Ⅱ. Grammar and V ocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper from of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
A Movie Review: The Wandering Earth
In the near future, the sun is dying, leaving the freezing planet on the edge of destruction. __21__ is left of humanity is huddled in underground cities created with an eye-catching combination of steam-punk（蒸汽朋克）, brutalist（野兽派的）, and futurist influences by the production designer. The United Earth ?Government, __22__ is never seen and represented only by a French voice, has decided the only solution is to propel the planet to another galaxy 4.2 light years away. __23__ depends on 10,000 giant rocket thrusters being kept alight for the 2,500 - year journey. Liu Peiqiang, a widowed astronaut played with appropriate solemnity by “Wolf Warrior” series superstar Wu Jing, is sent to a space station and tasked with navigating Earth’s path through the solar system, leaving behind young so Liu Qi and father - in - law Han Zi’ang. Seventeen years later, Liu’s still in orbit, while Liu Qi (Qu Chuxiao) has become an angry young man and self-proclaimed genius who blames his mother’s early death __24__ his absent father. On the very day when his dad is due to finish stint and return home, Liu Qi and adopted teenage sister Duoduo sneak away to see the frozen surface for the first time. As they __25__ (take) in the spectacular sights of ice-covered Beijing, a major rocket thruster malfunction sends Earth into the gravitational pull of Jupiter. __26__ a miracle occurs in the next 37 hours, it will be Goodbye Earth.
......
‘The Wandering Earth’ Chinese commercial cinema reaches a significant landmark with its first-ever sci-fi megahit. Director Frant Gwo’s adaptation of the 2000 novella by Liu Cixin is no genre classic, but its furious pace, spectacular visuals, and fanciful plot deliver decent escapist entertainment. After accumulating an astronomical $640 million - plus domestically - plus a tidy $5 million on limited North American screens - since Feb. 5, this display of capability from China’s commercial film sector was snapped up by Netflix for future release on the streaming giant’s platform. A hyperactive mixture of doomsday films ranging from ‘50s classic. “When Worlds Collide” to Micheal Bay’s bombastic “Armageddon” and, ___27___ (notably), lshiro Honda’s 1962
Japanese space opera “Gorath,” “The Wandering Earth” is perhaps most striking for its lack of nationalism and propaganda（宣传）. Soft diplomacy, at most, is the order of the day. Politicians, bureaucrats（官僚）, and army commanders are nowhere __28__ (see). There’s barely a Chinese flag in sight, nor any chest - beating about Chinese ingenuity and leadership. Instead, what is presented is a traditional tale of nations and people __29__ (pull) together to save the planet, with heavy does of guilt, sacrifice, and redemption from the human characters. With global conflict and division so prevalent today, it’s no wonder than these messages of hope and unity __30__ strike an emotional chord in many viewers, create positive word-of-mouth, and make the film much more accessible for international audiences.
Ⅱ. V ocabulary
Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
(A)
Tablets are really useful devices, but their big screens a lways make them a burden to carry around without a bag. Wouldn’t it be great if there were a phone with the powers of a tablet that could be folded up and fit __31__ into the hand?
Now something like a tablet - shaped but fold-able phone is about to become __32__. In February, South Korean electronics company Samsung and China’s Huawei both unveiled fold-able phones. Galaxy Fold and Huawei Mate X __33__. Mobile phone use has entered the “fold-able future”, The Verge noted.
The technology could change our lives in significant ways. These devices, due to their __34__ screens, give us the larger screens we want. Meanwhile, they still fit easily into the pocket. As USA Today noted, they’re “the __35__ of a small tablets and smart-phone, all in a single device”.
The technology could __36__ other devices too. For example, we could make TVs that stick to walls like posters, or fold up easily to hide away in drawers. In crowded modern cities, they wil help us to __37__ available space.
In a keynote address, Samsung’s senior vice president of mobile product marketing, Justin Denison, called the fold-able screen “the __38__ for the smart-phone of tomorrow”. “It’s a balank canvas for us to do something beautiful together,” he said.
So is there nothing to stand in the way of the fold-able future?
According to tech news website Android authority, the necessary displays were difficult to produce. In 2012, nine out of every to OLED screens produced were __39__. Today, that 10 percent rate has been improved to between 50 and 90 percent. However, at present these fold-able devices are expensive. For example, the price of Huawei Mate X is 17,500 RMB. That’s a price that may __40__ the majority of people.
But if the fold-able device isn’t going to change the world overnight, there is no doubt that it is coming.
Patrick Moor-head, an industry analyst told The Verge, “Few are debating if fold-able or roll-able mobile displays are the future of smart-phones; the only question is when and by whom.”
(B)
Why Cold Weather Causes So Many Flight Cancellation?
Each year, about 60,000 flights get canceled because of bad winter weather, which costs airlines and airports an estimated $3 billion. But it’s not the freezing cold temperatures that cause problems for planes. After all, __41__ jets fly 10 kilometers up, where temperatures hover around - 50 degrees Celsius.
In fact, planes __42__ in cold weather, since cold air is denser and leads to better thrust. Clearly, the real problem isn’t what’s going on up there. It’s what’s happening on the ground.
When a __43__ polar vortex（极地涡旋）struck the Midwestern US in January 2019, temperatures dropped to -40 degrees Celsius and airline canceled 3,000 flights nationwide. In these situations, when temperatures start __44__, everything slows down. Cargo doors can freeze up, along with the nozzles that pump fuel into planes, which delays the __45__ process.
Even the plane itself can freeze over. Just a quarter - inch - thick layer of ice on a plane can
disrupt the way air flows over its wings.
Les Westbrooks: The number one reason, I would say, that the reason flights get delayed in cold weather is going to be because there’s some kind of frozen precipitation, from frost to snow to a sheet of ice, adhering to the aircraft, adhering to the wings of the aircraft __46__.
That’s Les Westbrooks, a retired airline pilot and an associate professor of aeronautical science at Embry - Riddle Aeronautical University. He says that __47__, these planes are “de-iced” - but this also delays takeoff. The crew can spray the plane with a s pecial hot water / glycol mixture. It can take around 40 minutes to de-ice large passenger airplanes, so planes often have to wait “their turn” for the de-icing station, which, of course, can trigger more delays.
And ice on the runway, of course, creates another set of __48__. In 2014, a plane at JFK skidded off an icy runway and into a mound of snow, leading to an hours - long shutdown at the airport. And even though crews can remove ice from the runway, scraping it off the pavement can lead to potholes （坑洞）and other __49__, which makes takeoffs and landings more dangerous. And of course, snow and freezing rain on the ground can affect visibility to the point where officials have to decide it’s not safe to fly at all.
But if ice and snow aren’t the problem in these extremely cold temperatures, it’s usually another factor: people.
Les Westbrooks: The airplane flies at high altitudes, -60 degrees. It’s made to do that. Humans are not made to be outside in -60 degrees weather. And so the human factor becomes a big, big factor, when it becomes extremely cold.
Baggage handlers, aircraft fuelers, and mechanics all have to stay warm. Some airports, like O’Hare in Chicago, set up heated shelters for their employees. Of course, with everyone taking breaks to warm up, not as much gets done, which leads to even more delays and cancellations. Passengers start missing their __50__ flights, and that, along with passengers who can’t make it to the airport due to bad road condi tions, leads to half - empty planes.
In fact, many airlines might preemptively cancel flights before bad weather even hits. So, in the end, you can still blame cold weather for cancelling your flight.
Ⅱ. Cloze
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C
and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Working on holidays has always presented something of a class divide. From the 1870s through the 1920s, middle - and- upper - class Americans often lived with “the help” -- mostly women of color whose job was to cook and clean and care for others, day and night. While shows like Dowton Abbey seek to give __51__ to servants, they also sanitize（粉饰）what was a cruel, back-breaking existence. It was common for a housemaid’s day to begin well before the family rose and extend until after they __52__ for the evening. They did so seven days a week; working more than 80 hours a week - more than the 65 hours most factory workers worked at the time. While we often imagine that these women were young and single, Evelyn Nakano Gleen’s research on such care providers has shown that over 30% of them were married, many with children. As they worked very hard for families not __53__, they left their children, parents, siblings and husbands behind. Thanksgiving or Christmas was no doubt one of the hardest times of the year, and their own families felt their __54__.
The labor movement was __55__ to changing this sorry state of affairs. Unions raised wages, lowered hours, instituted worker protections, guaranteed a minimum wage and __56__ holidays off for workers. T hose who did have to work on national holidays were guaranteed overtime pay. When unions were strong, such benefits even __57__ to non-unionized workers.
But as unions have __58__, part-time work has increased. And this has meant lower wages and greater __59__. Working at $ 11 an hour for 25 hours a week means making $ 14,300 a year. For most retail workers, that’s one of the better jobs that are available. And __60__, it’s a job without health insurance, or a retirement plan, with constant scheduling changes that make it hard to take additional __61__. Most of these workers wish they could work more, but employers would rather hire other part-timers. So when the boss says, “Can you work Thanksgiving?” workers have no real choice but to be __62__.”
Today, working on holidays carries no guarantee of extra pay, and not working can mean losing one’s job. Some workers are __63__; Walmart employees have planned over 1,000 Black Friday strikes because of unchanging wages and health care premiums（保险费）that will soon triple. Americans have a choice of helping these workers regain the __64__, or walking past them in order to shop more. And that is the irony to the trend of stores opening on Thanksgiving. On the same day that we give thanks for all we have, why must we also rush out to buy more? Observers might say,
“It’s just the logic of the market!” But the logic of the market is not some mystical process. It is the result of the __65__ that we make.
51. A. rise B. power C. life D. pleasure
52. A. retired B. retreated C. relaxed D. rebelled
53. A. in their favor B. of their own C. to their pleasure D. at their convenience
54. A. exhaustion B. disappointment C. reluctance D. absence
55. A. central B. subject C. sensitive D. beneficial
56. A. provided B. secured C. organized D. arranged
57. A. stuck B. occurred C. appealed D. extended
58. A. rose B. declined C. survived D. defended
59. A. uncertainty B. devotion C. trouble D. influence
60. A. therefore B. also C. instead D. still
61. A. business B. suggestion C. employment D. welfare
62. A. sincere B. determined C. offensive D. willing
63. A. taking over B. fighting back C. giving up D. looking forward
64. A. protections B. identities C. salaries D. promotions
65. A. efforts B. contributions C. decisions D. achievements
Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
(A) We made a choice ...
Will you support it today? Our journalism now reaches record numbers around the world and more than a million people have supported our reporting. We continue to face financial challenges but, unlike many news organisation, we haven’t put up a pay-wall. We want our journalism to remain accessible to all, regardless of where they live or what they can afford.
This is The Guardian’s model for open, independent journalism: free for those who can’t afford it, supported by those who can. Readers’ support powers our work, safeguarding our essential editorial independence. This means the responsibility of protecting independent journalism is shared,
enabling us all to feel empowered to bring about real change in the world. Your support gives Guardian journalists the time, space and freedom to report with tenacity and rigour, to shed light where others won’t. It emboldens us to challenge authority and question the status quo. And by keeping all of our journalism free and open to all, we can foster inclusivity, diversity, make space for debate, inspire conversation - so more people have access to accurate information with integrity at its heart.
Guardian journalism is rooted in facts with a progressive perspective on the world. We are editorially independent, meaning we set our own agenda. Our Journalism is free from commercial bias and not influenced by billionaire owners, politicians or shareholders. No one steers our opinion. At a time when there are so few sources of information you can really trust, this is vital as it enables us to give a voice to those less heard, challenge the powerful and hold them to account. Your support means we can keep investigating and exploring the critical issues of our time.
Our model allows people to support us in a way that works for them. Every time a reader like you makes a contribution to The Guardian, no matter how big or small, it goes directly into funding our journalism. But we need to build on this support for the years ahead.
Support The Guardian from as little as $1 - and it only takes a minute. Thank you.
66. The following descriptions of The Guardian are true EXCEPT _______.
A. Some readers may find it difficult to afford it if The Guardian puts up a paywall.
B. It strives to ensure journalism independence, free from financial or political influence.
C. It intends to give a voice to those disadvantaged and challenge the powerful.
D. It tries its best to be editorially dependent, taking shareholders’ opinions into account.
67. Which of the following might The Guardian do in the daily operation?
A. It requires those who can afford it to pay for the subscription and spares those who can’t.
B. It helps protect the legal rights of certain victim by challenging someone in authority.
C. It stops looking into something if all the other media have made the same conclusion.
D. It receives some donation and then uses it to finance the journalists’ further education.
68. The underlined word “inclusivity” may mean that The Guardian’s reports _________.
A. show no discrimination against anybody or anything
B. cover something that it considers quite worthy of concern
C. focus a lot on whether some information is accurate enough
D. involve an appeal for support from readers all over the world
(B) The Railroad Builders
The Central Pacific Railroad is the first transcontinental railroad in North America, honored by BBC as one of the seven miracles after Industrial Revolution. It had made a great contribution to the US’s economy, but it couldn’t be completed without Chinese labors’ hard work. In order to build the railroad, a lot of workers were imported from China. They had to bear the brunt of the work, deal with the dreadful environment and endure with littler pay. What challenges did they meet? And how did they cope with them?
Join us in The Railroad Builders to find the answers!
The first Transcontinental Railroad (known ori ginally as the “Pacific Railroad” and later as the “Overland Route”) was a railroad line built in the United States of America between 1863 and 1869. By linking with the existing railway network of the Eastern United States, the road thus connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States by rail for the first time. It was one of the crowning achievements in the crossing of plains and high mountains westward by the Union Pacific and eastward by the Central Pacific.
Part 1
The first transcontinental r ailroad at the time
is the most ambitious engineering project ever
attempted in the United States. When work
started on the most challenging Western
section, Chinese labors were brought in, and
before long they became brunt of the work. But
what did so many Chinese nationals do with the
US in mid-19 Century?
on the first transcontinental railroad of the
United States. To the delight of the new
employers, they proved to be excellent
workers. But the Sierra Nevada would be a test
of their hardness and reaolve. How did the
Chine se labors cope with the dreadful rain and
unfamiliar freezing weather?
69. Which of the following is NOT true about the Central Pacific Railroad?
A. It was built by more than one railroad company working together.
B. It was constructed by Chinese labors solely.
C. It is an engineering marvel recognized even today.
D. It was completed with blood, sweat and tears.
70. Which of the following expressions is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase “bear the brunt”?
A. handle the difficulty
B. deserve the credit
C. suffer the main part
D. come under attack
71. It can be inferred from the article that _________.
A. Before the construction of Pacific Railroad began, there was no railroad in America.
B. Pacific Railroad was intended to realize President Lincoln’s dream after he died.
C. The Chinese labors earned a lot by building Pacific Railroad at the cost of their health and even lives.
D. It took people much longer to travel from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast in America before 1869.
72. This article may well be from the official website of _________.
A. a television channel
B. a railroad company
C. BBC documentaries
D. a journal on rail building
(C)
Imagine you went to a restaurant with a date; had a burger, paid with a credit card, and left. The next time you go there, the waiter or waitress, armed with your profile data, greets you with, “Hey Joe, how are you? Mary is over there in the seat you sat in last time. Would you like to join her for dinner again?” Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and your drink is on the table. Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn’t include burgers. Sound a little bizarre? To some, this is restaurant equivalent of the Internet. The Net’s ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you - some of which you may not want them to have.
Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a “cookie”? Unforunately, it’s not the Mrs. Reid’s type. A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer - usually without your knowledge. During the entire period of time that you are at the site, the cookie is collecting information about your interaction, including where you visit, how long you stay there, how frequently you return to certain pages, and even your electronic address. Fill out a survey to collect free information or samples, and marketers know even more about you - like your name, address, and any other information you provide. While this may sound scary enough, cookies aren’t even the latest in technology. A new system called I-librarian Alexa - named for the legendary third century B. C. library in Alexandria, Egypt - does even more. While cookies track what you are doing at one site, Alexa collects data on all your Web activity, such as which sites you visit next, how long you stay there, whether you click on ads, etc. All this information is available to markets, who use it to market more effectively to you. Not only do you not get paid for providing the information, you probably don’t even know that you are giving it.
73. In the restaurant story, the author may most probably think the waiter or waitress to be _________.
A. considerate
B. well-mannere d
C. annoying
D. incredible
74. The author makes up the restaurant story in order to ____________.
A. show the good service offered in some Web restaurants .
B. criticize some restaurants for too considerate service
C. show the Internet’s ability to collect data on you
D. prove the great power of the Internet
75. What can be learned about “Alexa” from the second paragraph?
A. Alexa is named after an ancient hero in Egypt
B. Alexa is installed in libraries
C. Alexa can collect all the necessary data on you.
D. Alexa can provide more data for marketers than a cookies.
76. Which of the following words can best reflect the authors’ attitude to cookies and Alexa?
A. Critical.
B. Suspicious.
C. Objective.
D. Optimistic.
(D)
Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly weary and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages.
To Begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decided, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure interlligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom
from exhausting work. At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of those earth - shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.
Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is associated, namely t hat it makes holidays much more delicious when they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor, he is likely to find far more pleasure in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.
The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while our capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can acquire. However dull work may be, it becomes beara ble if it is a means of building up a reputation, whether in the world at large or only in one’s own circle.
77. What is the author’s opinion about work?
A. Work can keep people busy as if t hey were poor.
B. Work is a cause of the greatest delight of life.
C. Work is very tiresome, especially when too excessive.
D. Work can at least give relief from boredom.
78. The reason why the more intelligent rich men still work hard is that _______.
A. they want to overcome boredom
B. they want to earn more in case they meet with business failure.
C. they do not have any sensations in life
D. they have to pay the price of their freedom from hard work
79. In the author’s opinion, what is the last product of civilization?
A. To make wise use of leisure.
B. To be free from hard work.
C. To keep oneself busy with trifles.
D. To work to some extent.
80. As is put by the author, most of the work that most people have to do is __________.
A. delightful but time consuming
B. exceedingly dull and always painful
C. not worth doing and bearable at all
D. not interesting but rewarding
Section B
Directions: In the article, 4 sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable ones from the list A-AC to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There’re 2 which do not fit in any of the gaps.
A. So it seems somehow fitting that we are now thinking of reviving them.
B. One of the major challenges is to obtain enough high-quality DNA from an extinct species to conduct an experiment.
C. Whether it is feasible to revive an extinct species, one thing is for sure; it will be very long before we see the outcome.
D. At this point no one really suggests bringing back dinosaurs, but there are a number of serious proposals to revive extinct s pecies.
AB. People question whether it would be ethical to revive one of na ture’s creatures for such a purpose.
AC. Scientists have proposed reviving an extinct species through a combination of biology and technology.
In the 1993 film Jurassic park, several species of dinosaurs have been brought back to life using DNA millions of years old. The dinosaurs are placed in an animal theme park as a tourist attraction. However, when a group of scientists arrives for a visit, the dinosaurs escape and attack them. After many scary encounters, only a few of the visitors remain alive.
The story is of course fiction, but it reflects recent advances in genetic engineering which are getting ever closer to reality. _____81_____. The animals on this possible comeback list include the woolly mammoth, an elephant - like creature that wandered the plains of Siberia; the moa, a giant flightless bird from New Zealand; the thylacine, a dog-like hunter also known as the Tasmanian tiger because of the dark stripes down its back; and the bucardo, a mountain goat from Spain.
These animals had very little in common and in most cases lived eras apart. The woolly mamoth, for example, died many thousands of years ago while the bucardo became extinct only
around the year 2000. But, all these species lived at the same time as humans, and humans have been largely responsible for their destruction. _____82______.
Many difficulties will remain before it is possible to revive an extinct species by the methods scientists have so far worked out. In fact, scientists believe that because of all the problems, species revival will never happen. ____83____. While it is theoretically possible to preserve genetic material for thousands of years under ideal conditions, these conditions are very hard to find in real life.
And there is a final, ethical consideration. Even if we learn how to reproduce an example of an extinct species, that individual could never have a normal life. Its natural environment is most likely gone, and it would have no parents to show it how to behave as a member of its species. So it would remain a curiosity, and probably live out its life in a zoo. ____84____.
Ⅱ.Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Families have existed for about 300,000 years now, continually changing with times. Still, the lifestyle of the contemporary American family horrifies some foreigners. They describe it this way: “Young children are in day care centers, Teenagers are often in trouble. Mothers are at work. Divorced fathers rarely see their children. Widowed grandparents live alone. Great-grandparents live in nursing homes. Don’t American family members love each other and take care of each other?”
Yes, they do. The American family still cares about and cares for its members, but in new ways. American children, for example, may spend less time with relatives than children did in the past. Nevertheless, families still give children their most important experiences and values, as well as their most enduring relationships.
No longer do American families live by the rule that “Father’s word is law.” Today’s family tries to be democratic, to give all family members some voice in decision making. Of course, it is usually a joint one.
This democratic approach to family life does not prevent all family quarrels. Americans have familiar phrases to describe various types of family arguments. First, there’s the battle of the sexes, when husband and wife fight for dominance of the family. Then there’s sibling rivalry, competition
and jealousy between brothers and sisters. Americans also speak of the generation gap, which makes it difficult for parents for the attitudes and behavior of their children and vice versa (反之亦然)。Married people often have in-law problems, especially when ol der parents try to control the lives of their married children. But despite all these common family quarrels, family members usually get special consideration just because they are family. Americans often give reason for special treatment of relatives by quoting the expression “blood is thicker than water”.
Keys
II. Grammar
21.what 22. which 23. it 24. on 25. are taking 26. unless 27. the most notably 28. to be seen 29. pulling 30. can[来源:学&科&网]
III. 31. BC 32. AC 33. D 34. C 35. AB 36. ABC 37. A 38. BD 39. CD 40. AD
41. D 42. BD 43. ABC 44. CD 45. AD 46. AC 47. A 48. BC 49. AB 50. C IV 51-55 CACDA 56-60 BDABD 61-65 CDBAC
V. 66. D 67. B 68. A
69. B 70. C 71. B 72. A
73. C 74. C 75.D 76. A
77.D 78. A 79. A 80. D
81. D 82. A 83. B 84. AB
上海市西初级中学物理电压电阻单元培优测试卷 一、初三物理电压电阻易错压轴题（难） 1．在“探究串联电路电压特点”的实验中： (1)某次测量时，电压表的示数如图所示，则此时灯L1两端的电压为_____V； (2)某同学在测量了灯L1两端的电压后，断开开关，然后将AE导线的A端松开，接到D接线柱上，测量灯L2两端的电压，这一做法存在的问题是_____； (3)闭合开关S后，发现灯L1发光，L2不发光。同学们有以下几种猜想：①灯L2灯丝断了；②灯L2的灯座短路；③灯L2也工作，但L2中电流比L1中电流小。以上猜想中正确有_____（填序号）。 【答案】2.2 电压表的正负接线柱接反② 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】 (1)[1]由实物图可知，两灯串联，电压表测L1的电压；电源为两节干电池，则电源电压 ＝＝ U? 2 1.5V3V 根据串联分压的特点可知，灯L1两端的电压不可能大于3V，故图中电压表选择的是0～3V 量程，对应的分度值是0.1V，指针指在2V右面第2个小格上，读数为 ?＝ 2V+0.1V2 2.2V (2)[2]如果将AE导线的A端松开，接到D接线柱上测量灯L2两端的电压，这样电流从电压表的“﹣”接线柱流入，从“+”接线柱流出了，开关闭合后，电压表的指针将反偏，即电压表的正负接线柱接反了，因此这种接法是错误的。 (3)[3]闭合开关S后，发现灯L1发光，L2不发光，则：①若灯L2灯丝断了，电路断路，灯泡L1也不发光，故①错误；②若灯L2的灯座短路，灯L1发光，L2不发光，故②正确；③若灯L2也工作时，由串联电路的电流特点可知，L2中电流和L1中电流相等，故③错误。综上所述，以上猜想中正确只有②。 2．在“探究导体的电阻跟哪些因素有关”的实验中． （1）小明为上述探究活动准备了四条电阻丝，电源电压恒定，并按图电路图进行连接，A、B间接入电阻丝．取得数据填入下表： 编号材料长度横截面积电流（A）
上海高中高考数学知识点总结（大全） 一、集合与常用逻辑 1．集合概念 元素：互异性、无序性 2．集合运算 全集U ：如U=R 交集：}{B x A x x B A ∈∈=且 并集：}{B x A x x B A ∈∈=?或 补集：}{A x U x x A C U ?∈=且 3．集合关系 空集A ?φ 子集B A ?:任意B x A x ∈? ∈ B A B B A B A A B A ??=??= 注：数形结合---文氏图、数轴 4．四种命题 原命题：若p 则q 逆命题：若q 则p 否命题：若p ?则q ? 逆否命题：若q ?则p ? 原命题?逆否命题 否命题?逆命题 5．充分必要条件 p 是q 的充分条件：q P ? p 是q 的必要条件：q P ? p 是q 的充要条件：p ?q 6．复合命题的真值 ①q 真（假）?“q ?”假（真） ②p 、q 同真?“p ∧q ”真 ③p 、q 都假?“p ∨q ”假 7.全称命题、存在性命题的否定 ?∈M, p(x ）否定为: ?∈M, )(X p ? ?∈M, p(x ）否定为: ?∈M, )(X p ? 二、不等式