驱动桥设计
随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。
驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。
驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求：
1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。
2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。
3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。
4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。
5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性
好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。
6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
这项发明通常涉及到多能源动力总成的车辆,以及,尤其是多能源动力总成,有多个电源包括电动马达来驱动的汽车轮子。混合动力电动动力系统已经被发展成为包括电机(IC)做内燃机引擎,自主经营的或者联合根据行驶条件下,国家费用的牵引电池,与电源,最有效地满足当前所产生的电力需求车辆操作。大部分电子混合动力汽车可以在市场上买到是前轮驱动车辆,只不过前轮带动起来的。混合动力电动动力系统被开发用于四轮驱动车,允许两个电机和引擎传送权力后方的驱动轮。当包装电动马达驱动后桥机组是较好的使用躺轴功率流,马达驱动单元被放在后桥中心线。这样的电的混合动力系统,然而,现在的包装设计很困难,特别是当副轴车辆传动是用来传输动力,纵向驱动轴后轴。需要混合动力电动存在的动力,在其中轴是靠电动机驱动的或的内燃机结合电机。以减少成本,电动机器将提供所有混合功能,包括电气能源的产生、电动汽车、电子发动机启动投放市场,提高发动机的功率,再生式制动。一个驱动器单位是混合动力电动汽车包括发动机,电动机器包括转子,副轴，齿轮组包括一个输入可驱动的连接到发动机和输出,用来传送之间权限投入与产出和生产第一速度微分导致一个录入速度超过每小时的速度输出,第一和第二驾车轴差动机构可驱动的连接到输出线时,因为传输功率和输出之间驾车轴,可驱动的行星齿轮装置连接到输出和转子,说之间权限传输转子和输出线,制作了第二速度微分导致转子速度超过速度输出。转矩反应为减速的行星齿轮传动提供关于住房通过鼓轴或孔中,而不是通过一个外径住房,从而简化轴承支撑要求和允许紧凑的定位的机械传动的元素。使用的行星齿轮传动将车速元素的电机驱动电只准许路径的尺寸缩小包装驱动单元所需的空间。标准的适用范围就变得更加明显的优选从以下的详细描述,索赔和图纸。要理解,的描述和明确的例子,虽然指示优先考虑的重要体现,给出了发明的说明而已。各种各样的变化、修改描述和例子仍变得明显体现技术领域的人。
另外，设计必须得考虑所选择材料的可加工性能。一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：
1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
2、刀具的寿命。
3、切削力和功率的需求。
4、切屑控制。
以这种方式，好的可机加工性指的是好的表面光洁性和完整性，长的刀具寿
命，低的切削力和功率需求。关于切屑控制，细长的卷曲切屑，如果没有被切割成小片，以在切屑区变的混乱，缠在一起的方式能够严重的介入剪切工序。
因为剪切工序的复杂属性，所以很难建立定量地释义材料的可机加工性的关系。在制造厂里，刀具寿命和表面粗糙度通常被认为是可机加工性中最重要的因素。尽管已不再大量的被使用，近乎准确的机加工率在以下的例子中能够被看到。
通常，零件的可机加工性能是根据以下因素来定义的：表面粗糙度，刀具的寿命，切削力和功率的需求以及切屑的控制。材料的可机加工性能不仅取决于起内在特性和微观结构，而且也依赖于工艺参数的适当选择与控制。
拖臂悬架
结合起来的一种行为,semi-trailing-arm落后表现出轴。它是用来驱动的汽车前面。如果轴经验,它就像一卷悬垂态的手臂。扭转刚度的摩天大楼,这活象一个stabiliser酒吧。如果两个轮子的旅行经历相同的悬架(例如在球场的汽车)轴表现得像个拖臂悬架。
梁式轴(Four-Link-Style)
前面的一辆汽车后轴,不必有相同的高度为他们的卷中心。辊轴轴线上,这是经过辊子的中心——和后轴,看到前面的图。
辊轴
如果一个横向力的重心,导致层(fom)上面的重心轴的卷必须补偿片刻所致。由于一些弹簧悬辊。这一刻之间分配方面和后桥有赖于相对弹簧刚度的前面,与后轴,整体侧倾角(这是一样的,和后轴)取决于总和的悬架刚度(前加上后方)。传送到地面的瞬间,没有任何卷的整体车辆通过应用侧向力轴向前滚动的位置(在CG)。(注:如果滚动的轴,剩下的扭矩,CG必须补偿汽悬泉会像一辆摩托车内倾斜。这一幕的分布与后轴会,计算了
分别计算各轴的位置,by-using相应的axle-using卷中心的一部分的事实,轮轴横向力所承受的一部分,与正常负荷、轮轴必须随身携带
不同的例子
一个有限的特点,防滑差速器有点不同,不同的风格，一个自锁装置。
这个Torsen?风格差异;(从扭矩遥感)行为非常快(并可能严厉的)。在较低的输入扭矩的差动齿轮只是轻轻负载和移动，自由敞开的装置。随着力矩和速
度起落架网格，大米和两个输出轴锁在一起。扭矩比(high-torque-wheel除以low-torque-wheel)不等,2.5:1 max。7:1,Torsen II的风格，从3:1来
1.8:1(根据齿轮,齿轮表面处理的角度,类型的滚子轴承(平原,…)
达纳Trac-Loc?limited-slip差的(见图)包含一些预紧
通过弹簧离合器片、贝尔维尔)提供了一定的静态启动扭矩已经在零输入扭矩。蜘蛛齿轮,齿轮啮合侧设计那样(楔形齿),增加输入扭矩将增加的负担,提高离合器盘的锁轴。
独立的粘性微分锁的扭矩,但反应速度与输出轴之间的差异。包括离合器片没有机械接触,但是很紧的间隙,使粘滞摩擦提供扭矩的转让。注意,粘稠的差距在很光滑,有一定的时间延迟,作为粘度增加与所产生的热量(指的是特殊的液体是合宜的齿厚)。这使得操作容易使用汽车(虽然可以街是太慢了有些应用)。
Design of driving axle
As the car to safety, energy saving, the constant attention to environmental protection, vehicle after vehicle bridge as a key component, the quality of their products on the safe use of cars and car performance of a very large, so the car after Bridge Effectively optimize the design and calculation is very necessary.
Drive Bridge at the end of powertrain, its basic function is to increase came from the drive shaft or transmission of torque and power reasonably allocated to the left and right driving wheel and also bear in the role of the road and trailers or Body of power between the vertical and horizontal force. Drive from the main bridge general reducer, differential and the wheels, transmission and drive axle components, such as Shell.
Bridge drive a vehicle with one of the four trains, its performance will have a direct impact on vehicle performance, and it is particularly important for the
truck. Drive bridge should be designed to meet the following basic requirements:
a) a suitable main slowdown than to ensure that the car from the best power and fuel economy.
b) small form factor to ensure that the necessary ground clearance.
c) transmission gears and other parts of a smooth, noise.
d) in various load and speed of transmission with high efficiency.
e) to ensure adequate strength, stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, in particular the quality of the spring as possible, to improve the car ride.
f) suspension and body-oriented movement coordination, the drive to the bridge, should also be coordinated with the campaign steering mechanism. g) simple structure, processing technology and good, easy to manufacture, enables easy adjustment..
Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.
Keyword: drive axle differential bridge reducer Bridge shell
This is an ANSYS optimum design for driving axle housing of a off-road vehicle.
Firstly, the author established a three-dimensional model of the driving axle. States of stress in different working conditions were analyzed. Furthermore, the maximum pressure of driving axle was achieved.
And then, the three-dimensional model was imported into ANSYS, with some other manipulations, such as meshing, adding degree of freedom, applying surface loads, etc.
States of stress of driving axle were calculated with the results exported. Finally, this paper carried out the optimum design according to the target of minimizing the qualitative properties and homogenizing the distribution of stresses. The
Confirmatory analysis showed that this design measured up to the engineering requirement.
This invention relates generally to a powertrain for a vehicle, and, more particularly, to a powertrain having multiple power sources including an electric motor for driving a set of vehicle wheels.Hybrid electric powertrains have been developed that include an electric motor and an internal combustion (IC) engine, which can operate independently or in combination depending on the driving conditions, the state of charge of a traction battery, and the power source that most efficiently meets the current power demands imposed by the vehicle operator.Most electric hybrid vehicles available commercially are front wheel drive vehicles, in which only the front wheels are driven. Hybrid electric powertrains being developed for use in four-wheel drive vehicles allow both the motor and engine to transmit power to a rear set of driven wheels.When packaging an electric motor drive unit for a rear axle it is preferable to use a lay shaft power flow such that the motor drive unit is placed on the rear axle centerline. Such electric hybrid drive systems, however, present packaging difficulties to the vehicle designer, particularly when layshaft gearing is used to
transmit power from a longitudinal drive shaft to a rear axle.A need exists for a hybrid electric powertrain in which one axle is driven by an electric motor or an IC engine in combination with the motor. To minimize cost, an electric machine would provide all hybrid functions including electric energy generation, electric vehicle launch, engine starting, electric boosting of engine power, and regenerative braking. A drive unit for a hybrid electric motor vehicle includes an engine, an electric machine including a rotor, a layshaft gearset including an input driveably connected to the engine and an output, for transmitting power between the input and the output and producing a first speed differential that causes a speed of the input to exceed a speed of the output, first and second driveshafts, a differential mechanism driveably connected to said output, for transmitting power between said output and the driveshafts, and a planetary gear unit driveably connected to the output and the rotor, for transmitting power between said rotor and said output and producing a second speed differential that causes a speed of the rotor to exceed the speed of the output.A torque reaction for the speed reduction planetary gearing is provided on a housing through a bore of a shaft or drum rather than through an outer diameter of the housing, thereby simplifying the bearing support requirements and allowing compact positioning of the mechanical drive elements. Use of planetary gearing to reduce the speed of elements driven by the electric machine in the electric only drive path reduces the size of the package space required for the drive unit. The scope of applicability of the preferred embodiment will become apparent from the following detailed description, claims and drawings. It should be understood, that the description and specific examples, although indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. Various changes and modifications to the described embodiments and examples will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
MACHINABILITY
The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:
1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;
2、Tool life obtained;
3、Force and power requirements;
4、Chip control.
Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.
Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally
considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not
used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.
SUMMARY
Machinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.
A combination of trailing- and semi-trailing-arm behaviour shows the following axis. It is used for front driven cars only. If the axle experiences roll, it behaves like a semi-trailing arm. The torsional stiffness counteracts the roll, by this acting like a stabiliser bar. If both wheels experience the same suspension travel (e.g. during pitch of the car) the axle behaves like a trailing arm suspension.
Beam Type Axle (Four-Link-Style)
Front- and rear-axle of a car needn't have the same hight for their roll center. The roll
axis is that axis, that goes through the roll center of front- and rear-axle, see following
drawing:
Roll Axis
If a lateral force is applied at the center of gravity, the moment resulting fom the hight of
the center of gravity above the roll axis has to be compensated by a moment caused by
the
suspension springs due to some roll. The distribution of this moment between front-
and rear axle depends on the relative spring stiffness of front- and rear-axle, the overall
roll angle (which is the same for front- and rear-axle) depends on the sum of the suspension stiffness (front plus rear).
The moment transmitted to the ground without any roll for the overall vehicle is given by
the applied lateral force times the roll axis hight (at the position of CG). (Remark: If the
roll axis is above the CG, the remaining torque that has to be compensated by the
suspension springs would make the car lean inside like a motorcycle!).
The distribution of this moment between front- and rear-axle can be calculated by
calculating each axle seperately, by-using the position of the roll center of the corresponding axle-using the fact that the part of lateral force, that the axle has
to carry, corresponds to
the part of the normal load,
the axle has to carry
Differential Examples
The characteristics of a
limited slip differential are
a little bit different for
different styles
of a self-locking device.
The Torsen? style
differentials (from TORque
SENsing) act very fast
(and possibly
harsh). Under low input torque the differential gears are only lightly loaded and move
freely like an open device. With increasing torque (and speed) the gear meshes are
loaded up and the two output shafts are locked together. The torque ratio
(high-torque-wheel divided by low-torque-wheel) varies from max. 7:1 to 2.5:1, for the Torsen II style
from 3:1 to 1.8:1 (depending on gear angles, gear surface treatment, type of bearing(plain, roller...)
The Dana Trac-Loc? limited-slip differential (see picture below) contains some preloaded
(by Belleville springs) clutch plates, which provide a certain static breakout torque
already at zero input torque. The spider gear and side gear mesh are designed in that way (with wedge-shaped gear teeth), that increasing input torque will increase the load
on the clutch plates, by this increasing the locking of the axle.
Dana Trac-Loc? limited-slip differential
The viscous differential locks independent of of torques, but reacts to the speed
differences between the output shafts. The contained clutch plates have no mechanical
contact, but very tight clearances, so that the viscous friction provides the torque
transfer. Note that viscous differentials set in very smooth, and with a certain time delay, as the
viscosity increases with the
generated heat (means the
special fluid is becoming
'thicker'). This makes the
handling easier for street use
cars (while may be too slow
for
some racing applications).
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摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1．编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2．施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工
桥梁工程毕业设计外文翻译箱梁
西南交通大学本科毕业设计（论文） 外文资料翻译 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师:
6 月
外文资料原文： 13 Box girders 13.1 General The box girder is the most ?exible bridge deck form. It can cover a range of spans from25 m up to the largest non-suspended concrete decks built, of the order of 300 m. Single box girders may also carry decks up to 30 m wide. For the longer span beams, beyond about 50 m, they are practically the only feasible deck section. For the shorter spans they are in competition with most of the other deck types discussed in this book. The advantages of the box form are principally its high structural ef?ciency (5.4), which minimises the prestress force required to resist a given bending moment, and its great torsional strength with the capacity this gives to re-centre eccentric live loads, minimising the prestress required to carry them.
驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
桥梁专业外文翻译--欧洲桥梁研究
附录 Bridge research in Europe A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar. Introduction The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency. Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
附录A 英文文献 Drive Axle All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Rear-wheel drive Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft
汽车设计课程设计说明书 题目：BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核 姓名： 学号： 专业名称：车辆工程 指导教师： 目录 一、课程设计任务书 (1) 二、总体结构设计 (2) 三、主减速器部分设计 (2) 1、主减速器齿轮计算载荷的确定 (2) 2、锥齿轮主要参数选择 (4) 3、主减速器强度计算 (5) 四、差速器部分设计 (6) 1、差速器主参数选择 (6) 2、差速器齿轮强度计算 (7) 五、半轴部分设计 (8) 1、半轴计算转矩Tφ及杆部直径 (8) 2、受最大牵引力时强度计算 (9) 3、制动时强度计算 (9) 4、半轴花键计算 (9) 六、驱动桥壳设计 (10) 1、桥壳的静弯曲应力计算 (10) 2、在不平路面冲击载荷作用下的桥壳强度计算 (11) 3、汽车以最大牵引力行驶时的桥壳强度计算 (11) 4、汽车紧急制动时的桥壳强度计算 (12)
5、汽车受最大侧向力时的桥壳强度计算 (12) 七、参考书目 (14) 八、课程设计感想 (15)
一、课程设计任务书 1、题目 《BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核》 2、设计内容及要求 （1）主减速器部分包括：主减速器齿轮的受载情况；锥齿轮主要参数选择；主减速器强度计算；齿轮的弯曲强度、接触强度计算。 （2）差速器：齿轮的主要参数；差速器齿轮强度的校核；行星齿轮齿数和半轴齿轮齿数的确定。 （3）半轴部分强度计算：当受最大牵引力时的强度；制动时强度计算。 （4）驱动桥强度计算：①桥壳的静弯曲应力 ②不平路载下的桥壳强度 ③最大牵引力时的桥壳强度 ④紧急制动时的桥壳强度 ⑤最大侧向力时的桥壳强度 3、主要技术参数 轴距L=2800mm 轴荷分配：满载时前后轴载1340/2735(kg) 发动机最大功率：80ps n：3800-4000n/min 发动机最大转矩17.5kg﹒m n：2200-2500n/min 传动比：i1=7.00； i0=5.833 轮毂总成和制动器总成的总重：g k=274kg
As the bearing cage rotates, read the value 7. indicated on the scale. Preload normally is specified as torque re-8. quired to rotate the pinion bearing cage, so take a reading only when the cage is rotating. Starting torque will give a false reading. To calculate the preload torque, measure the 9. diameter of the bearing cage where the cord was wound. Divide this dimension in half to get the radius. 10. U se the following procedure to calculate the bearing preload torque:Standard. Pull (lb) 3 radius (inches) 5 preload (lb-in.)or Preload (lb-in.) 3 0.113 (a conversion constant) 5 preload (N .m) Install the yoke, flat washer, and nut. Tighten 6. the nut snugly. Tap the end of the input shaft lightly to seat the bearings. Measure the input shaft endplay again with 7. the dial indicator. If endplay is still incorrect, repeat steps 3 through 7. With the endplay correct, seal the shim pack 8. to prevent lube leakage. Then torque the i nput shaft nut and cover capscrews to the correct value. 24.5 A XLE ADJUSTMENTS AND CHECKS This section introduces the differential carrier adjust-ments, checks, and tests that the truck technician must be capable of performing; some have been r eferred to previously in the text. For the most part, the procedures described here are general in nature. The truck technician should refer to OEM service l iterature for specific procedures.PINION BEARING PRELOAD Most differential carriers are provided with a press-fit outer bearing on the drive pinion gear. Some older rear drive axles use an outer bearing, which slips over the drive pinion. The procedures for adjusting both types follow. Press-Fit Method Adjustment To adjust the pinion bearing preload using the press-fit method, use the following procedure: Assemble the pinion bearing cage, bearings, 1. spacer, and spacer washer (without drive pin-ion or oil seal). Center the bearing spacer and spacer washer between the two bearing cones (Figure 24–49). When a new gear set or pinion bearings are 2. used, select a nominal size spacer based on OEM specifications. If original parts are used, use a spacer removed during disassembly of the drive. Place the drive pinion and cage assembly in a 3. press, with the gear teeth toward the bottom.Apply and hold the press load to the pinion 4. bearing. As pressure is applied, rotate the bearing cage several times so that the bear-ings make normal contact. While pressure is held against the assembly, wind 5. a cord around the bearing cage several times.Attach a spring scale to the end of the cord 6. (Figure 24–50). Pull the cord with the scale on a horizontal line. FIGURE 24–49 Assembly of the pinion bearing cage. (Courtesy of Dana Corporation) FIGURE 24–50 Cage in press to check bearing p reload. Sleeve must apply
附录一：中文翻译 土木工程师 桥梁工程156 2003年3月发表于BEI 31~37页 2002年1月31日收到 C.詹姆斯 2002年12月9日通过高级土木工程师佩尔 Frischmann ，埃克塞特 关键词：桥梁；河堤；土工布；膜与土工格栅 英国锁城大桥 锁城大桥是横跨住宅发展区的铁路桥梁。由于工程施工受到周围建筑与地形的限制，该工程采取加固桥台、桥墩与桥面的刚构结构，以及预制栏杆等方法提高了大桥的使用安全程度，并降低了大桥建造与维护的费用。因此，城堡大桥科学的设计方案使工程成本降到最低。 一、引言 本文描述的是在受限制地区用最小的费用修建一座铁路桥梁使之成为开放的住宅发展区。锁城地区是位于住宅发展十分紧张的韦斯顿超 图1 锁城大桥位置远景
马雷的东部。监督桥梁建设的客户是城堡建设有限公司，它由二大房建者组成。该区的规划局是北盛捷区议会（NSDC）。该发展地区被分为布里斯托尔和埃克塞特。规划条件规定，直到建成这条横跨的铁路大桥为止，该地区南部区域不可能适应居住。可见锁城大桥的建成对该地区发展的重要性。 发展地区位于萨默塞特的边缘，这个地区地形十分的恶劣，该范围位于韦斯顿以北和A321飞机双程双线分隔线的南面。现在只有一条乡下公路，是南部区域的唯一通道。该地区是交通预期不适合住宅增加的区域。 由于盛捷地区水平高程的限制，新的铁路线在桥台两边必须设有高程差。并且该地区地形限制，允许正常横跨的区域较小，这导致在结构的布局上的一定数量的妥协。为了整个城堡地区的发展，全 图2 锁城大桥地图上位置 桥限速20公里/时，并考虑区域范围内的速度制约。这样在得到客户和NSDC的同意后，桥梁采取了最小半径的方法，这使得桥梁采用了比正常梯度更加陡峭地方法实现高程的跨越。 客户的工程师、工程顾问、一般设计原则和初步认同原则下(AIP)与NSDC发出投标文件。 该合同在2000年7月1授予安迪。投标价值1.31亿美元，合同期定为34周，到2001年4月完成。
XXXXXXXXX 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 学生姓名： 院（系）： 专业班级： 指导教师： 完成日期：
施工组织设计的重要性 摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1.编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2.施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案 不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工程设计文件的重要组成部分，是编制工程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标文件的
驱动桥设计 摘要 现代工程车辆技术追求高效节能、高舒适性和高安全性等目标。前一项目标与环境保护密切相关,是当代全球性热门话题,后两项目标是车辆朝着高性能化方向发展必须研究和解决的重要课题。转向系统的高性能化是指其能够根据车辆的运行状况和驾驶员的要求实行多目标控制,以获得良好的转向轻便性、较好的路感和较快的响应性。 汽车转向系统是影响汽车操纵稳定性、行驶安全性和驾驶舒适性的关键部分。在追求高效节能\高舒适性和高安全性的今天,电控液压助力转向系统作为一种新的汽车动力转向系统,以其节能、环保、更佳的操纵特性和转向路感,成为动力转向技术研究的焦点。 本文通过查阅相关的文献，介绍了EHPS系统的结构组成和工作原理，在参考现有车型的结构数据的基础上，设计计算转向系的主要参数，确定转向器的结构参数和动力转向部分结构参数，在分析其助力特性的基础上，设计合理的助力特性曲线，并通过MATLAB作出助力特性图，同时提出一种基于车速和转向盘转动角速度的控制策略，根据EHPS系统的特点，通过AMESim和Simulink建立整个系统的模型。通过联合仿真可以得出EHPS系统比HPS系统能提供更好的助力特性和转向路感。 关键词：EHPS；助力特性；结构设计；AMESim与Simulink建模 ABSTRACT
High effective energy saving,high comfort performance and high security are thegoals of contemporary.The first goal closely concerns with environment protecting,is also the popular topic around the world.The last two goals are the important subjects must be researched and solved in making automobile high performance.To make the steering system high performance is that the system can carry out mufti-goals control according to the vehicle states and drive requirements to acquire the steering handiness,better road feeling,better anti-interfering performance and faster response. The motor turing system is the essential part which affects the automobile operation stability,the travel security and the driving comfortablet.Nowadays we pursue highly effective energy conservation,the high comforrtableness and high secure.The electrically hydraulic power steering (EHPS) taking as one kind of new automobile power steering system,it takes the power steering engineering research the focal point by its energy conservation,the environmental protection,the better handling characteristic and changes the road feeling. According to consult relevant literature, this paper introduces the structure and the principle of EHPS, bases the further study of EHPS on the structural parameter date of a certain type of the light lorry, calculates the main parameters of steering system and power steering and devises the hydraulic circuit of EHPS. On the basis of the analysis of EHPS, this paper designs a reasonable EHPS power curve, including plotting the curve with the technique of MATLAB. Taking into account the steady steering and emergency steering, it advances the control strategy plan based on speed, steering wheel angle velocity, the steering wheel torque. Based on the structural characteristics of EHPS, this paper proposed AMESIM and SIMULINK joint simulation of the entire EHPS system. Accord to the result we can know that EHPS can offer more secure handle, more saving energy and way feeling. Key words:EHPS;Characteristics of power; Structure design; AMESim and Simulink Modeling
驱动桥设计外文翻译 驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求: 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主
要有:铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。 这项发明通常涉及到多能源动力总成的车辆,以及,尤其是多能源动力总成,有多个电源包括电动马达来驱动的汽车轮子。混合动力电动动力系统已经被发展成为包括电机(IC)做内燃机引擎,自主经营的或者联合根据行驶条件下,国家费用的牵引电池,与电源,最有效地满足当前所产生的电力需求车辆操作。大部分电子混合动力汽车可以在市场上买到是前轮驱动车辆,只不过前轮带动起来的。混合动力电动动力系统被开发用于四轮驱动车,允许两个电机和引擎传送权力后方的驱动轮。当包装电动马达驱动后桥机组是较好的使用躺轴功率流,马达驱动单元被放在后桥中心线。这样的电的混合动力系统,然而,现在的包装设计很困难,特别是当副轴车辆传动是用来传输动力,纵向驱动轴后轴。需要混合动力电动存在的动力,在其中轴是靠电动机驱动的或的内燃机结合电机。以减少成本,电动机器将提供所有混合功能,包括电气能源的产生、电动汽车、电子发动机启动投放 提高发动机的功率,再生式制动。一个驱动器单位是混合动力电动汽车包括市场, 发动机,电动机器包括转子,副轴，齿轮组包括一个输入可驱动的连接到发动机和输出,用来传送之间权限投入与产出和生产第一速度微分导致一个录入速度超过每小时的速度输出,第一和第二驾车轴差动机构可驱动的连接到输出线时,因为传输功率和输出之间驾车轴,可驱动的行星齿轮装置连接到输出和转子,说之间权限传输转子和输出线,制作了第二速度微分导致转子速度超过速度输出。转矩反应为减速
中文1850字 附录 Bridge research in Europe A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar. Introduction The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency. Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to consortia of academics and industrial