违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例
合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle
（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity
(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；
(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
For example,
1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.
Max: What I am going to meet your kid
Earl: Well, one of them.
Max:“One of them” How many do you have
Earl: So far
Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.
Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.
(From Bankruptcy Sisters)
Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.
2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father
Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.
(From Bankruptcy
Sisters)
Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.
3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我
柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊你又没做错事。如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）
Analyze: In this conversation, had obeyed the maxim of quantity, the content of her answer was over the question requests. However, the extra message of her answer shows the
true requirements of , also makes the audiences realize ’s personality.
4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked the conductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park”
“5 pence,” said the conductor.
The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now”“10 pence,” said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”
Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time, the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money.
Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding, the conductor obeyed the maxim of quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advisedly.
5. Liz: Jon, there’s something important I need to ask you. Something that I wouldn’t ask most guys who come in here.
Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.
Liz: You do
Jon: I do. Liz, I’ve wanted to ask you the same thing for a very long time.
Liz: Are you sure that we’re talking about the same thing
Jon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I’ve never been more sure of anything in my entire life.
Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am ready for...
Liz: Thank you.
Jon: A dog! A dog! I’m ready for a dog.
(from movie GarfieldⅠ)
Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she had something to ask Jon but didn’t clear the details of it. And Jon was impatient to listen till the end, and then said he knew the content of that “something”. Until Liz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstood. Apparently, Jon didn’t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.
(二）质原则（Maxim of Quantity):
(1)不要说自知虚假的话。Do not say what you believe to be false
(2)不要说证据不足的话。Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
For examples:
1.The following is an AD:
Feeding Your Body and Starving Your Hair Aussie Hair insurance is a leave- in, multi-vitam in and mineral conditioning hair supplement that can nourish your hair from within.
... ...
If your hair is dry, frizzy or unmanageable..., maybe it’s just hungry!
Analyze: The slogan “Starving”of the AD usually used to describing human`s aspiration of food. However, this AD used the word to describe hair was obeyed the maxim of quality, giving the obvious fake information to people to attract them, by this, this violation becomes meaningful.
2. The following is an AD:
Sophisticated,
Sweet-to-drink Pink Lady
Analyze: This AD slogan created a metaphor by obeying the maxim of quality. “Pink Lady” is a brand of deluxe wine, the word “Sophisticated”means superior. But “Sophisticated”generally uses to embellishing a person but other things, so it breaks the maxim of quality indeed. On the other hand, “Pink Lady”also means beautiful lady, so that the using of “Sophisticated”was reasonable; and yet the “Sweet-to-drink” would violate the maxim of quality. Due to
these twofold violations, this AD shows a very different sense: if we compare the wine to beautiful lady, that would be fairy and elegant. The AD mixed them up, thereby appealing readers to dreaming about this wine brand. Though it violates the maxim of quality, it wins the attention of costumers.
3. The following is a slogan in a shoes shop:
A room for 5 toes
Analyze: The slogan is a great parallelism. Rooms are the space for people doing activities, and shoes are the space for toes to stay, that is the similarity of these two. By this similarity, readers can easily understand the meaning of the slogan; moreover, rooms give people the impression about comfortable and safe, so the shoes do. Thus, readers associate from the rooms to the shoes——both are shelters, then deep into their similarity——both giving protection. With the desire of be protected, people will be willing to buy the shoes. If changes the “room”to “box”or “pot”, readers can understand the meaning too, but it cannot create a emotional association to be a successful metaphor, which only break the maxim of quality but not to be a good AD.
4. 韦小宝：各位观众，谢谢各位凑得这么近、站得这么直听我说书，真是太给面子啦。今天要说的人物就是天地会的总舵主陈近南，所谓平生不见陈近南，便称英雄也枉然。他身高八尺，腰围也是八尺。
众人：哇！那岂不是四方了吗
韦小宝：四方就四方，一样米养百样人，八角形的都有。我告诉你！他武功的名堂呢，称之为“九天十地菩萨摇头怕怕霹雳金光雷电掌”！一掌打出，方圆百里之内，不论人畜、虾蟹、跳蚤，全部化成了飞灰啊！（出自电影《鹿鼎记》）
Analyze: According the maxim of quality, Wei should answer the question honestly based the truth but his own imagination. With this hyperbole expression, Wei attracted people’s attention resourcefully, although he violated the maxim of quality.
5. During the height of a particularly severe air-raid in London in 1940, the staff of a large building was taking shelter in the basement. The raid had been on progress for several hours and bombs were still falling. Suddenly one of the typists said to her friend, “come on, Gladys, I’m not stopping here any longer. It’s 5 o’clock. It`s time to go home, raid or not
raid.”
Out they went but within a couple of minutes they were back again.
“Change your mind” asked one of the other typists.“Yes,” said the first girl. “We’ve no umbrella and it’s pouring with rain outside.”
Analyze: These two girls in this story could not stand the endless air-raid and stayed at the basement any longer, and one of them decided to go home, no matter the air-raid end or not. Maybe we will think that girl is a brave one, however, she backed, said because of she had no umbrella and outside were rain pouring that could not leave. The ending of this story is really ironical, the girl is so brave that can ignore the death, but stopping by the rain; the huge contrast of that girl’s images has produced a clownish reaction. The reason the story can produce a clownish reaction is it ignoring the dangerous conception but emphasizing the negligible things (raining), which violates the maxim of quality.
(三）关系原则（Maxim of Relation）：要有关联，要切合题。
Be relevant, and connecting to the theme.
For examples:
1. Scene: Max was serving the customer
Max: Hi, ready to order
Customer: Do you have anything that’s real special
Max: Not according my high school guidance counselor.
(From Bankruptcy Sisters)
Analyze: Max is asking if the customer ready to order food, and the customer wants to know if the restaurant has any special dish. What’s for fun, Max misinterprets the meaning purposely to violate the maxim of relation, and helps the audiences realize the funny point.
2. Two rather deaf old gentlemen were traveling on the underground. As the train drew into Wembley Station, one of them shouted,
“Is this Wembley”
“No,” shouted the other, “it’s Thursday!”
“What did you say”
“Thursday————Thursday!”
“Yes, so am I, shall we get off here and have a drink”Analyze: From the above conversation we know that those two old gentlemen are both deaf, so they cannot hear each other clearly. One of them asked if there was the Wembley Station, another heard as if today was Wednesday，because the pronunciation of “Wembley”are close to “Wednesday”. Then the one who answered “Thursday”had repeated his answer over and over again, made the first one of them thought that man was thirsty, so he suggested to get off to have a drink. In this joke, both of them are replying irrelevant information and violating the maxim of relation, with this result to make readers laugh.
3. Jamal Malik: “Come run with me.”
Latika: “Run Where Life of what”
(From movie Slumdog Millionaire)
Analyze: For Jamal’s ask, Latika should be only answer “Yes, I’ll run with you.”or “No, I won’t run with you.”Instead of these two appropriate answers, Latika replied irrelevantly that violating the maxim of relation.
4. Luca: You’re on the wrong side of the street, fat cat. Beat it!
Garfield: And you, Luca, the wrong side of the evolutionary curve.
(from movie Garfield Ⅰ)
Analyze: The conversation between Garfield and dog Luca, the greedy cat——Garfield wanted to steal the cake from Luca’s home. When Luca warned Garfield should n’t come across the street (on the wrong side of the street), and Garfield replied him that he was on the wrong side of evolutionary curve. Garfield did not tell the reason why he came the other side of the street but say Luca is the failure of evolutionary curve, which satirize Luca is ugly. The jape comes from the violation of the maxim of relation.
5. Jon: What am I gonna do with you
Garfield: Love me. Feed me. Never leave me.
Jon: Come on. Let’s go for a ride to some place you love...
(from movie GarfieldⅠ) Analyze: This talk happened after Garfield had ate four boxes
of spaghetti which should be Jon’s. In order to punish Garfield, Jon asked how should he treat Garfield as the cat had ate his spaghetti; what’s unexpected, Garfield didn’t say sorry to Jon but something irrelevant about his greedy act. As the reply of Garfield violates the maxim of relation has amused the audiences .
（四）方式原则（Maxim of Manner）：要清楚明白。The conversation should be clear and reasonable.
（1）避免晦涩。Avoiding obscurity .
（2）避免歧义。Avoiding ambiguity.
（3）简明扼要，井井有条。Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity), and be orderly.
For examples:
1. Jenny: Are you stupid or something
Forrest: Mamma says that stupid is as stupid does.
(from Forrest Gump)
Analyze: According the maxim of manner,, the content of the
answer should be clear and precise, but Forrest’s reply is ambiguous and vague, so he breaks the maxim of manner.
2. Max: What No way. No way. Is this Narnia I’m about to say something I swore I’d never say. “Again It’s lame, but nothing else really nails it. This is the room that born for.
Caroline: Max, it’s just my closet.
(from Bankruptcy Sisters)
Analyze: Max compares Caroline’s closet as Narnia, to express her surprise that her never saw such luxury room and closet before, just like being in the Heaven, and says “on, my god”repeatedly as “Though it violates the maxim of manner, it does make the audience laughing.
3.Garfield: This is exactly what I deserve anyway. I promise if I survive, I’ll never compete with a dog again. Okay! You got me! But before I say goodbye...Oh, isn’t it the final irony
(from movie Garfield Ⅰ)
Analyze: This scene happened at the dogs exhibition, Garfield was chased by a group of dogs. “...I promise if I survive, I’ll never compete with a dog again...” this sentence has used equivoque to make a misinterpretation. On the one hand, it can be understood as Garfield should not come to the dogs exhibition to compete with dogs; On the other hand, it can be read as Garfield should not compete with dog Odie. This sentence didn’t clear its meaning, violate the maxim of manner which requires avoiding ambiguity.
4. Dog；Hey, Boomer, I really gotta run.
Garfield: Gotta fly, everybody. Really, please, stay behind the security fences. So great of you to come out to see me...but I’ve got somebody waiting for me, very devoted, almost crippled. No, please, don’t cry. I know what it’s like to be unloved. Well, you do. I’ll try to come back and visit, and if I don’t, I’ll try to write. Bye-bye.
Dog: Does anybody know this guy
(from movie Garfield Ⅰ)
Analyze: This is a talk between Garfield and the animals in pets’ clinic. In general, as Garfield had said these words,
meant he should had knew those dogs and cats. However, one of the dogs asked if anybody knew Garfield, that revealed no one knew Garfield, and this indicates Garfield wants to show off the delightful life about he and Jon. This conversation obeys the maxim of manner which requires be orderly, makes the audience feeling grotesquerie.
合作原则的违反与幽默效果的产生 摘要】Grice的合作原则是人们在日常交往中遵守的普遍原则，然而巧妙的违反 合作原则却能达到良好的幽默效果。优酷土豆自制的“网络神剧”《万万没想到》 一经播出便成为现象级作品，这部总播放量却突破10亿大关的网络迷你剧，甚 至还引起了国际媒体的特别关注。本文试从违背合作原则角度，探讨幽默效果的 产生，并赏析该剧的幽默效果，为语言学习者和爱好者理解幽默提供一个视角。【关键词】合作原则的违反；幽默；《万万没想到》 一、合作原则的违反 “会话合作原则”（cooperative principle）提出者保罗.格莱斯在其著作《逻辑 与会话》中说：“说话应该按照其发生的场合在所需的范围内进行，并带着特定的目的或对话的交流方向。”（Grice,1975）即在参与交谈时,要使你说的话符合你所 参与的交谈的公认目的或方向, 同时删除不适合的谈话目的或方向的话语。格赖 斯把合作原则划分为“数量”、“质量”、“关系”、“方式”四个范畴，即，会话中各方根据话题内容，提供充分且不超出所需的信息；努力使话语有依据、真实；努力 使话语和话题内容相关；努力使话语清楚明了、简炼、井井有条，避免晦涩、歧义。 合作原则是使会话正常地、顺利地进行下去的首要前提，但这并不是说人们 在交际中总是恪守着这些原则。恰好相反，人们总是有意无意地违反这些原则。 无以违反上述准则（如歧义），就会引起误解，甚至产生“笑话”；如果是为了取 得某种特殊的效果而有意违反这些原则，则是地道的幽默。（刘福长，1987：32） 二、从违背合作原则角度赏析《万万没想到》的幽默效果 2.1 数量原则的违背 违背数量原则，是指通过提供不足或者过多的信息量来达到幽默的效果。 《万万没想到》第三季第一集中小郡主撞见皇上追求夏雨荷的场景，发现自 己处处不如夏雨荷后，悲壮的二胡背景音乐和浮夸的演技下，小郡主的内心独白 如下：皇上到时肯定会把她带回宫，我就会失宠，受到冷落，生不出孩子，打落 冷宫，孤独终老。 在这一段对话中，刁蛮任性的小郡主心知皇上爱上夏雨荷是不妙的，然而这 一连串的夸张设想，超出了正常的设想范围。这种有意提供过多的信息，在观众 和听者看来都是十分搞笑的行为。 2.2 质量原则的违背 违背质量原则，是指通过缺乏依据，甚至完全不真实的话语来实现幽默的会话。 在《万万没想到》的开篇，演员王大锤都以自我介绍开场。比如：我叫王大锤，我是一只猫；我叫王大锤，我是一面镜子；在《万万没想到》第三季第五集中，演员王大锤扮演一只猫，正在看一本书，他自言自语道：“这本‘水许’真好看！” 剧中很显然是一个演员以人的形象在扮演一只猫或者一面镜子，但是独白却 设计成我是一只猫或者我是一面镜子。众所周知，中国四大名著之一叫作“水浒传”，剧中确说成“水许”等，此类现象比比皆是。这样做的目的是通过违反质量原则，用这些不真实的话语，来达到幽默的效果。 2.3 关系原则的违背 违背关系原则，是指所说的话与话题无关，来达到滑稽可笑的效果。比如说，
违反合作原则幽默的产生 幽默是英文humor的译音,是一种艺术手法,辞海把幽默解释为“以轻松、戏谑但又含有深刻的笑为其主要审美特征,表现为意识对审美对象所采取的内庄、外谐的态度。通常是运用滑稽、双关、反语、谐音、夸张等表现手段,把缺点和优点、缺陷和完善、荒唐和合理、愚笨和机敏等两面极对立的属性不动声色地集为一体。在这种对立的统一中,见出深刻的意义或自嘲的智慧风貌”。它的产生一方面取决于语言本身的内在规律(如谐音);另一方面还取决于语言在语境中的使用情况。尤其是幽默对话很大程度上依赖语境产生。语用学的任务就是把特定的话语置于特定的语境中,来探索在不同交际环境下如何运用语言的规律。 “合作原则”是由美国著名语言哲学家格赖斯于1967年在哈佛大学的演讲中提出的。格赖斯认为，在人们交际过程中，对话双方似乎在有意无意地遵循着某一原则，以求有效地配合从而完成交际任务。因此，格赖斯(H.P.Grice)提出了会话中的“合作原则”(Cooperative Principle 简称CP)。格莱斯在《Logicand Conversation》(1975)一文中认为人们在谈话中遵守的合作原则包括四个范畴，每个范畴又包括一条准则和一些次准则，即 A.量的准则(Quantity Maxim)。 a)所说的话应该满足交际所需的信息量; b)所说的话不应超出交际所需的信息量; B.质的准则(Quality Maxim)。 a)不要说自知是虚假的话; b)不要说缺乏足够证据的话; C.关联准则(Relevant Maxim)。说话要有关联。 D.方式准则(Manner Maxim)。说话要清楚、明了。 a)避免晦涩; b)避免歧义; c)简炼; d)井井有条。 然而，人们在实际言语交际中，并非总是遵守“合作原则”，出于需要，人们会故意违反合作
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 惠特曼的人文主义思想对美国现代诗歌创作和中国诗歌创作的影响——以《自我之歌》为例 2 中法身势语的文化差异研究 3 从传统消费观念看中美文化差异 4 中英文称谓语的比较与翻译 5 怪,或不怪－－《小镇畸人》中的主要人物解读 6 从文化负载词褒贬意义看中西文化差异 7 中英文化中寒暄语的比较 8 探究餐具的起源、内涵及发展趋势 9 浅析小学汉英双语教学 10 诗歌《飞鸟集》的意象评析 11 分析商务谈判中的模糊语 12 西丽自我身份的寻求——《紫色》的女性主义解读 13 Psychological Analysis of Mabel and Fergusson in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter 14 残酷的现实与审美愉悦——论《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的崇高美 15 弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫《海浪》的叙事技巧分析 16 从社会心理学的角度分析《夜色温柔》中主人公迪克的堕落 17 原版英语电影在大学英语教学中的使用研究 18 The Death Image of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry 19 从社会习俗角度分析中西方文化差异 20 The Religious Thoughts in The Pilgrim’s Progress 21 从女性主义视角分析《纯真年代》中两位女主人公的不同爱情观 22 商务英语信函中的语用礼貌失误 23 浅析《喜福会》中的母女冲突与融合 24 解析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的性格特征及其成因 25 英汉委婉语跨文化对比研究 26 中西方酒店文化比较与探讨 27 文化差异对跨国公司在华本土化战略的影响 28 从电影《饮食男女》看中西方饮食文化差异(开题报告+论文+文献综述) 29 从《纯真年代》中的女性角色看伊迪斯华顿的女性意识 30 A Comparative Study on Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai 31 《愤怒的葡萄》的生态主义分析 32 从词汇学角度分析英国英语和美国英语的差异 33 功能对等理论视域下的商标名称汉译 34 性格决定命运－－－－浅谈《老人与海》桑提亚哥性格特点 35 《喜福会》体现的中美家庭观念冲突解析 36 《杀死一只知更鸟》中主人公的成长危机 37 透过《傲慢与偏见》论简奥斯丁的婚姻观 38 环保宣传语翻译中的文化介入 39 浅析《看不见的人》中的第一人称叙述策略 40 罗伯特?弗罗斯特与陶渊明田园诗歌对比研究 41 Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism on The Picture of Dorian Gray
违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例 合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。 合作原则 Cooperative Principle （一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity (1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange； (2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. For example, 1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in. Max: What I am going to meet your kid Earl: Well, one of them. Max:“One of them” How many do you have Earl: So far
Max: Oh, Earl, I love you. Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of. (From Bankruptcy Sisters) Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere. 2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk. (From Bankruptcy
趣谈合作原则的违背 提要:语言学家格莱斯认为，在日常交流中，人们为了保证谈话的顺利进行而遵循一定的准则。这就是会话原则。与一般日常会话不同,笑话刻意地违反合作原则,引导出会话含意,并且利用会话含意之间的冲突来达到其预定功能。这种语用学的分析角度和本文所提供的中英语篇将有助于笑话的欣赏和创作。Abstract:Grice considered that people always obey a certain principle in order to make the conversation smoothly. The principle is called Conversational Principle. Different from normal conversation, jokes disobey cooperative principle and they will give people conversational implicature. Jokes receive humor by using the difference between conversational implicature. To analyze examples in this thesis pragmatically is useful for us to enjoy and create jokes. 关键词:笑话;合作原则;会话含意 Key words: jokes; cooperative principle; conversational implicature 1 引言 美国语言学家格莱斯（Grice）于1967年在哈佛大学讲座上提出会话合作原则。他认为，“言语交际双方都有相互合作、求得交际成功的愿望；为此，人们须遵守一些诸如真实、充分、关联、清楚等原则和准则”，他称之为合作原则（Cooperative Principle, 以下简称CP）。他在《逻辑与会话》(1975) 一文中指出,我们进行交谈之所以不会成为一连串互不连贯的话,是因为在交谈过程中,谈话人都遵循同一套规则,相互配合,相互理解。这一谈话人共同信守的原则就被称为“合作原则”。CP 包括四项准则,每项准则又包括一些次准则: A. 量的准则(Maxim of Quantity):所说的话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息；所说的话不应包含超出需要的信息。 B. 质的准则(Maxim of Quality):不要说自知是虚假的话；不要说缺乏足够证据的话。 C. 关系准则(Maxim of Relation):要有关联。 D. 方式准则(Maxim of Manner):讲话要简练、井井有条，避免歧义、晦涩。
合作原则的违反和礼貌原则的遵守 【摘要】语用学中的一个重要理论—合作原则是由美国著名哲学家，语言学家格赖斯提出的，他认为交谈双方遵循这一原则，并在会话中向对方提供相关、真实、清晰、准确的信息。事实上，人们在自然谈话状态下常常违反合作原则及其准则，基于这一现象，礼貌这一概念得到了关注和发展。不同于莱考夫、布朗和莱文森，利奇提出了与合作原则形式相仿的礼貌原则，并认为礼貌原则可以“援救”合作原则。本文将以实例介绍人们对于合作原则的违反以及对礼貌原则的遵守，同时进一步阐明礼貌原则如何“援救”合作原则。 【关键词】合作原则；礼貌原则；准则 [Abstract] The Cooperative principle，originated by the famous American philosopher and linguist H. Paul. Grice，is an influential theory in pragmatics. Conversational participants are supposed to observe this principle，provide sufficient information and speak sincerely，relevantly and clearly when talking to each other. However，it is worth noticing that speakers sometimes do violate the CP and its sub-principles in their natural talks. Based on this，another important concept—politeness is focused and developed. Differing from Lakoff，Brown and Levinson，the British Linguist G. Leech proposed the Politeness Principle analogous to the CP and he suggested that the PP could “rescue” the CP.This essay attempts to introduce the violation of the CP and the observance of the PP. And it is also devoted to set examples to illustrate how the PP rescues the CP from serious troubles. [Key words] the Cooperative Principles；the Politeness Principles；maxim 合作与礼貌是语用学中的两个重要概念。在美国语言哲学家格赖斯的著作中，合作已经被提升到独立原则的地位。他认为在会话中，双方必须首先愿意合作，否则就不可能继续对话，这个原则被格赖斯定义为合作原则（Cooperative Principle，简称CP）。合作原则连同四个准则被认为存在于我们的脑海，并在有意无意的指导着我们的自然交谈。我们试图清楚明了的谈论真实的、相关的和有信息量的事物，听者也会以同样的方式理解听到的话。但有趣的是，人们不会总是那样谈话。对话双方有时的确会违反合作原则和它的四个准则。虽然在他的文章中缺乏进一步的阐释，格赖斯仍旧简短的提示说，除了合作原则下的四个准则，“当然，还有其他准则（美学的，社会学的，或性格上的），比如‘讲礼貌’，这些也通常为交谈双方所遵守。”（格赖斯，1975）。在格赖斯理论的基础上，语言学家提出了礼貌的理论作为必要的补充和进一步的发展。莱考夫、利奇、布朗和莱文森都提出礼貌是，除了合作原则的规则之外，另一个交流的层次。礼貌原则（Politeness Principal，简称PP），是利奇（Geoffrey Leech）基于格赖斯的合作原则而提出的。作为礼貌理论的代表，它向我们阐释：讲礼貌的需求可以合理解释我们故意违反合作原则和四个准则的原因，或者我们选择暗示而不是直陈观点的理由。
人 文 论 坛 169 INTELLIGENCE 违反合作原则而产生的幽默 西南大学外国语学院 常芮彬 摘 要：格莱斯曾提出了著名的合作原则，这个原则描写了人们在交往之中如何让双方更好的理解彼此，如何在对话中到达一致。但事实上，人们有时违反了合作原则，却从而产生了许多隐含意义，其中就包括幽默。本文介绍了格莱斯的合作原则及其准则，试图分析由于违背合作原则中量准则和质准则而产生的幽默。从而更好的理解幽默，欣赏生活中的幽默艺术。 关键词：幽默 合作原则 违反 一、引言 格莱斯在二十世纪后期提出了合作原则，包括量准则、质准则、关系准则和方式准则。在格莱斯之后，有的语言学家把合作原则进一步发展，例如Dan Sperber 和Deirdre Wilson 提出的关联理论。许多学者基于这些理论的出现、发展，开始研究违背这些原则的现象。他们发现，在实际交往中，人们并不是一直都遵守合作原则，如此，许多潜在意义得以产生，包括幽默感。幽默是一种语言艺术，是日常生活的必需品。它能巧妙的协调人与人直接地关系，美化生活。很多人抱怨自己缺乏幽默感，缺乏和他人交流的技巧。实际上，幽默无处不在，因为它来源于生活，发展于生活。在语言这个领域里，幽默只在一些特定的环境中产生。合作原则是用来确保交流有序地进行下去，当人们违背合作原则时，幽默感也相应而生。本文从语用学角度出发，试图分析由于违背合作原则中量准则和质准则而产生的幽默。 二、合作原则 1967年，格莱斯在哈佛大学首次提出了合作原则。格莱斯（1975）认为，在人们交际过程中，对话双方似乎在有意无意地遵循着某一原则，以求有效地配合从而完成交际任务。合作原则试图解释说话者是如何传达字面以外的意义，而听话者是如何听到弦外之音。格莱斯认为人们在谈话中遵守的合作原则包括四个范畴，每个范畴又包括一条准则和一些 次准则，即：A).量的准则；a)所说的话应该满足交际所需的信息量；b)所说的话不应超出交际所 需的信息量；B.质的准则a)不要说自知是虚假的话；b)不要说缺乏 足够证据的话；C)关系准则:说 话要有关联；D)方式准则：说话要清楚、明了；a)避免晦涩；b)避免歧义；c)简炼；d)井井有条。 三、合作原则的违反和幽默然而，人们在实际言语交际中，并非总是遵守合作原则，出于需要，人们会故意违反合作原则。格赖斯把这种通过表面上故意违反合作原则而产生的言外之意称为“特殊会话含义”。“特殊会话含义”解释了听话人是如何透过说话人话语的表面含义而理解其言外之意的，由此来表达另外一种意思，幽默也就时常在这时产生。 1、量原则的违反 根据合作原则，说话者应该给与足够的信息，但是不能超过所需信息。但实际上，人们会提供多于或少于所需信息量的信息，这种行为可能会阻碍交流，但正是这些理解中的困难创造出了幽默感。出于方便和省力的缘故，说话者提供的信息往往不足，违反了量的原则。但是听话者仍然可以猜想说话者遵守着合作原则，试图找出弦外之音。下面是由于信息量不足而引起的笑话。 Mallon sat in his attorney's office. “Do you want the bad news first or the terrible news?” The lawyer asked. “Give me the bad news first.” “Your wife found a picture worth a half-million dollars.” “T h a t 's t h e b a d n e w s ?” A s k e d M a l l o n incredulously, “I cannot wait to hear the terrible news.” “The terrible news is that it's of you and your secretary.” 对话中，律师首先只告诉马伦坏消息是他的妻子找到一张价值5000美元的照片。马伦十分吃惊，不觉得这是一个坏消息，所以他认为律师说的另外一个坏消息肯定说不定也是一个好消息。直到律师告诉他另一个消息时，他才发现那真正的是一个糟透的消息。在这个过程中，我们可以发现，律师刻意少提供了信息，引起了马伦的误会，幽默才由此而生。 2、质原则的违反 根据质准则，说话者在交谈时必须提供他们自认为是真实的信息，提供的信息必须有足够的根据。在日常生活中，人们倍加关注质准则，因为它关系到说话者的品质--诚实。然而，人们有时依然违反质准则，以期达到一定的目的，包括幽默在内。例子如下： Bob: I had a rough time this morning. The farmer caught me in one of his peach trees. Tom: God! What did you do? Bob: I told him one of his peaches fell down and I was trying to put it back! 在对话中，保罗提供了不真实的信息－桃子掉在地上了，保罗试图把它送回树上。根据自然规律，掉下来的桃子是不可能在回到树上去的，或许真实情况是保罗在偷桃子的时候被农夫发现了。所以保罗可能为了避免惩罚，说话时违反了质准则。 四、总结 通过以上例子的分析，发现在日常生活中，人们往往会违反合作原则来制造幽默。值得注意的是，这样的幽默感是可以通过后期慢慢学习培养的。这需要人们学习幽默机制，洞察说话者的隐含意义。通过学习幽默，人们可以更好的理解语言，提高语言鉴赏能力。 参考文献: [1] Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. New York: Academic Press. 作者简介：常芮彬，女，1987—，汉族，四川人，现为西南大学外国语学院英语语言学研究生，研究方向：词汇语用学。
摘要:文章回顾Grice著名的合作原则,分析广告写作违反合作原则的几种情况,结合精选的实例进行分析,探讨违背合作原则常见的几种运作手段,并指出这样做的目的正是为了达到其引起消费者的注意、使他们发生兴趣、产生欲望、最后付诸行动的目的。 自Grice提出合作原则(Cooperative Principle ;简称CP)后,不少学者曾应用此理论来分析许多语言现象。本文缩小范围,精选了几篇英文广告,着重分析英文广告中CP的违反。这些广告均选自美国的主要杂志,如Newsweek,Fortune,Time和Businessweek。广告的语言特点是文字精炼,源自母语,最重要的是,有大量的对CP的背离。此外,如Leetaru所述,杂志上的广告,为了吸引特定的观众,会经常使用术语、领域内知识和其他语言要素。[1](P69)本文试图从广告语言这种交际形式出发,分析广告英语中所出现的违背合作语用原则的现象,并探悉其原因。 一、Grice的合作原则概述1967年美国语言哲学家Grice在哈佛大学的演讲中首次提出了著名的“合作原则”。[2](P99)他把说话者和听话者在会话中共同遵守的准则概括为四种:一是数量准则(Quantity maxim),指所说的话要提供交谈目的所需要的信息,但不应包含超出需要的信息;二是质量准则(Quality maxim),交谈中,不提明知是虚假的信息,不说缺乏足够证据的话;三是关联准则(Relation maxim),即交谈中,说话要上下文关联,即所说的话必须和话题及此时的交际任务相关联;四是方式准则(Manner maxim),是指交际双方在表达方式上要合作,避免晦涩的词语,避免歧义,说话要简要,有条理。这四条准则所要解决的问题和要求各有侧重虽然Grice著名的合作原则提出已经多年,国内外也有些学者对广告中CP的应用作了些分析研究,但用它来分析广告做得并不系统或深刻。这些研究只涉及CP的遵守和违反以及描述CP在广告中的作用,他们并没有讨论为什么CP在广告中起作用或对CP在广告中的违反提出任何解决办法。本文将着重研究CP在广告中的违反,以及提出CP经常在广告中违反的原因。 二、广告中CP违反探析 (一)违反数量准则例1:The BMW7Series. It represents a new phi-losophy of life———BMW.[3](P21)数量准则规定了一个人“(为了目前交流的目的)要使自己所说的话达到所要求的详尽程度”。[3](P47)按此准则,在上述宝马汽车推销广告中,消费者理应得到对汽车尽可能多的信息才好。但是,在这则广告中,能提供的明确信息很少。“新的人生哲学”的确切含义是什么?这种生活的特别特征又是什么?广告中并没有提供详细的资料,恰恰相反,它有意隐藏某些信息,通过消费者对“新的人生哲学”的不同理解,去诱导消费者为他们需求的什么“新的人生哲学”补上一课。关于这一点,广告商做得很聪明,他们有意违反数量准则,以迎合每个人对一种新的生活的不同憧憬。不然,如果广告商在广告中大谈细谈什么新的人生哲学,倒是符合了数量准则的要求,但这样的广告只能吸引少数人的眼球,而广告本身也会失去它独特的魅力。例2:It’s the taste. (瑞士雀巢咖啡广告)[4](P13)表面看来,这则风靡全球的广告明显存在信息量不足的问题,没有任何实实在在的意义。但是,既然是广告宣传,肯定就不会宣传自己的产品是坏的, 总要说自己的产品好,在这种语境下,词语的暗含用意(implicit)就十分重要,它肯定是指“味道好极了”,而不是指另一种字面意义:“味道太差了!”或“味道糟透了!” (二)违反质量准则例3:No road untamed. No detail overlooked.———HYUNDATMOTOR.[5](P39)这则广告明显违反了质量准则中“不说缺乏足够证据的话”[3](P49)的要求。广告是一种广告商和消费者合作程度较低的社会交流,他们之间的信任度也低。消
一：违反数量准则 1.A: When are you going to the airport? B: Sometime this morning. B的回答违反了数量原则，因为在他的回答中，他给A 提供的信息少于A 所希望他提供的信息。如果B知道出发时间，A也知道B知道出发时间，B也知道A知道他知道自己的出发时间，那么B这样说就会产生会话含义，即“我不想告诉你什么时候去机场”。 2.Wife: When did you come back last night? Husband: Around midnight. The meeting was too long. 妻子问丈夫回来的时间，而丈夫不但回答了回来的时间，还补充说会议开太久了，为自己午夜才回家找个合适的理由。涨幅第二句话是过量信息，是妻子所不需要的，他这么说是为了避免妻子的责备和不必要的麻烦。 3.A: Where does Mr. Smith live? B: Somewhere in the town. B明白A想知道Smith先生的具体住址并想去拜访他,但他也知道Smith先生不愿意让A去他那里,所以只好违反数量准则给B以含糊的回答。当然,B的回答并不排除另一种可能性,他自己也不知道Smith先生的具体住址,但他又不想违反质量准则而乱编一个地址给B,所以只好给予含糊的回答。 4.A: What do you think of Mark? B: His flat-mate is a wonderful cook. B对Mark没有好感,但又不好直说,更不想违反质量准则去说假话,所以故意违反了数量准则,没有给A以足够的信息,而A从B答非所问的回答中也可知道B 对Mark评价不高。 5.A: What are you reading? B: A book. 从B违反数量准则的回答可以推知,他正在安心读书,不想别人打搅自己。二：违反质量准则 1.A: I might win the lottery. B: Yes, and pigs might fly. 对话中B没有直接告诉A他不同意A的看法，而是说出猪可能会飞，这句明显违反质量准则的话，讥讽A的异想天开，让A得出结论他不可能赢得大奖。讥讽、反语会强化说话人的深层含义，但有时也会导致交际的终止。 2.A: How is Jack’s life after marriage? B: He has got a lioness at home. B使用了隐喻手法,把Jack的妻子比作母狮,表达了Jack的妻子非常厉害之意。 3.A: I’m hungry. B: Yes, I can eat an elephant now. B说自己能吃掉一头大象,明显是不真实的。他的目的是想让对方知道自己非常饥饿。此句违反了质量准则,但却产生了夸张的修辞效果,达到了强调、突出事物本质以加强渲染力量的目的。 4. A. How are you? B: I’m dead.
合作原则 “合作原则”是由美国著名语言哲学家格赖斯于1967年在哈佛大学的演讲中提出的。格赖斯认为，在人们交际过程中，对话双方似乎在有意无意地遵循着某一原则，以求有效地配合从而完成交际任务。因此，格赖斯(H.P.Grice)提出了会话中的“合作原则”(Cooperative Principle 简称CP)。 合作原则（The cooperative Principle）是语言学家格赖茨（Herbert Paul Grice 1913-1988）在他的著作Llogic and Conversation(1975)提出的。 格莱斯在《Logicand Conversation》(1975)一文中认为人们在谈话中遵守的合作原则包括四个范畴，每个范畴又包括一条准则和一些次准则，即 A).量的准则 (QuantityMaxim)。 a)所说的话应该满足交际所需的信息量； b)所说的话不应超出交际所需的信息量； B.质的准则 (QualityMaxim)。 a)不要说自知是虚假的话； b)不要说缺乏足够证据的话； C)关系准则 (RelevantMaxim)。说话要有关联。 D)方式准则 (MannerMaxim)。说话要清楚、明了。 a)避免晦涩； b)避免歧义； c)简炼； d)井井有条。 然而，人们在实际言语交际中，并非总是遵守“合作原则”，出于需要，人们会故意违反合作原则。格赖斯把这种通过表面上故意违反“合作原则”而产生的言外之意称为“特殊会话含义”。“特殊会话含义”解释了听话人是如何透过说话人话语的表面含义而理解其言外之意的，由此来表达另外一种意思，幽默也就时常在这时产生。
2015-2016学年第二学期 《当代语言学理论与流派》学期论文 浅谈小品《不差钱》中违反合作原则产生的幽默 班级 2013级英语翻译4班姓名吴竞学号 201306130420
摘要：幽默是小品的灵魂，幽默语言是小品最独特的魅力，本文试运用语言学家格莱斯的合作原则分析小品中的对话，指出小品《不差钱》中的幽默效果来源于对合作原则的违反。 关键词：合作原则；喜剧小品；幽默 Abstract: Humor is the soul of comedy sketches. Humorous language is the unique charm of the comedy sketches. This paper tries to analyze the conversation in a comedy sketch using the cooperative principle introduced by linguist Grice and point out that the humor in “Money Is not a Problem” is caused by the violation of the maxims. Key words: the cooperative principle; comedy sketch; humor 一、引言 幽默是生活的润滑剂，可以帮助人们释放精神压力，享受愉悦生活。俗语有云：智慧的人不一定幽默，幽默的人一定智慧。由此可见，幽默的受重视程度。作为话语艺术的一种形式，小品深得广大观众的喜爱。小品表演者以其幽默的语言和动作，在产生幽默效果的同时反映人民大众的生活以及一些丑陋的现象，引人反省和深思。合作原则认为，幽默的产生源于对合作原则的违反。本文将举例分析小品中违反合作原则从而产生幽默效果。 二、格莱斯的合作原则 格莱斯认为，在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都应该遵守的原则，这种原则即是会话的合作原则。具体些说，合作原则就是要求每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈过程中所说的话符合这一次交谈的目标或方向。正是交谈者的这种合作使得他们能够持续地进行有意义的语言交际。格莱斯把这原则总结为四个准则： （1）数量准则 ①使自己说的话达到所要求的详尽程度（符合交谈的现时目的）； ②所提供的信息不要超出现时要求。 （2）质量准则：所说的话力求真实。
违反合作原则的20个samples
违反合作原则的20个samples
违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例 合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。 合作原则 Cooperative Principle （一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity (1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange； (2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. For example, 1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in. Max: What? I am going to meet your kid? Earl: Well, one of them. Max:“One of them?” How many do you have? Earl: So far? Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.
Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the No.1 Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of. (From Bankruptcy Sisters) Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far?” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “if he is the one I’m thinking of.”Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere. 2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father? Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk. (From Bankruptcy Sisters)
合作原则的违反与幽默 小教文10班姚桃红 201013404130 摘要：在平常的谈话中，和有些人的谈话会让你感觉枯燥无味、生不如死。而有的人会让你开怀大笑，我们把它称为“幽默”。幽默不仅会出现在我们平常的言语交谈中，还出现在我国的许多文化中。中国文化博大精深，许多文化都代表着中国的艺术特色，小品，是我国文化的其中一种，因为它给观众到来了无数的乐趣，所以它频频的出现在各种晚会中，可见它在我国艺术文化中的地位是多么的重要！在我国的小品中，它的语言特色是很有趣的，许多小品都采用违反合作原则的方式来达到幽默的效果的策略。 关键词：违反合作原则幽默小品 正文： 一、合作原则与幽默的含义 合作原则是指在1967年，美国哲学家、加州大学教授格莱斯在美国著名的哈佛大学进行了三次学术讲座，在讲座过程中他提出了合作原则，该原则的提出在，一石激起千层浪，对文学界的发展产生了巨大的影响。他认为，在言语交际过程中，交际双方都希望自己的话能被对方理解，彼此总是需要互相合作的，因此都遵循合作原则来达到预期的目的。格莱斯从质、量、关系、方式四个方面来阐述合作原则的具体内容，将其概括为真实原则、适量原则、相关原则和方式原则以及若干次准则，前三个原则与说话的内容有关，后一个原则与说话的方式有关。但是，在实际交际中，人们并不都严格遵循这些原则的。为了达到某种目的或需要，有时会有意或无意的违反这些原则，从而达到预期的效果。 幽默是指某事物所具有的荒谬荒唐的、出人意料的、而就表现方式上又是含蓄或令人回味深长的特征。 在小品界中，幽默是通过语言或者对话来表现出来的。许多小品都采用了违反合作原则的方法来达到幽默的效果。 二、合作原则的违反 在我国的小品界中，只要你细心发现，慢慢体会，你就会发现有许多小品是有意
合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。 合作原则 Cooperative Principle （一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity (1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange； (2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. For example, 1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in. Max: What? I am going to meet your kid? Earl: Well, one of them. Max:“One of them?” How many do you have? Earl: So far? Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.
Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of. (From Bankruptcy Sisters) Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far?” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere. 2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father? Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk. (From Bankruptcy Sisters)