分词的相关语法（Participle）
大家都知道英文的动词（verb）可不像中文那般单纯。比如说“帮助”一词，虽可做动词，也可做名词用；可是就没有时间性。而英文动词的变化可就多了，它可变成名词、形容词、副词等，而且还有所谓“Tenses”（时态）。比如“help”，就有下列各种时态：
Simple Present 现在时态-- help, helps
Simple Past过去时态-- helped
Simple Future将来时态-- shall help, will help ...
Present Continuous 现在进行时态-- be helping
Present Perfect现在完成时态-- have helped, has helped...
Present Perfect Continuous 现在完成进行时态-- have been helped...
Past Continuous 过去进行时态-- was helping...
Past Perfect过去完成时态-- had helped...
Past Perfect Continuous 过去完成进行时态-- had been helping...
Future Continuous 将来进行时态-- shall be helping...
Future Perfect将来完成时态-- shall have helped...
Future Perfect Continuous 将来完成进行时态-- shall have been helping...
Present Participle 现在式分词-- helping
Past Participle过去式分词-- helped
Perfect Participle 完成式分词-- having helped...
呵呵，单单一个动词就就上面那么多的时态变化，英文真伟大!且慢，上面所举的那个help，看来只有下列几种“变形”而已（你知道吗，英文是一种“变形语”哟！汉语则是“分析语”）：help,helping,helped
别高兴得太早啦，其实有好多动词它的Past和Perfect时态的拼写法就不太相同，如：
write: wrote（Past），written（Perfect）
sing: sang（Past），sung（Perfect）
而有些动词则“始终如一”，各种时态（除了各类进行式）都是一样的拼写，如：cut，hit，hurt，let，put，read，shut ...
上面所谈都是一些动词的基础知识（要是详细谈起来又是一大篇呢!）。现在言归正传，我们所要谈的是“分词”。基本上分词分为下列两种（第三种的Perfect Participle拼入Past Participle）：
1.现在式分词（Present Participle）
2.过去式分词（Past Participle）
注意：过去式分词所用的动词都属于“完成时态”（Perfect）
1.Mounting（骑上）his horse，the bandit（土匪）rode off.
2. A soldier，wounded（受伤）in the Great War，came limping（一跛一跛的）by.
第一个句子中，mounting修饰名词bandit，因此是个形容词（Adjective）；但它还带有宾语（Object）horse，因此含有动词的意味。这就是分词的特征。第二个句子中，wounded也有动词和形容词的特征。这个过去分词还有被动的意思。
现在分词（Present Participle, 如mounting）和动名词（Gerund）一样，都是在动词尾加上ing 构成；而过去分词（Past Participle，如wounded）则是在动词尾加上ed，en，d，t所构成。
一、用分词作为定语（Attributive）/形容词（Adjective）
1.1分词放在被修饰的名词之前
1.That's an interesting story.（现在分词interesting, 名词story）
2.I hear a barking dog.（barking, dog）
3.I have often seen falling stars.（falling, stars）
4.There is great danger in approaching（靠近）a wounded tiger.（过去分词wounded, 名词tiger）
5. A burnt child dreads（惧怕）the fire.（burnt, child）
1.2如果是分词词组，则放在被修饰的名词之后
1.The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.（名词boy,分词词组hurt by the car）
1.3如果被修饰的名词是something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词也放在它们的后面
1.There is nothing interesting.（名词nothing, 分词interesting）
2.I felt something crawling up my leg.（something, crawling）
1.4如何分辨作为定词的分词或动名词
1.分词是“有动词性的形容词”，如：I can hear him singing a song.
2.动名词是“有动词性的名词”，如：I do not like his singing.
3.分词和名词间有“主谓关系”，如：a swimming girl（游泳的女孩）（你可说：女孩游泳）
4.动名词和名词间没有“主谓关系”，如：a swimming pool（游泳池）（但你不能说：水池游泳）
分词的相关语法（Participle）
三、用分词作为状语(Adverbial Modifier)
3.1用作状语的分词和逻辑主语是“主动关系”。表示动作和谓语的动作同时发生。
1. David was lying in bed crying. (逻辑主语David，分词crying)
2. We walked along the banks singing merrily.. (逻辑主语we，分词singing)
3.2现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用现在分词完成式(Present
Perfect Participle)
1.Having written the letter, I went out to post it. (现在完成式分词having written)
2.Having already seen the film twice, she didn't want to go to the cinema. (having seen)
3.3用作状语的分词和逻辑主语有“被动关系”，要用过去分词(Past Participle)
1.We went home exhausted(疲惫地). (逻辑主语we, 过去分词exhausted)
2.Encouraged by my teacher, I decided to work hard. (逻辑主语I，过去分词encouraged)
3.4用作状语的分词和逻辑主语有“被动关系”，也可用被动式的现在分词(having been + v-ed)
1.Having been invited to speak, I'll start making preparations tomorrow.(逻辑主语I, 被动式现在分词having been invited)
3.5有的分词在句子中没有逻辑主语，这类特别分词有：regarding 关于，barring 除……以外，concerning 关于，granting /granted(that) 假定、即使，presuming 假定，admitting (that) 承认，considering考虑到，assuming 假设，seeing that 考虑到，supposing (that) 假定，given (that)考虑到、如果……
1.He did poorly in his examinations, considering how hard he had atudiedfor them.
2.Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn't meanhe's going to do so.
3.He asked me questions concerning my health.
还有分词词组：
taking...into consideration 考虑到，judging by /from 从……判断，talking about 说到……，speaking of 说到……，looking at 考虑到、着眼于，generally speaking 一般说来，allowing for 考虑到……
1.Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities that girls.
2.Allowing for the deficiencies(不足), the show is a success.
上回谈到用分词作为状语，谈得比较深入。下面提供几个比较常用的句子以供参考：
1.Being a student, she likes to help others. (being 作student 的状语)
2.Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily. (wearing 作glasses的状语)
3.She is there waiting for us. (状语waiting，逻辑主语she)
4.Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. (分词told 用过去式分词表示被动)
四、用分词作表语（Predicative）
1.The game is interesting. (interesting )
2.They are interested in model car. (interested)
3.The vase is broken. (broken)
4.The rice is cooked. (cooked)
五、用分词作宾语补语(Objective Complement)
用作宾语补语的分词常配合下列的动词：see，watch，hear，set，keep，find，have，get，meet...
1. I saw him walking in the street. (动词saw, 分词walking)
2. He kept water boiling. (kept，boiling)
3. I met him coming down the street. (met, coming)
4. I heard them singing in the classroom. (heard, singing)
5. We found the baby crying. (found, crying)
六、“have + ... + v-ed”表示过去分词的动作非主语所属
1.I have my hair cut. (过去分词cut 的主语不是I )
2.The girl has her television repaired. (不是由女孩修理电视机）
3.We have our house painted. (油漆房屋的可不是我们)
七、分词的否定形式(not + v-ing)、(not + having + v-ed)
1.Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.
2.Not having finished the homework, the pupil doesn't dare to go to school.
八、分词的被动形式：表示分词的动作和被修饰的名词之间的关系是被动的。
1. The bridge being built will be completed next year. (bridge being built)
九、动名词的语态
9.1被动式(being + v-ed)
当动名词的逻辑主语所表示的是动作的对象时，动名词要用被动语态。
1. He dislikes being interrupted(被打岔) in his speech.
2. They couldn't stand being treated(被对待) like that.
9.2完成式(having + v-ed)
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。
1. We regret having been unable to inform you of the meeting.
2. The students' having done(完成) the work so well made us very happy.
9.3完成式的被动语态(having been + v-ed)
1.I heard of his having been chosen(被选为) to be the coach of the team.
2.Some of our customers complained of having been treated(被对待) rudely.
9.4在动词need, want, require, deserve 之后的动名词（作为宾语），要用主动语态来表示被动的意思。
1. The flowers in the garden want watering(需要浇水）.
2. That's one of those questions that really don't need answering(不需回答).
十、作定语（Attribute）
动名词放在所修饰的名词前面作为定语，表示该名词的用途或有关的动作。
1. sleeping car 卧车
2. walking stick 手杖
3. printing shop 印务馆
4. reading room 阅读室
5. swimming pool泳池
6. washing machine洗衣机
7. dining room饭厅
十一、在英文正式语体里，动名词可放在前置词(Preposition)后，以替代副词/状语的子句(Adverbial Clauses)
例：1. In case customers encounter difficulties, they should ring thefollowing number:...
2. In case of encountering difficulties, customers should ring thefollowing number:...
第二个句子的“In case of”动名词短句(Gerund Phrase) 取代第一个句子的“In case”副词子句。下列都是这类例子：
1.In spite of doing his best, the pupil was reproached. (In spite of )
2.Despite coming in time, the visitors were not admitted. (despite)
3.For all his arguing, the teacher could not convince us. (for all)
4.The fireman distinguished himself by doing his duty to the utmost. (by)
5.In sending us the book you proved to be reliable. (In)
6.Instead of blaming the boy, the teacher encouraged him. (instead of )
7.The girl left without saying a word. (without)
8.The boy was blamed for breaking the window. (for)
9.The children got tired from learning too much. (from)
10. After spending the holidays with us, our nephew went back to England. (after)
11. Before going to bed, I opened the window. (before)
12. On arriving at the station, John was welcomed by his friends. (on)
13. Since leaving school, I have not seen my teacher. (since)
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English wel l. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型
练习8 分词 （） 1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go. A. Having compared B. To compare C. Compared D. Compare （） 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ . A. playing, exciting B. played, excited C. playing, excited D. played, exciting （） 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they dared not leave home. A. Warned B. Having warned C. To warn D. Warn （） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking English. A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand C. English-speaking, understood D. English-speaking, understood （）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold. A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch （） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it. A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer （）7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary. A. Having not known B. Not to know C. Don’t know D. Not knowing （）8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book. A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading （）9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill. A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned
过去分词专项训练 Part1: Fill in the blanks 1. When_______(ask) why he was late, he went red.(脸红了) 2. Deeply ____ (move) by the story, she began to cry. 3. He walked out of the house，_______ （follow）by his pet dog ______(name )Snoopy. 4. When______ (travel), you should take care of your health. 5. Although________ (shock) at the nationwide milk crisis, many mothers still showed they would choose the brands of milk powder cautiously instead of saying “no” to it. party. 6. Even if______ (invite), I won’t attend the evening = Even if I______ (invite), I won’t attend the evening party. 7 _______(dress )in white, she looks really pretty. 8 ________(see) the picture, I couldn’t help thinking of his good old days. 9 Can you see the boy ___________ (question) by the police now? 10 The building ___________ (complete) at the end of this year will be our library. 3. At last the man managed to make himself ___ with his ____ French. A. understood; broken B. understand; break C. understanding; breaking D. understand; broken 4. _____ to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century, the computer is playing a more and more important role in social life. A. Considered B. Considering C. To consider D. Consider 5. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 6. Daring, Can’t you get _________ quickly, only fifteen minutes for the party! A. changing B. change C. to be changed D. changed 7. We must study as much as possible to meet the needs of a _________ world we face. A. ever-changed B. ever-change C. ever-changes D. ever-changing 8 The ________ story of the hero _______ everyone to tears. A. moving; moved B. moving; moving C. moved; moved D. moved; moving 9. After the storm there were quite a few ______ trees on the ground. Many people saw them ______ down when the storm came up. A. fallen; fall B. fallen; fallen C. fallen; to fall D. falling; fall 10. To our great grief, there were more than 10 million people _______ in the Wen Chuang earthquake. A. killing B. to be killed C. killed D. having been killed em big at all. 11 _____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t se A Compare B When comparing C Comparing D When compared 12. If one third of a person’s blood _______, they may die. A. lost B is lost C. is losing D. loses tudents ____ outside to come in right away. 13. It’s time for the class meeting. Tell the s A. playing B. to play C. played D. who play 14. ____ drivers are a danger to the safety of the public. A. Drank B. Drunk C. Drinking D. Drink - 1 - / 3
从2001至今，普通高等学校选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习（普通专升本）考试只考两门课程，一是公共英语课程，二是专业基础课程；公共英语课程是所有非英语专业的必考课程。满分150分，可见公共英语在专升本考试中的重要性。为了帮应试学生更好地整体把握考试，给出历年真题的题型及分值统计分析表。 2003-2010专升本公共英语真题题型及分值表 从该表看出，自2006年开始，词汇语法、阅读理解、完形填空、作文都是每年必考的固定题型，并且分值不变。翻译也是每年必考的题型，从2003-2009年每年20分（英译汉10分，汉译英10分），但2010年翻译部分增加了10分的英汉对话翻译。词性转换自2005-2009年每年10分，但2010年取消该题型。每年固定不变的题型有词汇语法、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译、作文；可变化的题型有词性转换、补全对话、辨识错误和英汉对话翻译，预测这几种题型会任选一个，分值10分。 2003-2010年专升本公共英语词汇与语法测试试题分值表 从表中看出，直接考察语法和词汇知识分值有70分，占了总分值的近1/2。从2006年开始，在40分的语法词汇部分，语法占的比重大，如2006年，语法：词汇是38:2；2007年，语法：词汇是30:10；2008年，语法：词汇是22:18；2009年，语法：词汇是19:21； 2010年，语法：词汇是30:10。而阅读、翻译及写作部分，依然是考核语法词汇基本知识的，
所以学好语法词汇是考好专升本英语的关键。 考什么？学什么？ 河南省教育厅学生处“专升本”考试的要求指出：“英语考试要求为大学英语考试三至四级水平”。短短的几句话，包含了英语考试的全部内容，但我们考生很多时候却并不明白：到底要考什么？ Example 1:P52,03,36 Lynda and hundreds of young people like him____ the post of typist. 第A approach（方法，靠近，走近）B applied for C appealed to（吸引，恳求，上诉）D approved of (赞成) 题干研究： 1 考查词汇：Q1: like; post; typist.熟词生意。 Post no bills.禁止张贴。Post position of paid employment.职位。 2 考查语法：Q2: Lynda and hundreds of young people like him 并列平行结构。并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致，这就是并列平行结构，该语法知识点时常考到。 历年真题再现：直接考的有词汇结构题中的04，P98,24; 间接考的有：05，P85，阅读中4中句子A growing number of unemployed Americans waste time browsing the estimated 4,000 to 5,000 online job sites, filling them with resum es and then waiting for replies. 在这样一个句子中，并列平行结构这一语法知识对于句子的正确理解起到了绝对重要的作用。 选项研究： A approach（方法，靠近，走近） B applied for C appealed to（吸引，恳求，上诉） D approved of (赞成) 选项考查到：1 形近词；2 词义及语境，在此语境下只能选用某一选项。另外appeal t o 在同一份试卷的第49页阅读3中出现。 综合本题，其主要考查词汇的，考查形近词在特定语境下的区别。但间接的考到了上述的其他知识。如果不能正确理解上述相关知识，不可能理解本句的意义，也就不可能正确地根据句义选出正确的答案。同时，需要提醒的是，在本题中间接考到的相关知识点在另外的题目中就可能直接考到，真题已经说明了这一点。因此，教师要做到举一反三，同学也要做
英语语法-ing分词的用法 ing分词的用法 1、-ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）： 一般式完成式 主动形式doing 主动形式having done 被动形式being done 被动形式having been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)–ing分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 ②在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如： There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
学习好资料欢迎下载 第一讲谓语动词时态 一、谓语动词时态 1.When I went into the gym, he __________ a heavy weight. A. lifted B. was lifting C. has lifted D. was lifted 2. The more you practise, the greater progress you _________. A. will make B. have made C. are making D. have been making 3. The train from this station __________ on time. A. never leaves B. will never leave C. leaving D. was never leaving 4. Fetch a doctor. The wounded soldier __________. A. was dead B. died C. is dying D. has been dead 5. The customer ________ the money on the counter and went away. A. lay B. lied C. laid D. was laying 6. She wanted to know whether you ________ her. A. will help B. will be helping C. would be helping D. would help 7.I won't be able to watch the program because I ________ my homework at that time. A. shall have done B. will do C. shall be done D. will be doing 8. My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself. A. fell; was riding B. fell; were riding C. had fallen; D. had fallen; was riding 9.I had no sooner reached home than it _________ to rain. A: had began B:began C:begin D: begin to 10. I ________ about it since you had told m e what happened A: had been thinking B: had thought C:was thinking D: thought 第二讲情态动词 1. I haven't got anything to do, so I _______ go with you.
语法七大语法考试重点 一独立主格 （一）：独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二）独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. This done, we went home. The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. He came into the room, his ears red with cold. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 二过去完成时 1）概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had +过去分词构成。 2）用法 a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn t. 3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
三、分词的否定式 分词或分词短语表示否定意义时，将not置于分词之前，不能放在分词之后。 例句： Equipment not conforming to official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. (2001年第24题) 分析：该句是简单句。not conforming to official safety standards是分词短语作后置定语修饰equipment。 译文：凡是不符合官方安全标准的设备都已经搬出了车间。 例句： Not having been destroyed by the heavy snow， our houses at last were kept perfect during last winter. 分析：该句是简单句。 Not having been destroyed by...在句中作状语表示原因，相当于because our houses had not been destroyed by...。 译文：由于没有遭到大雪的破坏，去年冬天我们的房子最终完好无损。 四、独立主格结构(Absolute Construction) 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致，即句子的主语便是它的逻辑主语，否则就会出现悬垂或荡空结构(前面已讲过)，但有时分词有其独立的逻辑主语，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，这就是独立主格结构。 (一)独立主格结构公式 逻辑主语A+分词(短语)+主B谓 在上述公式中，其中(逻辑主语+分词短语)属于独立主格结构，主谓是一完整句子，两者位置可以相互调换，A、B两主语不一致(A、B由名词或代词充当，有时也可在逻辑主语A 前加上介词with或without)，如前面所述例句。 例句： All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm， we decided to take the train. 分析： All flights...the snowstorm是独立主格结构部分， we decided...为一完整句子， all flights和we所指不一样，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。另外，公式中分词短语也可用不定式、形容词等来代替。 (二)独立主格结构具体构成 1. 逻辑主语+分词(现在分词或过去分词)
目录 一、句子成分与基本结构（包括时态） (2) 二、不定式. (6) 三、动词的时态和语态 (30) 般现在时的特例 (30) 般过去时的注意点 (31) 般将来时的注意点 (31) 四、非谓语动词 (32) 五、复合式谓语 (42) 六、动词的虚拟语气 (46) 七、状语从句. (51) 1、时间状语从句 (51) 2. 地点状语从句 (54) 3、原因状语从句 (54) 4．条件状语从句 (55) 5．让步状语从句 (55) 6．目的状语从句 (56) 7．结果状语从句 (56) 8．方式状语从句 (57)
一、句子成分与基本结构（包括时态）? 主语subject 谓语predicate 宾语object 宾语补足语object complement 表语predictive 定语attributive 状语adverbial WARM-U：1）The teacher in the classroom. 2）Sang many songs and danced happily. 3）She attracts. 4）Many people living in the country. 5）All the books on the desk over there. 以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。 英语句子（sentence）=主语+谓语（核心：主动词） I .八大成分的概念和构成 1 ?主语（名词代词形）：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。 If you want the rain bow you have to put up with the rain. 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。 The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratch ing. 成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。 充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词 短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语） 2?谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。 I have a dream. You don 'always want what you need, or need what you want. 所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。 谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂） 3 ?宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。 You don 'tfind opportunities ?…you make them. 你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。 You probably won 'hear opportu nity knock if your televisi on is always on. 如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。 充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3 ）名词短语4 ）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式
1. _______ born in China, the boy was brought up in the USA. A. Although B. Since C. As D. When 【翻译】虽然这个男孩是在北京出生的，但却是在美国长大的。 ［考点］状语从句 【精析】 A 分析句意可知，本句应为although引导的让步状语从句，表示“虽然，即使”的意思。因为主从句主语和谓语一致，所以从句中although后省略了“the boy was”。although与but不能同时出现。since和as均引导原因状语从句，as也可引导让步状语从句，但是需用倒装形式；when引导时间状语从句。 2. _______ is known to all, haste makes waste. A. What B. That C. As D. Which 【翻译】众所周知，欲速则不达。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 C 常用搭配“As is known to all”意思“众所周知”，是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代逗号后面的整个主句，并在从句中充当主语。如：As is known to all, war is serious.众所周知，战争是残酷的。 3. That is the very old woman _______ house was burned down last night. A. which B. her C. of whom D. whose 【翻译】这正是那位老妇人，她的房子昨晚被烧掉了。 ［考点］定语从句 【精析】 D whose为关系代词，指人，是先行词old woman的所有格，在从句中充当house的定语。 4. Hardly had he finished his speech _______ the audience started cheering. A. than B. then C. when D. as soon as 【翻译】他刚一演讲完，观众就开始欢呼。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 C 固定搭配“Hardly...when...”表示“一……就……”，另有“no sooner...than”和“Scarcely...when”均表示相同的意思。 5. _______ the book, he found out some answers to this question. A. As he reading B. At his reading C. As reading D. On reading 【翻译】刚读这本书，他就发现了这个问题的答案。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 D on doing意为“一……就……”。此处的on相当于as soon as,引导状语从句。表示从句中的动作的时间比主句中动作的时间稍提前一点。 6. The spacecraft will send back _______ on surface winds and temperatures. A. many new information B. some new information C. a new information D. a few new information 【翻译】太空飞船将会发送一些新的关于表面风和温度的信息。 ［考点］词语搭配
高中英语语法：不定式和现在分词 一、不定式(to do的构成 1. 不定式的构成 不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例: 主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing /
1 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如: They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。 2 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如: She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。 I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。 It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。 3 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如: It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,这些天一直帮我们。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地 听老师讲课。
语法 第一节词性 一．名词 1. 名词作形容词使用 名词可以修饰名外一个名词，起定语的作用，或于另一名词构成合成词。这时作定语用的名词一般用作单数名词。 They live in a country house. 他们住在乡下的房子里。 He often visits a night club. 他经常去夜总会。 2. 名词的所有格 1) 表示人或动物以及拟人化事物的名词在词位加’构成所有格，例如：the gentleman’ car , the dog’ food. 这种所有格也可以用于表示时间、重量、距离等的名词，如：yesterday’s news; three hour’s journey. 2) 如果修饰语有如下情况，应该在前面加of构成其所有格。 (1)表示无生命事物：the window of the house; the color of the car (2)集体名词：the capital of the firm, a member of this society (3)the+形容词：the misfortune of the young, the mystery of this coc iety (4)当a, an, this, these, that, any, some, no等词和所有格名词修饰同一名词时，需要同时用以上两种形式，称为双重所有格：I don’t use Tom’s car because I don’t quite appreciate that car of this. (5)有些时候两个名词所有格并列使用，他们后面的名词若分别属于两者所有，须在两个名词所有格后面分别加’s；若属于两个名词所共有，则在第二个名词后面加’s：Martin and Alice’s car broke down again, but luckly they knew how to fix it. (car为单数，说明这辆车市他们两个人所有。) (6)用连字符号连接的两个或者两个以上的词作定语时，其中的名词不能用复数：100-metre race（百米跑） 3) 名词的数 绝大多数棵树名词的复数形式为名词加-s或者-es, 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词要先变y为i，再加es.
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（现在分词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 现在分词长什么样？就是动词的进行时ing形式； 如果是及物动词，还可以跟它的宾语和补语； 现在分词可以充当定语、状语、补语，是非谓语的动词，不能充当主语、宾语；动词进行时ing形式充当主语或宾语，恰恰是动名词的事儿。 1、现在分词可以充当定语 This is a moving story. The girl standing over there (who is standing over there) is my daughter. 2、现在分词可以充当状语，多为时间状语从 The lawyer listened with full attention, trying not to miss any point. 现在分词引导时间状语从句，相当于： The lawyer listened with full attention, when he tried not to miss any point. Having lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well. 现在分词引导时间状语从句，相当于： After Carter had lived in Beijing for many years, He knew the city well. 3、现在分词可以充当补语，对主语或宾语进行补充说明 (1) Don’t have your students studying all day. (2) The movie is very interesting.