一、高中英语阅读理解
1．阅读理解
Microsoft announced this week that its facial-recognition system is now more accurate in identifying people of color, touting (吹嘘)its progress at tackling one of the technology's biggest biases (偏见).
But critics, citing Microsoft's work with Immigration and Customs Enforcement, quickly seized on how that improved technology might be used. The agency contracts with Microsoft for cloud-computing tools that the tech giant says is largely limited to office work but can also include face recognition.
Columbia University professor Alondra Nelson tweeted, "We must stop confusing 'inclusion' in more 'diverse' surveillance (监管)systems with justice and equality."
Facial-recognition systems more often misidentify people of color because of a long-running data problem: The massive sets of facial images they train on skew heavily toward white men. A Massachusetts Institute of Technology study this year of the face-recognition systems designed by Microsoft, IBM and the China-based Face++ found that facial-recognition systems consistently giving the wrong gender for famous women of color including Oprah Winfrey, Serena Williams, Michelle Obama and Shirley Chisholm, the first black female member of Congress.
The companies have responded in recent months by pouring many more photos into the mix, hoping to train the systems to better tell the differences among more than just white faces. IBM said Wednesday it used 1 million facial images, taken from the photo-sharing site Flickr, to build the "world's largest facial data-set" which it will release publicly for other companies to use.
IBM and Microsoft say that allowed its systems to recognize gender and skin tone with much more precision. Microsoft said its improved system reduced the error rates for darker-skinned men and women by "up to 20 times," and reduced error rates for all women by nine times.
Those improvements were heralded(宣布)by some for taking aim at the prejudices in a rapidly spreading technology, including potentially reducing the kinds of false positives that could lead police officers misidentify a criminal suspect.
But others suggested that the technology's increasing accuracy could also make it more marketable. The system should be accurate, "but that's just the beginning, not the end, of their ethical obligation," said David Robinson, managing director of the think tank Upturn.
At the center of that debate is Microsoft, whose multimillion-dollar contracts with ICE came under fire amid the agency's separation of migrant parents and children at the Mexican border.
In an open letter to Microsoft chief executive Satya Nadella urging the company to cancel that contract, Microsoft workers pointed to a company blog post in January that said Azure Government would help ICE "accelerate recognition and identification." "We believe that Microsoft must take an ethical stand, and put children and families above profits," the letter said.
A Microsoft spokesman, pointing to a statement last week from Nadella, said the company's "current cloud engagement" with ICE supports relatively anodyne(温和的)office work such as "mail, calendar, massaging and document management workloads." The company said in a statement that its facial-recognition improvements are "part of our going work to address the
industry-wide and societal issues on bias."
Criticism of face recognition will probably expand as the technology finds its way into more arenas, including airports, stores and schools. The Orlando police department said this week that it would not renew its use of Amazon. com's Rekognition system.
Companies "have to acknowledge their moral involvement in the downstream use of their technology,"
Robinson said. "The impulse is that they're going to put a product out there and wash their hands of the consequences. That's unacceptable."
（1）What is "one of the technology's biggest biases" in Paragraph 1?
A. Class bias.
B. Regional difference.
C. Professional prejudice.
D. Racial discrimination.
（2）What can we know about the improvement of facial-recognition technology?
A. Justice and equality have been truly achieved.
B. It is due to the expansion of the photo database.
C. It has already solved all the social issues on biases.
D. The separation of immigrant parents from their children can be avoided.
（3）What is the focus of the face-recognition debate?
A. Data problems.
B. The market value.
C. The application field.
D. A moral issue.（4）What is David Robinson's attitude towards facial-recognition technology?
A. Skeptical.
B. Approval.
C. Optimistic.
D. Neutral.
（5）We can infer from the last paragraph that Robinson thinks _____.
A. companies had better hide from responsibilities
B. companies deny problems with its technical process
C. companies should not launch new products on impulse
D. companies should be responsible for the new product and the consequences
（6）Which can be the suitable title for the passage?
A. The wide use of Microsoft system
B. Fears of facial-recognition technology
C. The improvement of Microsoft system
D. Failure of recognizing black women
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）D
（4）A
（5）D
（6）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，微软面部识别技术改进了肤色识别，宣布其人脸识别技术将会更加精确，但是人们却认为它会带来更大的问题，希望微软把道德置于其利润之上，并且能够为产品以及其带来的后果负责。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段”Microsoft announced this week t hat its facial-recognition system is now more accurate in identifying people of color, touting (吹嘘）its progress at tackling one of the technology's biggest biases (偏见).“可知微软面部识别技术改进了肤色识别，吹嘘
它可以解决该技术最大的偏见，由此可以推断该项技术在人种肤色上有偏见，也就是种族歧视。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的”T he companies have responded in recent months by pouring many more photos into the mix, hoping to train the systems to better tell the differences among more than just white faces.“可知那些公司通过在原有照片中加入更多的照片，通过训练系统，从而提升系统的识别能力，即通过扩充照片数据库来提升系统的识别能力。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第九段中的”At the center of that debate is Microsoft, whose multimillion-dollar contracts with ICE came under fire amid the agency's separation of migrant parents and children at the Mexican border.“；和第十段中的”We believe that Microsoft must take an ethical sta nd, and put children and families above profits“可知对微软人脸识别技术的争论中心是，它会把墨西哥边缘的移民父母和孩子分开，且人们认为微软必须坚守道德底线，将儿童和家庭置于其利润之上，故推断目前对于脸部识别技术争论的焦点是道德问题。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 "The impulse is that they're going to put a product out there and wash their hands of the consequences. That's unacceptable."可知Robinson认为他们推出了一种产品然后对其后果撒手不管，这是让人难以接受的。故推断Robinson对人脸识别技术是不支持的。故选A。
（5）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 "The impulse is that they're going to put a product out there and wash their hands of the consequences. That's unacceptable."可知Robinson认为他们推出了一种产品然后对其后果撒手不管，这是让人难以接受的。故推断Robinson认为公司应该对自己的产品和产品带来的后果负责到底。故选D。
（6）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文讲述了人们怀疑改进之后的人脸识别技术会带来更多的问题，比如种族歧视和置墨西哥孩子的利益于不顾。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．阅读理解
More than great drinks, great rewards
Enjoy all the benefits and more with your membership to our Loyalty Program!
Whenever you pay with your membership account, you'll earn a Star.
Collect more Stars, earn more rewards.
Three ways to join us
Buy a Starbucks Card handy to create an account
Track your Stars online or through the mobile app, and we'll send an email when you've earned a reward.
You can also join from your phone.
Download the Starbucks App.
One of the most exciting benefits of being a member is using our mobile app to: pay for
purchases; view your Stars and rewards; access iTunes Pick of the Week; see current offers.
Or you can join with specially marked coffee purchased at the grocery store.
Enter your Starcode (limit: 2 per day)
Look for the Starcode symbol on specially marked Starbucks products where you buy groceries. Three levels with increasingly greater rewards
To reach each level in our Loyalty Program, you need to collect more Stars. (Remember: to earn a Star, you must pay with a registered Starbucks Card.)
Welcome level
To earn your first rewards, just register a Starbucks Card.
Birthday drink or treat on us, birthday coupon (优惠券) for 15% off a purchase at https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,.
Green level
Collect 5 Stars within 12 months and you'll be in the Green level.
What is included in the Welcome level plus
Free in-store refills (续杯) on hot or iced brewed coffee or tea
Gold level
Collect 30 Stars within 12 months and you'll be at the Gold level.
What is included in the Green level plus
A free food or drink item after another 12 Stars earned
Personalized Gold Card
（1）Which of the following is a way you can apply for membership?
A. To update the Starbucks App.
B. To collect 5 stars within 12 month.
C. To send an email to https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,.
D. To enter a Starcode from specially marked Starbucks products.
（2）With a Starbucks Card of Green level, you will get ________.
A. a free drink item
B. free in-store refills
C. personalized Gold Card
D. all purchases 15% off
（3）Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.To earn a Star, you must pay by credit card.
B.You can enter your Starcode three times a day.
C.With the Starbucks App, you can view current offers.
D.For Welcome level, you can refill iced brewed coffee or tea.
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，是星巴克做的一个广告宣传。主要介绍了银星级会员、绿色会员和金星级会员等供人们选择，并鼓励人们成为会员。
（1）考查细节理解。文章第二个黑色小标题“Three ways to join us”三种方式加入我们，下列出了可以申请星巴克会员的三种方式，分别是：买张会员卡开个账户；通过手机上的APP申请加入；在便利店买带有星巴克标志的产品，找到星巴克密码标志。所以通过输入
在便利店买的带有星巴克标志的产品上的星巴克密码是一种成为星巴克会员的方式。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据Green level部分中的“Free in-store refills (续杯) on hot or iced brewed coffee or tea”可以在店内免费续杯热的、冰的煮好的咖啡或茶，可知，成为星巴克绿色会员，就可以免费续杯。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据“One of the most exciting benefits of being a member is using our mobile app to: pay for purchases; view your Stars and rewards; access iTunes Pick of the Week; see current offers.”可知，通过手机APP申请会员有以下几大好处：手机支付、查看你的星级与奖励、可以听iTunes本周最佳选择、查看订单进度。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇广告类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
3．阅读理解
Idioms are one of the hardest parts of learning a language. For those of you who don't know, an idiom is a phrase which has a meaning, but the meaning is not clear from the words themselves. If you translate an idiom word for word, it sometimes makes no sense at all. They are like puzzles and even native speakers can get confused when someone uses a phrase that they've never heard of.
With that in mind, here are five common English idioms that you can use in a variety of Situations.
⒈Get your act together (Meaning: you need to improve your behaviour/work)
This might be something your teacher says to you if you score badly in an exam or if you misbehave in class. You can also use it to talk about people in general. For example, if your friend is being mean or nasty for no reason, then you can tell them that they need to get their act together.
⒉Pull yourself together (Meaning: calm down)
This is a somewhat impolite way of telling someone that they are overreacting and that they need to relax. Only use this if you think the person you are speaking to is getting upset over something insignificant. If your friend tells you that their close relative has died, it is NOT the time to tell them to pull themselves together.
⒊I'm feeling under the weather (Meaning: I'm sick)
Yes, it's longer and more difficult to say than 'I'm sick', but if your English teacher asks you why you haven't done your homework, he or she is more likely to forgive you if you say that you were feeling under the weather. You may not have done your English homework, but your teacher might be impressed that you know how to make eloquent excuses in a foreign language.
⒋It's a piece of cake (Meaning: it's easy)
I don't know why this means what it does, but sometimes you just have to accept that English people use weird phrases.
⒌Break a leg (Meaning: good luck!)
This is perhaps one of the most confusing yet well-known English idioms. If someone says this to you, do not take offence or think they are threatening you; they are just wishing you luck. It is most often used for people wishing success to actors and actresses before they perform on the
stage, but it can be said in other situations, too.
All in all, learning a new language can be challenging. It's definitely not a piece of cake, especially when there are so many confusing idioms. However, with enough hard work and interest, you will succeed in no time. Break a leg!
（1）Which idiom is proper for you to say to your worried classmate who is to take part in the 800-metre race at the school sports meet?
A.Get your act together.
B.Pull yourself together.
C.Break a leg.
D.It's a piece of cake.
（2）How should you respond when you hear your deskmate say, "I am feeling under the weather."
A."What's wrong with you?"
B."Don't worry. Let's call 120."
C."Get up and finish your homework."
D."Why don't you take an umbrella with you?"
（3）According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about idioms?
A.They sometimes make no sense at all.
B.Native speakers have trouble understanding idioms sometimes.
C.Idioms are the hardest part of learning a language.
D.We can guess the meaning of an idiom from the words in it.
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，习语是学习语言最困难的部分之一，作者列举了五个常见习语的用法。
（1）考查推理判断。根据It's a piece of cake (Meaning: it's easy)意思是很容易，可知可以表达你对即将参加800米比赛的同学的担忧，故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据I'm feeling under the weather (Meaning: I'm sick)可知，当你听到你的同桌说“我感觉不舒服”时，你该怎样回答。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“They are like puzzles and even native speakers can get confused when someone uses a phrase that they've never heard of.”它们就像谜题一样，当有人使用他们从未听说过的短语时，甚至以英语为母语的人也会感到困惑。可知选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．阅读理解
I spend half of my life with my mother and the other half with my father. My father lives with a twenty-pound cat named Tofu. He calls me his favorite daughter. I am an only child.
My father's apartment is quite different from any other person's living space. Except for my
room, there is no furniture. He doesn't like sofas or any comfortable chairs, so he has only a drawing table, a desk and his bed. He spends a lot of time lying on the studio floor. That's how he thinks, he says. Then he does yoga
He has a big kitchen, and on top of the refrigerator is an old clock he winds every week for good luck. The last time the clock stopped, my father's car was towed(被警察拖走) and some other terrible things happened, so he has become very superstitious (迷信的) . When he goes out of town, he hires someone to feed Tofu and wind the clock so it won't stop.
The one thing he has plenty of is house rules. You have to take off your shoes when you come in. He won't allow anyone who wears a baseball cap into his house. He says only baseball players should wear baseball caps and only the catchers should wear them backward. Every time I go to stay in his house, he makes up a new rule. "House rule number 579, no television programs with laugh tracks!" he will say. But then be can never remember the numbers, so they change constantly.
The rule that he always enforces is the one that requires me to write a two-page essay anytime I want something. He didn't speak English until he was sixteen, and he had a hard time learning to write it, so he wants me to become a good writer at an early age. This ritual(仪式)started when I asked him if I could have my ears pierced when I was nine. He said it was very cruel and told me I couldn't do it until I was thirty-five. But l kept asking him, and he finally said that if I wrote an essay and I could persuade him in writing why I wanted holes in my ears, maybe he would say okay. I wrote my first essay for my father, and after one month of writing and rewriting, he finally gave me his permission.
（1）What is unusual about the father's apartment?
A.It has a large kitchen.
B.The father does yoga at home.
C.It is scarcely furnished.
D.The father spends a lot of time on the floor.
（2）Which of the following is an example of the house rules?
A.Someone is hired to feed Tofu.
B.You can't wear shoes in the house.
C.Baseball players are not allowed into the apartment.
D.The writer can't watch television programs in the apartment.
（3）Which of these statements about the clock is TRUE?
A.It is not an automatic one.
B.Her father doesn't like the clock.
C.It can bring good luck to them.
D.Someone is hired to wind it every week.
（4）We can infer that the writer's father____.
A.was a famous writer
B.was born in the United States
C.was a caring and strict father
D.speaks more than one language
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了自己父亲的生活以及处事原则。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“My father's apartment is quite different from any other person's living space. Except for my room, there is no furniture.”我父亲的公寓和其他人的生活空间大不相同。除了我的房间，没有家具。可知，我父亲公寓的不同寻常之处在于房间里几乎没有家具，故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的'You have to take off your shoes when you come in."你进来时必须把鞋脱掉。可知“不能在家里穿鞋”是房屋规则之一，故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“When he goes out of town, he hires someone to feed Tofu and wind the clock so it won't stop.”当他出城的时候，他雇人喂Tofu，给钟上弦，这样钟就不会停了。可知选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“He didn't speak English until he was sixteen, and he had a hard time learning to write it, so he wants me to become a good writer at an early age.”他直到16岁才会说英语，而且他很难学会写英语，所以他希望我在很小的时候就成为一名优秀的作家。可推断出，作者的父亲会说不止一种语言，故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．阅读理解
Need a fall fix? Try one from these great places.
⒈Mackinac Island, Michigan
The only way to reach this famed car-free island is by boat and ferry, and once visitors arrive, they are attracted by the history, scenery and fall colors. "It's a throwback to years past, a little town, and there's a big state park as well," Blackwell says. "You're allowed to have boats all around the island."
⒉Tellico Lake, Tennessee
With nearly 400 miles of shoreline, this waterway flowing out of the Great Smoky Mountains is largely unexploited, well-protected in its natural state. Fall visitors find a range of colors reflecting in the clean waters, says Blackwell, who vacationed in the area with his family as a child. "The thick forest there just allows you to see more greenery and wildlife."
⒊Dillon Reservoir, Colorado
With an hour from Denver, this lake is home to what claims to be the nation's highest sailing club, at an altitude of more than 9,000 feet. Marinas in the towns of Dillon and Frisco make it easy to get out on the water and to see the bright yellows and golds of fall leaves. "People are surprised that there's boating in Colorado, and you can see the mountains just before the snowball," Blackwell says.
⒋Lake Monroe, Indiana
The state's largest lake is surrounded by more than 13,000 acres of protected forest and three recreation areas, making it an ideal place to see fall colors, particularly from oaks and the tulip poplar, the state tree. " It's a gem (宝石) in southern Indiana," says Blackwell, who grew up in the area. "There are lots of different activities: canoeing, kayaking and fishing."
（1）What is special about Mackinac Island?
A. It's like a modern city.
B. Visitors can't take a boat around it.
C. Visitors can see various wildlife there.
D. Visitors can't go there by cars.
（2）Which is suitable for someone looking for an undeveloped place for vacation?
A. Mackinac Island, Michigan.
B. Tellico Lake, Tennessee.
C. Dillon Reservoir, Colorado.
D. Lake Monroe, Indiana.
（3）What do the four places have in common?
A. Blackwell once travelled there.
B. They are all famous tourist destinations.
C. They are surrounded by thick forests.
D. Visitors can enjoy fall colors there.
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四个适合秋季度假的地方。
（1）考查细节理解。根据⒈Mackinac Island, Michigan部分中的"The only way to reach this famed car-free island is by boat and ferry"可知，到这个著名的无车岛的唯一途径是乘船和渡船。即：无法通过乘汽车到达该岛。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据⒉Tellico Lake, Tennessee部分中的"With nearly 400 miles of shoreline, this waterway flowing out of the Great Smoky Mountains is largely unexploited, well-protected in its natural state"可知，Tellico Lake基本上未被开发，得到了很好的保护，一直处于自然状态。因此，该地适合那些想到未被开发的地方度假的人们。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据⒈Mackinac Island, Michigan部分中的"they are attracted by the history, scenery and fall colors"；⒉Tellico Lake, Tennessee部分中的"Fall visitors find a range of colors reflecting in the clean waters"，⒊Dillon Reservoir, Colorado部分中的"and to see the bright yellows and golds of fall leaves"和⒋Lake Monroe, Indiana部分中的"making it an ideal place to see fall colors"可知，在这四个地方都可以看到"秋天的色彩"。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
6．阅读理解
Dear young poets, TIME For Kids has a challenge for you: Write a rhyming poem and enter it in the TFK Poetry Contest. It must be a poem that does not copy another poet's works.
How to enter: This contest will begin 12 pm on April 14, 2019 and will end 12 pm on June 14, 2019. To enter online, visit https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,/2019poetrycontest and follow instructions to submit the following: (a) an original and previously unpublished poem; (b) the entrant's first name only and e-mail address; (c) a parent's e-mail address. Limit one entry per person or e-mail account.
Judging: All entries will be judged by poet Kenn Nesbitt, based on the following criteria:
creativity and originality (50%), use of language and rhyme (25%) and appropriateness to contest theme (25%). Winners will be notified by e-mail during the month of July and must respond within five days.
Eligibility (参赛资格)：Open to legal citizens of the United States who are primary school students and are 8 to 13 years old at time of entry.
Prizes: Our judge will select four semifinalists, from whom one grand-prize winner and three finalists will be chosen. The one grand-prize winner will receive an online class visit from Kenn Nesbitt. All the semifinalists will receive a signed copy of Bigfoot Is Missing, which is worth about $ 275. The semifinalists' poems will be published at https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,.
（1）How long will the Poetry Contest last?
A. One month.
B. Two months.
C. Three months.
D. Four months.（2）What does the Poetry Contest value most?
A.Whether the poem is novel.
B.Whether the poem is humorous.
C.Whether the poem is written in rhyme
D.Whether the poem is suitable for the contest theme.
（3）What can the finalists get?
A.A $ 275 bonus.
B.An online class visit.
C.The position of assistant editor.
D.A signed copy of Bigfoot Is Missing.
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了一项由TIME For Kids举办的诗歌比赛：如何参赛，如何评判，参赛者资格，如何评选获奖等相关信息。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“This contest will begin 12 pm on April 14, 2019 and will end 12 pm on June 14, 2019.”本次比赛将于2019年4月14日下午12点开始，2019年6月14日下午12点结束。可知，此次比赛历时2个月。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“All entries will be judged by poet Kenn Nesbitt, based on the following criteria: creativity and originality (50%), use of language and rhyme (25%) and appropriateness to contest theme (25%).”所有参赛作品将由诗人Kenn Nesbitt根据以下标准进行评判:创造力和原创性(50%)，语言和韵律的使用(25%)和主题的适当性(25%)。可知，创新性占据50%，可以推断出此次比赛看重创新性。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“All the semifinalists will rece ive a signed copy of Bigfoot Is Missing, which is worth about $ 275. The semifinalists' poems will be published at https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,.”所有的半决赛选手都会收到一份签名版的《大脚怪》，价值约275美元。半决赛选手的诗作将在https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,上发表。参加半决赛的选手包含决赛选手，故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读。考生需要准确捕捉细节
信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
7．阅读理解
By analyzing the fossilized teeth of some of our most ancient ancestors, a team of scientists led by the universities of Bristol (UK) and Lyon (France) have discovered that the first humans significantly breastfed their infants (婴儿) for longer periods than their contemporary relatives.
The results, published in the journal Science Advances, provide a first insight into the practice of weaning (断奶)that remain otherwise unseen in the fossil record.
The team sampled minute amounts from nearly 40 fossilized teeth of our South African fossil relatives, early Homo, Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus. They measured the proportions of their stable calcium isotopes (同位素）in the tooth enamel(牙釉质), which are a function of the mother milk intake by infants. They show that early Homo offspring(后代) was breastfed in significant proportions until the age of around three to four years, which likely played a role in the apparition of traits that are specific to human lineage(血统), such as the brain development.
In contrast, infants of Paranthropus robustus, that became extinct around one million years ago and were a more robust species in terms of dental anatomy, as well as infants of Australopithecus africanus, stopped drinking sizeable proportions of mother milk in the course of the first months of life.
These differences in nursing behaviors likely come with major changes in the social structures of groups as well as the time between the birth of one child and the birth of the next.
One of the study's lead authors, Dr Theo Tacail said: "The practice of weaning -- the duration of breastfeeding, age at non-milk food introduction and the age at cessation of suckling -- differs among the modern members of the hominid family which includes humans and modern great apes: orangutan, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos.
The development of such behavioral differences likely played major roles in the evolution of the members of human lineage, being associated for instance with size and structure of social groups, brain development.
However, getting insights into these behavioral changes from fossils that are millions of years old is a challenge and, so far, little evidence allow discussing nursing practices in these fossil species.
The findings stress the need for further exploration of calcium stables isotopes compositions in the fossil record in order to understand the co-evolution of weaning practices with other traits such as brain size or social behaviors."
https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,/first-human-ancestors-breastfed-for-longer-than-contemporary-relatives/
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,/releases/2019/08/190829115427.htm
（1）What do we know the findings of the team?
A. It takes the lead in focusing on Practice weaning.
B. It has disclosed the link between the weaning practice and other traits.
C. It is evident that nursing practice is associated with behavioral changes.
D. It's contemporary humans that spend more time breastfeeding their infants.
（2）What does the underlined phrase "such behavioral differences" in Paragraph 7 most probably refer to?
A. Differences in the calcium isotope in the teeth.
B. Differences in the social structure of groups.
C. Differences in the practice of weaning.
D. Differences in the change of behaviors.
（3）What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The evolution of human lineage.
B. The possible influence of nursing behaviors.
C. The exploration of compositions in the fossil.
D. The function of mother milk at the age of infants.
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过对祖先牙齿化石的研究，科学家们发现第一批用母乳喂养婴儿的人类比同时代的其他的近亲在时间上要长很多，而这种育幼差异可能在人类进化中扮演了重要角色，比如大脑发育和社会群体方面。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The results, published in the journal Science Advances, provide a first ins ight into the practice of weaning ”可知这项研究结果发表在《科学进展》杂志上，为断奶行为提供了第一手资料，而这在化石记录中是看不到的。故选A。
（2）考查句义猜测。根据第六段中的“The practice of weaning -- the duration of breastfeeding, age at non-milk food introduction and the age at cessation of suckling -- differs among the modern members of the hominid family which includes humans and modern great apes: orangutan, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos.”可知现代人和古代人的断奶行为不同，而且人类和猩猩以及猿猴在断奶的时间上是不同的，即不同时代/不同物种的断奶行为是有差异的，而画线部分的such 就是指上文提到的内容。故选C。
（3）考查主旨大意。根据第七段中的“The development of such behavioral differences … in the evolution of the members of human lineage, being associated for instance with size and structure of social groups, brain development.”可知，这种行为差异的发展可能在人类血统成员的进化中扮演了重要角色，例如与社会群体的大小和结构，大脑的发展有关。所以短文主要是关于育幼行为可能带来的影响。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，句义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
8．阅读理解
Imagine someone who has spent the majority of their life sitting with a sign on the side of the road and that very person giving someone their last 20 dollars. That's exactly what Marine Corps veteran (退伍军人) Johnny Bobbitt, 34, did in October in Philadelphia.
Bobbitt served in the U.S. Marine Corps and worked as a paramedic (医务辅助人员) in Vance County, N. C. before he became homeless. Nobody knew how he got to where he was because he was discreet about that.
One night in October, Bobbitt was sitting roadside with a sign in Philadelphia as usual, when Kate McClure of Florence Township, N. J. was driving home down Interstate 95 and ran out of gas. Scared and nervous, she got out of the car to head to the nearest gas station. As McClure was heading to the nearest gas station, she ran into Bobbitt and he told her to get back in the vehicle and lock the door. Minutes later, he appeared with a red gas can. He'd used his last $20 to buy her gas.
After that unexpected meeting, McClure and her boyfriend, Mark D'Amico, who both live in New Jersey, visited Bobbitt several times to deliver gift cards, cash, snacks and toiletries. They then decided to create a fund raising page so he wouldn't have to spend the holidays sleeping on the street.
McClure started the GoFundMe page on November 10. With the page, the couple hoped to raise $10,000, enough money for his rent, a reliable vehicle and up to six months' expenses. Bobbitt's story ran in a local paper. By November 15，more than 10,000 local people had made donations through the GoFundMe page and more than $300,000 had been raised.
On Thanksgiving, Bobbitt was resting in a hotel, his feet up on the bed, drawing up a grand plan for his new life, thanks to several thousand dollars raised to repay him for a good deed.
（1）What does the underlined word "discreet" in paragraph 2 most probably mean?
A. Doubtful.
B. Cautious.
C. Guilty.
D. Optimistic.
（2）McClure met Bobbitt when she .
A. couldn't find a gas station
B. got to the way home
C. couldn't unlock her car
D. was in search of gas
（3）It can be known from the text that .
A. Bobbitt's story obtained wide attention
B. Bobbitt became world-famous overnight
C. the GoFundMe page collected over $400,000 for Bobbitt
D. the GoFundMe page was started to help people like Bobbitt
（4）What is the best title for the text?
A. A Homeless Veteran Paid Kindness Forward
B. A Homeless Veteran Had a Generous Heart
C. A Homeless Veteran's Kindness Paid Off
D. A Small Kindness Made a Big Difference
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）A
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，—个无家可归的退伍军人将身上仅有的二十美元买了汽油送给在回家途中汽车没油的年轻女子，事后这名女子和她的男朋友专门建了一个网页为他募捐，使他不用再睡在大街上。他们原本期望帮助他募集一万美元，意想不到的
是，五天内募集到的捐款就超过了三十万美元。
（1）考查词义猜测。第二段中的“Nobody knew how he got to where he was because he was discree t about that.”没有人知道他是怎样走到这一步（即无家可归）的，因为他对此非常小心谨慎。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Kate McClure of Florence Township, N. J. was driving home down Interstate 95 and ran out of gas... As McClure was heading to the nearest gas station, she ran into Bobbitt.”可知，McClure是在去加油站寻找油时遇见Bobbitt 的。故选D。（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Bobbitt's story ran in a local paper.”可知，McClure是在十一月十号建立募捐网页的，他们原本期望帮助Bobbitt募集一万美元，他的故事还上了当地的报纸，截至十一月十五号，一万多名当地人通过该网页进行了捐款，募集到的捐款超过了三十万美元。可知，Bobbitt的故事引起了广泛的关注。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。本文主要讲述一个无家可归的退伍军人将身上仅有的二十美元买了汽油送给在回家途中汽车没油的年轻女子，事后这名女子和她的男朋友专门建了一个网页为他募捐并且募捐到了三十多万美元，即这个无家可归的退伍军人的善心得到了回报。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
9．阅读理解
It was the beginning of 2011. I had just finished filming the first season of Game of Thrones(《权利的游戏》). With almost no professional experience, I had been given the role of Daenerys Targaryen. The show was so successful that young girls would dress themselves up as Daenerys for Halloween.
And yet, terrified of the attention, terrified of trying to make good on the faith that the creators had put in me, I worked much harder.
On the morning of February 11, 2011, I was getting dressed in a gym when I started to feel a bad headache. I was so exhausted that I could barely put on my sneakers. I tried to ignore the pain, but I couldn't. I reached the toilet and sank to my knees. A woman came to help me. Then everything became unclear. I only remember the sound of an ambulance.
That operation lasted three hours. When I woke, the pain was unbearable. After four days, they moved me out of the I.C.U. (重症监护室). But one day when a nurse asked me, as part of a series of cognitive (认知的) exercises, " What's your name?", I couldn't remember my name and I felt terrified: I am an actor; I need to remember my lines. Now, I couldn't recall my name.
The phenomenon is called aphasia. Then I was sent back to the I.C.U. and, after about a week, I was able to speak and know my name. And I was also aware that there were people in the beds around me who didn't make it out of the I.C.U. I was continually reminded of just how fortunate I was.
I rarely gave a thought to my health. Nearly all I thought about was acting. I thought of myself as healthy. Once in a while, I would get dizzy. When I was fourteen, I had a migraine (偏头痛) that
kept me in bed for a couple of days. But it all seemed manageable — part of the stress of being an actor. Now I think I might have been experiencing warning signs of what was to come.
Anyway, there is something pleasant about coming to the end of Thrones. And I'm so happy to be here to see the beginning of whatever comes next.
（1）The author felt terrified after acting in the first season of Game of Thrones because _____.
①she felt nervous about the p ublic attention.
②she had been criticized for her lack of experience.
③she was experiencing some warning signs of a serious illness.
④she wasn't sure if she had performed well in Season 1.
A. ①④
B. ②③
C. ①②
D. ③④
（2）When did the author lose consciousness?
A. After she took an operation.
B. After a woman came to her rescue in a gym.
C. When trying to ignore a headache while working out.
D. When knowing many patients wouldn't survive the illness.
（3）A patient who is suffering from aphasia ______.
A. cannot move his or her body
B. will fall into serious depression
C. must undergo brain surgery at once
D. is not able to remember things from the past （4）What can you infer from the end of the passage?
A. The author feels very lucky to be an actress.
B. The author is quite confident about her role.
C. The author can't go on acting due to the illness.
D. The author will pay more attention to her health.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）D
（4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了自己在作为一名演员对待工作非常认真努力却忽视了自己的身体健康，直到有一天她晕倒并进了重症病房接受治疗，她才意识到要重视身体健康。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“With almost no professional experience, I had been given th e role of Daenerys Targaryen. ”由于几乎没有任何专业经验，我得到了丹妮莉丝·坦格利安这个角色。可知作者觉得她认为自己没经验害怕不能很好完成；“And yet, terrified of the attention, terrified of trying to make good on the faith that the creators had put in me, I worked much harder.” 然而，由于害怕受到关注，害怕兑现创作者对我的信任，我更加努力地工作。可知作者害怕公众的关注。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“A woman came to help me. Then everything became unclear.”可知，一个女人来帮助我。然后一切都变得模糊不清。作者是一个女人在健身房里救了她之后失去意识的。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“But one day when a nurse asked me, as part of a series of cognitive (认知的) exercises, ‘ What's your name?’, I couldn't remember my name and I felt terrified: I am an actor; I need to remember my lines. Now, I couldn't recall my name.”这个过程的描述可知，患有失语症者会记不得事情，哪怕是自己的姓名。故一个患有失语症的病人会不记得过去的事情。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Anyway, there is something pleasan t about coming to the end of Thrones. And I'm so happy to be here to see the beginning of whatever comes next.”可知，不管怎样，能演完《权力的游戏》是一件令人愉快的事情。我很高兴还在这里，见证未来的开始。所以通过这次生病，作者意识到自己的健康出了问题，但作者很感激自己身体还是很健康，判断出作者将来会更加注意她的健康。更好地演戏。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
10．阅读理解
When I was a kid, I was the girl who kept the training wheels on my bike as long as possible. Even my younger sister had got rid of them much earlier than me. But as I began to grow older, this changed.
All this happened on the Bike Safety Day. It is supposed to be a fun day at school when all of us kids bring our bikes to school and the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety. Sounds like fun, right? No. In fact, it caused me to panic. What was I going to say when my friends asked me about my training wheels?
With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels, I determined to let them go. This was the first big change I'd ever made on my own.
I went to my parents and told them all about my dilemma. They were more than happy to help. We went outside and got my bike. Instead of running away and hiding behind, I stood in front of my bike and took great pride in my decision as my dad removed the training wheels.
I got on and steadied myself. My heart raced but my feet and hands were calm. My dad started to push before my feet even moved and suddenly I was off. The fear faded away and a relaxed mind came into its place. It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try!
My confidence soared. This was going to be the start of a brand new world for me. My accomplishment would carry me forth to new goals and wins. I realized that if I set my mind to something, I could achieve it.
（1）What does the school expect the students to do on Bike Safety Day?
A. Have their bikes checked.
B. Ride outside for fun.
C. Acquire bike safety skills.
D. Remove the training wheels.
（2）What does the underlined word "them" (in Paragraph 3)refer to?
A. The author's friends.
B. The author's parents.
C. The safety problems.
D. The training wheels.
（3）What happened when the author finally rode without the training wheels?
A.She felt extremely embarrassed.
B.Everything turned out to be easy.
C.She ended up flat on the ground.
D.Her sisters followed her example.
（4）What does the author think is necessary for her to achieve a goal?
A.Patience.
B.Determination.
C.Pressure.
D.Concentration.
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）B
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者学习骑自行车的故事，学会了骑自行车让作者拥有了自信，也让作者意识到决心的重要性。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的”I t is supposed to be a fun day at school when all of us kids bring our bikes to school and the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety.“这应该是一个有趣的一天，在学校，当我们所有的孩子把我们的自行车带到学校，学校为我们提供了在外面骑车的机会，学习适当的自行车安全。可知，学校希望学生在自行车安全日学习自行车安全技能。故选C。
（2）考查代词指代测。根据第三段中的”With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels, I determined to let them go.“在每个人都看到我的辅助轮的压力下，我决定不要它们了。可知，在每个人都看到我的训练轮的压力下，我决定不要它们了。由此可见，them指代上文中的training wheels。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段”I got on and steadied myself. My heart raced but my feet and hands were calm. My dad started to push before my feet even moved and suddenly I was off. The fear faded away and a relaxed mind came into its place. It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try!“我上了车，稳住自己。我的心怦怦直跳，但手脚却很平静。我的脚还没来得及挪动，爸爸就开始推我，突然我就走了。恐惧消失了，取而代之的是一种放松的心态。想想我花了这么长时间才学会的东西，竟然这么快就学会了，真是疯了!）可知，当作者最终决定不使用辅助轮时，发现结果一切都很容易了。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”I realized that if I set my mind to something, I could achieve it.“我意识到，如果我下定决心，我可以实现它。可知，本文主要讲述了作者学习骑自行车的故事，从而意识到决心非常重要。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
11．阅读理解
One of my favorite hobbies is exchanging old-fashioned, paper-with-a-stamp-on-it postcards
with random strangers around the world.
The Postcrossing Project was created by Paulo Magalhaes in 2005. He liked getting mails—especially postcards. He thought others did, too—but how could he connect with them? That's when he came up with the idea of an online platform (https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,): There, postcard lovers like me can sign up to send a postcard to someone who has registered online, and receive a postcard in return.
Along with a randomly selected address, participants get a unique code to put on the postcard. When the postcard arrives, the recipient registers that code with the site, which then causes the sender's address to be given to another postcrosser in turn. In practice, this means that for nearly every postcard I send (a few get lost in the mail) I get one back. And since I never know who will send me a card or where in the world they live, every trip to the mailbox holds the potential for a wonderful surprise.
Privacy-conscious Americans might worry about sharing their address with strangers overseas. But postcrossers are friendly, polite, respectful folks—in more than 450 cards exchanged, I've yet to have a bad experience.
On days when the international news is depressing, postcrossing is my comfort. There's nothing like getting a card from a child in China just learning to write in English, or a grandmother in Belarus describing her most recent gardening success to remind me that we truly are members of one global family, far more similar than we are different.
It seems like such a small thing to send out a postcard. But as travel and communication technology continue to shrink the world, it's important to remember that it isn't just for diplomats and politicians to represent our country anymore. All of us have the power—and perhaps the responsibility—to be ambassadors, to show the best of your country to the world.
And it's good to know that what you need to accomplish this is not necessarily complicated or expensive. It can be as simple as a postcard.
（1）Why did Paulo set up https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,?
A. To discuss personal hobbies with strangers.
B. To exchange postcards with others in the world
C. To collect different postcards from other countries.
D. To provide a platform for communication online.
（2）According to the passage, postcrossers __________.
A. don't know who will send them postcards
B. are sure to get a postcard back immediately
C. often choose a receiver's address carefully
D. register every postcard they receive online （3）What did the writer learn from postcrossing?
A. The international news is usually depressing.
B. Americans are more conscious about privacy.
C. Postcrossers sometimes describe their bad experience.
D. The whole world is actually a big family.
（4）What does the underlined word "this" refer to?
A. Choosing a diplomat to represent a country.
B. Having the responsibility to be an ambassador.
C. Showing the best of your country.
D. Shrinking the world with communication technology.
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,网站，一个可以让世界各地的陌生人交换老式的、带有邮票的明信片的网站，由Paulo Magalhaes 在2005年创立。文章说明了在这个网站和他人交换明信片的方式，以及作者认为这是一种能够向世界展示自己国家最好的一面的方式，而且它并不复杂也不昂贵。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“That's when he came up with the idea of an online platform (https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,): There, postcard lovers like me can sign up to send a postcard to someone who has registered online, and receive a postcard in return.”就在那时，他想到了一个在线平台(https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,):在那里，像我这样的明信片爱好者可以注册，向网上注册的用户发送明信片，并收到明信片作为回报。可知保罗建立了https://www.doczj.com/doc/025260276.html,是为了和世界上的其他人交换明信片。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“And since I never know who will send me a card or where in the world they live, every trip to the mailbox holds the potential for a wonderful surprise.”因为我不知道谁会给我寄贺卡，也不知道他们住在世界的什么地方，所以每次去邮箱都有可能带来惊喜。可知postcrosser并不知道谁会给他们寄明信片。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的“There's nothing like getting a card from a child in China just learning to write in English, or a grandmother in Belarus describing her most recent gardening success to remind me that we truly are members of one global family, far more similar than we are different.”在中国，没有什么比收到孩子们寄来的贺卡更能提醒我，我们是同一个全球大家庭的一员，相似之处远远多于不同之处。）可知作者从postcrossing中认识整个世界实际上是一个大家庭。故选D。
（4）考查代词指代。根据倒数第二段中的“All of us have the power—and perhaps the responsibility—to be ambassadors, to show the best of your country to th e world.”我们所有人都有能力——或许也有责任——成为大使，向世界展示你们国家最好的一面。可知要向世界展示自己国家最好的一面，你需要做的并不复杂也不昂贵。故this指代“展示你国家最好的一面。”故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和代词指代两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。
12．阅读理解
During this shopping season, salesmen will come up with different strategies to get your business. Many product companies use specific colors to cause positive emotions and compete for a sale. However, sight is not the only sensory (感官的) retail that companies use. Sounds and smells can also influence consumers' purchasing decisions.
Nobel Prize-winning research shows that our sense of smell has great power to cause an
emotional response. A study published earlier this year compared purchasing in a French flower shop when the smell of lavender (薰衣草) was given off and when it wasn't. It found that the smell increased the number of consumers' purchasing items and the amount of their purchases. An earlier study using Nike shoes found that consumers desired the shoes more, and were willing to pay more, when the room had a mixed smell of flowers. Realizing the subconscious impact of smell, many stores apply artificial scents (气味) through their heating and air-conditioning vents (通风口) or place scent machines above their doors. For instance, a coconut scent might make that bikini more appealing as you long for a vacation.
Ever felt frenzied due to a store's fast-paced music? Or calmed by a piece of light music? A retailer's choice of music can have a big impact on consumers' moods. One study found that when subjected to loud music, consumers will spend less time in a store. But interestingly, the researchers did not find a difference in sales or customers' satisfaction. Another interesting finding from a recent study was that customers actually shop longer when exposed to unfamiliar music. Just as department stores use different scents in certain departments, many use different music in some areas to appeal to varying consumers.
Well, you could always leave the store and take a break, but the food court probably isn't your best choices as brands like Cinnabon and Panera Bread also use scents as part of their customers' experience. Online retailers (零售商) use a variety of other strategies to get your business, but you can always neglect those and enjoy the familiar scents of home.
（1）The passage is mainly about ________.
A. consumers' favorite sounds and smells while shopping
B. shopping malls' strategies for satisfying consumers
C. some special services from super shopping malls
D. two factors affecting consumers' shopping decisions
（2）What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A. Decorating stores with flowers becomes a fashion.
B. Shops with special smells can attract more consumers.
C. Smells can actually help businessmen gain more profits.
D. The products with a kind of special smell are more popular.
（3）How does music have an effect on consumers?
A. It controls consumers' desire for shopping.
B. It influences how long consumers stay in a shop.
C. It gives consumers the satisfaction of enjoying shopping.
D. Whether consumers are willing to buy things depends on it.
（4）Which of the following can replace the underlined word “frenzied” in Paragraph 3? A. Satisfied. B. Depressed. C. Surprised. D. Excited.
（5）What does the writer try to express in the last paragraph?
A. Online shopping is becoming more and more popular nowadays.
B. People should spend more time at home with family members.
C. People can choose to get rid of salesmen's promotion strategies.
D. Smells and sounds are important for consumers' shopping experience.