第四节倒装
倒装语序有两类: 全部倒装和部分倒装。
全部倒装：指谓语部分全部提到主语之前；
部分倒装：指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。
倒装语序常出现在下列情况中:
1. 为避免句子部分内容重复, 英语中常用倒装句,即: so (neither, nor)+be动词(助动My fater is an engineer; so is my husband.
Jane didn't attend my class yesterday; nor did Torris.
"John can't swim." "Neither can I.""约翰不会游泳。" "我也不会。"
[提示]如表示赞同别人的陈述, so后面的部分不倒装。
"Jim is a good-swimmer."
"So he is, and so is Dick."
2. 具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时, 句子一般部分倒装,即将be动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括: not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time,no sooner
等。
Never has my brother been abroad before.
Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door.
No sonner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. At no time should you give up studying.在任何时候你都不应放弃读书。
[提示]
(1)如果句首的否定词修饰主语, 是主语的一部分, 则句子不用倒装。
Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month.
(2) as或though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句
Prominent as he is in his field, he remains easy-going.
Wealthy as he is, I don't envy him.
3. 当so, often, only等表示程序或频率的副词置于句首时, 句子一般倒装。
So great was the destruction that the south took decades to recovery.
Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemical.
Only in this way can we accomplish it on time.
4. 当there, here, then, now等副词置于句首, 且谓语动词为come, go, be等词时,句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句旨在引起别人注意。但如果主语是代词。句子则不倒装。
Look! Here comes the taxi.
Here are some letters for you to type.
Then came the chairman.
5. 当out, in, away, up, bang等方位或拟声词置于句首时, 句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句比正常程序的句子的更生动、形象。但如主语是代词, 句子则不倒装。Away flew the bird.
Bang goes my ace.
Away she went.
Ahead sat an old woman.
Exercises 4 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:
1. Only recently ___________ to realize the dangers caffeine(咖啡因)
might bring to our health.
A. that scientists began
B. have scientists begun
C. scientists have begun
D. that did scientists begin
2. Not until the year of 1954 ________ made the capital of this country.
A. the city was
B. was the city
C. when the city was
D. was when the city
3. ___________ the doctor right away, he might be alive today.
A. Should he have gone to
B. If he went to
C. Were he to go
D. Had he gone to
4. "Does your father call you very often?"
"yes, my fater calls about once a week and ___________ ."
A. so my brother does
B. my brother does so
C. so does my brother
D. does so my brother
5. Hardly anything ___________ more than the happiness of seeing someone using his device for treatment.
A. please him
B. does please him
C. pleases him
D. does him please
6. So little ___________ about physics that the lecture was completely beyond
A. I knew
B. did I know
C. I had known
D. had I known
7. We are late! Look, ___________ !
A. there the bus goes
B. the bus goes there
C. there goes the bus
D. the bus there goes
8. Only after he has acquired considerable facility in speaking
___________ to learn to read and write.
A. he began
B. will he begin
C. did he begin
D. must he begin
9. Busy ___________ he is, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule.
A. because
B. as
C. no matter how
D. although
10. By no means ___________ create or destroy energy.
A. we can
B. we can't
C. can we
D. shall we
11. How strange ___________ !
A. that the children are so quiet is
B. that the children so quiet are
C. is the children are so quiet
D. it is that the children are so quiet
12. Not only ___________ tolerant of other people's opinion,
but he is also patient.
A. he is
B. is he
C. he will be
D. will he be
13. She never laughed, ___________ lose her temper.
A. neither she did
B. nor did she
C. either did she
D. she either
14. ___________ table tennis was accepted as a regular part of the Olympic Games.
A. Not until 1986
B. It was not until 1986 that
C. It was in 1986 when
D. It was until 1986 that
15. ___________ that Susan hadn't dared to make a sound.
A. So was he absorbed
B. So absorbed he was
C. So absorbed was he
D. So he was absored
考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】 1. —How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? —Oh, that’s easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one ________ the telephone number is provided. A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose 2. October 15th is my birthday, ________ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 3. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 4. There are several research centers in China ________ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 5. I hope that the little ________ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 6. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 7. ________ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.
考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books 仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：
(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非 第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表： 词尾变化（规律与名 词变复数相同，读音 也与名词复数相同） 举例 一般加-s Help---helps; read---reads 在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches
高中英语倒装句 倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装 1全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1）here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。Here is your letter. 你的信。 2). up，down，out，away，in , off, ahead放于句首Up jumped the cat and caught the mouse. Ahead sat an old woman. 3）表示地点，时间，方向等的介词短语放在句首时例如：After the head walked a group of workers. 4.“作表语的现在分词/过去分词/形容词+系动词+主语”形式的完全倒装 Seated in the front were the guests. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： Here he comes. 他来了。Away they went. 他们走开了。 2部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, scarely, in no way, under no circumstance, at no time决不, not until…等。例如： Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如： The mother didn\'t leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题 1）---Why can\'t I smoke here? ----At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit 2）Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn\'t man know D. did man know 2.Not only…but also前面倒装，后面不倒装 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 3．Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner…than等，要倒装。 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 典型例题No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B.has the game begun C. did the game begin D.had the game begun 4so, neither, nor作部分倒装 so/neither/nor+be/can(should/will/could…..)/do(did/does)+sb表示\"也\"、\"也不\" 的句子要部分倒装。例如： 典型例题---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ---I don\'t know, _____. A. nor don\'t I care B. nor do I care C. I don\'t care neither D. I don\'t care also 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\"的确如此\"。例如： Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It\'s raining hard.---So it is. 5 only在句首后接状语用总分倒装。例如： Only in this way can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如： Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。 注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。
第四节倒装 倒装语序有两类: 全部倒装和部分倒装。 全部倒装：指谓语部分全部提到主语之前； 部分倒装：指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。 倒装语序常出现在下列情况中: 1. 为避免句子部分内容重复, 英语中常用倒装句,即: so (neither, nor)+be动词(助动My fater is an engineer; so is my husband. Jane didn't attend my class yesterday; nor did Torris. "John can't swim." "Neither can I.""约翰不会游泳。" "我也不会。" [提示]如表示赞同别人的陈述, so后面的部分不倒装。 "Jim is a good-swimmer." "So he is, and so is Dick." 2. 具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时, 句子一般部分倒装,即将be动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括: not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time,no sooner 等。 Never has my brother been abroad before. Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door. No sonner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. At no time should you give up studying.在任何时候你都不应放弃读书。 [提示] (1)如果句首的否定词修饰主语, 是主语的一部分, 则句子不用倒装。 Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month. (2) as或though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句
英语语法总结全集 名词和主谓一致 一、名词的分类 英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1．可数名词 可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。 可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词，只要在单数名词之后加“s”，“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen。 有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works。 此外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等。 英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren。2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law。3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers。 2．不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加a/an，或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量，单复数表现在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper。 在有些情况下，不可数名词也可用a/an，表“一种”、“某种”的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper。 有时为了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加“s”，如sands，ashes，waters等。 但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不可加“s”，如weather，information，等。 3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词 英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等。 4．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组 跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many。 跟不可数名词连用的如：little, a little, much。 可数与不可数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of。 二、主谓一致 1．通常被看作单数的主语部分 1）不定式、动名词和主语从句。 eg.. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. What he said was different from what he did. 2）表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。 eg. Twenty years is quite a long time. 10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira. 300 dollars is too much for this old coin. 3）数学式子。 eg. Two plus five is seven. 4）书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。 eg. The Times is published daily. The United States is a big country. 5）前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词。 eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather. 6）代词either, neither作主语。
倒装句 概念：用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要，分为完全倒装和部分倒装。 一.完全倒装：句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。 1.以here, there, now, then等副词或out, in, up, down, away等表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首以示强调，句子要全部倒装，谓语动词常用come,go, be, lie,run,rush等。 2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时 A beautiful lake lies at the foot of the hill At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. 注意：在上述句子中，如果主语为人称代词，则主、谓不需要倒装。 In he came and back he went again. Away he went . 二.部分倒装：be/助动词/情态动词提前到主语的前面。 Is am are was were（be动词）do does did（助动词）can could would may will might（情态动词）等1.only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时, 要进行部分倒装. Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. Only after he came back was I able to see him. 注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如：Only socialism can save China. I seldom go to the cinema. 倒装：Seldom do I go to the cinema. 我很少去看电影． I have never seen such a performance. 倒装：Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没有看过这样的表演． 2.否定副词及介词短语的否定词位于句首时。 高考常考的这类词或词语有：never , not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, in no time等。 3.not until 引导的从句位于句首引起的主句部分倒装 He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back. 倒装：Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework. 直到他的妈妈回来，他才完成作业。 The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep. 倒装：Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 等到孩子睡着了，妈妈才离开房间． 注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 4、as/ though (虽然，尽管）引导的让步状语从句 名词\形容词\副词\分词+as\though+主语+其他 Although I am ugly, I am gentle. 倒装：Ugly as I am, I am gentle. Though he is a child, he has to make a living. 倒装：Child as he is, he has to make a living. 注意：从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词
2017考研英语复习必背：5个高频语法知识点英语复习涉及的语法知识点有很多，而考研英语也需要考生熟练掌握语法知识点，在完型、阅读、翻译和写作中都会有涉及。下面5个语法知识点常常考察，建议2017考生首先掌握好它们。 1.同位语从句：同位语从句在句中作A同位语，对被修饰名词的内容予以解释说明。同位语的特点是：抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后。常见的名词包括：assumption假定/belief看法/ conclusion结论/ doubt怀疑等。例句：The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in the region has been discussed. 关于我们应该开发本地区资源的建议已经讨论过了。 2.现在完成时：表示过去延续到现在的动作或状态。具体来说，这种用法是表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。例句：An old woman walked out into the middle of the street. The policeman yelled to her, “Don’t you know what it means when I hold up my hand?” The lady said, “Sure I do. I have been a schoolteacher for 28 years now。” 一个老妇人走到了马路中央，这时，一位交警朝着她嚷道：“我都把手举起来了，你难道还不知道什么意思吗?”老太太说：“我当然知道，我都做了28 年的老师了。” 3. 时间状从：not…until… 用法。例句：The students d idn’t stop talking until the teacher came in。 4. it做形式主语，句子做逻辑主语：如果主语太长，常用代词it 作形式主语，将真正的主语从句置于句尾，以保持句式的平衡。
考研英语必备：时态、语法全突破 来源：网络作者：复习指导发表日期：2006-8-26 9:01:31 阅读次数：17709 查看权限：普通文章 时态、语态需要掌握的要点： 1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时： （1）表示感知的动词：hear， feel， notice， recognize， see， taste， smell； （2）表示意愿、情感的动词：desire， dislike， forgive， hate， like， love， prefer， refuse， wan t， wish， fear， love， hate； （3）表示思考、看法的动词：believe， doubt， expect， forget， hope， feel， mean， know， agree， realize， mind， recall， recollect， remember， trust， suppose； （4）表示所有、占有的动词：belong to， owe， own， possess， hold（容纳）； （5）其他动词：cost， appear， concern， contain， consist， deserve， matter， seem. 如： I‘d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you， anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. （1997年考研题， belong表示归属，不用于进行式） He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night. （1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式） 2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式： （1）be going to表示现在的打算和意图； （2）arrive， come， drive， go， leave， retire， return， set off， start， take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作； （3）be to （do）表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如： Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoide d. （4）be about to （do）表示将要（做），如：
2016考研英语作文必背金句 1、The plain truth is that people are most often self-centered. 明显的事实是人经常是以自我为中心的。 2、There's little wonder why young people often find it difficult to find an appropriate role model. No wonder they drink, smoke, fright, carouse and otherwise engage in inappropriate social behavior. 年轻人发现很难找到合适的榜样并不奇怪。难怪他们喝酒、抽烟、打架、狂欢作乐或者做出不当的社会举动。 3、It should come as no surprise to learn that many abused children become abusers later in life. 发现很多受虐待的儿童后来虐待别人不应该感到奇怪。 4、There is probably a great deal of truth in the assertion that unecrupulous brokers are salivating at the thought of unsophisticated investors entering the securities market. 断言不道德的经纪人想到没有经验的投资者进入股票市场就垂涎三尺可能有一定的道理。 5、There's little doubt that China has spawned a new generation of Little Emperors, but the truth is that the fault rests with parents who spare the rod to spoil the child and not with children themselves. 毫无疑问，中国产生了新一代“小皇帝”，但事实是责任在于“闲了棍子，惯了孩子”的家长，而不是孩子自己。 6、China needs to reexamine the results of political and social modernization in order to ascertain the benefits and indeed the detrimental aspects from a new perspective.Otherwise, various perceived accomplishments might in fact prove to be far from beneficial. 中国需要重新检查政治和社会现代化带来的结果以便从新的角度明确它们的好处，甚至是有害的方面。否则，许多我们以为取得的成就实际上可能完全不会带来好处。
倒装句 倒装的两种考法： 1. 放在单项选择题中，考查考生的倒装语法知识是否熟练掌握； 2. 放在完形填空和阅读理解中，设置理解障碍。 倒装的两种形式： 1. 完全倒装：将整个谓语动词提到主语前。 2. 部分倒装：即半倒装，将谓语的一部分即助动词提到主语前。 一、完全倒装 1】表方位的副词here, there 或out, in, up, down, away, off, over, back等标志词放在句首，句子用完全倒装。 【翻译句子】 (1)车来了。Here comes the bus. (2)铃响了。There goes the bell. (3)孩子们冲出来了。Out rushed the children. (4)那个男孩离开了。Away went the boy. 【疑难】 Here it is. In she came. Away he went. 【疑难剖析】当主语是人称代词时，主谓语序不变。 2】地点状语放在句首且谓语动词为come, live, lie, go, sit, stand等时用完全倒装。【完成例句】 (5)河的南面有一家小工厂。In south of the river lies a small factory. (6)山谷里传来一声喊叫。From the valley came a cry. 3】such, the following等放句首时，句子要完全倒装。 【翻译句子】 (7)Such are the facts. 情况就是如此。 (8)生活就是这样。Such is life. (9)The following is the answer to the question. 这个问题的答案如下。 4】There lie / exist / stand / live ＋主语＋…是there be 句型的变式 【翻译句子】 (10)山顶上有一幢高楼。There is a tall building on the top of the mountain. (11)山顶上耸立着一座古塔。There stands an ancient tower on the top of the mountain. 5】“表语＋系动词＋主语”的结构。 【例句观察】 Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests. 出席晚会的有格林先生，还有一些别的宾客。 Seated on the ground are a group of young men. 坐在地上的是一群年轻人。 【注意】此时，主语较长，可还原为正常语序即：主＋系动词＋表语。 二、部分倒装
英语语法总结 下文总结了十二个要点： 1、主谓一致 2、时态 3、语态 4、非谓语动词 5、情态动词 6、虚拟语气 7、句子种类 8、名词性从句 9、状语从句 10、定语从句 11、强调句 12、倒装句 当然以上并不是全部要点，还有一些比较基础的，比如：祈使句、省略句、名词等知识点比较简单，在平时做题中自然而然就积累下来了，不需要刻意背诵。 一、主谓一致 主谓一致的关键在于，分条记清楚，不要混淆。 1、以动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式； To study English well is not easy.（动词不定式短语作主语） Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. （动名词短语作主语） What he said is very important for us all. （从句作主语） 2、由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是 指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。 The writer and artist has come. 由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。 Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 3、在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。（画 线为先行词） Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.
考研英语语法总结
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一、虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用除了可以表示条件外，还可以表示比较、结果、目的等。虚拟语气用于表示条件的状语从句中,一般称为虚拟条件句。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句中谓语动词时态的变化可能有三种形式，即现在、过去和将来。 Ｉf ｉt ｄiｄ, ｉｔ would open uｐｉts dｉversity program, ｎoｗ focus ｅd naｒｒｏwlｙ oｎｒacｅ anｄ genｄer, aｎd ｌｏｏk fｏr ｒeporters ｗho ｄiffｅr broadly by outlｏok, vａlues, education, ａnd class.(2０0１年ＴEXT1) 这是一个含有条件状语从句的复合句。Iｆｉt did是条件状语从句。主句中主语是it;谓语动词有两个,分别是would ｏpｅn uｐ..．和lｏｏk fｏｒ．..。 这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，主句用would+动词原形open up和look for。 参考译文：如果它能注意这个问题的话，它就会拓展其雇员多样化项目,而目前的项目只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工,去雇佣那些在世界观、价值观、教育背景及社会阶层方面各不相同的记者。 二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用 虚拟语气除了用作状语从句中外，还可以用作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等名词性从中。 第一，虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用 当it作形式主语，后面用形容词作表语，即在it iｓ + adj.这样的句型中,当描述主语的表语形容词是aｄviｓable，critｉcal,cruciａｌ，deｓirabｌe，ｅssenｔｉaｌ,impe ｒａｔive，important，ｉncrediblｅ,ineｖiｔabｌe,ｎｅcｅｓsaｒy，recommｅnd，ｓｔraｎｇe,uｒgenｔ等形容词时,主语从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，如果是现在时,谓语动词用ｓhoｕld／wouｌd +动词原形(ｓhould／woｕld经常省略);如果是过去时，则用sho ｕld/wｏuld + hａvｅ dｏｎe的形式。 Ｉｔwas inevｉｔａblｅｔhat tｈiｓprｉmacy shoulｄ have naｒroweｄ as ｏｔher ｃoｕntries greｗ riｃher. Jｕsｔａｓ inevitabｌy，the retreat from ｐｒedoｍinanｃe proved pａinfｕl．
Compiled by Ma Junqi 倒装句 英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时 出于强调或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语 序则叫倒装语序。按倒装的形式，倒装可分为两类，一是完全倒装，二是部分倒 装。完全倒装是指全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是指只把助动词、情态动词或 be 动词放在主语之前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后。 一、完全倒装 1. 用于there be 句型。 例： There are many students in the classroom. 原句自然顺序是：M any students are there in the classroom. ★2. 表示地点的here 和 there 位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通 常是动词be 和 come, go 等表示移动或动态的不及物动词， 动词 (表示存在 )。 例： Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。以 及 stand, lie, live 等表示状态的 There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。 There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。 注意：若主语为人称代词，则不倒装。如： Here you are. 这就是你要的东西。（给你。） Here it comes. 它来了。 ★3. 表示方向的副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全 倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。 Out rushed the puppy. 小狗冲了出去。 Away went the girl. 那个女孩走远了。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。 注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装。如： In he comes. 他走了进来。 Down it came. 它掉了下来。 ★4. 表示时间或顺序的副词now, then 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。如：
考研英语基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。 每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、 英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了， 从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1) 的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表： 动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。
来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； ”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现 They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明 并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事
第一编考研必备语法精要速览 一、时态、语态 时态、语态需要掌握的要点： 1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时： (1)表示感知的动词：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell； (2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate； (3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose； (4)表示所有、占有的动词：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳)； (5)其他动词：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。 如： I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. (1997年考研题，belong表示归属，不用于进行式) He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night. (1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式) 2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式： (1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图； (2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作； (3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如： Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. (4)be about to (do)表示将要(做)，如： Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用； (6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如： If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow. (画线部分一般不用will be) (7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如： I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句) I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句) 比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句) (8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如： See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time. (include 不能用will include或其他形式) 3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如： We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.