翻译二级口译实务-10
(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：50.00)
1.
{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} China is in the midst of a developmental stage where advanced management knowledge and techniques and advanced industrial automation technology and solutions are fundamental and necessary elements for China's sustained growth and global competitiveness. There is no one good definition of what industrial automation is. Perhaps the best definition is a simple one: industrial automation is the use of electronics to control and monitor a process or machinery. While there are many steps that China must take to ensure the appropriate development of its industrial base and supporting infrastructure, the utilization of advanced industrial automation is a critical step. Increases in productivity and efficiency are not possible without a high level of industrial automation. If we were to look at the growth in productivity of U.S. industry from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, two pivotal factors stand out. The first is a revolution in management techniques and consequent restructuring of the American corporation. Management became results-focused, flatter and more distributed, with great participation by the work force. The second pivotal factor was the infusion of advanced industrial automation into manufacturing and other automated processes. Together these two elements led to significant increases in productivity and efficiency. These increases led the way to sustained growth in the U.S. economy, so that by the late 1980s and the early 1990s the U.S. economy was growing faster than that of Japan for the first time in several decades. China, which is now at its own critical industrial and management systems crossroads, can borrow from some of these experiences. China has an unparalleled opportunity to adopt advanced industrial automation as this technology moves into the new millennium and into the information era. The future of industrial automation will be a networked future with a great reliance on wireless connectivity. Utilization of effective and open networks such as DeviceNet, ControlNet and Ethernet/IP, with their ability to connect to the Internet, allows for continuous control and feedback from the factory floor to the management office and beyond. The factory floor and the management office can be linked continuously and in real time with suppliers, sales force and customers. Every part of this chain will be able to monitor, input to and adjust the manufacturing process and supporting activities. The future of industrial automation will also very much be linked to software that is an open platform and is multifunctional. The right software package provides tremendous flexibility and agility in the manufacturing process. Industrial software provides the operator interface and gateway from the factory floor to the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and even to the Internet to provide seamless flow of data and information so that the "Information Enabled Enterprise" can be managed in a more flexible, integrated, and efficient manner.（分数：25.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：中国目前正处在一个发展的阶段。在这个阶段中，先进的管理知识和技术以及先进的工业自动化技术和解决方案是十分必要的，对中国的持续发展和在全球的竞争中起着根本的作用。目前工业自动化还没有一个最佳的定义。也许最好的其实是一个很简单的定义：工业自动化就是使用电子技术来监控生产流程或机械设备。为了确保工业基础和配套设施的有序发展，中国需要采取很多措施，而其中利用先进的工业自动化是至关重要的。没有高水平的工业自动化，提高生产力和效率都是不可能的。如果我们看一看美国工业生产力从80年代中期到90年代中期的发展情况，就会发现两个重要的因素。首先是管理技术方面的革命和随之而来的对美国公司的重组改造。改革后的管理更注重效果，管理层面减少，权利下放，企业职工参与性更高。第二个因素是将先进的工业自动化引入了制造业和其它自动化流程。这两个因素共同作用
大大提高了生产力和效率，使美国经济得以可持续发展，80年代末90年代初的发展速度几十年来第一次
超过了日本。中国目前正处在工业和管理制度变革的时期，可以借鉴这些经验。在新的世纪和信息发展时代采用先进的工业自动化技术，对中国来讲是一个千载难逢的机会。未来的工业自动化技术将是一个无线连接的网络。诸如DeviceNet，ControlNet和Ethernet/IP这些开放、高效率的网络能与英特网链接，可以使管理部门对生产车间进行不间断的控制，并获得信息反馈。生产车间和管理部门之间联网，与供应商、销售部门以及客户之间也可以实现实时联网。在这条链中的任何一个环节都可以进行监控和输入，还可以调整生产过程和生产支持。未来的工业自动化将在很大程度上和有着开放性平台、多功能的软件系统联网。一套合适的软件包将使生产过程变得非常灵活，反应非常敏捷。工业软件将提供操作者平台，提供从车间到企业资源规划系统的通道，甚至与英特网链接，提供源源不断的数据信息，从而进行更为灵活。更为有效的综合性管理。这就叫做“信息化管理企业”。 [综合解析] 本文主要讨论中国工业未来的问题。文章以美国的发展为例，对工业自动化的问题进行了深入的探讨，并展望中国工业的未来。本文涉及工业自动化和管理等方面的专门知识，需要应试者有相当的背景知识，这些专业化知识构成考查应试者基本素质的内容，在较为短暂的时间内，应试者还需对复杂的长难句作出判断，使翻译不仅信息完整正确，还要基本符合汉语习惯。在此基础上，应试者还要对文中的某些单词或短语作出判断，使其翻译不仅正确还要符合上下文语境的需要。■ 基本素质采分点1．industrial automation 工业自动化2．sustained growth 持续发展 3．industrial base 工业基础 4．supporting infrastructure 配套设施 5．real time 实时6．Information Enabled Enterprise 信息化管理企业 7．the information era 信息时代■ 结构理解采分点1．China is in the midst of a developmental stage where advanced management knowledge and techniques and advanced industrial automation technology and solutions are fundamental and necessary elements for China's sustained growth and global competitiveness. 该句是复合句，含有where引导的定语从句，修饰stage。该定语从句的内容信息量颇大，因此翻译时，该部分内容应单列
一句，以符合汉语习惯。因此，原句可译为“中国目前正处在一个发展的阶段。在这个阶段中，先进的管理知识和技术以及先进的工业自动化技术和解决方案是十分必要的，对中国的持续发展和在全球的竞争中起着根本的作用。” 2．While there are many steps that China must take to ensure the appropriate development of its industrial base and supporting infrastructure, the utilization of advanced industrial automation is a critical step. 如按原句句式结构特点翻译，译文结构会显得松散，因此翻译时，有必要打乱原有语序，重组结构。因此，原句可译为“为了确保工业基础和配套设施的有序发展，中国需要采取很多措施，而其中利用先进的工业自动化是至关重要的。” 3．Management became
results-focused, flatter and more distributed, with great participation by the work force. 本句的翻译要求应试者在理解上下文的情况下，适当加字，如flatter是指管理的层面，distributed是指
权力被下放；根据汉语具体、生动的特点，还可考虑将名词participation译为相应的动词形式。因此，原句可译为“改革后的管理更注重效果，管理层面减少，权利下放，企业职工参与性更高。” 4．The second pivotal factor was the infusion of advanced industrial automation into manufacturing and other automated processes. 本句的翻译同样根据汉语具体、生动的特点，可考虑将名词infusion译为相应的动词形式。因此，原句可译为“第二个因素是将先进的工业自动化引入了制造业和其它自动化流程。” 5．Industrial software provides the operator interface and gateway from the factory floor to the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and even to the Internet to provide seamless flow of data and information so that the "Information Enabled Enterprise" can be managed in a more flexible, integrated, and efficient manner. 该句的翻译首先要搞清楚原文语句间的结构关系。该句是复合句，其中含有so that引导的从句，该从句之前的部分要注意provide后面接两个宾语即interface和gateway，而gateway后面to短语较多，其中to provide短语是动词不定式，做目的状语；so that从句后的翻译
可将原句前后倒置，以保持逻辑性。因此，原句可译为“工业软件将提供操作者平台，提供从车间到企业资源规划系统的通道，甚至与因特网链接，提供源源不断的数据信息，从而进行更为灵活、更为有效的综合性管理。这就叫做“信息化管理企业”。■ 言语表达采分点 1．monitor 监控 2．critical step 至关重要的一步 3．pivotal factor 重要因素 4．results-focused 注重结果的5．distributed 分送的(这里指权力下放的) 6．the work force 工人队伍 7．crossroads 十字路口(这里指中国改革面临的变革期) 8．the new millennium 新千年9．wireless connectivity 无线连接10．interface 界面；接口11．gateway 关口，途径 12．seamless flow 源源不断
2.
{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Ludwig van Beethoven was an unhappy genius. He had deep feelings that he could not express in words. He found the way to express these feelings in music, and this led to a new kind of music that is expressive. Beethoven was born in the German city of Bonn, in 1770. His father was a singer in the Church choir, and he soon saw that Ludwig had musical ability. The father thought that Ludwig might be another wonder-child, like Mozart, and that he would make the family's name and fortune. He forced the little boy to practice long hours on the violin. Mozart's father had been kind, but Beethoven's father was impatient and often rough with him. Also, Beethoven's father was not reliable in earning a living for his family. As young Ludwig grew up he had to take a great deal of responsibility. When he was 15, and was working in the Church as assistance organist, Ludwig was practically supporting the family. But he had kind teachers and some good friends, and he was lucky enough to get a position playing the viola in the opera orchestra in Bonn. There he became familiar with the operas of Mozart and other composers, and he learned a great deal about the instruments of the orchestra and how they played together. This was to be valuable to him later in his own composing. When he decided to go to Vienna to study, the Archbishop at Bonn paid for his journey and other friends gave him letters to noblemen in Vienna. Beethoven was a very fine pianist, besides being able to play the violin and other stringed instruments. The Viennese music-lovers quickly adopted him as a favorite concert performer. But they criticized every new work of Beethoven's because it was too different. The Viennese soon realized that they had an extraordinary genius living among them, and they made every effort to keep him. When Beethoven had an offer to go to another city as an orchestra conductor, three noblemen of Vienna banded together to pay him a regular income every year if he would stay with them, He stayed, and went on composing his big, powerful symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas and many other works. But except for his music, Beethoven was not a happy man. Before he was 30, he began to grow deaf. This was a terrible misfortune for a musician. His deafness came slowly and he was able to continue playing concerts until he was 44. But 10 years later, when his great Ninth Symphony was performed for the first time, he could not hear at all. He was sitting on the stage at the performance, watching the conductor, and he had his back to the audience. One of the singers turned him around so that he could see the audience enthusiastically applauding this tremendous symphony. Beethoven was a lonely man. Although he had fallen in love several times, he never married. His deafness made him still more lonely, for he would not go out in public at all. But he rose above his loneliness and deafness through his music. Even when he was totally deaf, he went on creating music that he could not hear except in his mind, expressing all the feelings he could not express to anyone in words.（分数：25.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：()
解析：贝多芬是一个不幸的天才。他有很多不能用语言表达的深沉情感，但他找到了用音乐表达这些情感的方法，从而产生了一种新的表现力极强的音乐。贝多芬于1770年生于德国的波恩。他的父亲是教堂唱诗班的歌手，不久就发现儿子身上的音乐天分，认为他很可能成为像莫扎特一样的“神童”，为家族带来声望和财富。他逼着儿子长时间地练琴。莫扎特的父亲很仁慈，但贝多芬的父亲却十分暴躁，经常对他动粗。他还不能正常地挣钱养家，这使得贝多芬很小就挑起了家庭的重担。贝多芬15岁时就在教堂担任助理风琴师，挣钱养家。他的老师和朋友对他很好，后来又有幸在波恩的歌剧院谋到乐队中提琴手的位置。在那里他接触了莫扎特的歌剧和其他作曲家的作品，并对各种乐器及其相互配合有了了解。这段经历对他日后创作音乐极其宝贵。贝多芬决定去维也纳学习，波恩的主教为他提供盘缠，好友也为他给维也纳的望族写了推荐信。贝多芬是个出色的钢琴演奏家，也会演奏小提琴和多种弦乐乐器。维也纳的乐迷很快就爱上了这位音乐演奏家，但对他所做的乐曲却每每报以批评，认为它太过于另类。很快维也纳入就意识到贝多芬是一个不可多得的天才，并千方百计地把他留住。当贝多芬接到聘书要到另一个城市担任乐队指挥时，三个维也纳贵族决定联合起来付给他固定薪水。贝多芬终于留了下来，继续从事大型交响乐，协奏曲，钢琴奏鸣曲和其他音乐创作。但是，除了献身音乐外，贝多芬活得并不幸福。他在不到30岁时听力就开始
减退，这对一个搞音乐的人来说是巨大的不幸。耳聋来的还算缓慢，使他在44岁前还能参加音乐会演出。但是，当10年后他的伟大的第九交响乐首演时，他已经什么也听不见了。他坐在舞台上看着指挥，却把背对着观众。一个歌手帮他转过身来，使他看到了观众正在为他的宏大的作品热情地鼓掌。贝多芬是个性情孤僻的人，他多次恋爱，但从未成家。耳聋限制他出门社交，使他变得更加孤独。但他通过音乐战胜了孤独和耳聋，在完全失聪的情况下，他依旧不断创造着他只能在心灵中才能听到的音乐，倾诉着无法用语言诉说的情感。 [综合解析] 本文主要讲述音乐巨匠贝多芬的生平。侧重讲述他的成长历程，挖掘了他的内心世界。本文谈论的话题只需有普通的地名和音乐常识，但本文要求考查应试者在短时间内恰当理解英文结构的能力和准确翻译英语术语的能力。总之，此文的翻译将显示应试者的英文口译功底。■ 基本素质采分点 1．Beethoven 贝多芬 2．Bonn 波恩(德国城市) 3．Church choir 教堂唱诗班 4．Mozart 莫扎特5．Vienna 维也纳6．Archbishop 主教7．concerto 协奏曲8．piano sonata 钢琴奏鸣曲9．Ninth Symphony 第九交响曲(贝多芬名曲之一) ■ 结构理解采分点 1．He found the way to express these feelings in music, and this led to a new kind of music that is expressive. 该句的翻译要妥善处理and this 指代关系，其实该指代关系表明了前后的因果关系，因此，原句可译为“但他找到了用音乐表达这些情感的方法，从而产生了一种新的表现力极强的音乐。” 2．The father thought that Ludwig might be another wonder-child, like Mozart, and that he would make the family's name and fortune. 该句是复合句，含有两个that引导的宾语从句。该句的翻译要求将后置的修饰性表达放在它所修饰部分的前面，如对“like Mozart”的处理，因此，该句可译为“他的父亲认为他很可能成为像莫扎特一样的‘神童’，为家族带来声望和财富。” 3．When Beethoven had an offer to go to another city as an orchestra conductor, three noblemen of Vienna banded together to pay him a regular income every year if he would stay with them. 4．But he rose above his loneliness and deafness through his music. 该句的翻译要注意可根据上下文情景，适当减词，如原句中最后if从句根据上下文可以省略，以免翻译的重复啰嗦。因此，原句可译为“当贝多芬接到聘书要到另一个城市担任乐队指挥时，三个维也纳贵族决定联合起来付给他固定薪水。” 5．Even when he was totally deaf, he went on creating music that he could not hear except in his mind, expressing all the feelings he could not express to anyone in words. 该句的结构很简单，但要处理好rise above的确切译法，此处，根据上下文可意译为“战胜”。因此，原句可译为“但他通过音乐战胜了孤独和耳聋。”原句是复合句，含有even when引导的状语从句，根据汉语语言习惯，when表达的“当……时”，一般不译出，或改换为符合习惯的其他表达方式。因此，原句可译为“在完全失聪的情况下，他依旧不断创造着他只能在心灵中才能听到的音乐，倾诉着无法用语言诉说的情感。” ■ 言语表达采分点 1．expressive 有表现力的 2．wonder-child 神童 3．name 名誉 4．support the family 挣钱养家5．take a great deal of responsibility 承担很大的责任6．be valuable to 对……有价值 7．adopt 接纳 8．make every effort to 尽一切努力 9．lonely 孤独的(这里指性格孤僻的) 10．enthusiastic 热情的，热烈的
二、{{B}}Part Ⅱ{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：100.00)
3.
{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} 女士们、先生们：我非常高兴能利用英中贸协年会的机会向英国工商界朋友们致以诚挚的问候。多年来，英中贸协一直关心和支持中英关系发展，是堪称两国友好交流的桥梁和互利合作的纽带。在此，我谨对英中贸协及诸位长期为促进中英经贸合作所做的不懈努力和杰出贡献表示感谢，对此次大会的召开表示热烈的祝贺。十六大以来，我们继续坚持以经济建设为中心，坚持改革开放，各项工作都有条不紊地向前推进。但是，突如其来在中国一些地方发生了“非典”疫情。这是一种尚未被人类全面认识的新型传染病，要有效控制并消除疫情需要有一个过程。中国政府是负责任的政府，始终把人民的身体健康和生命安全放在第一位。我们采取了果断措施，完善应急机制和社会救助机制，依靠科学，依靠群众在全国开展了一场预防“非典”的攻坚战。尽管任务非常艰巨，但我们有决心打赢这一仗。中国人民抗击“非典”的斗争赢得了国际社会的广泛同情和支持。不久前，英政府决定向中国提供500万美元的援助，体现了英国人民对中国人民的深情厚谊。中国有句老话，“患难见真情”，英方的友好举措博得了中国人民的高度评价与赞赏。英国医疗科技发达，研发实力雄厚，在传染病的防治等方面积累了不少有益经验，我们愿学习借鉴并开展合作。中华民族是在逆境中自强奋斗的民族，中国政府是勇于面对困难的政府。我们深信，中国人民在国际社会的支持下，经过不懈努力，一定能够驱散疫病的阴霾，迎来更大的繁荣和发展。（分数：50.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：I am delighted to have the opportunity of this annual meeting of the British-Chinese Trade Association to convey my cordial greetings to friends from the British business community. Over the years, the Association has been active in supporting the development of Sino-British relations and has served as a bridge of friendly exchanges and a bond of mutually-beneficial cooperation. Hereby, I wish to express my warm congratulations on the convocation of the meeting and my sincere thanks to the Association and all the friends present here for your unremitting efforts and the outstanding contribution you have made in promoting Sino-British economic cooperation and trade. Since the 16th National Party Congress, we have continued to take economic development as our central task and press ahead with reform and opening-up. We have been making steady progress in all our endeavors. Unfortunately, however, the epidemic of SARS struck parts of China all of a sudden. As it is a new type of disease and the humanity has not yet had full knowledge of it, there will be some time before we can effectively control and eventually eradicate the epidemic. The Chinese government is a highly responsible government. It has all along prioritized the health and safety of its people in its governance. Since the outbreak of the disease, we have taken a series of resolute measures to improve the mechanisms for emergency handling and social relief. We have launched throughout the country a decisive battle against SARS by relying on science and on our people. We know the task is enormously challenging, but we have the conviction to win the battle. In the battle against SARS, the Chinese people have won sympathy and support worldwide. Not long ago, the British government decided to render five million US dollars worth of assistance to China. This is an embodiment of the deep friendship between our two peoples. We have a saying in China: "True friendship is seen in times of adversity" and in English "A friend in need is a friend indeed". The friendly gestures of the British side have been highly acclaimed and appreciated by the Chinese people. Britain boasts advanced medical science and technology, strong R & D capabilities and ample useful experience in the prevention and treatment of communicable diseases. We would like to enter into cooperation with you in this regard to learn from your strong points. The Chinese nation is a nation with the strength of fighting and advancing in adversities, and the Chinese government is a government that has the courage to face up to difficulties. We are deeply convinced that the Chinese people, with the support of the international community and the unyielding efforts of their own, will surely dispel the dark clouds of the epidemic and embrace greater prosperity and development. [综合解析] 本文是在英中贸协年会上的讲话，主要关于中国抗击“非典”疫情的情况。本文考查一些常见的致辞方式和一些医学、政治方面的常用语，因此需要应试者有相关的基本知识；在较短的时间内，应试者还需对复杂的长难句作出判断，使翻译不仅信息完整正确，还要基本符合汉语习惯。在此基础上，应试者还要对文中的某些单词或短语作出判断，使其翻译不仅正确还要符合上下文语境的需要。■ 基本素质采分点1．英中贸协British-Chinese Trade Association 2．中英关系 Sino-British relations 3．十六大 the 16th National Party Congress 4．坚持以经济建设为中心 take economic development as our central task 5．坚持改革开放 press ahead with reform and opening-up 6．研发实力R & D capabilities 7．传染病communicable disease 8．中华民族the Chinese nation ■ 结构理解采分点 1．多年来，英中贸协一直关心和支持中英关系发展，是堪称两国友好交流的桥梁和互利合作的纽带。原句前后部分逻辑关系较为松散，可用and将两部分组成并列句。前一部分如用原文主谓结构，无法顺畅使“关心”和“支持”分别与宾语搭配，而且译文显得过于中式化，因此需另找谓语；后半句同样，用“是……”系表结构也存在相同问题，因此，需改换为其他动词做谓语。原句可译为“Over the years，the Association has been active in supporting the development of Sino-British relations and has served as a bridge of friendly exchanges and a bond of mutually-beneficial cooperation．” 2．在此，我谨对英中贸协及诸位长期为促进中英经贸合作所做的不懈努力和杰出贡献表示感谢，对此次大会的召开表示热烈的祝贺。该句的翻译是重大场合常用语，可选用适当套路表达法，确定其主体结构，这里可用express one's congratulations on和express one's sincere thanks to结构。因为是重大场合，选词用字也要适当考究，因此这里用hereby来表示“在此”。原句可译为“Hereby，I wish
to express my warm congratulations on the convocation of the meeting and my sincere thanks to the Association and all the friends present here for your unremitting efforts and the outstanding contribution you have made in promoting Sino-British economic cooperation and trade." 3．这是一种尚未被人类全面认识的新型传染病，要有效控制并消除疫情需要有一个过程。该句的翻译，如要紧凑，就需找寻原句内的语义逻辑关系。该句前后存在因果关系。因此，原句可译为“As it is a new type of disease and the humanity has not yet had full knowledge of it, there will be some time before we can effectively control and eventually eradicate the epidemic.” 4．我们采取了果断措施，完善应急机制和社会救助机制，依靠科学，依靠群众在全国开展了一场预防“非典”的攻坚战。对原句的翻译首先应根据其语义关系确定可将前后部分分为两个句子。前半部分中有“采取”和“完善”两个动词，需要处理它们的从属关系。后半句中的“开展”可选译为地道的英文单词“launch”。因此，原句可译为“We have taken a series of resolute measures to improve the mechanisms for emergency handling and social relief. We have launched throughout the country a decisive battle against SARS by relying on science and on our people.” 5．我们深信，中国人民在国际社会的支持下，经过不懈努力，一定能够驱散疫病的阴霾，迎来更大的繁荣和发展。因为有句首的“深信”，可使用英文表达“be convinced that...”来确定全句的主体结构。后面的内容可根据该句式的要求，改变原有的句子成分，灵活处理。因此，原文可译为“We are deeply convinced that the Chinese people, with the support of the international community and the unyielding efforts of their own, will surely dispel the dark clouds of the epidemic and embrace greater prosperity and development.” ■ 言语表达采分点1．大会的召开 the convocation of the meeting 2．不懈努力 unremitting effort 3．对……全面认识 have full knowledge of... 4．消除疫情 eradicate the epidemic 5．把……放在第一位 prioritize 6．开展攻坚战 launch a decisive battle against... 7．赢得广泛同情和支持 win sympathy and support worldwide 8．患难见真情 True friendship is seen in times of adversity 9．面对困难 face up to difficulties 10．驱散阴霾 dispel the dark clouds of...
4.
{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} 1986年全国人大常委会副委员长班禅喇嘛在西康地区大法会上教诲信徒们，要爱惜民族团结，维护祖国统一。在中国，公民的信仰自由受到法律保护。目前全西藏在寺僧尼约有14,000多人，另有800位宗教界人士在各级人大、政协、佛教协会和政府部门中工作。据不完全统计，从1978年以来，中央和地方政府共投资2,000多万元人民币，在西藏修复了200多座寺庙和700多所佛堂，使藏族同胞的正常宗教活动得到保证。藏族是一个历史悠久，文化发达的民族。作为一个全民信教的民族，藏族的文化又总是与宗教保持着千丝万缕的联系。宗教活动中有艺术形式，艺术活动中有宗教因素，两者谁也离不开谁。（分数：50.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：In 1986, Panchen Lama, Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC, instructed his disciples at a grand religious ceremony in Xikang Prefecture to cherish ethnic solidarity and safeguard national unity. In China, a citizen's freedom to religious belief is protected by law. At present, there are about 14,000 monks and nuns throughout Tibet. Eight hundred religious personages work in the people's congresses, political consultative conferences, Buddhist associations and government bodies of various levels. According to available statistics, since 1978, the central and local governments have invested more than 20 million yuan for renovating around 200 temples and monasteries and 700 worship halls. The regular religious activities of Tibetan compatriots are guaranteed. Tibetans have a long history and highly developed culture. As all Tibetans are religious believers, the Tibetan culture is intertwined with religion. One notices artistic form in the religious activities and religious factors in arts. They are inseparable. [综合解析] 本文有关西藏少数民族情况。涉及宗教与文化，文章用数字说话，很有说服力。本文要求应试者具有政治、宗教等方面的基本知识，并能在短时间内对长难句作出反应，翻译符合英文句型的要求。应试者还应注意某些短语或单词的翻译不仅正确还要符合上下文语境的要求。■ 基本素质采分点1．班禅喇嘛Panchen Lama 2．全国人大常委会副委员长Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee
of the NPC 3．西康地区 Xikang Prefecture 4．西藏 Tibet 5．佛教协会 Buddhist association 6．人
大 people's congress 7．政协会议political consultative conference ■ 结构理解采分点 1．1986
年全国人大常委会副委员长班禅喇嘛在西康地区大法会上教诲信徒们，要爱惜民族团结，维护祖国统一。该
句修饰性、补充性成分较多，应在听时抓住主要结构“班禅喇嘛……教诲信徒们要……”，此外，该句过
长的前置定语可放在主语后面，因其主要是头衔，又可译作同位语。因此，原句可译为“In 1986，Panchen Lama，Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC, instructed his disciples at a grand religious ceremony in Xikang Prefecture to cherish ethnic solidarity and safeguard national unity.” 2．据不完全统计，从1978年以来，中央和地方政府共投资2000多万元人民币，在西藏修复了200多座寺
庙和700多所佛堂，使藏族同胞的正常宗教活动得到保证。该句按语义逻辑可拆分为两个译句。根据前半
句中动词“投资”可使用invest...for...结构，确定了该部分的主干结构，将复杂的信息有逻辑地联系
起来。因此，原句可译为“According to a vailable statistics, since 1978, the central and local governments have invested more than 20 million yuan for renovating around 200 temples and monasteries and 700 worship halls. The regular religious activities of Tibetan compatriots are guaranteed.” 3．作为一个全民信教的民族，藏族的文化又总是与宗教保持着千丝万缕的联系。根据原
句中实际存在的因果关系，可将句子前一部分的名词性短语译为原因状语从句。因此，原句可译为“As all Tibetans are religious believers, the Tibetan culture is intertwined with religion.” ■ 言语
表达采分点1．大法会grand religious ceremony 2．信徒disciple 3．民族团结ethnic solidarity 4．祖
国统一national unity 5．政府各部门government bodies 6．各级of all levels 7．佛堂worship hall 8．藏族同胞 Tibetan compatriots 9．谁也离不开谁 inseparable
历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一
浅谈口译中数字的英汉互译 作者：白志英， BAI Zhi-ying 作者单位：韶关学院外语学院,广东韶关,512005 刊名： 韶关学院学报 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SHAOGUAN UNIVERSITY 年，卷(期)：2009，30(8) 被引用次数：0次 参考文献(3条) 1.王桂珍高级英汉汉英口译教程 2002 2.方凡泉好易学英汉口译 1999 3.郭爱萍英汉数字的特点及其翻译技巧研究 2006(05) 相似文献(3条) 1.期刊论文许罗迈.XU Luo-mai数字训练与多语种口译训练系统-外语电化教学2007,""(2) 英汉口译教学中数字翻译能力的培养十分重要,但是中国高等院校口译教学实践中一直没有找到有效的教学手段,本文介绍了广外英文学院利用信息技术进行的口译教学方法创新.我们在口译课中使用了自主开发的多语种口译训练系统,提高了数字翻译训练的效率和质量.文章介绍了系统的功能,技术原理,并提出了进一步改进培养中国高校学生数字口译能力的技术创新方向. 2.期刊论文袁俊谈谈数字口译-现代企业教育2009,""(18) 数字翻译是口译中的一大难关.数字之所以难译,其中一个主要原因在于英汉对于四位数以上的数字有不同的段位概念和分段方法,从而使同一组阿拉伯数字在英语和汉语中有不同的表这方式.要做好数字口译,我们必须在日常生活中,经常不间断地进行英汉数字互译练习;熟悉中荚数字表达的基本转换;掌握做数字笔记的技巧.此外,还需熟悉较大数字的简便表达法、小数的读法及数字相关的常用表达法. 3.期刊论文蔡蔚.CAI Wei商务英汉口译课程实践性教学研究-湖北成人教育学院学报2007,13(2) 本文指出商务英汉口译课程应注重实践技能的培养,本文作者就其近年来在该课程中如何有效进行实践技能培养的一些探索心得做了回顾,提出培养高素质商务口译人才,商务英汉口译课程教学应注意的几个基本问题,主要是培养学生良好的习惯、训练学生自觉运用跨文化交际理论和技术、数字翻译训练精讲多练. 本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/025885017.html,/Periodical_sgxyxb200908020.aspx 授权使用：张学烟(wfhbjy)，授权号：4af92b59-8e28-44ab-9f68-9e5301157372 下载时间：2010年12月21日
产品介绍 1.我们的电热水壶是最新的快速煮沸开水及饮料的家用电器产品，适用于家庭及办公室。 Our electric kettle is the most up-to-date household appliance to boil water and make hot drinks fast at home or in the office. 2.该产品具有热效率高、耗电量少、性能可靠等优点，是您的最佳选择。 The product is your best choice with its high thermal efficiency, low power consumption, as well as reliable performance. 3.这跑车很酷，因此深受年轻人的喜爱，而且比其他式样的要轻便很多。 The sports car is so cool that it is popular with young people, and it is much lighter/convenient than other styles. Meet with a great favor in young people, Enjoy wide/great popularity among Is appreciated by young users 4.脱胎漆器无论是形状、样式、颜色、光泽，都那么高雅大方，此外，还轻便耐久。 Bodiles s lacquerwork is elegant in its 5.这很容易操作。你要做的就是轻轻按下这个按钮。看，开动了。 It is easy handling. / to handle. What you need to do is push/press the bottom lightly. Look, it gets started./ it is starting. 6.我们的绣花衬衫质量上乘，款式新颖，在欧洲和美国都很受欢迎，相信在你们国家也会有市场 的。 Our embroidered shirts are fine/superior in quality, fashionable in design, and have met with grater favor in European countries and America. I’m sure they will also enjoy a wide popularity in your country. (Warmly welcomed by) 定货-询价-报价-还价 7.由于订单太多，我们最多只能供应100台。我建议你把订单的数量削减一半，怎么样？ As we are heavily committed, we can only supply 100 set at most. May I suggest that you cut the quantity of your order by half? As we have too many orders on hand, 100 set is the best we can offer you. I’d sugget that you reduce your order by half, what do you think? 8.我们能按不同市场的流行款式或客户来样，制作不同款式的箱包。 We can produce suitcase modeled after the fashions of different markets or according to buyers' samples. We can produce different styles of suitcase according to the fashions of the markets or the customers’samples. 9.我们的“虎”牌商标已经被大多数海外顾客所接受，并且在世界市场站稳了脚跟。 Our “Tiger” Trade Mark is well received by most of the overseas customers and has been well established in the world market. 10.坦白地说吧，已经有其他的客户已更高的价格向我们的订货呢。如果不是考虑到我们长期的业 务关系，我们也不会以这个价钱向你方报实盘。 To be frank with you, other clients have ordered at a higher price. We would not be willing to make you a firm offer at that price if it were not for the longstanding relations between us. 11.作为我们的老客户，您应该很清楚我们产品的质量上乘，而且，我们的报价是与世界市场的现 行价格相一致的 You is our old client, so you know very well that know fully well that our product is of superior quality, and Our quotation always comes in line with the world market/Our price is in line with the
历年上海英语中级口译翻译英译汉真题及答案 原文： 出自Newsweek Why We Must Fire Bad Teachers The relative decline of American education at the elementary- and high-school levels has long been a national embarrassment as well as a threat to the nation’s future. Once upon a time, American students tested better than any other students in the world. Now, ranked against European schoolchildren, America does about as well as Lithuania, behind at least 10 other nations. For much of this time—roughly the last half century—professional educators believed that if they could only find the right pedagogy, the right method of instruction, all would be well. They tried New Math, open classrooms, Whole Language—but nothing seemed to achieve significant or lasting improvements. Yet in recent years researchers have discovered something that may seem obvious, but for many reasons was overlooked or denied. What really makes a difference, what matters more than the class size or the textbook, the teaching method or the technology, or even the curriculum, is the quality of the teacher. Much of the ability to teach is innate—an ability to inspire young minds as well as control unruly classrooms that some people instinctively possess (and some people definitely do not). Teaching can be taught, to some degree, but not the way many graduate schools of education do it, with a lot of insipid or marginally relevant theorizing and pedagogy. In any case the research shows that within about five years, you can generally tell who is a good teacher and who is not. 我们为什么必须叫停“不称职”的老师?
尊称的译法: 在寒暄、介绍、礼仪祝词中，对对方或他人的尊敬称谓十分常见，中文和英语中的尊称说法有很多，较为常见的是英译中时可将you，your company，your university译成“您”、“贵公司”.“贵校”，而中译英的情况则较为复杂。如果是泛称，比如“尊敬的来宾”，一般可译成distinguished guests，honorable guests或respected guests等。但对不同身份、不同地位的个人则常常需要使用不同的尊称方式，主要有以下几种: 1. 陛下：Majesty，是对King(国王)，Queen（王后或女王）的尊称。 直接称谓：Your Majesty 间接称谓：His/Her Majesty Majesty后面还可以加上人名：H. M. (Her Majesty) Queen Elizabeth 2. 殿下：Highness，是Prince (王子)，Princess (公主)，Royal Duke （王族公爵）和Royal Duchess (王族公爵夫人）的尊称， 直接称谓：Your Highness 间接称谓：His/Her Highness Highness后面还可以加上头衔及人名：Your Royal Highness Princess Diana 3. 阁下：Excellency，是对Prime Minister （总理），Secretary (大臣)，Minister(部长)，Governor(总督／省长)，Bishop(主教），Ambassador(大使）等高官及教士的尊称。 直接称谓：Your Excellency 间接称谓：His/Her Excellency 后面还可以加上职衔及人名：Your Excellency Prime Minister Brown 4. 大人：Grace，主要用于对Duke （公爵)，Duchess (公爵夫人），Arch-bishop （大主教）表示敬意。 直接称谓：Your Grace 间接称谓：His/Her Grace 5. 先生：Honor，是对法官或某些高官的尊称。 直接称谓：Your Honor 间接称谓：His/Her Honor
我国有一些常见的荣誉称号(honorary title) 在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语，现列举部分英译供参考： 标兵pacemaker 学习标兵student pacemaker; model student 劳动模范model worker 模范教师model teacher 优秀教师excellent teacher 优秀员工outstanding employee; employee of the month / year 青年标兵model youth / youth pacemaker 青年突击手youth shock worker 三好学生"triple-A" outstanding student; outstanding student 三八妇女红旗手"March 8th Red Banner" outstanding woman pacemaker 校长（大学）President of Beijing University 校长（中小学）Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School 院长（大学下属）Dean of the Graduate School 系主任（大学学院下属）Chair/Chairman of the English Department 会长／主席（学／协会）President of the Student Union, Shanghai University 厂长（企业）Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant 院长（医院）President of Huadong Hospital 主任（中心）Director of the Business Center 主任（行政）Director of Foreign Affairs Office 董事长（企业）President／Chairman of the Board of Directors 董事长（学校）President／Chairman of the Board of Trustees 首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief general, head , managing 这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯： 总书记general secretary 总工程师chief engineer 总会计师chief accountant 总建筑师chief architect 总编辑chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor 总出纳chief cashier; general cashier 总裁判chief referee 总经理general manager; managing director; executive head 总代理general agent 总教练head coach 总导演head director 总干事secretary-general; commissioner 总指挥commander-in-chief; generalissimo 总领事consul-general 总监chief inspector; inspector-general；chief impresario 总厨head cook; chef
口译笔译：笔译中必须知道的数字翻译 在汉英笔译和英语写作中，经常会遇到数字；哪些场合用单词表示，哪些场合用阿拉伯数字表示，往往使人难以确定，现行语法书中也极少涉及此类问题。 实际上，以英语为母语的国家，在书写数字时已形成几条约定俗成的规则，现总结如下供读者参考。 1 英美等国的出版社在排版时遵循一条原则，即1至10用单词表示，10以上的数目用阿拉伯数字（也有的以100为界限），这条原则值得我们行文时借鉴。如： That table measures ten feet by five. 那个工作台长10英尺，宽5英尺。 The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week. 由一个教授和十名学生每周会晤两三次，每次授课时间45到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。 2 大数目用阿拉伯数字表示显得更简洁明了，但不定数量、近似值用单词表示较恰当。如： There are 203817 voters on the electoral rolls。选举名单上有203817个投票人。 Nearly thirty thousand voters took part in this election. 近3万个投票人参加了这次选举。 3 遇到日期、百分比、带单位的特殊数字，通常用阿拉伯数字。如： Maximum swivel of table is l20. 工作台的最大回转角度是120度。 ①3rd march l991或3 march l991; a discount of 5 percent（5%的折扣）; ②purchased 7 yards of carpet（买7码地毯）; ③ordered 2 pounds of minced steak （订购2磅剁碎的肉）.
第四部分翻译 Part Ⅰ英译汉 练习： Unit 1 1.年轻时，他对学业漫不经心，加之他一直不愿考虑运动员以外的职业，到这时候，这一切终于给他带来了不幸。 2.护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝，但要抵制却感到无能为力。 3.我不会在初版的《失乐园》上乱写乱画，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一套蜡笔交给我的婴儿任意涂抹一样。 4.只有假设地球表面呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。 5.鹿减少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会，从生物学的角度看是合情合理的。 6.不论好坏，不论是何结果，美国人不仅会一概接受，还要去铲除那些反对者，尽管对于成千上万的人来说，这决定与自己的意愿背道而驰。 7.你可曾为了接电话在洗澡时从浴室冲出来，或是嚼着饭从饭桌旁站起来，或是昏昏沉沉的从床上爬起来，而结果却是有人打错了。 8.实际上，大把花钱的满足感大于商品本身带给他们的乐趣。 9.但是蓝色也可以表示伤感（我很伤感），白色常代表纯洁，尽管在中国，人们在婚礼上穿白的，在葬礼上穿黑的。 10. 晚上十点到十二点，美国处在权力真空状态——除了纽约广播公司总部和两家大的新闻机构之外，全国范围内就再没有别的信息中心。 Unit 2 1) 1800年英国与法国之间将爆发一场持续15后的大战。 2) 我相信，到1816年，英国将在滑铁卢村附近赢得一场伟大战役的胜利。 3) 然而，到1870年，对于英国来说，德国将成为一个比法国更具危险性的国家。 4) 在20世纪初，俄国、美国和日本将成为大国，而英国将不再是世界上最强大的国家了。 5) 反过来，农民的业绩大小取决于农业的组织形式，经济环境，市场结构这些与之息息相关的因素。 6) 他被接回来时，不停地跟人讲，一些可怕的怪物瞪着眼睛盯着他，把他带到了一个宇宙飞船上。 7) 烫伤大多数发生在老人和孩子身上，往往是由于浴室里水温太高而造成的。 8) 尽量多地了解可能发生的事情，这样你可以提前做好准备。 9) 市场的变化迫使很多网站关闭，而其它网站也仅是勉强维持。 10）因为在农民生产率低下的国家，需要劳动人口中大多数人种粮食，因此就没有多少人从事投资货物的生产或进行经济增长所必须的其它活动。 Unit 3 1. 在牛顿之前，亚里士多德已经发现物体的自然状态是静止的，除非有力作用于物体。所以运动着的物体会停下来。 2．人们在家中或是类似家的地方感觉最为亲密——和一个或几个亲近的人呆在一起——也就是在私人交谈的时候。 3．当一个人长时间在干道或高速公路上驾车行驶，就会存在两个问题：一是如何保持稳定的车速；二是如何确保他不撞上前面的车。 4．这个系统尤其适用于汽车拥挤的情况，因为电脑不仅能够控制车速，与前面车子的距离，还能够控制方向。
口译中翻译复杂中文句子的方法 我曾写过一个帖子，介绍如何将一个复杂的英文句子翻译成中文。昨天我收到网友“CQ美眉”的邮件，她请我再写一个帖子，介绍如何将一个复杂的中文句子翻译成英文，也就是再写一个相反的帖子。这位网友还特意给我提供了一个例句，请看下面： 每一个人，作为社会的一个成员，有权享受其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的社会、经济、文化权利，这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的，并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。 对于这种比较复杂的中文句子，在正式翻译成英文句子之前，应当按照它的含义，将它划分成不同的部分，以便我们确定英文句子的结构。我首先将这个中文句子划分成6个部分，请特别注意，第4部分嵌套在第3部分中间。 ①每一个人，②作为社会的一个成员，③有权享受 [④其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的] 社会、经济、文化权利，⑤这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的，⑥并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。 这样划分之后，我初步决定，将第4、5、6部分翻译成三个定语从句，用来修饰第3部分的最后一个单词rights，请看： ①Everyone ②as a member of society ③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights ④which are necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity ⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation ⑥which are concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country. 不过，在英语中，通常是一个定语从句修饰一个名词，很少有三个定语从句修饰一个名词，因此我临时决定，将第4部分改写成一个短语，将第5、6部分合并成一个定语句子，请看：
董事长 Chairman 总经理 General Manager; C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer) 经理 Manager 销售部经理 Sales Manager 副总经理 Deputy General Manager 财务主管 Controller 会计Accountant 采购员 Purchaser 出纳员 Cashier 计算机工程师 Computer Engineer 高级工程师 Senior Engineer 设计师 Designer 机械师 Mechanic 顾问 Adviser Consultant Interpreter 口语翻译 Technical Translator 技术翻译 Translator 翻译员 质检员 Quality Inspector Office Controller 技师 Technician Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师 Manufacturing Worker 生产员工 Technical Worker 技术工人 Planning Manager 企划部经理 deputy Planning manager企划部副经理 Engineering manager 工程部经理 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 采购主管 Procurement charge 网络维护 Network Maintenance 主管 Charge 验收员 Members of acceptance 保管员 Custodians 质检员 QA （Quality Assurance） 品牌执行经理 Brand Executive Manager 技术代表 Technical Representative 科技研发高级经理 technology research and development senior manager 技术部 Technology 市场销售经理 marketing manager 全国市场部 National Marketing
中级口译历年真题--翻译篇 2012年春季（3月） 英译汉原文： When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960′s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions. Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it we re the words: “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. 英译汉参考译文： 我年轻的时候，有本非常好的杂志《全球目录》，这是我们那代人的“圣经”之一。杂志的创办人是斯图尔特·布兰德，创办地是在离这里不远的门罗公园，他赋予了这本杂志诗一样的美感。六十年代后期，个人电脑和桌面排版尚未出现，所以这本杂志完全利用打字机、剪刀、偏光镜来完成，有点像平装本的谷歌，却出现在谷歌问世三十五年前。这本杂志充满了理想色彩，充满了整齐利落的工具、不同寻常的见解。 斯图尔特和他的团队出版了几期《全球目录》，在它完成使命后，他们出版了最后一期杂志。那是在七十年代中期，那时我和你们的年龄相仿。杂志最后一期的封底上是张清晨的乡村公路的照片，那样的路，如果你有些冒险精神，可能会一路搭车走过。照片下面有两句话：“求知若饥，虚怀若愚”，这是他们停刊的告别语，“求知若饥，虚怀若愚”，我总是以此鼓励自己。现在，当你们即将毕业踏上新的旅程，我给予你们同样的期望。 翻译评析： 这篇短文取自于乔布斯在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲。语言比较口语化，词汇不难。因为是演讲类短文，所以考生在翻译的时候大可以顺序驱动。节选的这个短文有几处的词汇和短语大家可以注意下： poetic：充满诗情画意的 idealistic: 理想主义的 run his course: 完成使命 hitchhiking: 搭乘 sign off: 停止签发，停止 汉译英： 吸烟之危害，可谓大矣，其严重性是不能低估的。吸烟污染空气，损害健康，使肺癌发病率大大增加。为了使各国人民关注烟草的盛行及预防吸烟导致的疾病和死亡，世界卫生组织已将每年的5月31日定为“世界无烟日”。 瘾君子们说，一天饭不吃可以，一个时辰不抽烟就难捱了，不能戒。只要真正意识到吸烟有百害而无一利，于人于己都是一种祸害，就有可能下决心摆脱烟草的诱惑。戒烟贵在坚持，坚持下去就是收获。 参考译文： Smoking does great harm to human and its gravity should not be underestimated. Smoking pollutes air, damages health, and increases the incidence of lung cancer. To arouse the awareness about the prevalence of tobacco in all the countries and to prevent smoking-induced diseases and deaths, the WHO (World Health Organization) has defined May 31st in every year as World No-Tobacco Day. The tobacco addicts say that smoking is impossible to quit because they could do without meals in a day but would feel tortured without tobacco in two hours. However, when one realizes that smoking is harmful in many ways but beneficial in no way and that it is a curse to others as well
称谓翻译小技巧：口译中遇到令人发狂的称谓怎么办 作者: star_zhang 【口语听力技巧16】翻译小技巧：口译中遇到令人发狂的称谓怎么办 在外事接待活动中，译员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的口译。称谓代表了一个人的职位、职衔或学衔，体现了一个人的资历和地位。称谓的误译不仅是对有关人员的不尊重，而且也会产生种种不良的后果。称谓的准确翻译其关键在于译员对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达是否有一个正确的理解，尤其是对称谓语的认识。一种称谓语很可能表示多种身份，例如，英语的头衔语president，译成汉语时可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统、国家主席、大学的校长、学院的院长、学会或协会的会长或主席、公司的总裁或董事长等等。 一般说来，各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用词head，但从比较严格的意义上看，应使用特定的、规范的称谓语。例如： 校长（大学）President of Beijing University 校长（中小学）Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School 院长（大学下属）Dean of the Graduate School 系主任（大学学院下属）Chair/Chairman of the English Department 会长／主席（学／协会）President of the Student Union, Shanghai University 厂长（企业）Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant 院长（医院）President of Huadong Hospital 主任（中心）Director of the Business Center 主任（行政）Director of Foreign Affairs Office 董事长（企业）President／Chairman of the Board of Directors 董事长（学校）President／Chairman of the Board of Trustees 首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief gene ral, head , managing 这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯： 总书记general secretary 总工程师chief engineer 总会计师chief accountant 总建筑师chief architect
英译中 The shape of the world is changing almost as dramatically as this city's skyline. Today the cold war is over. The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced and the free flow of goods and ideas is bringing to life the concept of a global village. But just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world, no nation is immune to its perils. We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threats that respects no borders—terrorism and drug trafficking, disease and environmental destruction. To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert. Some argue that with the Cold War's end, the strategic importance of the US-China relationship has diminished. I believe they have it exactly backwards. As a new century begins, the importance of strengthening the ties between the United States and China will grow even greater. 【参考译文】 世界的面貌正在发生引人注目的变化，其变化之快几乎就象这座城市德空中轮廓。今天，冷战已经结束。全球核冲突的危险性已大大减小，商品和思想的自由交流正在激发地球村的概念。但是，正如世界各国会受益于这个新世界的美好前景，没有一个国家能够免遭其祸害。缔造和平与繁荣，抵御不分国界的诸多威胁---恐怖主义、贩毒、疾病和环境破坏，这些与我们大家都有着利害关系。 为了最有效地迎接这些挑战，中国和美国必须协力行动。有些人说，随着冷战的结束，美中关系的战略意义已经减弱了。我认为这些人刚好说反了。随着新世纪的开始，加强美国和中国的联系，其重要性将变得更大。 中译英 手术室的门开了，我和爸爸急忙走进去。啊，妈妈那双炯炯有神的大眼睛紧闭着，平进红红的脸现在苍白了。 望着病中的妈妈，我想起了1981年夏天奶奶生病的情景。 那年是上海少有的炎热天气。奶奶住院了，妈妈一天要去医院好几次，晚上还要去看护奶奶。妈妈多少天没有好好吃饭，好明显的瘦了。 妈妈是音乐教师，好不仅用歌声教育学生什么是爱，也用实际行动告诉我孝敬父母是我们中华民族的美德。现在妈妈生病了，我一定要好好照顾她，做一个孝敬妈妈的好女儿。 【参考译文】 The operating room opened, and Dad and I hurried in. Oh, Mom’s big, bright eyes were closed tight, and her normally red face looked pale. Looking at sick Mom, I recalled the summer of 1981 when Granny was ill. That summer was unusually hot in Shanghai. Granny was hospitalized. Mom went to the hospital several times a day, and in the evening she was also there looking after Granny. Having had no good meal several days running, Mom was obviously thinning. Mom is a music teacher. She not only teacher her students what love is all about with her songs but tells me by what she does that showing filial respect to parents is a virtue of our Chinese nation. Now that Mom is sick, I must take good care of her and be a fine daughter who is filial towards Mom.