on Agriculture and Environment 2012
1
Yuji KAMIYA
RIKEN Plant Science Center
Abstract:The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been recognized as the major auxin for more than 70 years. Although several pathways have been proposed, how auxin is synthesized in plants is still unclear. Previous genetic and enzymatic studies demonstrated that both TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) flavin monooxygenase-like proteins are required for biosynthesis of IAA during plant de- velopment, but these enzymes were placed in two independent pathways. Recently, we demonstrate that the TAA family produces indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and the YUC family functions in the conversion of IPA to IAA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by a quantification method of IPA using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem MS. We further show that YUC protein expressed in Escherichia coli shows faint yellow color suggesting the presence of FMD and directly converts IPA to IAA. Indole-3-acetaldehyde is probably not a precursor of IAA in the IPA pathway. Our results indicate that YUC proteins catalyze a rate-limiting step of the IPA pathway, which is the main IAA biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis.
Although 2,4-D and other synthetic auxins were used in agriculture to increase crop production, specific inhibitors and promoters of IAA biosynthesis were not well studied. Our identification of the two specific enzymes for IAA biosynthesis may give us new approach to increase crop production by regulating auxin biosynthesis.
Yuji Kamiya is a Group Director of the RIKEN Plant Science Center. He received
Degree in agricultural chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1975. He joined the
Pesticide Synthesis Laboratory at RIKEN in 1975. From 1980 to 1982 he studied on
gibberellins biosynthesis at the Institute of Plant Physiology, University of G?ttingen,
as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow. Since that time on he has continued to study
gibberellins biosynthesis and its regulation. He was appointed as the Head of the
Laboratory for Plant Hormone Function of the RIKEN Frontier Research Program
from 1991 to 1998. In 2000, he joined the Plant Science Center as the Head of the
Laboratory of Cellular Growth Development and in October 2000 he was promoted to
the position of Group Director.
Main Activities:
Research on regulation of plant hormone biosynthesis
Cloning and characterization of enzymes involved in hormone biosynthesis
Screening of chemical proves to increase plant biomass production.
on Agriculture and Environment 2012 1 Yuji KAMIYA RIKEN Plant Science Center Abstract:The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been recognized as the major auxin for more than 70 years. Although several pathways have been proposed, how auxin is synthesized in plants is still unclear. Previous genetic and enzymatic studies demonstrated that both TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) flavin monooxygenase-like proteins are required for biosynthesis of IAA during plant de- velopment, but these enzymes were placed in two independent pathways. Recently, we demonstrate that the TAA family produces indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and the YUC family functions in the conversion of IPA to IAA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by a quantification method of IPA using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem MS. We further show that YUC protein expressed in Escherichia coli shows faint yellow color suggesting the presence of FMD and directly converts IPA to IAA. Indole-3-acetaldehyde is probably not a precursor of IAA in the IPA pathway. Our results indicate that YUC proteins catalyze a rate-limiting step of the IPA pathway, which is the main IAA biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis. Although 2,4-D and other synthetic auxins were used in agriculture to increase crop production, specific inhibitors and promoters of IAA biosynthesis were not well studied. Our identification of the two specific enzymes for IAA biosynthesis may give us new approach to increase crop production by regulating auxin biosynthesis. Yuji Kamiya is a Group Director of the RIKEN Plant Science Center. He received Degree in agricultural chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1975. He joined the Pesticide Synthesis Laboratory at RIKEN in 1975. From 1980 to 1982 he studied on gibberellins biosynthesis at the Institute of Plant Physiology, University of G?ttingen, as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow. Since that time on he has continued to study gibberellins biosynthesis and its regulation. He was appointed as the Head of the Laboratory for Plant Hormone Function of the RIKEN Frontier Research Program from 1991 to 1998. In 2000, he joined the Plant Science Center as the Head of the Laboratory of Cellular Growth Development and in October 2000 he was promoted to the position of Group Director. Main Activities: Research on regulation of plant hormone biosynthesis Cloning and characterization of enzymes involved in hormone biosynthesis Screening of chemical proves to increase plant biomass production.
文章 公共部门的变革回应了几个相互联系的重大现实问题，包括：职能公共部门提供公共服务的低效率；经济理论的变化；私营部门相关变化产生的影响，尤其是全球化作为一种经济力量的兴起；技术变化使得分权同时又能更好地控制全局成为可能。 行政管理可以分为三个鲜明的发展阶段：前传统阶段、公共行政传统模式阶段和公共管理改革阶段。每个阶段都有自己的管理模式。从上一个阶段过渡到下一个阶段并非轻而易举，从传统的公共行政到公共管理的过渡至今尚未完成。但这只是时间的问题。因为新模式背后的理论基础非常强大。这场变革运动以"新公共管理"著称，尽管这个名称引起了争论，然而它不但在蓬勃发展着，而且是对大多数发达国家已经采取的管理模式的最佳表述。传统的行政模式相对于它所处的时代是一项伟大的改革，但是，那个时代已经过去了。 一、前传统模式 很显然，在19世纪末官僚体制理论尚未健全之前，已经存在着某种形式的行政管理。公共行政已经有很长的历史了，它与政府这一概念以及文明的兴起一样历史悠久。正如格拉登(gladden)指出的那样，行政的某种模式自从政府出现之后就一直存在着。 首先是创始者或领导者赋予社会以可能，然后是组织者或行政者使之永恒。行政或事务管理是所有社会活动中的中间因素，虽然不是光彩夺目，但对社会的持续发展却是至关重要的。 公认的行政体制在古埃及就已经存在了，其管辖范围从每年的尼罗河泛滥引起的灌溉事务到金字塔的建造。中国在汉朝就采用了儒家规范，认为政府应当是民选的，不是根据出身，而是根据品德和能力，政府的主要目标是谋取人民的福利。在欧洲，各种帝国--希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等首先是行政帝国，它们由中央通过各种规则和程序进行管理。韦伯认为，中世纪"现代"国家的发展同时伴随着"官僚治理结构的发展"。 尽管这些国家以不同的方式进行管理，但它们具有共同的特点，这可以称为前现代。也就是说，早期的行政体制本质上是人格化的，或者说是建立在韦伯所说的"裙带关系"的基础上，也就是说以效忠国王或大臣等某个特定的人为基础，而不是非人格化的；以效忠组织或国家为基础而不是以个人为基础。尽管存在着这么一种观点，即认为行政管理本身不为人赞许的特点仅仅来自于传统模式，但早期的做法常常导致谋求个人利益的贪污行为或滥用职权。在早期行政体制下，我们现在看来觉得很奇怪的做法曾是当时执政政府职能的普遍行为。那些一心走仕途的人往往依靠朋友或亲戚获取工作或买官，这就是说先以钱来收买海关官员或税收官员，然后再向客户伸手要钱，从而既回收了最初的买官投资成本，又可以大赚一笔。美国19世纪的"政党分肥制度"意味着在执政党发生了变化的同时，政府中的所有行政职位也发生了变化。 前现代官僚体制是"个人的、传统的、扩散的、同类的和特殊的"，而按照韦伯的论证，现代官僚体制应当是"非人格化的、理性的、具体的、成就取向的和普遍的"。个人化政府往往是低效率的：裙带关系意味着无能的而不是能干的人被安排到领导岗位上；政党分肥制常常导致腐败，此外还存在着严重的低效率。传统行政模式的巨大成功使得早期做法看起来很奇怪。专业化、非政治化行政在我们看来是如此顺理成章，以至难以想像到会有别的制度存在。西方的行政制度即使简单到通过考试选拔官员的想法，也是直到1854年英国的诺思科特-屈维廉报告出台后才开始建立，尽管这种制度在中国早已通行很久了。 二、传统的公共行政模式 传统的行政模式有以下几个主要特点： 1.官僚制。政府应当根据等级、官僚原则进行组织。德国社会学家马克斯·韦伯对官僚制度有一个经典的、清晰的分析。虽然这种官僚制思想在商业组织和其他组织中采用过，但
英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重 的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has
公共管理的论文 [摘要]随着高等教育改革不断深入，传统高校管理模式已经不能满足现代社会的发展 需要，而契约管理比制度管理更加符合高校管理的服务宗旨，在学生管理工作中能够更加 全面地体现出学生的主体意识，并促进高校学生管理制度不断完善。 [关键词]公共管理;契约管理;高校管理 新公共管理运动最初于二十世纪七十年代在英国由胡德提出，新公共管理理论是对二 十世纪以来经济学理论的进一步完善和补充。该理论着重强调了公民为本、结果导向、民 户参与、分权协作等理念和指导原则。在高等教育改革转型时期，改进高校管理模式，积 极落实高校自主办学主权等策略对当前高校发展来说既是机遇也是挑战。新公共管理理论 视角下的多样化管理模式中，可以选取契约管理、董事会管理、政府购买管理、中介管理 等模式进一步深化我国政校分开的高校管理改革，其中契约管理模式是当前最受公众青睐 的管理模式之一。 一、基于高校契约管理模式的探究 一政府与高校之间的契约管理 契约在法律上通常是指平等主体之间的民事合同，但是随着法律不断完善，民事合同 与行政合同的差别也逐渐明显。一般来说，民事合同是指处于平等主体之间设立的民事权 利义务关系，合同当事人的法律地位相同，并自愿遵从诚实守信的原则履行义务和权利。 而行政合同是指行政机关以行政职能为目标，与公民和法人代表共同协商的权利义务协议。由此可见，为了进一步深化政府对高校管理改革的整体规划、推动高校自主办学权的实现，高校契约管理模式应运而生。政府与高校之间的契约与责任关系是建立在《高等教育法》 等法律法规的基础之上，并由政府实施宏观指导和经济支撑，高校面向社会自主办学。也 就是说，在契约性质上，政府与高校的契约关系属于行政契约关系，包含着行政的公务性 和契约的履行性。政府与高校之间制定契约的程序：首先，高校初步制定自身发展规划， 包括发展目标、项目建设等，政府根据高校的办学规模和办学性质对其办学章程及发展规 划进行指标要求;其次，高校与政府双方项目确认各自的责任和权利，并经双方确认后签署;最后，政府对高校的发展规划提供政策、财政支持，高校在契约框架下可以实行自主 办学。总之，从政校关系、评估认证、拨款扶持等几个方面，可以看出政府与高校之间实 施契约管理的规范性和科学性，契约管理模式对双方的互助发展起着非常重要的作用。 二学生与高校之间的“心理契约” 近年来，随着我国社会主义市场经济体制不断发展，契约管理模式逐渐成为高等教育 管理中的重要方式之一。心理契约最初源自社会心理学，用来描述社会组织中雇佣双方之 间的人际关系和互助关系，该契约管理形式代表了一种非正式的隐性契约关系。高校管理 中的心理契约在最初形式的时候，受到传统习惯和观念的引导，公众通常将高校视为强势 群体，而将学生视为弱势群体，建立在不对等条件下的契约模式是不符合心理契约的构建
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
STRONG MOTION DISTRIBUTION AND MICROTREMOR OBSERVATION FOLLOWING THE 21 MAY 2003 BOUMERDES, ALGERIA EARTHQUAKE A. Meslem1, F. Yamazaki1, Y. Maruyama1, D. Benouar2, N. Laouami3 1 Department of Urban Environment Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Japan 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria 3CGS, National Center of Applied Research in Earthquake Engineering, Algiers, Algeria Email: meslem@graduate.chiba-u.jp ABSTRACT: Detailed analysis was conducted for the recorded mainshock across the country during the 21 May 2003 Boumerdes, Algeria earthquake. A remarkable difference has been recorded between neighbour stations. Since local site conditions have a significant effect on the ground motions, and hence on the damage distribution caused by the earthquake, microtremor survey was conducted at several sites of seismic observation stations. In this study, a particular attention is paid to 4 seismic network stations located in the most affected area between Algiers and Boumerdes provinces. Using the microtremor records and the strong motion records from five stations, the effect of soil condition on seismic motion is investigated and the damage distribution caused by this event is explained. The results from this study show that in some stations, the recorded high PGA values were influenced by high-frequency contents. However, in other stations, soil amplification is considered to be responsible for high PGV v alues. Hence, in order to conduct a further engineering and seismological study, it is highly recommended to conduct an investigation to identify the local soil profile at the seismic stations. KEYWORDS: the 2003 Boumerdes earthquake, ground motion, microtremor, damage distribution 1. INTRODUCTION On May 21, 2003, a destructive Mw=6.8 earthquake hit the northern part of Algeria, causing a huge structural and non-structural damages and human casualties. The last report by the Algerian ministers’ council (December 12, 2003) deplores that 2,278 deaths and 11,450 injured were claimed by the earthquake. The number of homeless was counted as 250,000, corresponding to 40,000 families. As for the building damage, 17,000 units were demolished and 116,000 were repaired. The resulted direct economic loss was estimated to be 5 billion US dollars (Ousalem and Bechtoula, 2005). The earthquake was felt inside a 250 km radius zone from the epicenter (Laouami et al., 2006) and provoked the occurrence of liquefaction in the epicentral area. An uplift of coastal line was marked with the average of 0.55m (Harbi et al., 2007; Bouhadad et al., 2004; Meghraoui et al., 2004). In the European side of Mediterranean Sea, tsunamis of about 1.5m high were recorded along the coast of Spain (Alasset et al., 2006). Soon after the event, several international organizations located the 21 May 2003 Boumerdes earthquake. The location given by the Algerian Research Center of Astronomy Astrophysics and Geophysics (CRAAG) was 36.91N, 3.58E. However, the mainshock was relocated at 36.83N, 3.65E with the focal depth of 10 km (Bounif et al., 2004). The acceleration records of the mainshock were recorded by a number of accelerographs, deployed by the Algerian National Research Center of Earthquake Engineering (CGS). However, several technical problems have occurred during recording the mainshock. The number of free field seismic stations which recorded the mainshock, especially in the severely affected areas, is not sufficient for estimating a detailed strong motion
New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new public administration From the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a century. and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis -- Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huibaike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the government's ability, "government failure" theory has begun to dominate. It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management -- New Public Management (NewPublic Management) in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western countries. And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and reduce administrative expenses, but more importantly, it is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and denied. 1.The new public management theory
国际会议论文格式要求： Author Guidelines for 8.5 x 11-inch Proceedings Manuscripts Author(s) Name(s) Author Affiliation(s) E-mail Abstract The abstract is to be in fully-justified italicized text, at the top of the left-hand column as it is here, below the auth or information. Use the word “Abstract” as the title, in 12-point Times, boldface type, centered relative to the column, initially capitalized. The abstract is to be in 10-point, single-spaced type, and up to 150 words in length. Leave two blank lines after the abstract, then begin the main text. 1. Introduction All manuscripts must be in English. These guidelines include complete descriptions of the fonts, spacing, and related information for producing your proceedings manuscripts. Please follow them and if you have any questions, direct them to the production editor in charge of your proceedings at the IEEE Computer Society Press: Phone (714) 821-8380 or Fax (714) 761-1784. 2. Formatting your paper All printed material, including text, illustrations, and charts, must be kept within a print area of 6-1/2 inches (16.51 cm) wide by 8-7/8 inches (22.51 cm) high. Do not write or print anything outside the print area. All text must be in a two-column format. Columns are to be 3-1/16 inches (7.85 cm) wide, with a 3/8 inch (0.81 cm) space between them. Text must be fully justified. A format sheet with the margins and placement guides is available as both Word and PDF files as
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公共事业管理专业毕业论文选题库 1. 基层电子政务发展的过程研究 2. 城市景观环境和谐发展的政策研究 3. 行政伦理的反腐功能析要 4. 再造理论与城市社区再造的基本构想 5. 构建现代农村社区商业网络的思考 6. 从社区社会资本的培育探究和谐社区的创建 7. 社区组织角色、职能定位与和谐社区建设 8. 论构建和谐社会中的社区群众文化建设 9. 城市社区文化建设的政府管理模式及其转型 10. 城市社区管理体制改革新探 11. 和谐社区建设中的居民自治问题初探 12. 社区业主委员会的发展与城市社区自治 13. 论社区自组织在社区管理中的角色归类及自治功能 14. 社区财务模式的设计及其选择研究 15. 城市社区居民自治模式的构建路径研究 16. 公共事业规制与竞争制度模式 17. 浅谈事业单位薪酬管理体制改革 18. 浅析事业单位会计制度存在的不足及其改进建议 19. 公共管理学视野下的大众文化活动组织管理 20. 公共管理学视野下的现代社会分层 21. 行业型网络传媒及其经营管理 22. 中小城市文化事业机构与社区文化建设的互动发展 23. 城市公共交通的发展途径研究 24. 公用事业单位应对危机事件的管理策略研究 25. 人本管理理论在学校管理中的应用 26. 当前我国社区治安管理问题探讨 27. 互联网在我国城市社区文化建设中的运用 28. 当前中国城市社区治理模式探讨 29. 现阶段中国农村社区治理模式探讨 30. 试论单位制向社区制的回归 31. 试论公共事业单位的信息资源管理 32. 中外公益性组织管理体制比较研究 33. 中介组织在新农村建设中的作用及发展策略研究 34. 公共事业单位的品牌管理研究 35. 地方政府改善公共关系探析