当前位置:文档之家› 第1讲:名词

第1讲:名词

第1讲:名词

语法讲解

名词按其意义可分为专有名词(proper noun)和普通名词(common noun)。

普通名词又可分为类名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。

1. 专有名词:是个别人、地以及专门机构或团体的名称。

如:New York纽约 Clinton克林顿

2. 类名词:是一类人或物的个体的名称。

如:piano钢琴,doctor医生,ship舰船

3. 集体名词:是一些人或物的总称,作主语时可用复形谓语动词。

如:family家庭,army军队

4. 物质名词:是无法分为个体的实物。

如:sugar糖,tea茶,air空气

5. 抽象名词:是动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称。

如:work工作,honesty诚实,courage勇气

注:名词按其可数性分为可数名词(countable nouns)和不可数名词(uncountable nouns)。类名词皆可数,集体名词大都可数,专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词多不可数。

名词的复数形式

1. 规则变化:

1)一般加-s

如:map------maps地图 field------fields田地

2)以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的名词后加-es

如:class---classes班,box---boxes盒子 dish---dishes盘子, match---matches比赛

3)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变为-ves

如:leaf---leaves叶 thief---thieves贼(注:下列词例外:roofs屋顶,gulfs海湾, belief信仰,信条)4)以辅音字母 y 结尾,变y为i,再加-es

如:party---parties党 factory---factories工厂(注:元音字母 y 结尾直接加-s: boys男孩 rays光线)5)以辅音字母 o 结尾,一般加-es

如:potato---potatoes 马铃薯 hero---heroes 英雄(注:某些外来词以及以元音字母 o结尾的名词,直接加-s: pianos钢琴,photos照片,kilos公斤;radios收音机

2. 不规则变化

1)变内部元音。

如: foot---feet脚 man---men 男人 tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse---mice老鼠,与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;

2)词尾加 -en

如: child---children小孩 ox---oxen公牛

3)形式不变(即单复数一致)

如: deer----deer 鹿 fish---fish 鱼 sheep---sheep羊

people,police,cattle 等词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式,这就是集体名词。the English,the French,the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时,也作复数用。

注意:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾,仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国),the United Nations(联合国)等应视为单数。

复合名词的复数形式

由一个简单名词加一个或一个以上的词构成的名词叫复合名词(compound noun)。复合名词变复数时,有以下三种情况:

a. man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workers, women teachers。

b. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如:a ten-mile walk十里路,two-hundred trees 两百棵树。

1. 把最后一个构成部分变为复数形式,

如: housewife → housewives家庭主妇 film-goer → film-goers爱看电影的人 gentleman → gentlemen 先生 schoolroom → schoolrooms教室

2. 将主要成分变为复数形式,

如:looker-on →lookers-on旁观者sister-in-law →sisters-in-law嫂子;弟媳passer-by →passers-by过路人 bride-to-be → brides-to-be即将做新娘的人

3. 将两个组成部分皆变为复数,这种复合名词第一个名词必须是man或woman,如: man doctor → men doctors 男医生 woman teacher → women teachers女教师 man cook → men cooks男厨师 woman singer → women singers女歌手

名词所有格

1. 名词所有格的用法所有格 `s 或 s` 形式主要用于人或一些动物的名称,表示"所有"或修饰的关系。

如:John’s father 约翰的父亲, spiders` web 蜘蛛网

2. 名词所有格的构成

1)一般直接加" ` ",

如: this child’s book这个小孩的书, children’s books儿童书籍

2)加了-s 或-es 的复数名词后,只加" ` ",

如, girls` skirts 女孩子们的裙,the soldiers` horses 士兵们的马

3)以s结尾的单数名词或人名,可用以上两种写法的所有格,

如: the actress` son 或 the actress`s son 女演员的儿子 James`s works 或 James` works詹姆斯的作品

3. 事物的所有格事物的的所有格常用of 表示,

如, the shade of a tree树阴, the top/bottom/side/inside/outside of a box.箱的顶部/底部/里面/外面(注:一些复合名词不需of, 如:a table leg桌腿, the water supply水的供应,a tea cup 茶杯)

4. 部分无生命词用`s或s`表示所有格无生命的东西在下列情况可用`s或s`所有格:

1). 表示时间,如: today`s newspaper今天的报纸, two days` work 两天的工作

2). 表示度量衡及价值 a mile`s distance 一英里的距离,ten dollars` value 10美元的价值

3). 表示自然现象 the moon`s rays月光 the earth`s atmosphere地球的大气层

4). 表示国家城市等实体,如: the city`s parks 城市的公园, the country`s ta xsystem 国家

5. 双重所有格 of -`s 结构叫双重所有格(double genitive),如: a friend of my mother`s我父亲的一个朋友, a play of Shakespeare`s莎士比亚的戏剧.

6.凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。

7.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。

8.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)

9.复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or two's absence

名词的语法功能名词在句子中可以用作:

1. 主语

The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。

2. 宾语分为动宾和介宾两种:

I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。(boy 作动词saw的宾语) Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语)

3. 表语 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩子。

4. 宾语补足语 They called him a fool. 他们叫他傻瓜。

5. 定语 Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗?

6. 同位语 This is my friend John.

7. 主语补足语 He is considered a good officer. 他被认为是个好官员。

8. 名词的练习

1). 写出下列名词的复数:

tooth牙齿), goose(鹅), table(桌子), man driver(男司机),potato(土豆) piano(钢琴), sheep(羊), mouse (鼠) , loaf(面包), glass(玻璃杯)

2). 找出下列句子中的错误并改正:

1) This is a pair of trouser.这是一条裤子。

2) He gave me some advices. 他给了我一些忠告。

3) She went to the library with two ladies friends.她和两位女伴一起去图书馆。

4) The police is looking for him. 警察在找他。

参考答案:

1. teeth, geese, tables, men drivers, potatoes, pianos, sheep, mice ,loaves, glasses.

2. 1)trouser

不对。trousers 总是复数 2)advises 不对。advice 是一个不可数名词,不能加-s. 3) 应是lady friends. lady 和woman不同,它的复合名词变复数时,只变它后面的名词。 4) police 总是复数,因此要把 is 改为are.

名词选择题1

1.( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test.

A. makes a few mistake

B. made a few mistakes

C. made few mistakes

D. makes few mistake

( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?

A. potato

B. potatos

C. potatoes

D. potatoe

( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things.

A. Knife/used

B. Knives/used

C. Knife/using

D. Knives/using

( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has!

A. tooth

B. teeth

C. tooths

D. toothes

( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___.

A. leafs

B. leaves

C. leaf

D. leave

( ) 6 -Can we have some ___?

-Yes, please.

A. banana

B. oranges

C.apple

D. pear

( ) 7 On the table there are five____.

A. tomatos

B. piece of tomatoes

C. tomatoes

D. tomato

2( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books.

A. ideas

B. photos

C. information

D. stories

( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit.

A. some advices

B. some advice

C. an advice

D. a advice

( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad.

A. some news

B. a news

C. the news P. news

( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is!

A. /

B. the

C. an

D. a

3( ) 1 -Would you like___tea?

-No, thanks. I have drunk two____.

A. any, bottles of orange

B. some, bottles of orange

C. many, bottles of oranges

D. few, bottle of oranges

( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat.

A. two breads

B. two piece of bread

C. two pieces of bread

D. two pieces of breads

( ) 3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse.

A. sometimes

B. hour

C. long time

D. some time

( ) 4 I would like to have___.

A. two glasses of milk

B. two glass of milk I

C. two glasses of milks

D. two glass of milks

( ) 5 Can you give me ____?

A. a tea

B. some cup of tea

C. a cup tea

D. a cup of tea

( ) 6 Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of

( ) 7 John bought___for himself yesterday.

A. two pairs of shoes

B. two pair of shoe

C. two pair of shoes

D. two pairs shoes 4( ) 1 -How many ____ have you got on your farm?

-I've got five.

A. sheeps

B. sheep

C. pig

D. chicken

( ) 2 Some ___ came to our school for a visit that day.

A. Germans

B. Germen

C. Germany

D. Germanies

( ) 3 In the picture there are many____ and two.

A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxes

B. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs

( ) 4 A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow.

A. Hungarian

B. Australian

C. Japanese

D. American

5( ) 1 This table is made of___.

A. many glass

B. glasses

C. some glasses

D. glass

( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?

-I'd like____. !

A. chicken

B. a chicken

C. chickens

D. the chicken

( ) 3 Children should make____ for old people in a bus.

A. room

B. a room

C. rooms

D. the room

6( ) 1 Tables are made of___.

A. wood

B. some woods

C. wooden

D. woods

( ) 2 I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films.

A. people

B. peoples

C. the people

D. the peoples

( ) 3I have read____ of the young writer.

A. works

B. work

C. this works

D. the works

7( ) 1 Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___?

A. the People's Park

B. the Peoples' Park

C. the People Park

D. People's Park

( ) 2 ___ Chinese people are ___ hard working people.

A. /; a

B. We; the

C. The; the

D. The; a

( ) 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened?

A. policeman

B. polices

C. police

D. peoples

8( ) 1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller____.

A. set

B. one

C. piece

D. pair

( ) 2 Last week I bought a TV____.

A. pair .

B. set

C. piece

D. block

( ) 3 There is a of wood left on the ground.

A. cup

B. piece ,

C. box

D. pair

9( ) 1 There are sixty-seven___ in our school.

A. women's teacher

B. women teachers

C. woman teachers

D. women teacher

( ) 2 There are five___in our factory.

A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers

( ) 3 These ____ were sent to the villages to help the farmers.

A. women doctor

B. women doctors

C. woman doctors

D. woman doctor

10( ) 1 They write most of their___ in English.

A. business letter

B. business letters

C. businesses

D. businesses letters ( ) 2 We came to a ___ at last .and went in.

A. watch shop

B. watches shop ,'

C. watching shop

D. watchs shop

( ) 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a___.

A. food shop

B. book shop

C. fruit shop

D. vegetable shop

( ) 4 She broke a___while she was washing up.

A. glass of wine

B. glass for wine

C. glass wine

D. wine glass

( ) 5 I've forgotten both of the____.

A. room numbers .

B. rooms number

C. rooms numbers

D. room number

111. September 10th is____in China.

A. Teacher's Day

B. Teachers'Day

C. Teacher Day

D. Teachers Day

( ) 2 -Is the broom under ____ desk? -No, it's under____.

A. the teacher's; my

B. teacher's; mine

C. teacher's; me

D. the teacher's; mine ( ) 3 Excuse me, where is the___?

A. men's room

B. mens' room

C. men's rooms

D. men rooms

12( ) 1 The football under the bed is____.

A. Lily and Lucy

B. Lily's and Lucy's

C. Lily's and Lucy

D. Lily and Lucy's ( ) 2 This is my____dictionary.

A. sister Mary

B. sister's

C. sister, Mary's

D. sister's Mary's

( ) 3 He went to ___ shop to buy a shirt.

A. a tailor

B. the tailor

C. a tailors

D. the tailors'

( ) 4 Joan is____.

A. Mary's and Jack sister

B. Mary and Jack's sister

C. Mary and Jack sister

D. Mary's and Jack's sister

13( ) 1 In a few____ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.

A. year

B. years'

C. year's

D. years

( ) 2 It's about ___ walk from my house.

A. ten minute

B. ten minutes'

C. ten minute's

D. ten minutes

( ) 3 The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____.

A. thirty minutes's walk

B. thirty minute's walk

C. thirty minutes' walk

D. thirty minutes walk

( ) 4 Half___ telephone calls are made in English.

A. the world

B. world

C. the world's

D. world's

14( ) 1 ____ face to the south.

A. Windows of the room

B. The windows of the room

C. The room's windows

D. The windows in room

( ) 2 Please take two___.

A. picture of the park

B. pictures of the park

C. the pictures of a park

D. picture of a park

( ) 3 The workers are repairing____.

A. the roof of the house

B. a roof of the house

C. roof of the house

D. this roof of house

15( ) 1 Miss Smith is a friend of____.

A. Mary's mother's

B. Mary's mother

C. mother's of Mary

D. Mary mothers ( ) 2 This is a book of ___.

A. Tom

B. Tom's

C. her

D. him

( ) 3 The post card is sent by ____.

A. a friend of my father

B. a friend of my father's

C. my father friend

D. my father friend's

16( ) 1 Sydney is a city of___.

A. America

B. Germany

C. Australia

D. Japan

( ) 2 My father likes buying us ___.

A. cars

B. flowers

C. peasants

D. presents

( ) 3 In England, the last name is the ___.

A. full name

B. family name

C. middle name

D. given name

( ) 4 Mr Gao is a teacher. He works in a new____.

A. shop

B. school

C. factory

D. hospital

17( ) 1 My father is a____. He works in a hospital.

A. teacher

B. doctor

C. farmer

D. soldier

( ) 2 -Which animal lives only in China?

-The____.

A. tiger

B. monkey

C. panda

D. elephant

( ) 3 April come before___and after___.

A. March; May

B. May; March

C. June; May

D. March; February

( ) 4 Which of the following is right?

A. China has a large population.

B. China has much population.

C. China has many populations.

D. China has a great deal of population.

( ) 5 Please do like this. Fold the paper____ and cut along the fold.

A. into pieces

B. in half

C. on halves

D. to half

( ) 6 You played the violin wonderfully. Will you please play another____?

A. one

B. game

C. programme

D. piece

参考答案:

1. 1-7 C C B B B B C

2. 1-4 C B C A

3. 1-7 B C D A D D A

4. 1-4 B A A C

5. 1-3 D A A

6. 1-3 A A D

7. 1-3 A D C

8. 1-3 D B B

9. 1-3 B D B

10. 1-5 B A C D A

11. 1-3 B D A

12. 1-4 D C C B

13. 1-4 B B C C

14. 1-3 B B A

15. 1-3 A B B

16. 1-4 C D B B

17. 1-6 B C B A B D

名词选择题2

1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______. a.little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages

2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.

a. an ash

b. the ash

c. ash

d. ashes

3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.

a. many preparations

b. much preparation

c. preparations

d. preparation

4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.

a. oil

b. an oil

c. oils

d. the oil

5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.

a. much

b. lots of

c. a great deal of

d. many

6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.

a. of great expense

b. at a great expense

c. in a lot of expenses

d. by high expense

7.The room was small and contained far too ______.

a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures

b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures

8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.

a. rooms number

b. room number

c. room’s numbers

d. room numbers

https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a17635803.html,puters can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.

a great many…many c. much…a great deal

b. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many

10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.

a. how many information c. how many informations

b. the number of information d. how much information

11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.

a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm

b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm

12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.

a. women doctors c. woman doctors

b. women doctor d. woman doctor

13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.

a. growns-ups c. growns-up

b. grown-up d. grown-ups

14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.

a. stander-by c. standers-by

b. stander-bys d. standers-bys

15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.

a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war

b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war

16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.

a. new reel

b. news reel

c. new-reels

d. news reels

17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.

a. elder sister

b. elder sister’s

c. elder sisters

d. elder sisters dress

18.All the people at the conference are ______.

a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher

b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers

19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.

a. some property c. properties

b. some properties d. property

20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.

a. deal

b. deals

c. dealing

d. are

21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.

a. have

b. have been

c. is

d. are

22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.

a. father-in-law’s c. father’s-in-law

b. father-in-law d. father’s-in-law’s

23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.

a. many Jack friends c. many Jack’s friend

b. Jack’s many friends d. many friends of Jack’s

24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.

a.barber

b. barbers

c. barber’s

d. barbers’

25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.

a. Peter and Helen’s c. Peter and Helen

b. Peter and Helens d. Peter’s and Helen’s

26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun’s energy.

a. The earth’s surface c. The surface of earth

b. The surface earth d. The earth surface

27.Numerous materials are available to ______.

a. today of designers c. today’s of designers

b. today’s designers d. today designers

28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______?

a. my brother

b. my brothers

c. my brother’s

d. my brother’s friend

29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.

a. This John’s old friend c. That’s Jahn’s old friend

b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John’s

30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.

a.A bike’s weight c. The weight of a bike

b.The weights of a bike d. Bile’s weight

31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.

a. little

b. much

c. a large number of

d. a large amount of

32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.

a. only few seats

b. a very few seats

c. only a few seats

d. so a few seats

33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.

a. A little mail

b. A piece of mail

c. A mail

d. A small mail

34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.

a. a new equipment c. new equipments

b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments

35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.

a. little improvement c. many improvements

b. a little improvement d. few improvements

36.Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.

a. only a few

b. only few

c. only a little

d. only little

37.No country can afford to neglect ______.

a. an education

b. educations

c. education

d. the education

38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.

a. eighth chapter

b. chapter eight

c. eight chapter

d. chapter the eight

39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’and apes’.

a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs

b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent

40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.

a. business student

b. business’s students

c. business students

d. business’s student

41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.

a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call

b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call

42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.

a. public’s chief concern c. chief public concern

b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public’s

43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.

a. Chinese were

b. The Chinese was

c. Chinese was

d. The Chinese were

44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.

a. Looker-on

b. Lookers-on

c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons

45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.

a. were

b. have been

c. was

d. has been

46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.

a. is

b. are

c. be

d. been

47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.

a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow’s food

b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow’s food

48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.

a. very good education c. a very good education

b. very good educations d. many good educations

49.After several day’s hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.

a. much improvement c. many improvement

b. several improvements d. some improvement

50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.

a. shoes shop

b. shoe shop

c. shoes’s shop

d. shoe’s

51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.

a. large number

b. a large number

c. a high amount

d. the high amount

52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.

a. research

b. a research

c. researches

d. the researches

53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.

a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card

b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards

54.The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.

a. herd of cattle

b. heard of cattles

c. herds of cattle

d. herds of cattles

55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.

a. letter boxes

b. letters box

c. letters boxes

d. letters’s box

56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.

a. a little white hair c. a few white hair

b. some white hair d. much white hair

57.All his ______ far from satisfaction

a. conduct is

b. conduct are

c. conducts is

d. conducts will be

58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.

a. a few damages

b. few damages

c. little damage

d. a little damage

59.He was ______ what to do.

a. at his wit end

b. at his wits end

c. at his wit’s end

d. at his wits’s end

60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?

a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts

61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.

a. datum

b. datums

c. data

d. datas

62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.

a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you’s

b. of how-are-you’s d. of how are you

63.Albert said he met the girl ______

a. at his uncle’s Smith room c. at his uncle Smith’s room

b. at Smith’s his uncle’s room d. at the room of his uncle’s Smith’s

64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.

a. at Mrt Smith’s ,the book seller c. at my aunt’s, a book seller

b. at my aunt’s, Mrs Palmer’s d. at Mrs Palmer’s, the book seller’s

65.This room is ______.

a. the editor’s-in-chief’s office c. the editor-in-chief’s office

b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor’s-in-chief office

66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.

a. a teacher college c. a teacher’s college

b. a teachers’s college d. a college of a teacher’s

67.The policemen put the criminal ______.

a. in a iron

b. into a iron

c. in irons

d. into a pair of iron

68.Our teacher gave me ______.

a. an advice

b. the advice

c. many advice

d. much advice

69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.

a. a

b. two

c. a couple of

d. a pair of

70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.

a. a stone’s throw

b. a throw of a stone

c. stone’s throw

d. the stone’s throw 名词练习答案

1D15B29D43D57A

2D16B30B44B58C

3C17B31C45A59D

4C18C32C46B60B

5A 19C33B47D61C

6C 20B34C48B62B

7A 21C35A49C63B

8D 22A36C50B64D

9C 23D37C51C65B

10D24C38B52A66C

11C25A39B53D67C

12A26A40C54C68D

13D27C41D55A69D

14B28C42A56D70A

名词练习3

1. This is ___ reading-room.

A. the teacher’s

B. teachers

C. teacher’s

D. the teachers’

2. Nothing was found but ___ broken.

A. the room window

B. the room’s window

C. the room of the window

D. the window of room

3. How many___ would you like?

A. paper

B. bread

C. pieces of papers

D. pieces of bread

4. He was praised for his ___.

A. brave

B. bravery

C. bravely

D. great brave

5. Please get me a new ___ when you go to town.

A. clothes

B. dress

C. clothing

D. trousers

6. There are 34___ doctors in the hospital.

A. woman

B. women

C. woman’s

D. women’s

7. Some___ are even thinner than your little finger.

A. bamboo

B. bamboos

C. kinds of bamboo

D. kinds of bamboos

8. He was born in this town and now he lives in ___.

A. Building second

B. Building Two

C. the Building Two

D. Building the Second

9. Old as he is, he has ___to do every day.

A. a lot of work

B. much works

C. lots of homeworks

D. quite a lot of homeworks

10. Jack’s room is furnished with ___.

A. new furnitures

B. many new furnitures

C. many new pieces of furnitures

D. many new pieces of furniture

11. Have you read ___newspaper yet?

A. today’s

B. Today’s

C. the today’s

D. your today’s

12. It’s not far, only ___walk from here to our school.

A. a ten minutes

B. ten minutes

C. a ten m inutes’

D. ten minutes’

13. Last month, he wrote me ___letter.

A. a 1000-word

B. 1000 words

C. a 1000-words

D. 1000 words’

14. He had a ___sleep yesterday.

A. a good night

B. a good-night

C. a good night’s

D. good-night’s

15. ___is not a long way to drive.

A. Three miles distance

B. Three-mile distance

C. Three miles’ distance

D. A three-mile-distance

16. His isn’t fit for the work. Please get me ___.

A. something else

B. somebody else

C. someone else’s

D. somebody’s else

17. Do you know how large ___ is?

A. population of China

B. Chinese population

C. China population

D. China’s population

18. ___ is too much for the boy to carry.

A. The box weight

B. The box’s weight

C. The weight of the box

D. The box of the weight

19. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest ___ shop?

A. shoes

B. shoe

C. shoes’

D. shoe’s

20. What ___ weather we’re having these days!

A. nice

B. a nice

C. a bad

D. worse

21. They say that the meeting will be ___.

A. of very important

B. great importance

C. of great importance

D. great important

22. I’m going to call at ___ this evening.

A. Mr Black

B. the Blacks

C. Mr Black’s

D. Blacks’

23. What Darwin said was an attack on people’s religious ___.

A. belief

B. beliefs

C. beliefs

D. believs

24. There are some ___waiting for you outside.

A. German

B. American

C. grown-up

D. Japanese

25. Their factory has developed a kind of ___ to help people walk.

A. machine

B. machines

C. a machine

D. the machine

26. There’re many ___ in my brother’s album.

A. leafs

B. toys

C. books

D. stamps

27. Yesterday I went to the super market and bought a lot of ___.

A. tomatoes

B. potatos

C. vegetable

D. meats

28. Upon hearing what I said, his ___ rose.

A. anger

B. angry

C. angrily

D. angriness

29. Excuse me, can you change this ___ for me?

A. five-pound note

B. five pounds note

C. five-pound notes

D. five pounds notes

高一英语第一讲讲义

Lesson 1 人教版必修2 Unit 3 (1) 课文讲解 WHO AM I? 【1】Over time I have been changed quite a lot. I began as a calculating machine in France in 1642. Although I was young I could simplify difficult sums. I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years before I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage. After I was programmed by an operator who used cards with holes, I could "think" logically and produce an answer quicker than any person. At that time it was considered a technological revolution and the start of my "artificial intelligence". In 1936 my real father, Alan Turing, wrote a book about how I could be made to work as a "universal machine" to solve any difficult mathematical problem. From then on, I grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower. By the 1940s I had grown as large as a room, and I wondered if I would grow any larger. However, this reality also worried my designers. As time went by, I was made smaller. First as a PC (personal computer) and then as a laptop, I have been used in offices and homes since the 1970s. 【2】These changes only became possible as my memory improved. First it was stored in tubes, then on transistors and later on very small chips. As a result I totally changed my shape. As I have grown older I have also grown smaller. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! And my memory became so large that even I couldn't believe it! But I was always so lonely standing there by myself, until in the early 1960s they gave me a family connected by a network. I was able to share my knowledge with others through the World Wide Web. 【3】Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me. I have become very important in communication, finance and trade. I have also been put into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations. I have even been put into space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars. Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high

名词性从句讲解与辨析

英语语法:名词性从句语法讲解 时间:2016-10-08作者:来源:精品学习网 笔者在此就名词性从句中的几大易错点进行分析,希望对同学们有所帮助。 [关系代词和关系副词的误用] 例1 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. 解析 that→where。本题考查宾语从句,引导词在从句中充当地点状语,所以将that改为where。 例2 (2015·全国卷Ⅱ) As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days. 解析 how。根据语境和空后的形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句,此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故答案为how。 点拨若从句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语,则考虑用关系代词;若从句缺少时间、地点、原因、方式等状语成分,则使用关系副词 (when/where/why/how)。 [if和whether的误用] 例3 He asked her the question if they can be friends. 解析 if→whether。question后为同位语从句,只能用whether来引导,故而将if改为whether。 例4 It doesn’t matter so much you will come or not. 解析考查主语从句。句意:你来还是不来,这不怎么重要。代词it作形式主语,真正的主语是whether引导的主语从句。 点拨在表达“是否”这一意思时,我们经常会用到whether和if,但以下几种情况只用whether不用if: 1. 在表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句中; 2. 在介词后的宾语从句中。如:It all depends on whether they will

[第1讲]第一次语法:名词的性数格

第一次语法:名词的性数格(详细讲解 ()4. The bus station is about five ___ from his home. 名词的单复数变化,名词的性别以及名 A. hundred meter B. hundreds of meter 词的所有格用法) C. hundred meters D. hundreds of meters ()5. Our math teacher has daughter. ()1. Mr. Black is __. But he likes to drive a __ car. A. a 8-year-old B. an 8-years-old A. English; Chinese B. an English; China C . an 8-year -old D . an 8-year -olds C. an England; China’s D. English; Japan ()6. It will take us _______ walk to get there. ()2. Lily and Lucy are from . A . one hour and a half B . one and a half hour A. English B. Chinese C. England D. French C. one and half hours D. one and a half hour’s ()3.--Can you buy some eggs for dinner , mum? ()7. There are many _____ in our school. --Oh, no. There are _______ on the table. A. woman teachers B. man teachers A . a box of egg B . two boxes of eggs C. women teachers D. men’s teachers C. two boxes of egg D. a boxes of eggs A. eyes B. ears C. nose D. face ()8. In the picture you can see a ___ and many __. ()13. What _______ it is today! A . cat , sheeps B . cat , sheep A . a nice weather B . nice weather C. sheep, cat D. cats, sheeps C. nice a weather D. good a climate ()9. Those stole a few yesterday . ()14. I want ------ and two apples for lunch . A. thiefs, fishes B. thieves, fish A. a piece of bread B. two piece of breads C. thiefs, fishes D. thief, fish C. two piece of bread D. a pieces of of bread bread ()10. The room is too small, there’s no enough ______for another chair. ()15. Jack won the boys’ ______ race in our school sports meeting A. rooms B. room C. place D. spaces yesterday . ()11. How many ____ are there in these _____? A. 1500-metre B.1500-metres A. tomatoes, photo B. tomatoes, photos C.1500-metre’s D. 3000 meters C. potato, photos D. potatoes, photo ()12. The little boy has two _______. A. geese B. tooth C. dog D. cat 1

1、讲解 名词和数词用法

教学标题名词、数词用法 教学目标复习名词、数词用法 教学重难点The usages of important knowledge points 上次作业检查 (名词)1、不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)谓语动词:单数 Drink/milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge/Food/rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式many+可数名词复数much/a little+不可数名词some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。如 a cup of (一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......)a piece of (一张......),a pair of shoes (一双鞋)如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸) 规则变化 1)一般情况下加-s如book--books(书)desk--desks(书桌) 2)以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es 如box--boxes(盒子)bus--buses(公共汽车) 注意①以th 结尾加-s, month--months ②stomach--stomachs 3)以辅音字母(a/e/i/o/u除外)+结尾,变y为i再加- es。如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家) 注意以元音+y,直接加s。如:day--days(天),boy--boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或fe 为v再加-es如knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半)(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)注意①有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以o结尾 (1)辅音字母(a/e/i/o/u)加o结尾名词的加-es如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆) (2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园) photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠) 注意zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或zeroes(零) 不规则变化 1) 元音字母发变化。如man--men(男人) ,woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿) ,foot--feet(脚) mouse--mice(老鼠) ,policeman--policemen(警察) policewoman--policewomen(女警察) 2) 词尾发生变化。如child--children(小孩) ,ox--oxen(公牛) 3) 单、复数形式相同。如fish--fish(鱼) ,sheep--sheep(绵羊) ,deer--deer(鹿) ,Chinese--Chinese(中国人) ,yuan--Yuan(元) ,jinn--jinn(斤) 注意不说an English,要说an Englishman. ①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 4) 形似单数,实为复数意义。如people(人,人们)these people (不说a people,可说a person) police(公安,警察)ten police(不说a police,可说a policeman) 四、名词的所有格 1.名词所有格的构成法 1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加's。 2)表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人名字后加,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加。 如Jim and Mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间Jim's and Mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加"'"即可。如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室)

山东省2020届新高考英语总复习第一讲名词和冠词教案

名词和冠词第一讲 语法项目(一) 名词 [考纲解读·定方向] 语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格,以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。解答有关名词的题目时,一定要注意名词前的修饰成分,如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等,来判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词;有的还要结合语境分析句子成分,来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。 如何确定填单复数、所有格还是派生为名词 [思考趋向] 1.填名词的单复数 若提示词是名词,分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变,此时应考虑填名词的单复数。 2.填名词的所有格 提示词为名词时,如果作定语表示“……的”,则一般考查名词的所有格。 3.派生为名词 [典例感悟] [典例1](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 解析:invitations invitation“邀请”是可数名词,其前有several修饰,应用复数形式。[典例2](2019·湖南师大附中模拟)This could be ________ (Mary) motto——the expression that best captures her spirit. 解析:Mary's 此题考查名词的所有格,根据语境应该表示“玛丽的格言”。 [典例3](2017·浙江卷11月)Of course you have to work at it.You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life,and that's also true for building your vocabulary—you have to keep at it daily,and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary. 解析:months 考查名词的数。根据空前的a few及month为可数名词可知,此处表示“几个月的锻炼”,故用month的复数形式。 ________(educate).her with on carry to determined is 4](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She 典例[解析:education 根据空格前的修饰语定答案。前面由形容词性物主代词her(她的)修饰,故用educate的名词形式,education是不可数名词。 名词单数变复数的技法

第02讲 名词(解析版)

第二讲名词

2013年-------2019年高考试卷考查名词情况 考点一名词 1.(2019·全国I卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing. belief 2.(2018·全国I卷)...reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all____(cause). causes 3.(2017江苏,34)The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative________________(explain) are hard to find. 【答案】explanations 【解析】句意:恐龙灭绝未必是由天体事故造成的,但是很难找到其他的解释。设空处在此处作句子的主

语,要用名词形式。根据谓语动词are可知此处要用名词的复数形式。 4.(2016浙江,4)It is important to pay your_________________ (electric)bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit. 【答案】electricity 【解析】句意:按时交电费很重要,因为晚交电费可能会影响你的信誉。本题考查名词作定语。名词作定语时,常用其单数形式,故答案为electricity。 5.(2016江苏,24)——Can you tell us your recipe for_________________(happy) and a long life? --- Living every day to the full , definitely . 【答案】happiness 【解析】句意:——你能告诉我们你幸福、长寿的诀窍吗?——切地说,就是充实地度过每一天。介词后需用名词形式,happiness作“幸福”讲为不可数名词,故答案为happiness。 6.(2016天津,2)The dictionary is out of_________________ : many words have been added to the language since it was published. 【答案】date 【解析】句意:这本词典过时了:自从它出版以来,这种语言已经添加了许多单词。out of date过时。 7.(2015安徽,30)There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some_________________ ( think ) and then let me know . 【答案】thought 【解析】句意:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案,思考一下然后让我知道。本题考查名词。some修饰名词,故填thought。 8.(2015湖北,21)When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his _________________ (balanced) and had a bad fall. 【答案】balance 【解析】句意:这个男孩在追他哥哥的时候失去了平衡,重重地摔了一跤。lose one's balance失去平衡,符合语境。 9.(2015湖北,22)He gave himself a new name to hide his_________________ (identify) when he went to carry out the secret task. 【答案】identity

2019版二轮复习高三英语讲义:第三板块 NO.2 再研考点 第一层级 第一讲 名词和冠词

第一层级|抓牢“词法”——保基本分 第一讲名词和冠词 在高考中,语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单 复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。在 语法填空和短文改错中,解答有关名词的题目时,一要 根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。 (一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空) It was late at night. Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.______ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them,”she thought in 5.________ (silent). After two 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.________ (money) or some 9.________ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience).答案:1.Germans 2.dollars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes' 7.Frenchmen8.money9.jewels/jewelry10.experience (二)快捷技法

第一讲名词

第一讲名词 (一)概念和分类: 1.专有名词:如:China, the Great Wall 2.普通名词:(分四种): (1)个体名词:pen, doctor (2)集体名词:family, class (3)物质名词:water, paper (4)抽象名词:work, time (二)名词的数: 构成复数名词的规则如下: 1、pen----pens, coat----coats 2、class----classes, box----boxes 3、factory----factories 4、days 5、tomato----tomatoes, piano---pianos 6、knife----knives, wolf---wolves 注:man----men, child----children, sheep----sheep. 例题1 paper是可数名词吗?一张纸怎么说? 例题2 radio的复数形式是radioes吗? 例题3 汉译英:(1)两个美国人(2)三个英国人 (3)许多中国人 例题4 I’ll tell you a good news这名话对吗? 例题5 “玛丽的头发”和“教室的窗户”,这两个词组怎么译? 例题 6 “今天的报纸”和“五分钟的步行”怎样用英语表示? 练习I.在下列名词中哪些是不可数名词? foot, sheep, family, tea, wife, rice, zoo, piece, man, boot, fox, bread, enemy, horse, work, tomato, day, homework, ink, piano, valley, mountain, watch, thief, tooth, milk, air, cow, bus, meat, monkey, gas, rubbish, key, photo, blood, meeting, music, month, fish II. 写出下列名词的复数形式: 1.jeep, cock, coat, hand, group 2.valley, monkey, library, baby, country 3.potato, tomato, hero, radio, photo 4.leaf, life, thief, knife, shelf 5.bus, glass, brush, pencil-box, watch 6.foot, tooth, boot, child, policeman 7.sheep, handkerchief, German, Japanese, Frenchman III. 将下列句子变为复数形式: 1.This is a wolf. 2.It’s an interesting story. 3.Is there a piano in the room? 4.That sheep is fat. 5.What a nice child he is! 6.What color is that coat? 7.There is a fox under a tree. 8.Whose bookshelf is this? 9.Is that a sheep or a goat? 10. It’s a beautiful city, isn’t it? IV.翻译下列词组: 1.汤姆的父母亲 2. 学生们的书桌 3. 昨天的报纸 4. 我叔叔的屋子 5. 一张世界地图 6.中国的首都

名词性从句超详细讲解]

名词性从句超详细讲解] 【文字|双语| 教程】▼引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词(5个):that (本身无意义。引导单一的宾语从句时that常可省略,但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略)whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)as if ,as though ([1] 均表示“好像”,“似乎”)以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词(10个):what/ whatever, who/ whoever, whom/ whomever, whose/whosever, which/ whichever连接副词(7个):when/ whenever, where/ wherever, how/ however, why不可省略的连词:1. 介词后的连词。2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.3. 在从句中做成分的连词.比较whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,只可用whether:1. whether引导主语从句并在句首。 eg:Whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic.2. 引导表语从句。eg:The question is whether we can get in touch with her.3.whether从句作介词宾语。eg:I am thinking about whether I should quit my present job.4.if与whether都可以与or not 连用,但后面紧跟or not 时只能用whether。We didn't know whether or not she was ready.(此时只能用

高中名词性从句讲解

名词性从句 名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样。 一.主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:

It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film. It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) it is +不及物动词+从句

It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… (4) it +过去分词+从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)

小学名词专题讲义(教师经典整理版)

名词专题讲义s 一.名词的分类 专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student,book 名普可数名词 词通集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school, group, people 名 词不可数名词物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea 抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如:work,happiness,news 名词集个抽物质,可数6变3特殊; 主谓一致看名词,集形复表要具体; 名格's/of来代表,共有各有要分清。 二.名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下: 1)绝大多数在词尾加s。如:book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces. 注意:German→ Germans属于绝大多数在词尾加s. 2)以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。 如:watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 注意:以o结尾加es的常用名词: Negro, hero, volcano,potato,tomato 记忆口诀:黑人英雄爱在火山上吃土豆西红柿 下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo 3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es。 例如:baby,babies;family,families; 4)以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式。 常用名词有self, life, thief, wife, knfe, loaf, leaf, shelf, wolf, half 记忆口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在 架子上,把狼劈成两半, 注意:下列以f结尾的名词,是在f后加s构成复数:roof,chief,belief,gulf;

高中名词性从句讲解及练习

名词性从句 主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词,因此这四种从句统称为名词性从句。这四种从句与主句间不用逗号。 一.名词性从句连接词的选用可分为三类: 1.that在名词性从句中只起连接作用,不充当成分,也没有实际意义。 That he will come is certain. I think that he’ll be all right in a few days. The fact is that I have never been there. The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of us. 2.whether/if 在名词性从句中有“是否”之意,但不充当成分。附Whether/if 区分:在宾语从句中可互换,但介词和discuss后的宾语从句用whether; 其它名词性从句用whether;可以说whether to do 但不能说if to do ;可 说whether / if……or not, whether or not ,不能说if or not. Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much. I wonder whether/ if it is true. The question is whether it is worth doing. They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. I don’t know whether or not they will come.(不能用if or not) I don’t’ know if / whether they will come or not. 另外别忘了if可引导条件状语从句。试比较: Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go.

第1讲 名词与主谓一致

第1讲名词与主谓一致(要点透析) 名词 一、名词的数 在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点: 1. 注意以下名词数的概念 ①以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如: physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States ②总称名词:表示一类事物的总称,不能加s,如: machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence ③单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如: fish 鱼肉—fishes 各种鱼 paper 纸—papers 试卷 water 水—waters 水域 room 空间—rooms 房间 time 时间—times 时代 arm 手臂—arms 武器 ④形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如: people, police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the +分词 2. 集体名词的数 family,team,audience,class,club,committee,crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff等 集体名词注意其主谓一致,一般来说,视为整体时作单数看待,侧重其成员时则作复数看待。The enemy has suffered heavy losses. The enemy are in flight. 3. 单复数同形的名词 a.某些动物名称 fish, deer, sheep b.某国人的名词 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss

科学名词及解释—第一讲 定义与内容

第一讲:城市生态学的定义与研究内容 城市生态学(urban ecology): 定义1:城市生态学是研究城市人类与城市环境之间关系的科学。 定义2:城市生态学是应用生态学的基本原理研究城市生态系统的结构、功能和过程,并以此协调城市人类与环境之间的关系的科学。 基本内涵: (1)城市生态学的研究对象是包括人类在内的城市生态系统,研究城市人类活动与城市环境之间的相互关系; (2)城市生态学是生态学的一个分支; 同时也是人类学和城市科学的重要组成部分; (3)城市生态学不能离开生态学的基本概念和基本原理的约束。 城市生态系统(urban ecosystem): 定义1:城市生态系统是城市空间范围内的居民与自然环境系统和人工建造的社会环境系统相互作用而形成的统一体,属人工生态系统。 定义2:城市生态系统是城市人类与周围生物和非生物环境相互作用而形成的一类具有一定功能的网络结构,也是人类在改造和适应自然环境的基础上建立起来的特殊的人工生态系统。 不同于自然生态系统,它注重的是城市人类和城市环境的相互关系。它是由自然系统、经济系统和社会系统所组成的复合系统。城市中的自然系统包括城市居民赖以生存的基本物质环境,如阳光、空气、淡水、土地、动物、植物、微生物等;经济系统包括生产、分配、流通和消费的各个环节;社会系统涉及城市居民社会、经济及文化活动的各个方面,主要表现为人与人之间、个人与集体之间以及集体与集体之间的各种关系。这三大系统之间通过高度密集的物质流、能量流和信息流相互联系,其中人类的管理和决策起着决定性的调控作用。 刘易斯· 芒福德(Lewis Mumford,1895—1990): 美国著名城市规划理论家、历史学家,他强调城市规划的主导思想应重视各种人文因素,是人文主义技术哲学的开山鼻祖,他的学术思想,无论在促进城市规划的发展上,还是在提高城市规划师的品德修养上,都具有非常重要的价值。他的主要作品有《枝条与石头》(1924)、《科技与文明》(1934)、《生存的价值》(1946)、《城市发展史:起源、演变与前景》(1961)、《城市发展史:起源、演变与前景》(1961)。 生态系统服务(ecosystem services): 定义:指人类生存与发展所需要的资源归根结底都来源于自然生态系统。自然生态系统不仅可以为我们的生存直接提供各种原料或产品(食品、水、氧气、木材、纤维等),而且在大尺度上具有调节气候、净化污染、涵养水源、保持水土、防风固沙、减轻灾害、保护生物多样性等功能,进而为人类的生存与发展提供良好的生态环境。对人类生存与生活质量有贡献的所有生态系统产品和服务统称为生态系统服务。 生态系统服务包括供给服务(如提供食物和水)、调节服务(如控制洪水和疾病)、文化服务(如精神、娱乐和文化收益)以及支持服务(如维持地球生命生存环境的养分循环)。柏拉图(Plato): 古希腊伟大的哲学家,也是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一,他和老师苏格拉底,学生亚里士多德并称为古希腊三大哲学家。另有其创造或发展的概念包括:柏拉图思想、柏拉图主义、柏拉图式爱情、经济学图表等。《理想国》为其思想的

相关主题
相关文档 最新文档