the great goals of human life: for example, power or fame; except that here is a certain amount of instant pleasure attached to power or fame, which at least looks like a natural part of them. We cannot find such immediate pleasure naturally inherent in money.
annex:v. add or join sth. to a larger thing
. A new wing has been annexed to the hospital.
inherent a. existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb./sth.
. an inherent distrust of foreigners
an inherent weakness in a design
the power inherent in the office of President
semblance of sth.appearance of being sth.; likeness to sth.
. put on a semblance of cheerfulness
bring the meeting to some semblance of order
22. Still, however, the strongest natural attraction, both of power and of fame, is the immense aid they
give to the attainment of our other wishes; and it is the strong association thus generated between them and all our objects of desire, which gives to the direct desire of them the intensity it often assumes, so as in some characters to surpass in strength all other desires. (Para. 5) Still, however, the strongest natural attraction of both power and of fame lies in the fact that they offer us great help to achieve our other wishes; thus a close relationship is built between them and all our objects of desire, which makes people desire them directly with passion, so that in some aspects people’s desire for them are stronger than all other desires.
immense:a. extremely large
. immense difficulties, problems, possibilities, etc
of immense importance
surpass v. do or be better than sb./sth.; exceed sb./sth.
. surpass sb. in speed, strength, skill
It will be hard to surpass this very high score.
The beauty of the scenery surpassed all my expectations.
23. Happiness is not an abstract idea, but a concrete whole; and these are some of its parts. (Para. 5)
abstract:a. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence
. We may talk of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract.
He has some abstract notion of wanting to change the world.
concrete a. existing in material form; that can be touched, felt, etc
. Physics deals with the forces acting on concrete objects.
24. And the utilitarian standard sanctions and approves their being so. (Para. 5)
sanction:v. give one’s permission for (sth.); authorize or approve
. I can’t sanction your methods.
Who sanctioned bombing the town
They won’t sanction our spending on this scale.
25. Virtue, according to the utilitarian conception, is a good of this description. There was no original
desire of it, or motive to it, save its conduciveness to pleasure, and especially to protection from pain. (Para. 6) Originally people didn’t have desire of or motive to virtue, except that virtue helps people get pleasure, and especially helps protect people from pain.
26. ...and with this difference between it and the love of money, of power, or of fame—that all of these
may, and often do, render the individual noxious to the other members of the society to which he belongs, whereas there is nothing which makes him so much a blessing to them as the cultivation of the disinterested love of virtue. (Para. 6) …virtue may be felt a good in itself and desired as a good with as great passion as any other good, which makes it different from the love of money, of power, or of fame — all of these may, and often do, cause the individual to be harmful to the other members of the society to which he belongs, whereas the cultivation of the unselfish love of virtue makes him a blessing to them.
render:v. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a certain condition
. rendered helpless by an accident
Your action has rendered our contract invalid.
noxious:a. harmful; poisonous
. noxious fumes, gases, ect
27. And consequently, the utilitarian standard, while it tolerates and approves those other acquired
desires, up to the point beyond which they would be more injurious to the general happiness than promotive of it, enjoins and requires the cultivation of the love of virtue up to the greatest strength possible, as being above all things important to the general happiness. (Para. 6)Therefore, although the utilitarian standard tolerates and approves those other acquired desires as long as they would promote rather than causing injury to the general happiness, it orders and requires the individual cultivate the love of virtue with the greatest efforts possible, making the love of virtue the most important to the general happiness.
injurious:a. causing or likely to cause injury; harmful
. Smoking is injurious to the health.
enjoin:v. impose(an action or prohibition) on sb.; order
. He enjoined obedience on his followers.
The leader enjoined that the rules should be obeyed.
28. If the opinion which I have now stated is psychologically true—if human nature is so constituted as
to desire nothing which is not either a part of happiness or a means of happiness, we can have no other proof, and we require no other, that these are the only things desirable. (Para. 8) If the opinion which I have now stated is psychologically true—if human nature is formed to desire either a part of happiness or a means of happiness and nothing else, then we can prove that these are the only things people desire.
constitute:v. make up or form (a whole); be the components of
. Twelve months constitute a year.
The committee is constituted of members of all three parties.
He is so constituted( ie His nature is such) that he can accept criticism without resentment.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) This text is a typical argument essay which should contain three parts: the introduction, the body, and the
conclusion. The structure of the text is as follows. Summarize the main idea of each part.
The introduction (Para. 1): The author gives a brief explanation of the argument.
The body (Para. 2-7): The author presents both sides of the argument with an assessment of each.
The conclusion (Para. 8): The author comes to the conclusion that happiness is the sole end of human action.
(2) The opponents of utilitarian standards don’t believe that happiness is the sole criterion for morality. They
deem that they have a right to infer that there are other ends of human action besides happiness, and that happiness is not the standard of approbation and disapprobation, because people do desire things which are decidedly distinguished from happiness and which are as authentic a fact as the desire of happiness.
(3) As to virtue, the utilitarian doctrine maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but also that it is to be
desired disinterestedly, for itself. Virtue, according to the utilitarian doctrine, is not naturally and originally part of the end, but it is capable of becoming so; and in those who love it disinterestedly it has become so, and is desired and cherished, not as a means to happiness, but as a part of their happiness. (4) In paragraph 5, John Stuart Mill says, “What was once desired as an instrument for the attainment of
happiness, has come to be desired for its own sake.” For example, there is nothing originally more desirable about money than about any heap of glittering pebbles. Its worth is solely that of the things which it will buy; the desires for other things than itself, which it is a means of gratifying. Yet the love of money is not only one of the strongest moving forces of human life, but money is, in many cases, desired in and for itself. From being a means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the individual’s conception of happiness.
(5) According to paragraph 6, to best make an individual a blessing to other members of the society, it
requires the cultivation of the disinterested love of virtue up to the greatest strength possible.
2. Vocabulary
Section A
(1) ingredient (2) apprehend (3) audible (4) swell (5) render
(6) infer (7) opponent (8) aggregate (9) exemption (10) disposition
Section B
(1) C(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) D(6) A(7) B(8) C(9) D(10) C
3. Cloze
(1) practices (2) action (3) irrational (4) opposes (5) for
(6) violate (7) far (8) intuitive (9) offer (10) accepting
(11) selfish (12) refuse (13) away (14) upon (15) peace
(16) alienated (17) harmony (18) diligently (19) obstacles (20) applies
4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Though utilitarian motivation can promote learning in certain circumstances, it cannot be enduring or
help students form a positive learning attitude.
(2) On account of the quickening pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life,
imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals.
(3) We should by no means undermine our worth by comparing ourselves with others or set our goals by
what other people deem important because only we know what is best for us.
(4) The fight against terrorism requires conclusive evidence and clear targets. All actions taken should be
conducive to the long-term interest of preserving regional and world peace.
(5) High-level sketching ability is a requisite skill for all designers—particularly those aspiring to a career in
the highly competitive automobile industry.
(6) The actor’s autobiography is sheer hype. Obviously, what he really cares about is public attention, even
though he claims he is indifferent to fame and fortune.
(7) Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of either to lower prices or to
let sales fall off.
(8) Nowadays, although the developed countries in the western world, such as the United States, have got the
maximum benefit from economic globalization and become the leading forces in this course, it does not mean that "capitalism" and “Americanization” embody the ultimate result of economic globalization.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
We all come to the world, but why do some of us make great achievements known forever and why are they remembered forever even though they leave the world And why do some leave the world without anything valuable to his generation and the people Every one of us will hope to have a valuable life. But what kind of life is valuable The answer to the question is that "The life value should be judged from his contribution rather than his possession." Einstein said. We know for certain that not all of us will be Einstein. However, a person of noble aspirations will do solid work. With continuous efforts, he will try to make his greatest contribution in his shortest time. He will try what he can to bring benefit to the people in his lifetime. We’d say it is impossible for one to live alone if he isolates society and people. If he hopes to have a meaningful life, he will bring benefit and make contribution to people.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
基于上述考虑，我们得出的结论是，除了幸福，事实上不存在其他任何被渴望的东西。无论何种事物被作为实现某种更高目的（最终为幸福）的手段而受到渴望，都是因为它本身被视为幸福的一部分而受到渴望，并且只有在它确实变成幸福的一部分后它本身才会被渴望。那些渴望美德本身的人，对美德的渴望要么是因为意识到拥有美德是一种快乐，要么是因为意识到缺乏美德是一种痛苦，或者是因为两者兼而有之。快乐和痛苦很少单独存在而几乎只是形影相随，一个人往往因获得了一定程度的美德而感到快乐，同时又因没有得到更多的美德而感到痛苦。如果获得一定的美德并不能给他带来快乐，而未获得更多的美德也没有使他感到痛苦，那么他就不会去热爱和渴望美德，或者对它的渴望仅仅是出于它可能会为自己或自己关心的人带来其他的益处。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
（1）公共健康专家和肥胖症研究者把这一趋势发生的原因，部分地归结为孩子们越来越不动弹的生活习惯。由于青少年在屏幕前待着不动的时间越来越长，每天燃烧的卡路里越来越少，未被消耗的能量更多地堆积为脂肪。于是，就造成了肥胖率的迅速上升。
（2）这份发表在上周的《肥胖症评论》杂志上的报告发现，在过去的二十年间，即使是在美国青少年体重增加了的情况下，他们的活动量事实上并没有发生显着的变化。
（3）简单地说，体重反映了两个变量之间的平衡：身体吸收的卡路里和燃烧的卡路。研究表明，对于一般的美国青少年而言，体重增加的罪魁祸首不是锻炼的减少，而是食品消耗的增加。
（4）自1991年以来，上体育课的青少年的百分比保持相对平稳；平均起来，上课学生比例的年变化率不超过1%。
（5）虽然那个结论可能很有吸引力，但王和其他的健康专家说，这些新的数据所要真正表明的却并不是那样的。这些发现更多告诉我们的，不是锻炼的作用，而是有关体重公式中的另一变量，即饮食的情况，以及饮食与锻炼的互动关系。
Text B
The Heart of Virtue
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) just like a current of cold air that we can prevent from coming into our room by shutting the door,
vice is not a great enemy by which we should be frightened
(2) prevent the devil from affecting us
(3) nothing but the improper profit
(4) expressing the feeling of shock and anger
(5) fake or false
(6) remedies or cures
(7) opponents, rivals, enemies, competitors, etc.
(8) Not being just politeness or social shows
(9) stand up to the difficulties resulting from love
(10) peculiar, unique, singular, special, etc.
True or false
(1) F(2) F(3) T(4) T(5) F(6) T(7) T(8) T
Unit 4
Text A
II. Language points
1. Our water supply is becoming increasingly contaminated — and not just by big factories dumping pollutants into the rivers. (Para. 1) Our water supply is becoming more and more polluted — and not just because big factories dump polluting substances into the rivers.
contaminate:v.to make impure, esp. by touching or mixing; pollute
e. g. They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these subversive ideas.
pollutant: n. substance that pollutes
e. g. Pollutants are constantly released into the atmosphere.
2. It is consumers, often unwittingly, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by sending potentially toxic chemicals down the drain. (Para. 1) It is consumers, often unconsciously, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by dumping chemicals down the drain which are possibly poisonous.
unwittingly:ad.without knowledge or intention; unconsciously
e. g. Walkers can unwittingly damage the fragile environment in which the birds live.
3. In the ., however, it was another twenty years before the scientific community began to take notice, largely in response to the efforts of one scientist, Christian Daughton. (Para. 2) In the ., however, it took the scientists another twenty years to begin to notice the dangers of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, mainly due to the efforts of one scientist, Christian Daughton.
4. In 1999, Daughton co-wrote, with Thomas A. Ternes of the Institute for Water Research and Water Technology in Germany, the first comprehensive article on pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the . water supply.(Para. 3) In 1999, Daughton, together with Thomas A. Ternes of the Institute for Water Research and Water Technology in Germany, wrote the first article introducing the overall situation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the . water supply. comprehensive:a. of broad scope or content; including all or much
e. g. An objective test can be quite comprehensive.
5. This landmark article discussed how “priority pollutants,” such as agrochemicals, were “only one piece of the larger puzzle” of human-made environmental risk factors.(Para. 4) This very important article discussed how most common pollutants, such as chemicals in agricultural production, were only one of the many human-made factors endangering the environment.
landmark: n. an event, a discovery, an invention, etc., that marks an important stage in sth.
e. g. The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.
6. One large class of chemicals receiving comparatively little attention comprises the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; quantities of many are on par with agrochemicals. (Para. 4) One large group of chemicals receiving relatively little attention includes the medicines and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; lots of them have the same harmful effects on the environment as agrochemicals.
comprise: v. to have sb./sth. as parts or members; to consist of sb./sth.
e. g. Exporting and importing comprise the most fundamental international business activity in most countries.
on (a) par with as good, bad, important, etc. as sb./sth. else
e. g. She is only an amateur pianist, but her playing is on a par with the best professional.
7. Escalating introduction to the marketplace of new pharmaceuticals is adding exponentially to the already large array of chemical classes, each with distinct modes of biochemical action, many of which are poorly understood. (Para. 4) More and more new pharmaceuticals have entered the market, which makes the already large number of chemical types increase drastically, and each type of chemical develops quite different patterns of biochemical effects, many of which are hardly explained even by scientists.
exponentially:ad.(becoming) faster and faster
e. g. With the development of the Internet, web information has increased exponentially.
an array of a group or collection of things or people
e. g. A large array of employees in the airline company went on strike for higher wages and shorter working hours.
8. The authors went on to write that exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products, especially for aquatic organisms, may be more chronic than exposure to pesticides and other industrial chemicals “because pharmaceuticals and personal care products are constantly infused into the environment wherever humans live or visit.”(Para. 5) The author went on to write that compared to contact with pesticides and other industrial chemicals, constant contact with pharmaceuticals
and personal care products, especially for organisms living in water, may cause long-lasting suffering and problems, “because pharmaceuticals and personal care products are continuously introduced into the environment wherever humans live or visit.”
chronic:a. (esp. of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure or get rid of
e. g. They think his mother’s illness is acute rather than chronic.
infuse into to make sb./sth. have a particular quality
e. g. Sadness is infused into all her novels.
9. Daughton and Ternes warned in 1999 that prolonged exposure “could lead to cumulative, insidious, adverse impacts” that may not appear until it is too late to intervene. (Para. 5) Daughton and Ternes warned in 1999 that constant and long-term contact with such substances “could lead to increasingly serious, harmful, and negative effects”that may not cause immediate trouble until it is too late to do something to stop them when they are finally noticed.
cumulative: a.having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is added
e. g. The cumulative effects of many illnesses made grandpa a weak man.
insidious:a. spreading gradually or without being noticed, but causing serious harm
e. g. People have not fully realized the insidious effects of polluted water supplies.
adverse:a.negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result
e. g. Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research programme.
10. Preliminary data have shown lipid-regulating compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor, are causing
fish to deposit fat into their eggs which might affect reproduction. (Para. 7) Preliminary data have shown lipid-controlling compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor, are causing fish to store fat in their eggs which might affect reproduction.
11. “Pharmaceuticals are designed for a very specific mode of action,” lead scientist Rebecca Klaper
stated. (Para. 8) “Pharmaceuticals are designed for a very particular effect,”the leading scientist Rebecca Klaper stated.
12. Experts predict the incidence of emerging contaminants will continue to rise.(Para. 9) Experts
predict that more and more new contaminants will continue to emerge.
13. New drug entities, many with mechanisms of action never before encountered by biological
systems, can be expected to enjoy continued introduction to commerce. (Para. 9) Newly developed medicines, many of which have functional effects that biological systems have never experienced, are likely to be introduced and sold in market.
entity:n. something that exists separately from other things and has its own identity
mechanism n. a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a particular function
14. Next, “the ones that resist our metabolism — that is they get excreted unchanged — will have a
measurable presence in waterways,” said Daughton.(Para. 10) Next are the drugs that will not be changed even by the chemical processes in the human body of changing food etc. into energy for growth.
Our waterways will contain a large amount of such substances.
15. “We probably have an idea of an unknown fraction of these chemicals that actually occur,” he said,
“The issue really is one of people being exposed to something they ordinarily never would... fetal exposure or pregnant mothers, for example.”(Para. 10) “Probably, what we know is that certain amounts of these chemicals have entered our water supply, but what makes the problem troublesome is that people are faced with dangers they have never experienced, for example, pregnant mothers and the fetuses they carry in their body are also exposed to some unusual and harmful substances.
fraction: n. a small part or amount of something
e. g. She hesitated for the merest fraction of a second.
fetal a.or foetal connected with a foetus
e. g. fetal heartbeats
16. Some pharmaceuticals enter the water stream when consumers flush them down the toilet — for
years a common practice in discarding unneeded or expired medication.(Para. 11) Some pharmaceuticals enter the water stream when consumers flush them down the toilet –for years a common way to throw away unneeded or invalid medicines because of long — time storage.
17. The federal guidelines stopped short of advising all drugs be disposed of in this manner. (Para. 12)
The federal guidelines nearly advised all drugs to be thrown away in this way.
18. “We are hopeful that the success of this pilot will pave the way for similar projects in the future.”
(Para. 13) “We are hopeful that the success of this attempt will make preparations for similar projects in the future.”
pave the way for to create a situation in which sb. will be able to do sth. or sth. can happen
e. g. This decision paved the way for changes in employment rights for women.
19. In May 2006, residents of the San Francisco Bay Area dropped 3634 pounds of medications during the
area’s inaugural “Safe Medicine Disposal Days” event.(Para. 13) In May 2006, residents of the San Francisco Bay Area discarded 3634 pounds of medicines on the first activities of “Safe Medicine Disposal Days”.
inaugural a. first, and marking the beginning of sth. important
e. g. The inaugural meeting of the geographical society was quiet a success.
20. While these take-back programs are commendable, they are not yet widely available. (Para. 14)
Although these take-back programs are worthy of praise, there are not so many and it is not easy for people to reach them.
commendable:a.deserving praise and approval
e. g. The organization has pursued a commendable policy on combating racism and religious
intolerance.
21. As the market for prescription drugs grows to include more and more children, plus aging baby
boomers, the number of prescriptions per capita will likely increase. (Para. 14) As the market for prescription drugs grows to include more and more children and those who have already grown up and are getting old since the baby boom after War World Ⅱ, the number of prescriptions per person will likely increase.
22. It also stated “continual introduction of these parabens into sewage treatment systems and directly
to recreat ional waters from the skin leads to the question of risk to aquatic organisms.” (Para. 15) It also stated “these parabens continually enter the systems dealing with waste water of people’s daily life, and the parabens from the skin come directly to recycling water systems, which together causes water organism to live in danger.
23. The Washington, Environmental Working Group reports “An average adult is exposed to over
100 unique chemicals in personal care products every day —these exposures add up.” (Para. 16) The Environmental Working Group, which is located in Washington, ., reports “An average adult is constantly in touch with over 100 unique chemicals in personal care products every day –if these exposures are put together.”
24. A few years ago, Christian Daughton posed the question, “Is the introduction of new chemicals to
commerce outrunning our ability to fully assess their significance in the environment or to human health”(Para. 17) A few years ago, Christian Daughton asked the question, “With so many new
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：
2017英语二真题解析 试题精析 [答案][C] warning 考点：上下文语义理解 解析：空格之后的宾语从句部分“technology is replacing human workers.”结合选项，应该选择warning。其他三项[A] boasting [B] denying [D] ensuring 均不符合此处的语境要求，故均排除。 [答案][A] inequality 考点：上下文语义理解 空格单词后面的句意看到了贫富对比，故作为上文对其进行概括关键应选择inequality。[答案][D] prediction 考点：时态判断 空格之后的内容“holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，”该定语从句是对空格词汇的修饰与说明，既然文中用到了will 这一个表示将来时态的助动词，故答案为prediction。 [答案][A] characterized 考点：后置定语+ 固定搭配 one 4 by purposelessness。其他三项均不符合，故排除。 5.[答案][B] meaning 考点：句间语义理解 Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed.空格所在句后
面的表述与空格前的内容属于并列关系，由逗号连接。答案选择meaning。[A] wisdom [C] glory [D] freedom 这些选项都表示褒义色彩和后面lazy、depressed 矛盾。 6.[答案][B] Indeed 考点：上下文逻辑关系 分析下四个选项可以看出并无体现因果关系故[A] Thus排除，另外instead，nevertheless 表示转折语意，但是上下文逻辑并无体现。故[A]Instead [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless均排除。 7.[答案][C] working 考点：上下文语义理解 One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans.根据上下文对比的语意对照应该选择working。前面提到unemployed 。此处在进行对比，故选择表示反义呼应的词working。 8.[答案][A] explanation 考点：句内语意理解+固定搭配 some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting 9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. [答案][D] among 考点：句内语义理解、介词辨析 很明显应该指前者的发生范围。浏览四个选项，among“在....中”表示范围，符合此处语义需要，故为答案。 [答案][C] worry about 考点：上下文语义理解+句内语义理解 Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. [答案][C] necessarily
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 2017年考研英语考试已经结束!出国留学考研网在考后第一时间 为大家提供2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯 请关注我们网站的更新! 2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 英语1文章明显偏学术，今年考察英语语言发展情况，文章选的英国文化教育协会，是雅思出题组织者。它的主席叫大卫格兰多的 一本书，叫《英语下一步》，他讲到整本书意思是英语将走向何处。 很有意思的是主席曾经这本书里说到了中文将以后成为世界语言。英语1考题作为序言部分作为考题。 今年英语1总体难度和去年相比，刚刚过去2016年考研题稳中 有一点点上升，没有任何难句出现，只是长句。我认为稳中上升。 第一句话有一个单词难一点，(英文)，英语全球性主导地位。翻译里没有考过。(英文)主导地位考过，但是是阅读里经常出现，翻 译都是可以的。这句话基本意思说到了，说英语的人进一步扩大， 这是一个(英文)状语从句。后面跟着有迹象表明，是主句，表明的 迹象是什么呢?从句，英语全球性主导地位在可预见地位将减弱。 fade(英文)略微有难度。我对考研阅读没有那么熟，但是2000 年出现过。如果按照新东方老师关注的精读方法来学习有很好的效果。 第二句话讲到了大卫这个人分析，会终结一些人的(英文)，他们或许会认为英语全球性地位是如此稳定。他们有一次词，是(英语) 如此稳定，英国年轻一代不需要额外学习其他的语言能力。但是会 终结年轻一代的能力。 但是组织的时候要注意一下，有些人认为英语语言地位如此稳定，英国年轻人没有必要学习什么，但是大卫的观点会终结这些人的想法。语序颠倒一下会更好。
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语（二） （科目代码：204） 考生注意事项 1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上 填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。 2. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答 题纸指定位置的边框区域内，写在其它地方无效。 3. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或钢笔书写，涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填 涂。 4. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, ___1___ to understand their negative harder, consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. ___2___ one and the others become distorted. Travel on a London bus and you’ll ___3___ see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to, ___4___ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are ___5___. How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists. Why? Because the target is ___6___. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. ___7___, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were ___8___ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they_ ___9___ hit cyclists. If the target was changed to ___10___ you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more ___11___ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time. There is another ___12___: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you ___13___ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a ___14___ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight. The ___15___ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple
2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版) 文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。 46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个 并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定 语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。 【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正 如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体 内的/是我们与生俱来的水平。 47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构， 很简单，第二个并列句中，like the sun behind a cloud是状语， but 连接两个并列分句，包括短语be hidden from 和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。 【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见，就像云朵背 后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它也能够在瞬间重焕光芒。 48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.
考研英语二翻译练习题 来源：文都教育 考研英语二中的翻译题为150词左右，难度总体来说并不大，但也需要同学们在平常勤加练习。下面小编给出一道翻译练习题，后附参考译文，供大家学习。 It was an adventurous, rewarding life but something was missing. “I remembered the plays I had written at school and that long buried ambition also to be a story teller. I began to write up my diaries of my desert excursions, attempting to publish a book on my camel expedition. That idea failed, but I had picked up a writing habit on weekends and public holidays and in 1997 I started my first novel, loosely based on my family heritage in China—which I finished in 2002.” In 2003 it was published by Hodder & Stoughton as …The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure?. While continuing to live in Beijing working for Jardines, he now spends several months of the year in Italy where he b ought a house for writing. Several more books followed. …The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure?, set in the Boxer Rebellion, became the first in a trilogy. 那是一种很有意义的冒险生活，但是总觉得缺少了点什么。“我记得自己在上学的时候写过戏剧，那个时候野心勃勃，励志要成为一个讲故事的人。我开始写我的沙漠旅行日记，试图出一本关于我的骆驼探险队的书，结果失败了。但我逐渐养成了在周末以及节假日进行写作的习惯。1997年，我开始写我的第一本小说，内容大致基于我们家族在中国的生活。这本小说于2002年完成。”2003年，该书由霍德&斯托顿出版公司出版，名为《天乐院》。 现在，威廉姆斯除了继续在北京为怡和集团工作之外，每年还会抽几个月到意大利一所他专门买来进行写作的房子里待几个月。于是便有了之后的几本书。以“义和团运动”为背景的《天乐院》，成为了三部曲中的第一部。
1 大学课堂：还有人在听吗？ 12.The lecture system ultimately harms professors as well. It reduces feedback to a minimum, so that the lecturer can neither judge how well students understand the material nor benefit from their questions or comments. Questions that require the speaker to clarify obscure points and comments that challenge sloppily constructed arguments are indispensable to scholarship. Without them, the liveliest mind can atrophy. Undergraduates may not be able to make telling contributions very often, but lecturing insulates a professor even from the beginner’s na?ve question that could have triggered a fruitful line of thought. 讲课制度最终也会危害到教授们。反馈减少到了最低点，因此讲课者既不能判断学生对材料的了解程度，也不能受益于学生的提问或评论。学生要求说话者澄清模糊论点所提出的问题，以及挑战结构松散的论据的评论，这对于学术是必不可少的。没有这些，最活跃的头脑也会萎缩。大学生也许还不能够常常做出显著的贡献，但是讲课把教授同新生天真的问题阻隔开了，而这些问题很可能会引起一系列思考。 14.Smaller classes in which students are required to involve themselves in discussion put an end to students’ passivity. Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as their instructor’s. their listening skills improve dramatically in the excitement of intellectual give-and-take with their instructors and yellow students. Such interchanges help professors do their job better because they allow them to discover who knows what—before final exams, not after. When exams are given in this type of course, they can require analysis and synthesis from the students, not empty memorization. Classes like this require energy, imagination, and commitment from professors, all of which can be exhausting. But they compel students to share responsibility for their own intellectual growth. 如果班级较小又要求学生参加讨论，这就会消除学生的被动性。学生被迫对他们自己和老师的思想表示怀疑时，他们就变得主动参与了。他们听的技巧在与老师和同学的学术交流所带来的刺激中大大得到提高。这种交替互动能够帮助教师做得更好，因为他们会发现谁知道什么---在期末考试前，而不是之后。这种形式的课程考试要求学生分析和综合，而不是空洞的记忆。这样的课程需要教授们的活力、想象力和投入，所有这些都会令人精疲力竭的。但是，这也使得学生为他们自己的学术成长分担责任。 2 家与旅行 第二段 13、Taken altogether, the things that mattered a great deal to me when I was a child are very few when I compare them to the overloaded tables and overcrowded shelves through which children today have to thread their way. Only if they are very fortunate will they be able to weave together into memories the ill-assorted mass of gadgets, toys, and easily forgotten objects, objects without a past or a future, and piles of snapshots that will be replaced by new, brightly colored snapshots next year. 现在的孩子书桌和书架上都堆满了东西。和他们比起来，童年时对我有意义的东西加在一起也没有几件。但是只有当他们非常幸运的时候，他们记忆中才有可能出现那些杂乱无章
第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝
研究生2英语选择题 1、According to Alvin Toffler,the present lifetime is quite different from all others because of the expansion of the scale and scope of change. 2、The retired pop star denied rumors that he was planning to stage a later this year. 3、At the meeting, the chairperson his rudeness and tried to pretend nothing had happened. 4、Frank had never expected those few items would 2000 dollars. 5、Yesterday Tom cut his finger, but he as unimportant and kept working . 6、My friend’s marriage did’t ; her fiancé broke off the engagement at the last minute. 7、Though my brother had been away for over 15 years, he could still different places in the city from the airplane. 8、Gloria loved her husband so much that she began to after he was
关于开展年国际商务硕士研究生全英语教案课程建设项目 申报工作的通知 （国际商学院） 在学校高水平大学建设的新形势下，为提高研究生培养质量，更好地服务于学院的学科建设、人才培养、科学研究等工作，学院拟建设一批全英语教案的硕士研究生课程，现将年研究生全英语教案课程建设项目申报相关事项通知如下。 、申报条件 （）申报课程应为国际商务硕士研究生培养方案中规定的非学位专业课，非学位专业课程的具体课程体系见附件； （）实行项目负责人制度。项目负责人及团队成员应具有讲师及以上职称，具有全英文教案能力，团队中必须有国外高校教师参与课程共建。 、立项程序 （）项目负责人填写《国际商学院国际商务硕士研究生全英语教案课程建设申报书》，送交学院组织评审。 （）学院对报送的申请材料进行形式审查，审查合格后，组织校内外有关专家进行评审，确定拟立项课程的名单。 （）评审结果面向全院公示天，确认无异议的，学院发文公布正式立项名单。 、建设内容 （）教案内容。教案内容要符合研究生课程体系和培养方案的要求，应体现课程特色，注重前沿性，及时反映和吸收本学科领域的最新研究成果。
（）教案方法。教案中应采用教师讲授与师生讨论相结合的形式，注重培养研究生语言交流应用能力。 （）教材建设。课程应积极引进和使用国外反映学科发展前沿的优秀原版教材，或本学科领域期刊的英文版论文。 （）优质教案资源建设。项目负责人应做好课程教案资源的开发与利用。 、课程考核 项目建设周期为年，项目到期后进行项目验收，项目负责人应提交《国际商学院硕士研究生全英语教案课程建设结项报告》和成果材料，由学院聘请专家进行项目验收。 、经费管理 （）本次拟资助项全英语教案课程，获得立项的课程原则上每个项目资助万元，项目经费采用一次批准总金额、分批投入的管理办法。 （）项目立项拨款经费的使用实行项目负责人制度。项目完成后，项目负责人须在结项报告中列出经费使用的详尽情况以备查。 、材料报送 项目负责人于年月日前将申报书一式份报送学院办公室室，同时将电子文档发送至。 联系人：郑老师，电话：。 附件：国际商务硕士研究生培养方案非学位课程清单 附件：国际商学院硕士研究生全英语教案课程申报书 国际商学院 年月日