当前位置:文档之家› 音韵学术语整理

音韵学术语整理

音韵学术语整理
音韵学术语整理

[异文]

(2).凡同一书的不同版本,或不同的书记载同一事物而字句互异,包括通假字和异体字,都称异文。《左传·隐公二年》“夏,莒人入向,以姜氏 还” 晋杜预注:“凡得失小,故《经》无异文而《传》备其事。” 清·龙翰臣《逆妇姜于齐》:“ 姜何罪?其不氏犹氏也。姜固为其氏矣。其或书或不书者,史异文耳。” 清·俞樾《古书疑义举例·两义传疑而并存例》:“凡著书者,博采异文,附之简策。如《管子·法法篇》之‘一曰’,《大匡篇》之‘或曰’,皆为 管氏 学者传闻不同而竝记之也。”例:《论语》中人名“申枨”,《史记》引作“申党”。

[声训]

汉语训诂学术语,又称音训。是指通过语音分析词义,用声音相同或相近的字来解释字义,推求字义的来源,说明其命名的原由。声训可分为4种:同音、双声、叠韵和音转相近。声训起源很早,先秦古籍中时常可以见到。汉代应用较广,刘熙的《释名》就是声训的专书。当时的声训,有时是出于主观臆测,尤其是关于事物命名的解说,不可尽信。直到清代,才有了较为精密的方法,运用“因声求义,音近义通”的原理来研究训诂,取得了较大的成就。

译音

将某种语言的词用另外一种语言与其发音相同或近似的词的音调表达,如“tank”译成“坦克

把一种语言的语词用另一种语言中跟它发音相同或近似的语音表示出来。 金克木 《怎样读汉译佛典》:“这个‘禅’字本来是‘禅让’、‘封禅’,读音不同,后来成了佛教的‘禅’,是个译音的外来语。”

对音

在汉语音韵学里,对音是用来构拟中古汉语和上古汉语的重要材料,对音分为两类:一是用外语对汉语,主要是借词,包括日语、韩语、越南语中的汉语借词;一是用汉语对外语,即是用汉字音译外语词,主要是专有名词,包括梵汉对音、藏汉对音等。

最早提倡使用对音来研究古音的,是曾在北大任教的俄国学者钢和泰。1923年,北京大学《国学季刊》第一卷刊载了钢氏的《音译梵书和中国古音》(由胡适译成中文)一文。受到钢和泰的启发,中国学者汪荣宝在之后一期的《国学季刊》发表了他的《歌戈鱼虞模古读考》,提出唐宋以上“歌”、“戈”韵(参看《广韵》)的字都读/a/音,不读/o/音。汪的做法在国学界引起很大回响,有赞成的也有反对,魏建功称为“古音大论战”(见所著《古音系研究》)。然而,使用对音材料来测定古音的做法,很快就为海内外音韵学者所接受,法国的马伯乐、中国的罗常培、俞敏都利用对音材料写出了重要的音韵学论文

[古无舌上音]

古无舌上音这是由清代历史学家﹑汉语学家钱大昕首先提出的一条汉语声母演变规律。“古无舌上音”,指在上古声母系统中上只有“端[t]”、“透[t']”、“定[d]”、“泥[n]”这组舌头音声母,没有“

知”、“彻”、“澄”、“娘”这组舌上音声母。舌上音声母是后来从舌头音“端[t]”、“透[t']”、“定[d ]”、“泥[n]”这组声母中分化出来的。 直到现在,有些方音中仍然只有舌头音,例如 湖南衡山方言,“里(头)”读“底”,“(费)力”读“里”,还有闽南方言中“猪”的声母为[d],“陈”的声母为[ t]。

[古无轻唇音]

“古无轻唇音”,是已被清代学者钱大昕及后来语言学家证明的事实。但是,轻唇音是何时产生的?对于这个问题,曾经有过两种代表性的结论:第一,认为轻唇音出于齐梁之后,持这种着法的是钱大昕。他在《潜研堂文集》卷十五《答问十二》中说:“凡今人所谓轻唇者,汉魏以前读重唇,知轻唇之非古矣。”轻唇之名,大约出于齐梁以后,而陆法言《切韵》固之,相承至今”。第二,认为轻唇音是唐宋之际产物,这是现代大多数语言学家的观点。

[重唇音]

音韵学术语。即"双唇塞音"和"双唇鼻音"。上下唇紧闭或接触以节制外出之气息而成。如"三十六字母"中之帮(b)[p]﹑滂(p)[p']﹑并[b]﹑明(m)[m]四母。

等韵学研究的对象,通常二名不分。它是以音节表为主要方式对汉语字音进行分析的一门学科,是汉语音韵学的一个分支。

谐声[xié shēng]

1. 六书之一。即形声。意符(即形符)和声符并用的造字法。

《周礼·地官·保氏》“五曰六书” 郑玄 注引 汉 郑司农 曰:“六书:象形,会意,转注,处事,假借,谐声也。”

词汇学的基本知识

词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问,它是传统语言学(语法、语音、词汇)的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是:词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系(同音、同 义、反义等)。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位,它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难,因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言,许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充,一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去,剩写的也是词。如:“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语,不能插入的是 词(意义不能变)。比如:钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词,“白菜”插入后意思变了,它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变,可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入,“鸡蛋”可 以插入,但“鸡蛋”的频度很高,可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入,但两个语素的组合是固 定的,把这类词做为离合词(理发、洗澡、打仗等)。 一个语素(有意义的汉字)能独立运用就是词。(米、吃、红、个、从) 两个语素组合后,意义不是它们的简单相加,就是词。(钢笔、金鱼、) 两个语素组合后,不能扩展插入词,就是词。(钢笔,白菜) 两个语素组合后,虽能扩展插入词,但它们是不能用别的语素替换的,则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后,虽能扩展插入词,但它们的使用频度很高,且大家约定俗成认为它是词。(“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语)。 综上所述,汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念,词是反映概念的,但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如,“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念,“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类: 1.语法分类——实词、虚词(词类) 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇(基本词汇)、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象,在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故,有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分(乘风破浪——愿乘长风,破万里浪),有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等(刻舟求剑、狐假虎威),有的增加个别字(短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接)。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加(汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说);多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加,有的意思是约定俗成的(高山流水——表示知己知音),有的是取字面的比喻义(水落石出——比喻真相毕露了)。

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word ( alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.) 1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分: basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分: content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分: native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

词汇学简论摘要笔记

1。词汇学是以语言中的词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。 2。词的意义的体现,则有事物、思维和语言结构三者。因而词的基本分类,则有客体、特征、状态和代替之别。据此研究,一在抓词的理据;二在抓词的变化,考察哪些意义变化引起哪些形式变化和哪些形式变化引起哪些意义变化。即通过词的结构分析,串连语音、形态、语义的内在联系和词义系统相符的名词,确定词与词间的语源关系,从而寻求词根及其衍化轨迹。现代词汇学的研究,不能再墨守传统训访学的方式和方法。既要由上而下地从经籍递推到大众口语,又要根据大众的词汇逆溯到它们最初的来源。这样,对词形结构的分析,词义发展的识别和语音衍化的探讨,才能有所创获。 3。对于某一发展阶段上的语言体系的描写和研究又叫共时的或静态的研究;对于语言体系及其各个组成部分在历史上的发展变化的研究又叫历时的或演化的研究。“共时性”(synchronie)和“历时 性” (diachronie)这两个概念是瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussurel857—1913)在他的《普通语言学教程》里首先提出来的。索绪尔对“共时”和“历时”的解释是,“有关我们这门科学的静态方面的一切都是共时的,涉及演他的一切都是历时的”“共时和历时分别指一种语言状态和一种演化情况。”汉译本《普通语言学教程》,商务印书馆,1980,页119. (P2) 4。个别语言词汇学又可以分为历史词汇学和描写词汇学。前者研究语言的词汇在历史过程中的发展,后者研究在历史发展的某一阶段(一般是指现阶段)语言的词汇系统的状况和特点。自然,二者也是相互为用,不可以截然划分开来的。(P2) 5。若是研究一个民族的古代历久那就更加用得着词汇学(特别是历史词汇学)的知识。正如当代语言学家丰克 (Wilfred Funk)在《词的来源和它们的传奇故事》(Word Origin and Their Romantic Stories,1950)中所说,“词汇也象个小窗户,通过它可以熟悉一个民族的过去。”有时候在缺乏其他史料的情况下,语言材料(主要是词汇材料)就成了研究古代历史上某一个问题的重要依据甚至是唯一依据。(P7) 6。把语言材料应用于古代历史的研,在西方创始于德国语言学家雅各·格林(Jakob Grimml785—1863)。他的著名论点是:“我们的语言也就是我们的历史。”(J。Grimm:《K1einere Schriften》 (小品集)第1册,1864,页290.转引自阿巴耶夫:《语言史和民族史》,《民族问题译丛》1957年第12期,页13。)(P7) 7。分别来说历史词汇学的知识能够帮助解决古代民族史上如下三方面的问题:1)民族起源,即一个民族的起源和形成过程如何,它跟哪些别的民族有亲属关系;2)民族文化历史,即一个民族在各个历史阶段上的文化水平及其主要特点如何;3)民族间互相交往和影响,即一个民族在历史上跟哪些别的民族发生过关系,它受到过它们哪些影响,又对它们有过哪些影响。 解决头一个问题主要依靠基本词汇的材料,而解决后两个问题就还要利用一般词汇的捞料,因为一个民族的物质生活和精神生活的特点及变化都会在语言的词汇中留下它们的痕迹。(P8) 8。总括词的语言外部联系和语言内部联系两个方面,就可以看出一种语言的词汇是在历史上形成并不断发展的社会现象,它本身构成一个完整的体系;词和词之间、词和语言的其他要素之间以及词和客观现实之间都存在着不可分割的多种多样的联系。P14

词汇学复习整理

Chapter 1 LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. Chapter 2 1.The history of English language History of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present). 2.Classification of English words English words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion. By origin Native words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English) Loan words (borrowed) By level of usage: 5 categories Standard/ popular word/ common words Literary words Colloquial words Slang words Technical words By notion Content words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb. Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers. Pick up the slang words and explain. 1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no) 2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars) 3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense) 4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb. repeatedly) 5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country) 6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense) Chapter 3 Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy. Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean.

词汇学笔记文档6

3. conversion Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another. Since the words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. ? Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. ? Conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning it originally carried. ?1). Conversion to nounss ?Deverbal. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways according to Quirk et al: ?State (of mind or sensation) doubt the state of doubting want what is wanted desire, love , hate , smell, taste b. Event or activity search the activity of searching laugh the act of laughing attempt, hit, release, swim, shut-down,etc c. Result of the action catch what is caught find what is found reject , buy, hand-out, answer , bet d. Doer of the action help one who helps cheat one who cheats Bore, coach, scold, stand-in(替代) e. Tool or instrument to do the action with cover used to cover something wrape used to wrap something cure, paper, etc. f. Place of the action Pass where one has to pass Walk a place for walking Divide , turn, drive, lay-down ? Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have, take, make. Give; e.g. to have a look ? words like hand-out, stand-by, are converted from phrasal

心理学术语整理

术语整理第八章记忆 遗忘症:记忆的完全丧失。 组块:是一个重新组织项目的过程,基于相似性或其他组织原则进行组织,或者基于存储在长时记忆的信息将它们组成一些更大的模块。 背景区辨性:与当前体验之背景越接近的事物更具有区辨性。 陈述性记忆:涉及事实和事件的回忆。 概念:个人形成的归类或范畴的心理表征。 回声记忆:声音的感觉记忆。 精细复述:第一次将信息存入记忆时精细加工材料以丰富编码。 编码:指信息的最初加工,从而导致记忆中的表征。 编码特异性:当提取的背景与编码的背景相匹配时,记忆最为有效。 记忆痕迹:记忆存在于大脑的痕迹。 情节记忆:单独保存亲自体验过的特定事件。 记忆的外显作用:做出有意识的努力才恢复信息。 映像记忆:使得大量信息在非常短暂的时间被储存。 记忆的内隐作用:信息不需要有意识的努力就可以获得。 干扰:当提取线索不是有效地指向某个特定记忆的时候发生。 加工水平理论:信息的加工水平越深,它存入记忆的可能性越大。 长时记忆:从感觉记忆和短时记忆中获得的所有体验、事件、信息、情感、技能、单词、范畴、规则和判断等的仓库。 记忆:存储和提取信息的容量。 元记忆:关于记忆是如何工作的或如何知道自己拥有什么信息。 记忆术:通过与熟悉的、以前编码过的信息相联系的方法来编码一系列事实的技术。 首因效应:开头部分回忆非常好。 启动:提前知道随后测试内容的优势。 程序性记忆:关于怎样去做某事的记忆。 原型:作为样本库的平均而出现。 回忆:再现先前呈现的信息。 近因效应:最后部分回忆非常好。 再认:指认定到一个特定的刺激事件(以前看到或听到的)。 重构性记忆:不是直接记住这条信息,而是基于更概括类的存储知识来重构信息。 提取:是指被存储信息在随后某一时间的恢复。 提取线索:当你搜索一个特定记忆时可利用的刺激。 图式:是关于物体、人和情境的概念框架或知识群。 语义记忆:是类属的、范畴的记忆,就如词语和概念的含义等。 感觉记忆:是记忆系统的开始阶段,它是一种原始的感觉形式,是记忆系统在对外界信息进行进一步加工前的暂时登记。 系列位置效应:记忆对象的顺序不同,记忆效果也不同。 短时记忆:个体对刺激信息进行加工、编码、短暂保持和容量有限的记忆。 储存:是指被编码材料随时间的保存。 传输适宜性加工:当内隐编码过程与内隐提取过程间有很强匹配时,内隐记忆通常是最稳固的。 工作记忆:信息暂时存储及其与其它更为复杂任务的联合运作。

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

词汇学知识点总结

Language Language is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics…… Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application. Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words. Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language. Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection. There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad

考研英语词汇复习笔记

考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇,而词汇量是巨大的,必须要有日常的积累和复习,并且掌握科学的记忆方法,才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记,以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛,丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的,穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年

2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子,胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出,向某人奉献,献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的,非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn

当代教育心理学关键术语

[关键术语] 第一章教育心理学及其研究☆ 1.教育心理学:是研究学与教的基本心理规律的科学,是心理学与教育学的交叉学科。 2.定量研究:又称“量化研究”,它重在对事物可以量化的特性进行测量和分析,以检验研究者的理论假设。3.质性研究:又称为“质的研究”,是指研究者参与到自然情境之中,采用观察、访谈、实物分析等多种方法收集资料,对社会现象进行整体性探究,采用归纳而非演绎的思路来分析资料和形成理论,通过与研究对象实际互动来理解和解释他们行为。 4.观察法:是研究者通过器官或借助一定的科学仪器,在一定时间内有目的的、有计划地记录、描述客观对象的表现来收集研究资料的一种方法。 5.调查法:是按照一定的目的和计划,间接地搜集研究对象有关的现状及历史材料,从而弄清事实,通过分析、概括等方法,发现问题,探索教育规律的研究方法。 6.实验法:是指研究者创设一定的情境,对某些变量进行操纵或控制以揭示教育、心理现象的原因和发展规律,这种研究的基本目的是揭示变量之间的因果关系。 7.教育经验总结法:是依据实践所提供的事实,按照科学研究的程序,分析和概括教育现象,揭示其内在联系和规律,使之上升为教育理论的一种教育科研方法。 8.行动研究法:是指在教育情境中由教育情境的参与者(包括教师及其同事、学生、专业研究者)单独或者共同进行的以提高教师对自己所从事的教育实践的理性认识和教学质量为目的的反省研究。 9.设计型研究:旨在通过形成性研究过程来检验和改进根据有关原理和先期研究而做出的教育设计,它采用“逐步改进”的设计方法,把最初的设计付诸实施,看其效果如何,根据来自实践的反馈不断改进,直到排除所有缺陷,形成一种更为可靠而有效的设计。设计型研究承担着改进实践和完善理论的双重使命。 第二章学生心理☆ 10.心理发展:个体或种系从产生到死亡的持续的有规律的心理变化过程。 11.准备性原则:根据学生原有的准备状态进行新的教学。 12.图式:指动作的结构或组织,这些支作在相同或类似的环境中由于重复而引起迁移或概括。 13.同化:个体在反映和作用于环境过程中,使客体纳入已有认知结构或行为模式中的过程。 14.顺应:个体在其原有认知结构或行为模式已不能使新的经验同化时,便调整原有认知结构或行为模式,以适应环境变化的过程。 15.平衡:指一切心理的成长向着更加复杂和更为稳定的组织水平前进的过程。 16.客体永恒性:当客体从视野中消失时,儿童知道这客体并非不存在了。 17.自我中心:皮亚杰儿童心理研究中的用语。是指儿童在前运算阶段(2~7岁)倾向于从自己的立场与观点去认识事物,而不能从客观的立场和观点去认识事物。在语言上表现为自我中心言语,常常忽略他人的反应和意见。18.集体的独白:儿童由于扑克我中心主义表现出来的相互表面上的热情谈论,没有任何真实的相互作用或者交谈。19.不可逆性:儿童在前运算阶段表现出来的受到单一方向思维的限制,或者说是运用“一维逻辑”。 20.物体守恒:儿童认识到物体从一种形态转变为另一种形态时,它的物质含量没有增加,也没有减少。 21.分类:根据事物的特点分别进行归类。 22.排序:按照事物固有的或者相关规则进行排列。 23.成熟:指个体生理和心理上的成熟,包括身体器官、结构、机能以及智能、情绪、社会性的成熟。 24.练习和经验:指个体对物体施加动作过程中的交互活动及获得的体验。 25.社会性经验:指社会环境中人与人之间的相互作用和社会文化的传递。 26.平衡化:指个体在与环境相互作用过程中的自我调节。 27.新皮亚杰理论:在皮亚杰提出认知发展理论之后,对该理论进行整合、修正或扩展的理论的总称。 28.最近发展区:指一定的已经完成的发展系统所形成的,儿童心理机能的发展水平与即将达到的发展水平之间的差异。 29.内化:指外部的东西转化为内部的东西,把客体的东西转化为主体的东西。维果茨基认为,高级的心理机能来

词汇学复习重点

词汇学复习重点 1. jargon------ Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. 2. translation loans------ Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. 3. Renaissance------ It is a European movement of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. 4. Allomorph------ one of the variants of the same morpheme 5. inflectional affix------ an affix that indicates grammatical relationships 6. acronyms------ the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations special noun phrases and technical terms 7. back-formation------ the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes 8. polygsemy------ Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 9. morpheme------ It is a minimal meaningful unit of a language, or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 10. grammatical meaning------ that part of the meaning of the word indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. 11. homonym------ Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 12. reference------what a linguistic form refers to in the real word. It is the relationship between language and the world 13. semantic field------ Semantic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. 14. motivation------ the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 15. conceptual meaning------ the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 16. amelioration------ or elevation, a process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 17. transfer------ a process whereby words which were used to designate one thing have changed to mean something else.

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档