词汇学第二次测试1

试题一第一部分选择题I。

Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers。

Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket。

（30%）1。

In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form。

A。

moreB。

littleC. lessD。

gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______。

A. general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC。

both A and BD. neither A and B3.The word ”MINISKIRT" is _______.A. morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC。

semantically motivatedD。

none of the above4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______。

A。

borrowingB。

semantic changeC。

creation of new wordsD。

all the above5.Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________。

A。

generalizedB. expandedC. elevatedD。

Test 2I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through theuse of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines 词汇学题目_文库下载/doc/26fe481ca300a6c30c229f93.html and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot。

模拟试卷（1）I . Each of the statements below is followed by four choices. Please choosethe one that best completes each statement.（10 %）1. In the word internationalists, nation is ________.A. rootB. stemC. baseD. root, stem, base2. ________is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock.A. ProductivityB. StabilityC. CollocabilityD. All national character3. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except________.A. slangB. Anglo-Saxon wordsC. argotsD. neologisms4. It is assumed that the world has 3 000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly _ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 200B. 300C. 400D. 5005. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except________.A. Balto-SlavicB. Indo-IranianC. ArmenianD. Italic6. In the Eastern set, Armenian and________are the sole modern languages inthe two respective families.A. AlbanianB. RussianC. SlovenianD. Lithuanian7.The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as __________ .A. wordsB. allomorphsC. morphemesD. morphs8. The ________ are "actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning".A. morphsB. allomorphsC. morphemesD. allophones9. Morphemes are _____ units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as ________ .A. concrete; allomorphsB. abstract; morphsC. abstract; lexemesD. concrete; morphs10. 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through _________ .A. compoundingB. affixationC. conversionD. shortening11. The prefixes mal- in maltreat, mis- in misleading and pseudo- inpseudo-scientific are ________ prefixes.A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative12. A word is the combination of ________ and ________.A. spelling, soundB. form, meaningC. spelling, meaningD. sound, meaning13. By form we refer to________.A. its symbolsB. its spellingC. its pronunciationD. both its pronunciation and spelling14. Reference is the relationship between language and________.A. the worldB. the conceptC. the senseD. the motivation15. All of the following are sense relations except________.A. polysemyB. ameliorationC. homonymyD. antonymy16. ________ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages becausethe majority of words have more than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. SynonymyC. PolysemyD. Homonymy17. Which of the following words does not undergo the process of narrowing of meaning?A. Meat.B. Liquor.C. Disease.D. Journal.18. ________factor is the one that often contributes to the associatedtransfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc.A. ScientificB. PsychologicalC. HistoricalD. Internal19. The change of word meaning is achieved by modes of____A. degradation and elevationB. transference and euphemismC. extension and narrowingD. all the above20. A word has meaning only when a connection has been established between thelinguistic sign and a________.A. referenceB. referentC. conceptD. senseII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. （10 %）21. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, studying the origins and ________ of words.22. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and ________function.23. Modern English expands its vocabulary chiefly through________.24. The three main means of creating new words in modern English are ________,compounding and conversion.25. The overwhelming majority of blends are________.26. Words imitating natural sounds are________words.27. Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has_______ .28. The relationship between the word form and meaning is conventionaland arbitrary, and most words can be said to be _______.29. Componential analysis, according to Leech, is the process of breaking down the sense of a word into its ________ components.30. At the time when the words were created, it was endowed with only onemeaning. The first meaning is the ________ meaning and the latter meanings are ________meaning.31. ________is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands atthe center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.32. Extension and______are the most common modes of word meaning changes.33. Narrowing of meaning is also known as______, which is the opposite of______.34. The extra-linguistic context refers to the________situation, which may extend to embrace the entire________.35. Linguistic context can be subdivided into_______ context and_____ context.36. Context can be divided into ____and _____ context.37. Regarded as a derivational process without the addition of an affix, conversion can be called as _______.38. ________are the most complete description of words available to us.They are large in scope and size, containing at least 200 000 headwords.39. ________ are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50 000to 150 000. And they are most used on desk.40. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three types: ________, homographs and________.III. Please decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)( ) 41. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) 42. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) 43. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) 44. In early Middle English period, English, Latin, and Celtic existed side by side.( ) 45. The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( ) 46. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 47. Conversion not only changes the grammatical function of items involved but their original meaning.( ) 48. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained acceptance.( ) 49. Backformation is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. ( ) 50. Complementaries can be used in comparative degrees.( ) 51. In a language, there are more synonyms than antonyms.( ) 52. Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.( ) 53. The meaning of paper in "a white paper" is determined by grammatical context.( ) 54. The ambiguity in "They saw her duck" is due to polysemy.( ) 55. The clue for the meaning of jetty in "The harbour is protected bya jetty — a wall built out into the water" is definition.( ) 56. Idioms are generally felt to be informal; therefore they are usually inappropriate for formal settings.( ) 57. The stylistic features of idioms are fixed and unchangeable.( ) 58. Idioms are peculiar to native culture and language.( ) 59. Dictionary is closely related to lexicology because they both deal with the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.( ) 60. In the Anglo-Saxon period, difficult Latin words and definitions were often collected into lists called glossaries for the sake of research.IV. Please give the meaning of the following prefixes (the italicized part of the word).You are to write your answer in English on the answer sheet. (10%)61. a political 62. dis obey 63. il literate 64.de centralize65. un bug 66. mal treat 67. mis interpret 68. pseudo-scientific69. arch bishop 70. co direct 71. extra-large 72. hyper active73. macro economics 74. micro computer 75. mini-bus 76.over-anxious77. out swim 78. sub-system 79. sub normal 80.super sophisticatedV. Please give the direct expressions of the following euphemisms. (10%) 81. pass away 82. social disease83. custodian 84. extermination engineer 85. meet engineer 86. sanitation engineer87. mortician 88. hairdresser89. Gee 90. Gosh almightyVI. Please translate the following idioms into Chinese.（20%）91. in a brown study92. lip service93. bury the hatchet94. tit for tat95. the lion's share96. diamond cut diamond97. like cures like98. a fish out of water99. the salt of the earth100. see eye to eye with101. as green as grass102. once in a blue moon103. ride the high horse104. a bed of roses105. make bricks without straw106. an apple of discord107. Jack of all trades108. a fly in the ointment109. cut and dried110. wide of the markVII. Answer the following questions. (30%)111. In what way are words related to vocabulary?112. What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words?113. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes? Give examples toillustrate their relationships.114. What are the merits and demerits of componential analysis?115. What is hyponymy?模拟试卷（1）答案及评分标准I. Please choose the one that best completes each statement. (10%)1-5 D D B B D6-10 A C A B B11-15 C B D A B16-20 C D B D B评分标准：本题共20道题，共10分；每题0.5分。

自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！自考00832《英语词汇学》模拟试题（一）一、Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1. The criteria of words include________. A ：The criteria of words include. B ：all national character C ：a cluster of letters D ：sound unity2. If we classify English words by use frequency,the two types of words are________. A ：the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary B ：content words and functional words C ：native words and borrowed words D ：functional words and notional words3. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels:_______. A ：creation,conversion and borrowing B ：creation,borrowing and back­formation C ：creation,semantic change and borrowingD ：semantic change,borrowing and back­formation 4. Basic words are characterized with________. A ：polysemy B ：collocability C ：productivity D ：all the above5. More often than not,functional words mainly have________. A ：lexical meaning B ：associative meaning C ：collocative meaning D ：grammatical meaning6. The suffixes in words "clockwise","homeward" are_________. A ：noun suffixes B ：verb suffixes C ：adverb suffixes D ：adjective suffixes7. In English there are________types of motivation as far as the relationship between the sign and meaning is concerned. A ：2 B ：6 C ：4 D ：58. Which of the following about extra­linguistic context is true?自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！A ：It can be subdivided into extra­linguistic context and non­linguistic context.B ：It only refers to the physical situation or environment relating to the use of words.C ：It embraces the people,time,size and place.D ：It may extend to embrace the entire cultural background. 9. 9.The idiom "wide of the mark"is________. A ：adjectival in nature B ：verbal in nature C ：nominal in nature D ：adverbial in nature10. Idioms like "black sheep","new broom","a wet blanket"and"sit on the fence"are examples of________. A ：transfer B ：metonymy C ：metaphor D ：simile11. The idiom "might and main" uses________as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. A ：alliteration B ：metaphor C ：metonymy D ：rhyme12. Which of the following prefixes can NOT be used to indicate time and order?A ：AB ：BC ：CD ：D13. Which of the following is NOT from back­formation? A ：To mass produce. B ：To lip read. C ：To nickname. D ：To chain smoke.14. Which kind of meaning is the meaning that is given in the dictionary and that forms the core of word meaning ？A ：Conceptual meaning.B ：Grammatical meaning.C ：Lexical meaning.自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！D ：Associative meaning.15. By "structural stability" of idioms,which of the following is right? A ：Many idioms are grammatically analyzable.B ：The constituents of idioms can not be replaced at random.C ：The constituents of idioms can be deleted.D ：More constituents can be added to idioms without changing their meanings. 16. Bilingual dictionaries involve________language(s). A ：one B ：two C ：three D ：four17. "Trumpet" is a(n)________motivated word. A ：morphologically B ：semanticallyC ：onomatopoeicallyD ：etymologically18. The meaning of the word "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mode of________. A ：extension B ：narrowing C ：elevation D ：degradation19. ________are those which cannot occur as separate words without being added to other morphemes. A ：Free rootsB ：Free morphemesC ：Bound morphemesD ：Meaningful units20. Words which have opposite meanings are called________. A ：synonyms B ：antonyms C ：homonyms D ：hyponyms21. The pair of words "respectable" and "respectful" has thesense of transfer respectively. A ：subjective,objective B ：objective,subjective C ：objective,objective D ：none of the above22. "Hopeless" is a________motivated word. A ：morphologically B ：onomatopoeically C ：semantically自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！D ：etymologically23. Extension is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become________. A ：generalized B ：expanded C ：elevated D ：degraded24. Of the following word­formation processes,________is the most productive. A ：clipping B ：blending C ：initialism D ：derivation25. The following are user­friendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English EXCEPT________. A ：extra columnB ：clear grammar codesC ：usage notesD ：language notes26. For beginners and lower­intermediate learners,a dictionary is essential as they do not know enough________of the target language. A ：mono­lingual B ：bilingual C ：unabridged D ：specialized27. Readers cant find pronunciation or meaning in________. A ：Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English B ：The Encyclopedia AmericanaC ：Chambers Encyclopedic English DictionaryD ：Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary 28. The main body of a dictionary is________of words. A ：spellingsB ：pronunciationsC ：definitionsD ：grammar29. In the idiom "in good feather",we change "good" into "high"or "full" without changing meaning.This change ofconstituent is known as________. A ：addition B ：replacement C ：position­shifting D ：variation30. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example_________. A ：lewd → ignorant自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！B ：silly → foolishC ：last → pleasureD ：knave → boy二、Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(15%)1. 31.From the diachronic point of view,when the word was created,it was endowed with only one meaning .The firstmeaning is called .2. British dictionaries generally use to mark the pronunciation.3. 33.The antonyms "big" and "small" are .4. Websters New World Dictionary is a(n) dictionary.5. Prefixes are those affixes that are added to the head of words and they primarily change the meaning of the.6. 36. is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing.7. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and . 8. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the of words.9. A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using whatremains instead.This is called .10. "From cradle to grave" is an example of . 三、Define the following terms.(15%) 1. creation2. back­formation3. radiation4. grammatical context5. desk dictionaries四、Answer the following questions.Your answers should be clear and short.Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)1. How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan­words?2. How do you understand semantic motivation?3. What are the linguistic factors of meaning changes?4. How do you understand"the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable"?五、Analyze and comment on the following.Write your answers in the space given below.(20%) 1. Analyze and comment on the meanings of the following sentences and then find out the right antonyms for each "dull" respectively.［A ］The story in this book is dull.［B ］He became dull and silent when the class began. ［C ］I'm tired of such dull weather! (10 分) 2. The "pen" is mightier than the "sword".Explain what "pen" and "sword"mean respectively using the theory of motivation.自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！一、Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1: 参考答案： C（P7）总体来讲，单词的标准包含以下几点：词是语言中最小的自由形式；是一个声音统一 体；是意义单位；是一个能在句子中起到独立作用的形式。

英语词汇学⾃考题1英语词汇学⾃考题-1(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)⼀、Ⅰ.(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.A tricycle has ______ wheels.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：词缀“tr-”是表⽰数字的前缀，它表⽰的意思是“三……”。

例如，a triangle指的是三⾓形。

2.The idiom Jack of all trades results from ______.A. additionB. position-shiftingC. dismemberingD. shortening（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：缩短法(shortening)偶尔出现在部分格⾔或者谚语中，这些格⾔或谚语以⼀部分指代整个句⼦所代表的含义。

习语“jack of all trades”的完整形式是“jack of all trades and master of none”。

3.Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing（分数：1.00）D.解析：4.______ is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of individuals.A. Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：内涵意义(connotative meaning)指的是词的语法意义所包含的暗⽰意思和相关联想。

《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(一)I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)1. The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______.A. rootsB. morphsC. stemsD. morphemes ( )2. The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______.A. stability .B. productivityC. polysemy .D. all national character ( )3. Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. Celtic .B. HellenicC. Italic .D. Germanic . ( )4. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. borrowingB. backformationC. creationD. semantic change ( )5. The words “motel” and “comsat” are called ______.A. blendsB. compoundsC. acronymsD. initialisms . ( )6. The word “teachers” contains three morphemes, but the word “shortenings” has______ morphemes.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five ( )7. Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. conceptB. worldC. context .D. sense ( )8. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______.A. dorm for “dormitory”B. fond for “affectionate”C. dish for “food”D. TV for “television”( )9. The word “mouth” in the phrase “the mouth of a river” is regarded as a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. etymologicallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. semantically ( )10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the ______ of the word.A. pronunciationB. spellingC. functionD. meaning ( )11. Frogs croak, but elephants ______.A. neighB. squeakC. bleat .D. trumpet ( )12. The antonyms “present” and “absent” are ______ terms.A. relativeB. contraryC. contradictoryD. graded ( )13. The idiom “scream and shout” is a good example of ______.A. reiteratonB. alliterationC. repetitionD. juxtaposition ( )14. Ambiguity arises due to all the following except ______.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. structure ( )15. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the ______ changes of words.A. grammaticalB. morphologicalC. semanticD. phonological ( ) II. Complete the following sentences with the proper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)1. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given __________________ and meaning and syntactic function.2. English has evolved from a ____________________ language (Old English) to the present analytic language.3. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ___________________ morphemes.4. A ________________ is known as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.5. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of _______________ it can refer to something specific.6. The second major language known in England was the _________________ of the Roman Legions.7. Conceptual meaning is also known as ____________________ meaning.8. The relationship between sound and meaning is _________________ and arbitrary.9. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of __________________ inclusion.10. The same word may have different ___________________ meanings as shown in “do, does, did, done, doing.”11. Synonyms may differ in the ___________________ and intensity of meaning.12. The word “famous” is ___________________, but the word “notorious” is derogatory.13. Characterized by semantic unity and ______________________ stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule.14. Linguistic context can be subdivided into ____________________ context and grammatical context.15. So far as the language is concerned, LDCE and CCELD published in Britain are both _____________________ dictionaries.III．Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)1. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. ( )2. English words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. ( )3. Danish, Icelandic, Flemish and Norwegian are generally known as Scandinavian languages. ( )4. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns are thought to be content words, which are also known as notional words. ( )5. The word “miniskirt” is a semantically motivated word. ( )6. There is a reversative prefix in the word “unwrap”. ( )7. The words “AIDS” and “UFO” are regarded as acronyms. ( )8. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “shorter”. ( )9. Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but identical in sound and spelling. ( )10. In the idiom “chop and change”, alliteration is used. ( )11. The word “disease” originally meant “discomfort”, but now it means “illness”, so it has undergone degradation of meaning. . ( )12. Context may prove very valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. ( )13. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, only resulting in synonymous idioms. ( )14. One of the unique features of CCELD is language notes. ( )15. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs is a specialized dictionary. ( ) IV. .Answer the following questions. (20%)1.What are the characteristics of Old English?2.What are the differences between a root and a stem?3.What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?4.What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?5.How is context classified?V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words in terms of free morphemes and bound morphemes, and then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.idealistic antecedent lighthouses2. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. Trees surround the water near our summer place.b. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin..《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（—）参考答案I. 选择题1. D2. D3. D4. C5. A6. C7. B8. C9. D10. A 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. CII. 填空题1. sound2. synthetic3. inflectional4. morpheme5, context 6. Latin 7. denotative 8. conventional9. semantic 10. grammatical 11. range 12. appreciative13. structural 14. lexical 15. monolingualIII. 是非题1. T2. T3. F4. F5. F6. T7. F8. T9. F1o. T 11, F 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. TIV. 问答题1.Old English was mainly Anglo-Saxon spoken by the Germanic tribes calledAngles, Saxons, and Jutes. It had a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. It was a syntheticlanguage.2. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed withouttotal loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in “cat” and “teach” or a root morpheme plus one or more affixationalmorphemes as in “foolish” and “unacceptable”. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added, but a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.3. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters ofnames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms, Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms formed from initial letters are pronounced as normal words.4. Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaninggiven in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Conceptual meaning, being constant and relatively stable, forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language, but associative meaning, being open-ended and indeterminate, is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, and so on.5. Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words,clauses, sentence, in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the whole book. In abroad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is calledextra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.V．论述题1. 1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes: idealistic (ideal + ist +ic), antecedent (ante + ced + ent), lighthouses (light + house + s).2) Of the nine morphemes, “ideal”, “light” and “house” are free morphemes,but all the rest –ist, -ic, ante-, -ced-, -ent and –s are bound morphemes. Of the six bound morphemes, -ist, -ic, ante- and –ent are derivational morphemes and –s is an inflectional morpheme, while –ced- is a bound root.3) Free morphemes which are independent of other morphemes have completemeanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound to others to form new words.2. 1) The relationship between some words used in the two given sentences ishyponymy.2) In the first sentence, “trees”, “water” and “place” are all superordinateswhile “old elms”, “lake” and “cabin” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence.3) The second sentence is clearer than the first one because subordinates arevivid, precise and concrete.。

Lexicology2词汇学练习及答案Test of Lexicology 2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Which words belong to the functional words? ( A )A. prepositions, auxiliaries, conjunctionsB. articles, adjectives, pronounsC. adverbs, conjunctions, nounsD. prepositions, auxiliaries, verbs2. ___ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.（C ）A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds3. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be( C).A．affixational B．derivational C．free D．bound4. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ( C ) morpheme.A. formalB. concreteC. freeD. bound5. Which of the following is NOT true? ( B)A. A word is a sound unityB. A word has a given meaningC. A word is the smallest form of a languageD. A word can be used freely in a sentence6. The following words have derivational affixes Except________. ( D )A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks7. Which of the following is not a compound? ( B)A. swimming poolB. king-heartedC. greenhouseD. International8. The suffix “-tion” is a ____ suffix. ( D )A. adjectiveB. verbC. adverbD. noun9. From the sent ences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as________. ( C )A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. acronymy10. “mis-“ in “misunderstand” is a ____________ prefix. ( C )A．negative B. pejorative C. reversative D. locative11. Which of the following is not a major word-formation process? ( D)A. CompoundingB. DerivationC. ConversionD. Coinage12. “Anti-” in “antihero” means______. ( A )A. “against”B. “unconventional”C. “of or belonging to the hypothetical world of antimatter”D. “not”13. “-able” in “fashionable” is a(an) _____ suffix. ( D )A. denominalB. deadjectivalC. deverbalD. noun-formingII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.1. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and ____derivational______affixes.2. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and ___affixes______.3. Words may fall into ___content _____words and functional words by notion.4. Generally, prefixes only modify the ___lexical meaning_____of the stem.5. Sometimes a word may undergo ____multiple______ conversion, which enables it to function as a member of several word-classes.6. Affixation can be subdivided into ____prefixation_________ and ____suffixation________. III. Term explanation/doc/5f2252356.html,pounding Compounding is a word-formation progress consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compoundword.2.Derivation Derivation is generally defined as word-formation process bywhich new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. Derivation may be defined as process of forming new words by theadditional of word element, such as prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.3.Conversion Conversion is a word formation process whereby a word of acertain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.4.Word-formation rules The rules of word-formation define the scope andmethod whereby speakers of a language may create new word.。

自测题III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets: (20%)( )1. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, and dialects.( )2. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemic word are not directly related to the primary meaning.( )3. Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.( )4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( )5. The super ordinate differs from the subordinate in that the former covers the concept of the latter.( )6. Extra-linguistic context refers to the physical situation or cultural background.( )7. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as the relationship between their meanings.( )8. Unclear context is often the cause of ambiguity.( )9. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.( )10. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other.( )11. Lexical context refers to the words that appear before the word in question.( )12. Idioms are phrases or short sentences whose meanings can be understood from the individual words.( )13. We classify idioms on a grammatical basis so that noun phrases will be put together and so will adjective phrases.( )14. A variation of an idiom is to use a different phrase instead of it.( )15. Context is important because without it, it would be difficult or impossible to tell the meaning of a polysemant.( )16. Monolingual dictionaries are good for advanced learners and bilingual ones are appropriate for advanced learners.( )17. Contradictory terms do not show degress.( )18. Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal not informal.( )19. Semantic unity and structural stability are general features of idioms, but there are many exceptions.( )20. An unabridged dictionary contains at least 150,000 headwords.II. Group the following antonyms into three classes, namely contradictory terms, contrary terms and relative terms: (12%)hot— cold parent— child give— takeman— woman open— close male— femalebuy— sell above— below present— absentIII. Relative synonyms are similar only in some respects but different in others. Explain the differences between them with examples. (20%)IV. Give a term according to each of the definitions. (10%)1. Part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps to explain its meaning. ( )2. Guessing word-meaning according context. ( )3. Idioms which are complete sentences including proverbs and sayings. ( )4. The dictionaries which are compiled in two languages. ( )5. Sense relation that deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. ( )6. A set of words which are semantically associated with one another. ( )7. Words that are identical in spelling but different in pronunciation and meaning. ( )8. The process in which a word that was pejorative in the past has now become appreciative. ( )9. The process that a word goes through by changing from specialized meaning to a more general meaning. ( )10. A word which is opposite in meaning. ( )V. Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clued which help you guess the meaning of the italicized words, for example, “definition”, “example”, “synonym”, and so on and put your answers in the brackets. (20%)1. Unlike her gregarious sister, Janet is unsociable as the refuses to go to parties. ( )2. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( )3. I like fruit, but not avocado, which is too soft. ( )4. Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killeda dog in the street and ate it. ( )5. Most of his works were published posthumously, for he was hardly known by anyone before his death. ( )VI. The italic ized part of each sentence is ambiguous. Improve the sentence so that each will have a single meaning. (10%)1. There is large audience present, including many old men and beautiful women.2. The steward greeted the girl with a smile.3. The shooting of the hunters occurred at dawn.4. Is Helen engaged?5. Margaret cannot bear children.VII. Match the terms in Column A with the words in Column B. (8%)A Bextension sillygeneralnarrowing ministermeatelevation manuscriptGovernordegradation accidentvillainVIII. Explain the characteristics of English idioms with examples.答案I．1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.T 9.T 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.F 14.F 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.T 20.FII. Contradictory terms:male-female, present-absent, man-womancontrary terms:open-close, ho-coldRelative terms:Buy-sell, give-take, parent-child, right-left, above-belowIII.1.Difference in:1) Synonyms may differ in degree of intensity. For example, small, tiny, microscopic are synonyms, but they each denote a different degree of smallness. Tiny is smaller than small, and microscopic is the smallest of all.2) Synonyms may differ in the range of meaning. Some words have a wider range of meaning than others. Take walk and stroll for example. Stroll is walk in a leisurely way. Walk is more general than stroll and cover the meaning of it2. Difference in connotation:1) Synonyms differ in their stylistic appropriateness. For example the words borrowed from French and Latin are generally more formal than native words. In the following pairs of words, the first is native and not stylistically specific whereas the second term is borrowed from French or Latin and is more formal: answer/respond, wood/forest, homely/domestic, etc.2) Synonyms differ in emotive col ouring. Famous and notorious both mean “well-known”, but the former is appreciative and the latter is pejorative. Similarly, a lady wants to be slender, but not skinny because skinny has a negative connotation.3) Difference in usage:Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage. They form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns. For example, allow and let are synonyms, but we allow sb to do sth and let sb do sth. V acant and empty are synonymous, but we say vacant chair, but not empty chair, whereas we say empty box, but not vacant box.IV. 1. lexical context 2. inference of meaning3. sentence idioms4. bilingual dictionaries5. hyponymy6. semantic field7. homograph 8. elevation9. extension/generalization 10.antonymV 1. antonym 2. synonym 3. hyponym 4. example 5. relevan detailsVI. 1. many old men and many beautiful women (or) many old men and old beautiful women2. With a smile, the steward greeted the girl. (or)The steward greeted the girl with a smile on her face.3. The hunters did the shooting at dawn. (or)The hunters were shot at dawn.4. Is Helen engaged? I want to see her right now. (or)Is Helen engaged? Why does she refuse to go out with any boys?5. Margaret is infertile.Margaret can’t put up with children.VII. Extension (manuscript)narrowing (general, meat, accident)elevation (minister, governor)degradation (silly, villain)VIII.1. Semantic unity. An idiom contains at least two words of different part of speech. But semantically each is a unity. For example, make up one’s mind functions as a verb, rain cats and dogs means “rain heavily” which has nothing to do with the individual elements th at make up the idiom and functions as verb phrase.2. Structural stability. First, the constituents cannot be replaced with synonyms, for example, kick the bucket cannot become strike the bucket or kick a bucket or kick the pail, etc. Secondly, the positions of the words cannot be changed, for example, heart and soul cannot be changed into soul and heart, nor by twos and threes into by threes and twos. Thirdly, we should not add or delete any element to an idiom, for example, out of the question (impossible) cannot be turned into out of question, which becomes a different idiom. Lastly, some idioms are grammatically unexplainable, for example, Like cures like and Diamond cut diamond are both correct. If we change the verb in either, both will be wrong. This is because idioms are structurally fixed。

词汇学模拟试卷2及答案《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）I.Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)1. The prehistorical Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______ language.A. advancedB. developedC. analyticD. inflected ( )2. The word “prediction” contains no ______.A. free morphemeB. stemC. bund morphemeD. root ( )3. The relationship between sound and meaning is ______ and conventional.A. logicalB. arbitraryC. objectiveD. consistent ( )4. The word “port” from “portus” is regarded as a ______.A. semantic-loanB. neologismC. translation-loanD. denizen ( )5. Words created by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems are called ______.A. acronymsB. blendsC. derivativesD. compounds ( )6. The word ______ is regarded as a deverbal noun.A. popularityB. persistenceC. productivityD. priestess ( )7. The word “disunite” contains a ______ prefix.A. reversativeB. pejorativeC. negativeD. locative ( )8. Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its ______.A. spellingB. soundC. meaningD. function ( )9. Extension of meaning is also known as ______.A. specializationB. elevationC. generalizationD. degradation ( )10. The words “husband” and “wife” are regarded as ______ terms.A. relativeB. contradictoryC. contraryD. graded ( )11. The word “copperhead” was used to refer to those northerners who were secretlyaiding the South because of the ______ reason.A. classB. historicalC. socialD. psychological ( )12. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure where it occurs, whichis called ______ context.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. linguisticD. non-linguistic ( )13. The idiom “heart and soul” is ______ in nature.A. adjectivalB. verbalC. adverbialD. nominal ( )14. The ambiguity of the sentence, “The ball is attractive,” is caused by ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy ( )15. The main body of a dictionary is its ______ of words.A. notesB. usageC. spellingD. definitions ( ) II. Complete the following statements withproper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)1. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _________________.2. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the _______________ element.3. Some differences between sound and meaning were created by the ____________, who made a living by writing for other people.4. All the words in a language make up its __________________.5. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited ___________________ and collocability.6. Scottish and Irish belong to the Celtic family, but Danish and German belong to the ___________________ family.7. According to the ________________ which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.8. Lexical meaning itself embraces two components: __________________ meaning and associative meaning.9. The most common types of word-meaning changes are __________________ and narrowing.10. Of the three types of homonyms, __________________ constitute the largest number and are most common.11. Transfer may also occur between abstract and ________________ meanings.12. Idioms are generally felt to be __________________ and some are slang and colloquialisms.13. Synonyms may differ in the ________________ and intensity of meaning.14. So far as the language is concerned, a Chinese-Englishdictionary is regarded as a __________________ dictionary.15. Compared with American dictionaries, British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, include more ____________ information.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)1. The Germanic tribes were thought to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles. ( )2. The chief function of prefixes is to change the meanings of stems. ( )3. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “internationalist”. ( )4. The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of the Middle English period. ( )5. Inflectional morphemes which are confined to suffixes function as grammatical markers. ( )6. The words such as NATO, AIDS, BASIC and UFO are acronyms. ( )7. There are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the same stylistic meaning. ( ) 8. One of the features of the contradictory terms is that such antonyms are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive. ( ) 9. The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned different meanings. ( ) 10. The ambiguity of the sentence “The duck is too hot to eat,” is caused by inadequate grammatical context. ( ) 11. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia. ( ) 12. Such words as “useless” and “bad-mouth” are regarded as morphologically motivated words. ( ) 13. The Oxford Dictionary of EnglishEtymology is generally known as a specialized dictionary. ( )14. In the idiom “sooner or later”, juxtaposition is used. ( )15. Linguistic context may include the whole cultural background. ( ) IV. Answer the following questions. (20%)1.What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?2. What are the four major causes of the difference between sound and form?3. What is transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?4. What is the difference between denizens and aliens?5. What are specialized dictionaries? What are their characteristics?V. Analyze and comment on the following. (20%)1. Point out the formation of the following words.sitcom medicare pub quake NATO VOA2.Read the following sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explainthe reasons and then improve the sentence.Jackson is a very hard businessman.《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）参考答案I.选择题1. D2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. A8. C9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. DII. 填空题1. affix2. first3. scribes4. vocabulary5. productivity6. Germanic7. positions8. conceptual9. extension 10. homophones 11. semantic 12. informal13. concrete 14. bilingual 15. grammaticalIII. 是非题1. F2. T3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. T9. T10. T 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. FIV. 问答题1.Conceptual meaning which is also known as denotative meaning is themeaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis forcommunication as the same word has the same conceptualmeaning to all the speakers of the same language.2.The first reason is that there are more phonemes than letters in English.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.3.Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change ofword-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changed to mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are:associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transfer between subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.4.Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now wellassimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediatelyrecognizable as foreign in origin.5.Specialized dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language orknowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms,pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, but each contains muchmore detailed information on the subject then you can find in a general unabridged one.V. 论述题1．1) Sitcom and medicare are blends. Sitcom is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comedy”, and medicare is formed by combining the head of “medical” and the word “care”.2) Pub and quake are clipped words. Pub is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “public house”, and quake is formed by clipping the head of the word “earthquake”.3) NATO and VOA are new words created through acronymy. NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization”is an acronym, while VOA from “V oice of America” is an initialism.2. 1) The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard”in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking”or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “Jack is a very hard businessman and he has made great achievements,”or “Jack is a very hard businessman to deal with.”。

试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. （30% ）1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A. moreB. littleC. lessD. gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.A. general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD. neither A and B3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.A. morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.A. borrowingB. semantic changeC. creation of new wordsD. all the above5.Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A. generalizedB. expandedC. elevatedD. degraded6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.A. alternative morphsB. single morphsC. abstract unitsD. discrete units7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenicpounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.A. semanticsB. grammarC. phoneticsD. lexicology9.If two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial sound, it is called _______.A. repetitionB. alliterationC. rhymeD. none of the above10.Which of the following words is a functional word?A. OftenB. NeverC. AlthoughD. Desk11.Rhetorical features are shown in such respects of phonetic and lexical manipulation as well as_______.A. semantic unityB. structural stabilityC. idiomatic variationD. figure of speech12.The advantage of classifying idioms according to grammatical functions is to _______.A. use idioms correctly and appropriatelyB. understand idioms correctlyC. remember idioms quicklyD. try a new method of classification13.Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English can be illustrated by _______.A. long （not short）B. ball （a dancing party）C. rock（rock'n'roll ）D. ad（advertisement）14.The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT _______.A. the influx of borrowingB. repetitionC. analogyD. shortening15.Which of the following is NOT a component of linguistic context?A. Words and phrases.B. SentencesC. Text or passageD. Time and place第二部分非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to thecourse book.（10% ）16.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and ___________________.17.The language used in England between 450 and 1150is called _________________.ELD is a ________________ dictionary.19.In the phrase "the mouth of the river",the word "mouth" is _________________ motivated.20.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is ________________ context.Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to1)types of meaning changes;2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4)meaning and context.（10%）A B21.Scandinavian（） l （place where things are made）22.Germanic（） B.grammatical23.extension（） C.double meaning24.narrowing （） D.Swedish25.linguistic （） prehend/understand26.ambiguity （） F.Dutch27.participants（）G.degermined28.difference in denotation （）H.pigheaded29.appreciative（）I.non-linguistic30.pejorative（）J.iron（a device for smoothing clothes ）Ⅳ. Study the following words or expressionsand identify 1）types of bound morphemes underlined, and 2 ）types of word formation or prefixes. （10% ）31.predict（）32.motel（）33.potatoes（）34.blueprint （）35.preliminaries （）36.Southward（）37.demilitarize （）38.hypersensityve（）39.retell （）40.multi-purposes （）Ⅴ.Define the following terms.（10% ）41.acronymy42.native words43.elevation44.stylistic meaning45.monolingral dictionaryⅥ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should the clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below（.12% ）46.How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE example for each type.47.What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.48.What are the clues generally provided in verbal context?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. （18% ）49.analyze the morphological structures of following words and point out the types of the morphemes.Recollection, nationalist, unearthly50.Pick out the idioms in the following extract and explain its origin and the effect of using this form."Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time," he said.参考答案Ⅰ.(3%)1.A2.C3.A4.C5.A6.A7.B8.D9.B10.C11.D12.A13.B14.B15.DⅡ.(10%)16.transfer17.OLD English18.monolingual19.semantically20.extralinguistic/non-linguisticⅢ.(10%)21.D22.F23.A51.J52.B53.C54.I55.E56.G57.HⅣ.(10%)58.bound root59.（head+tail）blinding60.inflectional affix/morpheme61.a+n62.full conversion63.suffix64.reversative prefix65.prefix of degree66.prefix67.number prefixⅤ.(10%)68.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.69.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes.70.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.71.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context.72.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language.Ⅵ.(12%)73.There are four types of motivation:1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.74.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence withidiomatic expressions.75.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure.Ⅶ.(18)24. ）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection（re+collect+ion ）,nationalist （nation+al+ist ）,unearthly（un+earth+ly ）.2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.76.）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine （3 分）2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking （1 分）3）using an old saying is more persuasive （2 分）4）the short form saves time, more colloquial （2 分）5）indicates intimacy or close relationship （1 分）。