High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
HDMI official logo and standard connector
Type Digital audio/video connector Production history
Designer HDMI Founders (seven companies) Designed December 2002
Manufacturer HDMI Adopters (over 850 companies) Produced 2003–present
General specifications
Width Type A (13.9 mm), Type C (10.42 mm) Height Type A (4.45 mm), Type C (2.42 mm)
Hot
pluggable
Yes
External Yes
Audio signal LPCM, Dolby Digital, DTS, DVD-Audio,
Super Audio CD, Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby
TrueHD, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio,
DTS-HD Master Audio, MPCM, DSD, DST Video signal 480i, 480p, 576i, 576p, 720p, 1080i,
1080p, 1440p, 1600p, 2160p, etc.
Pins 19
Data
Data signal Yes
Bitrate 10.2 Gbit/s (340 MHz)
Protocol
TMDS
Pin out Type A receptacle HDMI
Pin 1
TMDS Data2+ Pin 2
TMDS Data2 Shield Pin 3
TMDS Data2– Pin 4
TMDS Data1+ Pin 5
TMDS Data1 Shield Pin 6
TMDS Data1– Pin 7
TMDS Data0+ Pin 8
TMDS Data0 Shield Pin 9
TMDS Data0– Pin 10
TMDS Clock+ Pin 11
TMDS Clock Shield Pin 12
TMDS Clock – Pin 13
CEC Pin 14 Reserved (HDMI 1.0-1.3c), HEC Data- (Optional, HDMI 1.4+ with Ethernet)
Pin 15
SCL (I2C Serial Clock for DDC) Pin 16
SDA (I2C Serial Data Line for DDC) Pin 17
DDC/CEC/HEC Ground Pin 18
+5 V Power (max 50 mA) Pin 19 Hot Plug Detect (All versions) and HEC
Overview
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data. It is a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as radio frequency (RF) coaxial cable, composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, or VGA. HDMI connects digital audio/video sources (such as set-top boxes, DVD players, HD DVD players, Blu-ray Disc players, AVCHD camcorders, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and AV receivers) to compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors, video projectors, tablet computers, and digital televisions.
HDMI imp lements the EIA/CEA-861 standards, which define video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed, uncompressed, and LPCM audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID. HDMI supports, on a single cable, any uncompressed TV or PC video format, including standard, enhanced, high definition and 3D video signals; up to 8 channels of compressed or uncompressed digital audio; a Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) connection; and an Ethernet data connection.
The CEC allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple dev ices with one remote control handset. Because HDMI is electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by Digital Visual Interface (DVI), no signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. As an uncompressed CEA-861 connection, HDMI is independent of the various digital television standards used by individual devices, such as ATSC and DVB, as these are encapsulations of compressed MPEG video streams (which can be decoded and output as an uncompressed video stream on HDMI).
Production of consumer HDMI products started in late 2003. Over 850 consumer electronics and PC companies have adopted the HDMI specification (HDMI Adopters). In Europe, either DVI-HDCP or HDMI is included in the HD ready in-store labeling specification for TV sets for HDTV, formulated by EICTA with SES Astra in 2005. HDMI began to appear on consumer HDTV camcorders and digital still cameras in 2006. Shipments of HDMI were expected to exceed that of DVI in 2008, driven primarily by the consumer electronics market.
History
The HDMI F ounders are Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial (Panasonic/National/Quasar), Philips, Silicon Image, Sony, Thomson (RCA) and Toshiba. Digital Content Protection, LLC provides HDCP (which was developed by Intel) for HDMI. HDMI has the support of motion picture producers Fox, Universal, Warner Bros. and Disney, along with system operators DirecTV, EchoStar (Dish Network) and CableLabs
The HDMI Founders began development on HDMI 1.0 on April 16, 2002, with the goal of creating an AV connector that was backward-compatible with DVI. At the time, DVI-HDCP (DVI with HDCP) and DVI-HDTV (DVI-HDCP using the CEA-861-B video standard) were being used on HDTVs. HDMI 1.0 was designed to improve on DVI-HDTV by using a smaller connector and adding support for
audio, and enhanced support for YCbCr and consumer electronics control functions.
The first Authorized Testing Center (ATC), which tests HDMI products, was opened by Silicon Image on June 23, 2003, in California, United States. The first ATC in Japan was opened by Panasonic on May 1, 2004, in Osaka. The first ATC in Europe was opened by Philips on May 25, 2005, in Caen, France. The first ATC in China was opened by Silicon Image on November 21, 2005, in Shenzhen. The first ATC in India was opened by Philips on June 12, 2008, in Bangalore. The HDMI website contains a list of all the ATCs.
According to In-Stat, the number of HDMI devices sold was 5 million in 2004, 17.4 million in 2005, 63 million in 2006, and 143 million in 2007. HDMI has become the de facto standard for HDTVs, and according to In-Stat, around 90% of digital televisions in 2007 included HDMI. In-Stat has estimated that 229 million HDMI devices were sold in 2008. On January 7, 2009, HDMI Licensing, LLC announced that HDMI had reached an installed base of over 600 million HDMI devices. In-Stat has estimated that 394 million HDMI devices will sell in 2009 and that all digital televisions by the end of 2009 would have at least one HDMI input.
In 2008, PC Magazine awarded a Technical Excellence Award in the Home Theater category for an "innovation that has changed the world" to the CEC portion of the HDMI specification. Ten companies were given a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for their development of HDMI by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences on January 7, 2009.
Specifications
The HDMI specification defines the protocols, signals,
electrical interfaces and mechanical requirements of the
standard. The maximum pixel clock rate for HDMI 1.0
was 165 MHz, which was sufficient for supporting
1080p and WUXGA (1920×1200) at 60 Hz. HDMI 1.3
increased that to 340 MHz, which allows for higher
resolution (such as WQXGA, 2560×1600) across a single
digital link. An HDMI connection can either be single-link (type A/C) or dual-link (type B) and can have a video pixel rate of 25 MHz to 340 MHz (for a single-link connection) or 25 MHz to 680 MHz (for a dual-link connection). Video formats with rates below 25 MHz (e.g., 13.5 MHz for 480i/NTSC) are transmitted using a pixel-repetition scheme.
Audio/video
HDMI uses the Consumer Electronics Association/Electronic Industries Alliance 861 standards. HDMI 1.0 to HDMI 1.2a uses the EIA/CEA-861-B video standard, and HDMI 1.3+ uses the CEA-861-D video standard. The CEA-861-D document defines "video formats and waveforms; colorimetry and quantization; transport of compressed and uncompressed, as well as Linear Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM), audio; carriage of auxiliary data; and implementations of the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) Enhanced Extended Display Identification Data Standard (E-EDID)."
To ensure baseline interoperability between different HDMI-sources and displays (as well as backward compatibility with the electrically compatible DVI standard), all HDMI compliant devices are required to support sRGB video 4:4:4, at 8 bits per component. Support for
YCbCr
color-space and higher color-depths ("deep color") are optional. HDMI permits xvYCC 4:4:4 (8–16 bits per component), YCbCr 4:4:4 (8–16 bits per component), or YCbCr 4:2:2 (8–12 bits per component). The color spaces that can be used by HDMI are ITU-R BT.601, ITU-R BT.709-5 and IEC 61966-2-4.
For digital audio, if an HDMI device supports audio, it is required to support the baseline format: stereo (uncompressed) PCM. Other formats are optional, with HDMI allowing up to 8 channels of uncompressed audio at sample sizes of 16-bit, 20-bit and 24-bit, with sample rates of 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz, 176.4 kHz and 192 kHz. HDMI also supports any IEC 61937-compliant compressed audio stream, such as Dolby Digital and DTS, and up to 8 channels of one-bit DSD audio (used on Super Audio CDs) at rates up to four times that of Super Audio CD. With version 1.3, HDMI supports lossless compressed audio streams Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio. As with the YCbCr video, device support for audio is optional.
The HDMI standard was not designed to include passing closed caption data (for example, subtitles) to the television for decoding. As such, any closed caption stream has to be decoded and included as an image in the video stream(s) prior to transmission over an HDMI cable to be viewed on the DTV. This limits the caption style (even for digital captions) to only that decoded at the source prior to HDMI transmission. This also prevents closed captions when transmission over HDMI is required for upconversion. For example, a DVD player sending an upscaled 720p/1080i format via HDMI to an HDTV has no method to pass Closed Captioning data so that the HDTV can decode as there is no line 21 VBI in that format.
Connectors
There are five HDMI connector types. Type A/B are
defined in the HDMI 1.0 specification, type C is defined
in the HDMI 1.3 specification, and type D/E are defined
in the HDMI 1.4 specifica tion.
Type A
Nineteen pins, with bandwidth to support all SDTV, EDTV and HDTV modes. The plug (male) connector outside dimensions are 13.9 mm × 4.45 mm and the receptacle (female) connector inside dimensions are 14 mm × 4.55 mm. Type A is electrically compatible with single-link DVI-D. Type B
This connector (21.2 mm × 4.45 mm) has 29 pins and can carry double the video bandwidth of type A, for use with very high-resolution future displays such as WQUXGA (3,840×2,400). Type B
is electrically compatible with dual-link DVI-D, but has not yet been used in any products.
Type C
A Mini connector defined in the HDMI 1.3 specification, it is intended for portable devices. It is smaller than the type A plug connector (10.42 mm × 2.42 mm) but has the same 19-pin configuration. The differences are that all positive signals of the differential pairs are swapped with their corresponding shield, the DDC/CEC Ground is assigned to pin 13 instead of pin 17, the CEC is assigned to pin 14 instead of pin 13, and the reserved pin is 17 instead of pin 14. The type C Mini connector can be connected to a type A connector using a type A-to-type C cable.
Type D
A Micro connector defined in the HDMI 1.4 specification keeps the standard 19 pins of types A and C but shrinks the connector size to something resembling a micro-US
B connector. The type D connector is 2.8 mm × 6.4 mm, whereas the type
C connector is 2.42 mm × 10.42 mm; for comparison, a micro-USB connector is 2.94 mm × 7.8 mm and USB Type A is 11.5 mm × 4.5 mm. Type E
Automotive Connection System defined in HDMI 1.4 specification.
Cables
Although no maximum length for an HDMI cable is specified, signal attenuation (dependent on the cable's construction quality and conducting materials) limits usable lengths in practice. HDMI 1.3 defines two cable categories: Category 1-certified cables, which have been tested at 74.5 MHz (which would include resolutions such as 720p60 and 1080i60), and Category 2-certified cables, which have been tested at 340 MHz (which would include resolutions such as 1080p60 and 2160p30). Category 1 HDMI cables are to be marketed as "Standard" and Category 2 HDMI cables as "High Speed".This labeling guideline for HDMI cables went into effect on October 17, 2008. Category 1 and 2 cables can either meet the required parameter specifications for interpair skew, far-end crosstalk, attenuation and differential impedance, or they can meet the required nonequalized/equalized eye diagram requirements.A cable of about 5 meters (16 ft.) can be manufactured to Category 1 specifications easily and inexpensively by using 28 AWG (0.081 mm2) conductors.With better quality construction and materials, including 24 AWG (0.205 mm2) conductors, a HDMI cable can reach lengths of up to 15 meters (49 ft.).Many HDMI cables under 5 meters of length that were made before the HDMI 1.3 specification can work as Category 2 cables, but only Category 2-tested cables are guaranteed to work.[
As of the HDMI 1.4 specification, there are the following cable types defined for HDMI in general: ?Standard HDMI Cable - up to 1080i and 720p
?Standard HDMI Cable with Ethernet
?Automotive HDMI Cable
?High Speed HDMI Cable - 1080p, 4K, 3D and Deep Color
?High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet
Cable manufacturers officially are prohibited from marketing the cables by HDMI standard version (for instance "HDMI 1.4 cable") - the cables are distinguished in bitrate support only.
Extenders
An HDMI extender is a single device (or pair of devices) p owered with an external power source or with the 5V DC from the HDMI source. Long cables can cause instability of HDCP and blinking
on the screen, due to the weakened DDC signal that HDCP requires. HDCP DDC signals must be multiplexed with TMDS video signals to be compliant with HDCP requirements for HDMI extenders based on a single Category 5/Category 6 cable. Several companies offer amplifiers, equalizers and repeaters that can string several standard HDMI cables together. Active HDMI cables use electronics within the cable to boost the signal and allow for HDMI cables of up to 30 meters (98 ft.). HDMI extenders that are based on dual Category 5/Category 6 cable can extend HDMI to 250 meters (820 ft.), while HDMI extenders based on optical fiber can extend HDMI to 300 meters (980 ft.).
Communication channel protocols
HDMI has three physically separate communication channels, which are the DDC, TMDS and the optional CEC.
DDC
The Display Data Channel (DDC) is a communication channel based on the I2C bus specification. HDMI specifically requires support for the Enhanced Display Data Channel (E-DDC), which is used by the HDMI source device to read the E-EDID data from the HDMI sink device to learn what audio/video formats it supports. HDMI requires that the E-DDC support I2C standard mode speed (100 kbit/s) and allows optional support for fast mode speed (400 kbit/s).
TMDS
Transition Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS) on HDMI carries video, audio and auxiliary data via one of three modes, called the Video Data Period, the Data Island Period and the Control Period.During the Video Data Period, the pixels of an active video line are transmitted.During the Data Island period (which occurs during the horizontal and vertical blanking intervals), audio and auxiliary data are transmitted within a series of packets.The Control Period occurs between Video and Data Island periods.
Both HDMI and DVI use TMDS to send 10-bit characters that are encoded using 8b/10b encoding for the Video Data Period and 2b/10b encoding for the Control Period. HDMI adds the ability to send audio and auxiliary data using 4b/10b encoding for the Data Island Period.Each Data Island Period is 32 pixels in size and contains a 32-bit Packet Header, which includes 8 bits of BCH ECC parity data for error correction and describes the contents of the packet.Each Packet contains four subpackets, and each subpacket is 64 bits in size, including 8 bits of BCH ECC parity data, allowing for each Packet to carry up to 224 bits of audio data.Each Data Island Period can contain up to 18 Packets.Seven of the 15 Packet types described in the HDMI 1.3a specifications deal with audio data, while the other 8 types deal with auxiliary data.Among these are the General Control Packet and the Gamut Metadata Packet. The General Control Packet carries information on AVMUTE (which mutes the audio during changes that may cause audio noise) and Color Depth (which sends the bit depth of the current video stream and is required for Deep Color). The Gamut Metadata Packet carries information on the color space being used for the current video stream and is required for xvYCC.
CEC
Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) is a feature designed to allow the user to command and control two or more CEC-enabled boxes, that are connected through HDMI, by using only one of their remote controls. (e.g. controlling a television set, set-top box and DVD player using only the remote control of the TV). CEC also allows for individual CEC-enabled devices to command and control each other without user intervention.
It is a one-wire bidirectional serial bus that uses the industry-standard AV.link protocol to perform remote control functions. CEC wiring is mandatory, although implementation of CEC in a product is optional. It was defined in HDMI Specification 1.0 and updated in HDMI 1.2, HDMI 1.2a and HDMI 1.3a (which added timer and audio commands to the bus).
Trade names for CEC are Anynet+ (Samsung); Aquos Link (Sharp); BRAVIA Sync (Sony); HDMI-CEC (Hitachi); E-link (AOC); Kuro Link (Pioneer); CE-Link and Regza Link (Toshiba); RIHD (Remote Interactive over HDMI) (Onkyo); SimpLink (LG); HDAVI Control, EZ-Sync, VIERA Link (Panasonic); EasyLink (Philips); and NetCommand for HDMI (Mitsubishi).
Compatibility with DVI
A HDMI to DVI adapter
A DVI to HDMI adapter
HDMI is backward-compatible with single-link Digital Visual Interface digital video (DVI-D or DVI-I, but not DVI-A). No signal conversion is required when an adapter or asymmetric cable is used, and consequently no loss in video quality occurs.
From a user's perspective, an HDMI display can be driven by a single-link DVI-D source, since HDMI and DVI-D define an overlapping minimum set of supported resolutions and framebuffer formats to ensure a basic level of interoperability. Since DVI-D displays are not required to support High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection, in the reverse scenario, a DVI-D monitor is not guaranteed to display a signal from an HDMI source. A typical HDMI-source (such as a Blu-ray
player) may demand HDCP-compliance of the display, and hence refuse to output HDCP-protected content to a non-compliant display. All HDMI devices must support sRGB encoding.Absent this HDCP issue, an HDMI-source and DVI-D display would enjoy the same level of basic interoperability. Further complicating the issue is the existence of a handful of display equipment (high end home theater projectors) which were designed with HDMI inputs, but which are not HDCP-compliant.
Features specific to HDMI, such as remote-control and audio transport, are not available in devices that use legacy DVI-D signalling. However, many devices output HDMI over a DVI connector (e.g., ATI 3000-series and NVIDIA GTX 200-series video cards),and some multimedia displays may accept HDMI (including audio) over a DVI input. In general, exact capabilities vary from product to product.
Audio support
Since the DVI specification does not support audio-transport, an interoperability problem arises when an HDMI-source drives a legacy DVI-display (such as a PC monitor), or conversely, when a DVI-source drives an HDMI-display. While HDMI and DVI compliance rules ensure that a DVI video-connection can be successfully negotiated and established (via a mutually supported display mode), the audio signal must still be transported through means outside of the DVI connection. Typically, an HDMI equipped source will provide additional outputs for audio-only, such as line-level analog and SPDIF, which provide a baseline audio program (such as stereo PCM.) Likewise, when displaying video from an HDMI jack, an HDMI equipped display may support alternate audio-sourcing from a separate pair of analog-audio inputs. Provision for any of these compatibility mechanisms is entirely up to the discretion of the manufacturer, as they are not covered by the HDMI specification. As of 2010, nearly all HDMI equipped sources (set-top and media-extender boxes, Blu-ray/DVD players and PCs) provide separate analog audio outputs, and many HDMI-equipped televisions support alternate-audio input when sourcing video from an HDMI-input.
There are consumer adapters available to place between a DVI source and HDMI target which can insert a separate audio signal into an HDMI TDMS data stream.
HDCP
HDMI can use HDCP to encrypt the signal if required by the source device. CSS, CPPM and AACS require the use of HDCP on HDMI when playing back encrypted DVD Video, DVD Audio, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The HDCP Repeater bit controls the authentication and switching/distribution of an HDMI signal. According to HDCP Specification 1.2 (beginning with HDMI CTS 1.3a), any system that implements HDCP must do so in a fully compliant manner. HDCP testing that was previously only a requirement for optional tests such as the "Simplay HD" testing program is now part of the requirements for HDMI compliance.HDCP allows for up to 127 devices to be connected together, with up to 7 levels, using a combination of sources, sinks and repeaters.A simple example of this is several HDMI devices connected to an HDMI AV receiver that is connected to an HDMI display. Devices called HDCP strippers can remove the HDCP information from the video signal and allow the video to be playable on non-HDCP-compliant displays.
Versions
HDMI devices are manufactured to adhere to various versions of the specification, in which each version is given a number, such as 1.0, 1.2, or 1.3a.Each subsequent version of the specification uses the same kind of cable but increases the bandwidth and/or capabilities of what can be transmitted over the cable.A product listed as having an HDMI version does not necessarily mean that it will have all of the features that are listed for that version, since some HDMI features are optional, such as Deep Color and xvYCC (which is branded by Sony as "x.v.Color"). Note that with the release of the version 1.4 cable, the HDMI Licensing LLC group (which oversees the HDMI standard) will require that any reference to version numbers be removed from all advertising from the cable only.Non-cable HDMI products starting on January 1, 2012 will no longer be allowed to reference the HDMI number and will be required to state which features of the HDMI specification the product supports.
Version 1.0 to 1.2
HDMI 1.0 was released December 9, 2002 and is a single-cable digital audio/video connector interface with a maximum TMDS bandwidth of 4.9 Gbit/s. It supports up to 3.96 Gbit/s of video bandwidth (1080p/60 Hz or UXGA) and 8 channel LPCM/192 kHz/24-bit audio. HDMI 1.1 was released on May 20, 2004 and added support for DVD-Audio. HDMI 1.2 was released August 8, 2005 and added support for One Bit Audio, used on Super Audio CDs, at up to 8 channels. It also added the availability of HDMI type A connectors for PC sources, the ability for PC sources to only support the sRGB color space while retaining the option to support the YCbCr color space, and required HDMI 1.2 and later displays to support low-voltage sources.HDMI 1.2a was released on December 14, 2005 and fully specifies Consumer Electronic Control (CEC) features, command sets and CEC compliance tests.
Version 1.3
HDMI 1.3 was released June 22, 2006 and increased the single-link bandwidth to 340 MHz (10.2 Gbit/s). It optionally supports Deep Color, with 30-bit, 36-bit and 48-bit xvYCC, sRGB, or YCbCr, compared to 24-bit sRGB or YCbCr in previous HDMI versions. It also optionally supports output of Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio streams for external decoding by AV receivers. It incorporates automatic audio syncing (audio video sync) capability. It defined cable Categories 1 and 2, with Category 1 cable being tested up to 74.25 MHz and Category 2 being tested up to 340 MHz. It also added the new type C Mini connector for portable devices.
HDMI 1.3a was released on November 10, 2006 and had Cable and Sink modifications for type C, source termination recommendations, and removed undershoot and maximum rise/fall time limits. It also changed CEC capacitance limits, clarified sRGB video quantization range, and CEC commands for timer control were brought back in an altered form, with audio control commands added.It also added support for optionally streaming SACD in its bitstream DST format rather than uncompressed raw DSD like from HDMI 1.2 onwards.
HDMI 1.3b, 1.3b1 and 1.3c were released on March 26, 2007, November 9, 2007, and August 25, 2008 respectively. They do not introduce differences on HDMI features, functions, or performance,but only describe testing for products based on the HDMI 1.3a specification regarding HDMI compliance (1.3b, the HDMI type C Mini connector (1.3b1) and active HDMI
cables (1.3c).
Version 1.4
HDMI 1.4 was released on May 28, 2009, and the first HDMI 1.4 products were available in the second half of 2009. HDMI 1.4 increases the maximum resolution to 4K × 2K, i.e. 3840 × 2160p at 24 Hz/25 Hz/30 Hz or 4096 × 2160p at 24 Hz (which is a resolution used with digital theaters); an HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC), which allows for a 100 Mb/s Ethernet connection between the two HDMI connected devices; and introduces an Audio Return Channel (ARC), 3D Over HDMI, a new Micro HDMI Connector, expanded support for color spaces, with the addition of sYCC601, Adobe RGB and Adobe YCC601; and an Automotive Connection System. HDMI 1.4 supports several stereoscopic 3D formats including field alternative (interlaced), frame packing (a full resolution top-bottom format), line alternative full, side-by-side half, side-by-side full, 2D + depth, and 2D + depth + graphics + graphics depth (WOWvx), with additional top/bottom formats added in version 1.4a . HDMI 1.4 requires that 3D displays support the frame packing 3D format at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24. High Speed HDMI 1.3 cables can support all HDMI 1.4 features except for the HDMI Ethernet Channel.
HDMI 1.4a was released on March 4, 2010 and adds two additional mandatory 3D formats for broadcast content, which was deferred with HDMI 1.4 in order to see the direction of the 3D broadcast market. HDMI 1.4a has defined mandatory 3D formats for broadcast, game, and movie content.HDMI 1.4a requires that 3D displays support the frame packing 3D format at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24, side-by-side horizontal at either 1080i50 or 1080i60, and top-and-bottom at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24.
Applications
Tablets
Some Tablets, such as the Motorola Xoom, BlackBerry PlayBook and Acer Iconia Tab A500, support HDMI using Micro-HDMI (Type D) ports. Others, such as the ASUS Eee Pad Transformer support the standard using Mini-HDMI (Type C) ports. The iPad and iPad 2 have a special A/V adapter that converts Apple's data line to a standard HDMI (Type A) port. Samsung has a similar proprietary thirty-pin port for their Galaxy Tab 10.1 that can adapt to HDMI as well as USB drives. The Dell Streak 5 smartphone/tablet hybrid is capable of outputting over HDMI. Whilst the Streak uses a PDMI port, a separate cradle is available which adds HDMI compatibility.
Digital cameras and camcorders
As of 2011, most standalone camcorders, as well as many digital cameras, are equipped with a mini-HDMI connector.
Blu-ray Disc/HD DVD players
Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD, introduced in 2006, offer new high-fidelity audio features that require HDMI for best results. HDMI 1.3 can transport Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby TrueHD, and DTS-HD Master Audio bitstreams in compressed form. This capability allows for an AV receiver with the necessary decoder to decode the compressed audio stream. The Blu-ray specification does not
support video encoded with either Deep Color or xvYCC so that HDMI 1.0 can transfer Blu-ray discs at full video quality.
Blu-ray permits secondary audio decoding, whereby the disc content can tell the player to mix multiple audio sources together before final output.Some Blu-ray and HD DVD players can decode all of the audio codecs internally and can output LPCM audio over HDMI. Multichannel LPCM can be transported over an HDMI connection, and as long as the AV receiver supports multichannel LPCM audio over HDMI and supports HDCP, the audio reproduction is equal in resolution to HDMI 1.3 bitstream output. Some low-cost AV receivers, such as the Onkyo TX-SR506, do not support audio processing over HDMI and are labelled as "HDMI pass through" devices.
Personal computers
PCs with a DVI interface are capable of video output to an HDMI-enabled monitor.Some PCs include an HDMI interface and may also be capable of HDMI audio output, depending on specific hardware.For example, Intel's motherboard chipsets since the 945G have been capable of 8-channel LPCM output over HDMI, as well as NVIDIA’s GeForce 8200/8300 motherboard chipsets. Eight-channel LPCM audio output over HDMI with a video card was first seen with the ATI Radeon HD 4850, which was released in June 2008 and is supported by other video cards in the ATI Radeon HD 4000 series.Linux can support 8-channel LPCM audio over HDMI if the video card has the necessary hardware and supports the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA).The ATI Radeon HD 4000 series supports ALSA.Cyberlink announced in June 2008 that they would update their PowerDVD playback software to support 192 kHz/24-bit Blu-ray Disc audio decoding in Q3-Q4 of 2008.Corel's WinDVD 9 Plus currently supports 96 kHz/24-bit Blu-ray Disc audio decoding.
Even with an HDMI output, a computer may not support HDCP, Microsoft's Protected Video Path, or Microsoft's Protected Audio Path.In the case of HDCP, there were several early graphic cards that were labelled as "HDCP-enabled" but did not actually have the necessary hardware for HDCP. This included certain graphic cards based on the ATI X1600 chipset and certain models of the NVIDIA Geforce 7900 series.The first computer monitors with HDCP support started to be released in 2005, and by February 2006, a dozen different models had been released.The Protected Video Path was enabled in graphic cards that supported HDCP, since it was required for output of Blu-ray Disc video.In comparison, the Protected Audio Path was only required if a lossless audio bitstream (such as Dolby TrueHD or DTS-HD MA) was output.Uncompressed LPCM audio, however, does not require a Protected Audio Path, and software programs such as PowerDVD and WinDVD can decode Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD MA and output it as LPCM.A limitation is that if the computer does not support a Protected Audio Path, the audio must be downsampled to 16-bit 48 kHz but can still output at up to 8 channels.No graphic cards were released in 2008 that supported the Protected Audio Path.
In June 2008, Asus announced Xonar HDAV1.3, which in December 2008 received a software update and became the first HDMI sound card that supported the Protected Audio Path and can both bitstream and decode lossless audio (Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD MA), although bitstreaming is only available if using the ArcSoft TotalMedia Theatre software.The Xonar HDAV1.3 has an HDMI 1.3 input/output, and Asus says that it can work with most video cards on the market.
Legacy interfaces such as VGA, DVI and LVDS have not kept pace, and newer standards such as DisplayPort and HDMI clearly provide the best connectivity options moving forward. In our opinion, DisplayPort 1.2 is the future interface for PC monitors, along with HDMI 1.4a for TV connectivity.
AMD, Dell, Intel Corporation, Lenovo, Samsung Electronics and LG. Dec 8, 2010.
In September 2009, AMD announced the ATI Radeon HD 5000 series video cards which features support for HDMI 1.3 output (Deep Color, xvYCC wide gamut support and high bit rate audio), support for 8-channel LPCM over HDMI, and an integrated HD audio controller with a Protected Audio Path that allows bitstream output over HDMI for AAC, Dolby AC-3, Dolby TrueHD and DTS Master Audio formats.The ATI Radeon HD 5870 released in September 2009 is the first video card that supports bitstream output over HDMI for Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.
In December 2010, it was announced that several computer vendors and di splay makers including Intel, AMD, Dell, Lenovo, Samsung, and LG would stop using LVDS from 2013 and legacy DVI and VGA connectors from 2015, replacing them with DisplayPort and HDMI.
Old TVs
HDMI can be used with older televisions that only use analog ports (Scart, VGA, RCA, etc.), using a scaler (digital-to-analog converter).
Relationship with DisplayPort
Dual-mode DisplayPort
approved in May 2006 and is supported in several computer
monitors and video cards. The DisplayPort website states that
DisplayPort is expected to complement HDMI.Most of the DisplayPort supporters are computer companies. DisplayPort uses a self-clocking micro-packet-based protocol that allows using variable amount of differential lanes as well as flexible allocation of bandwidth between audio and video, and supports encapsulating multichannel compressed audio formats in the audio stream. DisplayPort ports can be made so that they are compatible with single-link DVI and https://www.doczj.com/doc/042459574.html,patibility is achieved with dual-mode DisplayPort ports, which are marked with the ++DP logo, using attached passive adapters; active adapters allow signal conversion to dual-link DVI and analog VGA.
DisplayPort has an advantage over HDMI in that it is royalty-free, while the HDMI royalty is $0.04 USD per device and has an annual fee of $10,000 for high-volume manufacturers.DisplayPort version 1.2 added the ability to transport multiple audio/video streams, doubled the maximum data rate from 10.8 Gbit/s to 21.6 Gbit/s, increased the "AUX" channel bandwidth from 1 Mbit/s to 720 Mbit/s, added support for multiple color spaces including xvYCC, scRGB and Adobe RGB 1998, added global time-code for audio synchronisation and the ability to transfer Ethernet, USB 2.0, DPMS, and other types of data over the "AUX" channel.HDMI has a few advantages over DisplayPort, such as support for Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) signals, and electrical compatibility with DVI (though practically limited to single-link DVI rates).
(Remark: Above information is derived from https://www.doczj.com/doc/042459574.html,, as reference only)
查看文章 视频接口大全(HDMI、DVI、VGA、RGB、分量、S端子、USB接口) 1.S端子 标准S端子
标准S端子连接线 音频复合视频S端子色差常规连接示意图 S端子（S-Video）是应用最普遍的视频接口之一，是一种视频信号专用输出接口。常见的S端子是一个5芯接口，其中两路传输视频亮度信号，两路传输色度信号，一路为公共屏蔽地线，由于省去了图像信号Y与色度信号C的综合、编码、合成以及电视机机内的输入切换、矩阵解码等步骤，可有效防止亮度、色度信号复合输出的相互串扰，提高图像的清晰度。 一般DVD或VCD、TV、PC都具备S端子输出功能，投影机可通过专用的S端子线与这些设备的相应端子连接进行视频输入。 显卡上配置的9针增强S端子，可转接色差
S端子转接线 欧洲插转色差、S端子和AV
与电脑S端子连接需使用专用线，如VIVO线 2.VGA接口 DVI接口正在取代VGA，图为DVI转VGA的转接头 VGA是Video Graphics Adapter的缩写，信号类型为模拟类型，视频输出端的接口为15针母插座，视频输入连线端的接口为15针公插头。VGA端子含红（R）、黄（G）、篮（B）三基色信号和行（HS）、场（VS）扫描信号。VGA 端子也叫D-Sub接口。VGA接口外形象“D”，其具备防呆性以防插反，上面共有15个针孔，分成三排，每排五个。VGA接口是显卡上输出信号的主流接口，其可与CRT显示器或具备VGA接口的电视机相连，VGA接口本身可以传输VGA、SVGA、XGA等现在所有格式任何分辨率的模拟RGB+HV信号，其输出的信号已可和任何高清接口相貔美。
视频输入输出常用接口介绍 随着视频清晰度的不断提升，这也促使我们对高清视频产生了浓厚的兴趣，而如果要达某些清晰度的视频就需要配备相应的接口才能完全发挥其画质。所以说视频接口的发展是实现高清的前提，从早期最常见且最古老的有线TV输入到如今最尖端的HDMI数字高清接口，前前后后真是诞生了不少接口。但老期的接口信号还在继续使用，能过信号转换器就能达到更清晰的效果，比如： AV,S-VIDEO转VGA AV,S-VIDEO转HDMI，图像提升几倍，效果更好。 从现在电视机背后的接口也能看出这点，背后密密麻麻且繁琐的接口让人第一眼看过去有点晕的感觉。今天小编就将这些接口的名称与作用做一个全面解析，希望能对选购电视时为接口而烦恼的朋友起到帮助。 TV接口
TV输入接口 TV接口又称RF射频输入，毫无疑问，这是在电视机上最早出现的接口。TV接口的成像原理是将视频信号(CVBS)和音频信号(Audio)相混合编码后输出，然后在显示设备内部进行一系列分离/ 解码的过程输出成像。由于需要较多步骤进行视频、音视频混合编码，所以会导致信号互相干扰，所以它的画质输出质量是所有接口中最差的。 AV接口 AV接口又称（RCARCA）可以算是TV的改进型接口，外观方面有了很大不同。分为了3条线，分别为：音频接口（红色与白色线，组成左右声道）和视频接口（黄色）。
AV输入接口与AV线 由于AV输出仍然是将亮度与色度混合的视频信号，所以依旧需要显示设备进行亮度和色彩分离，并且解码才能成像。这样的做法必然对画质会造成损失，所以AV接口的画质依然不能让人满意。在连接方面非常的简单，只需将3种颜色的AV线与电视端的3种颜色的接口对应连接即可。 总体来说，AV接口实现了音频和视频的分离传输，在成像方面可以避免音频与视频互相干扰而导致的画质下降。AV接口在电视与DVD连接中使用的比较广，是每台电视必备的接口之一。 S端子 S端子可以说是AV端子的改革，在信号传输方面不再将色度与亮度混合输出，而是分离进行信号传输，所以我们又称它为“二分量视频接口”。
视频接口大全(HDMI、DVI、VGA、RGB、分量、S端子、USB接口) 2010-11-09 0:06 转载自xukongjingjue 最终编辑xukongjingjue 1.S端子 标准S端子 标准S端子连接线
音频复合视频S端子色差常规连接示意图 S端子（S-Video）是应用最普遍的视频接口之一，是一种视频信号专用输出接口。常见的S端子是一个5芯接口，其中两路传输视频亮度信号，两路传输色度信号，一路为公共屏蔽地线，由于省去了图像信号Y与色度信号C的综合、编码、合成以及电视机机内的输入切换、矩阵解码等步骤，可有效防止亮度、色度信号复合输出的相互串扰，提高图像的清晰度。 一般DVD或VCD、TV、PC都具备S端子输出功能，投影机可通过专用的S端子线与这些设备的相应端子连接进行视频输入。 显卡上配置的9针增强S端子，可转接色差
S端子转接线 欧洲插转色差、S端子和AV 与电脑S端子连接需使用专用线，如VIVO线
2.VGA接口 DVI接口正在取代VGA，图为DVI转VGA的转接头 VGA是Video Graphics Adapter的缩写，信号类型为模拟类型，视频输出端的接口为15针母插座，视频输入连线端的接口为15针公插头。VGA端子含红（R）、黄（G）、篮（B）三基色信号和行（HS）、场（VS）扫描信号。VGA端子也叫D-Sub接口。VGA接口外形象“D”，其具备防呆性以防插反，上面共有15个针孔，分成三排，每排五个。VGA接口是显卡上输出信号的主流接口，其可与CRT 显示器或具备VGA接口的电视机相连，VGA接口本身可以传输VGA、SVGA、XGA等现在所有格式任何分辨率的模拟RGB+HV信号，其输出的信号已可和任何高清接口相貔美。 VGA转DVI线，可用在没有VGA接口的设备上 目前VGA接口不仅被广泛应用在了电脑上，投影机、影碟机、TV等视频设备也有很多都标配此接口。很多投影机上还有BGA输出接口，用于视频的转接输出。 3.分量视频接口
视频接口 我们经常在家里的电视机、各种播放器上，视频会议产品和监控产品的编解码器的视频输入输出接口上看到很多视频接口，这些视频接口哪些是模拟接口、哪些是数字接口，哪些接口可以传输高清图像等，下面就做一个详细的介绍。 目前最基本的视频接口是复合视频接口、S-vidio接口；另外常见的还有色差接口、VGA接口、接口、HDMI接口、SDI接口。 1、复合视频接口 接口图： 说明： 复合视频接口也叫AV接口或者Video接口，是目前最普遍的一种视频接口，几乎所有的电视机、影碟机类产品都有这个接口。 它是音频、视频分离的视频接口，一般由三个独立的RCA插头（又叫梅花接口、RCA接口）组成的，其中的V接口连接混合视频信号，为黄色插口；L 接口连接左声道声音信号，为白色插口；R接口连接右声道声音信号，为红色插口。 评价： 它是一种混合视频信号，没有经过RF射频信号调制、放大、检波、解调等过程，信号保真度相对较好。图像品质影响受使用的线材影响大，分辨率一般可达350-450线，不过由于它是模拟接口，用于数字显示设备时，需要一个模拟信号转数字信号的过程，会损失不少信噪比，所以一般数字显示设备不建议使用。
2、S-Video接口 接口图： 说明： S接口也是非常常见的接口，其全称是Separate Video，也称为SUPER VIDEO。S-Video连接规格是由日本人开发的一种规格，S指的是“SEPARATE （分离）”，它将亮度和色度分离输出，避免了混合视讯讯号输出时亮度和色度的相互干扰。S接口实际上是一种五芯接口，由两路视亮度信号、两路视频色度信号和一路公共屏蔽地线共五条芯线组成。 评价： 同AV 接口相比，由于它不再进行Y/C混合传输，因此也就无需再进行亮色分离和解码工作，而且使用各自独立的传输通道在很大程度上避免了视频设备内信号串扰而产生的图像失真，极大地提高了图像的清晰度。但S-Video 仍要将两路色差信号(Cr Cb)混合为一路色度信号C，进行传输然后再在显示设备内解码为Cb和Cr进行处理，这样多少仍会带来一定信号损失而产生失真(这种失真很小但在严格的广播级视频设备下进行测试时仍能发现) 。而且由于Cr Cb的混合导致色度信号的带宽也有一定的限制，所以S-Video虽然已经比较优秀，但离完美还相去甚远。S-Video虽不是最好的，但考虑到目前的市场状况和综合成本等其它因素，它还是应用最普遍的视频接口之一。
视频接口种类 S端子，AV，BNC，色差，VGA(D-SUB)，DVI，HDMI接口知识 S端子，AV，BNC，色差，VGA(D-SUB)，DVI，HDMI接口知识 S-Video具体英文全称叫Separate Video，为了达到更好的视频效果，人们开始探求一种更快捷优秀、清晰度更高的视频传输方式，这就是当前如日中天的S-Video(也称二分量视频接口)，Separate Video 的意义就是将Video 信号分开传送，也就是在AV接口的基础上将色度信号C和亮度信号Y进行分离，再分别以不同的通道进行传输，它出现并发展于上世纪90年代后期通常采用标准的4 芯(不含音效) 或者扩展的7 芯( 含音效)。带S-Video 接口的视频设备( 譬如模拟视频采集/ 编辑卡电视机和准专业级监视器电视卡/电视盒及视频投影设备等) 当前已经比较普遍，同AV 接口相比由于它不再进行Y/C混合传输，因此也就无需再进行亮色分离和解码工作，而且由于使用各自独立的传输通道在很大程度上避免了视频设备信号串扰而产生的图像失真，极大提高了图像的清晰度，但 S-Video 仍要将两路色差信号(Cr Cb)混合为一路色度信号C，进行传输然后再在显示设备解码为Cb 和Cr 进行处理，这样多少仍会带来一定信号损失而产生失真(这种失真很小但在严格的广播级视频设备下进行测试时仍能发现) ，而且由于Cr Cb 的混合导致色度信号的带宽也有一定的限制，所以S -Video 虽然已经比较优秀但离完美还相去甚远，S-Video虽不是最好的，但考虑到目前的市场状况和综合成本等其它因素，它还是应用最普遍的视频接口之一。 （S端子又可以分为三种 1．普通S端子 最下面的5针型D端子是标准的S端子类型，也是通用的一种规格。除了显卡外电视机以及DVD等视频源上都是这种接口。 2．增强型S端子 中间的那个明显比下面5针的接口多了2个针孔，原先许多ATi原厂的Radeon都是采用的这种接口(上图中间的显卡就是一原厂的7500)，这种7针接口并飞标准接口，这样就决定了不同厂家的7针接口有可能在多出的2针的定义上有所不同。不过除了多出的2针外，7针接口兼容5针标准接头，我们也能使用5针连线。 虽然多出的2针功能和定义各不相同，但是大家一般都是把这两针作为标准AV视频信号输出，这样就使得这个7针接口即能分离出一路5针标准S端子信号，又能分离出一路标准的AV视频信号来，于是有的配备7针S 端子的显卡还配备一个一转二的转接输出装置，可以分成S端子和AV输出两种模式，从这个角度来说7针接口要优越于5针标准借口。不过，绝大多数情况下S端子明显比AV视频输出效果优秀，且大部分电视机都具备这样的接口，所以从这个角度来说配备S同时又配备AV就显得有些添足之嫌了。 3．VIVO端子 最上面那两个多于7针的接口，我们只有在一些VIVO或者在ATi All-In-Wonder产品上面才能看到，平时很少看到。这种接口除了具备5针标准S端子信号以及TV视频信号以外，通常还包含两路音频信号。不过这种接口通常都不会兼容标准5针S端子，我们需要使用转接盒等设备扩展出S端子才能使用。除了可以为显卡增加电视输出功能外，还可以支持视频采集功能。需要注意的是：并不是所有采用这种接口的显卡都带视频输入功能，也
常见的音视频接口介绍VGA输入接口：VGA 接口采用非对称分布的15pin 连接方式，其工作原理：是将显存内以数字格式存储的图像( 帧) 信号在RAMDAC 里经过模拟调制成模拟高频信号，然后再输出到等离子成像，这样VGA信号在输入端(LED显示屏内) ，就不必像其它视频信号那样还要经过矩阵解码电路的换算。从前面的视频成像原理可知VGA的视频传输过程是最短的，所以VGA 接口拥有许多的优点，如无串扰无电路合成分离损耗等。 DVI输入接口：DVI接口主要用于与具有数字显示输出功能的计算机显卡相连接，显示计算机的RGB信号。DVI（Digital Visual Interface）数字显示接口，是由1998年9月，在Intel开发者论坛上成立的数字显示工作小组（Digital Display Working Group简称DDWG），所制定的数字显示接口标准。 DVI数字端子比标准VGA端子信号要好，数字接口保证了全部内容采用数字格式传输，保证了主机到监视器的传输过程中数据的完整性（无干扰信号引入），可以得到更清晰的图像。 标准视频输入（RCA）接口：也称AV 接口，通常都是成对的白色的音频接口和黄色的视频接口，它通常采用RCA(俗称莲花头)进行连接，使用时只需要将带莲花头的标准AV 线缆与相应接口连接起来即可。AV接口实现了音频和视频的分离传输，这就避免了因为音/视频
混合干扰而导致的图像质量下降，但由于AV 接口传输的仍然是一种亮度/色度(Y/C)混合的视频信号，仍然需要显示设备对其进行亮/ 色分离和色度解码才能成像，这种先混合再分离的过程必然会造成色彩信号的损失，色度信号和亮度信号也会有很大的机会相互干扰从而影响最终输出的图像质量。AV还具有一定生命力，但由于它本身Y/C 混合这一不可克服的缺点因此无法在一些追求视觉极限的场合中使用。 S视频输入：S-Video具体英文全称叫Separate Video，为了达到更好的视频效果，人们开始探求一种更快捷优秀清晰度更高的视频传输方式，这就是当前如日中天的S-Video(也称二分量视频接口)，Separate Video 的意义就是将Video 信号分开传送，也就是在AV 接口的基础上将色度信号C 和亮度信号Y进行分离，再分别以不同的通道进行传输，它出现并发展于上世纪90年代后期通常采用标准的4芯(不含音效) 或者扩展的7芯( 含音效)。带S-Video接口的显卡和视频设备( 譬如模拟视频采集/ 编辑卡电视机和准专业级监视器电视卡/电视盒及视频投影设备等) 当前已经比较普遍，同AV 接口相比由于它不再进行Y/C混合传输因此也就无需再进行亮色分离和解码工作，而且使用各自独立的传输通道在很大程度上避免了视频设备内信号串扰而产生的图像失真，极大地提高了图像的清晰度，但S-Video 仍要将两路色差信号(Cr Cb)混合为一路色度信号C，进行传输然后再在显示设备内解码为Cb 和Cr 进行处理，这样多少仍会
1.S端子 标准S端子
标准S端子连接线 音频复合视频S端子色差常规连接示意图 S端子（S-Video）是应用最普遍的视频接口之一，是一种视频信号专用输出接口。常见的S端子是一个5芯接口，其中两路传输视频亮度信号，两路传输色度信号，一路为公共屏蔽地线，由于省去了图像信号Y与色度信号C的综合、编码、合成以及电视机机内的输入切换、矩阵解码等步骤，可有效防止亮度、色度信号复合输出的相互串扰，提高图像的清晰度。 一般DVD或VCD、TV、PC都具备S端子输出功能，投影机可通过专用的S端子线与这些设备的相应端子连接进行视频输入。 显卡上配置的9针增强S端子，可转接色差
S端子转接线 欧洲插转色差、S端子和AV
与电脑S端子连接需使用专用线，如VIVO线 2.VGA接口 DVI接口正在取代VGA，图为DVI转VGA的转接头 VGA是Video Graphics Adapter的缩写，信号类型为模拟类型，视频输出端的接口为15针母插座，视频输入连线端的接口为15针公插头。VGA端子含红（R）、黄（G）、篮（B）三基色信号和行（HS）、场（VS）扫描信号。VGA 端子也叫D-Sub接口。VGA接口外形象“D”，其具备防呆性以防插反，上面共有15个针孔，分成三排，每排五个。VGA接口是显卡上输出信号的主流接口，其可与CRT显示器或具备VGA接口的电视机相连，VGA接口本身可以传输VGA、SVGA、XGA等现在所有格式任何分辨率的模拟RGB+HV信号，其输出的信号已可和任何高清接口相貔美。
VGA转DVI线，可用在没有VGA接口的设备上 目前VGA接口不仅被广泛应用在了电脑上，投影机、影碟机、TV等视频设备也有很多都标配此接口。很多投影机上还有BGA输出接口，用于视频的转接输出。 3.分量视频接口 3RCA连接线
常见视频接口介绍 高清视频带来的不仅仅是视觉上的冲击，音频方面质量也有很大提高，能给大家带来更逼真的现场效果。那么，目前主流的视频接口有哪些呢？ 1、射频 天线和模拟闭路连接电视机就是采用射频（RF） 接口。作为最常见的视频连接方式，它可同时传 输模拟视频以及音频信号。RF接口传输的是视频 和音频混合编码后的信号，显示设备的电路将混 合编码信号进行一系列分离、解码在输出成像。 由于需要进行视频、音频混合编码，信号会互相 干扰，所以它的画质输出质量是所有接口中最差 的。有线电视和卫星电视接收设备也常用RF连 接，但这种情况下，它们传输的是数字信号。 2、复合视频 不像射频接口那样包含了音频信号，复合视频（Composite）通常采用黄色的RCA（莲花插座）接头。“复合”含义是同一信道中传输亮度和色度信号的模拟信号，但电视机如果不能很好的分离这两种信号，就会出现虚影。 3、 S端子 S端子（S-Video）连接采用Y/C（亮度/色度）分离式输出，使用四芯线传送信号，接口为四针接口。接口中，两针接地，另外两针分别传输亮度和色度信号。因为分别传送亮度和色度信号，S端子效果要好于复合视频。不过S端子的抗干扰能力较弱，所以S端子线的长度最好不要超过7米。
色差（Component）通常标记为Y/Pb/Pr，用红、绿、蓝三种颜色来标注每条线缆和接口。绿色线缆（Y），传输亮度信号。蓝色和红色线缆（Pb 和Pr）传输的是颜色差别信号。色差的效果要好于S 端子，因此不少DVD以及高清播放设备上都采用该接口。如果使用优质的线材和接口，即使采用10米长的线缆，色差线也能传输优秀的画面。 5、VGA VGA（Video Graphics Array）还有一个名称叫 D-Sub。VGA接口共有15针，分成3排，每排5 个孔，是显卡上应用最为广泛的接口类型，绝大 多数显卡都带有此种接口。它传输红、绿、蓝模 拟信号以及同步信号（水平和垂直信号）。使用 VGA连接设备，使用本公司生产的VGA线（128铜 编3+6VGA线），线缆长度可达200米，不失真不 重影。 6、DVI DVI（Digital Visual Interface）接口与VGA都是电脑中最常用的接口，与VGA不同的是，DVI可以传输数字信号，不用再进过数模转换，所以画面质量非常高。目前，很多高清电视上也提供了DVI 接口。需要注意的是，DVI接口有多种规范，常见的是DVI-D（Digital）和DVI- I（Intergrated）。DVI-D只能传输数字信号，大家可以用它来连接显卡和平板电视。DVI-I则在DVI-D可以和VGA相互转换。
九大视频接口全接触 1 射频 天线和模拟闭路连接电视机就是采用射频（RF）接口。作为最常见的视频连接方式，它可同时传输模拟视频以及音频信号。RF接口传输的是视频和音频混合编码后的信号，显示设备的电路将混合编码信号进行一系列分离、解码在输出成像。由于需要进行视频、音频混合编码，信号会互相干扰，所以它的画质输出质量是所有接口中最差的。有线电视和卫星电视接收设备也常用RF连接，但这种情况下，它们传输的是数字信号。 2 复合视 不像射频接口那样包含了音频信号，复合视频（Composite）通常采用黄色的RCA（莲花插座）接头。“复合”含义是同一信道中传输亮度和色度信号的模拟信号，但电视机如果不能很好的分离这两种信号，就会出现虚影。 3 S端子 S端子（S-Video）连接采用Y/C（亮度/色度）分离式输出，使用四芯线传送信号，接口为四针接口。接口中，两针接地，另外两针分别传输亮度和色度信号。因为分别传送亮度和色度信号，S端子效果要好于复合视频。不过S端子的抗干扰能力较弱，所以S端子线的长度最好不要超过7米。 4 色差
色差（Component）通常标记为Y/Pb/Pr，用红、绿、蓝三种颜色来标注每条线缆和接口。绿色线缆（Y），传输亮度信号。蓝色和红色线缆（Pb和Pr）传输的是颜色差别信号。色差的效果要好于S端子，因此不少DVD以及高清播放设备上都采用该接口。如果使用优质的线材和接口，即使采用10米长的线缆，色差线也能传输优秀的画面。 5 VGA VGA（Video Graphics Array）还有一个名称叫D-Sub。VGA接口共有15针，分成3排，每排5个孔，是显卡上应用最为广泛的接口类型，绝大多数显卡都带有此种接口。它传输红、绿、蓝模拟信号以及同步信号（水平和垂直信号）。使用VGA连接设备，线缆长度最好不要超过10米，而且要注意接头是否安装牢固，否则可能引起图像中出现虚影。 6 DVI DVI（Digital Visual Interface）接口与VGA都是电脑中最常用的接口，与VGA不同的是，DVI可以传输数字信号，不用再进过数模转换，所以画面质量非常高。目前，很多高清电视上也提供了DVI接口。需要注意的是，DVI接口有多种规范，常见的是DVI-D（Digital）和DVI-I（Intergrated）。DVI-D只能传输数字信号，大家可以用它来连接显卡和平板电视。DVI-I则在DVI-D可以和VGA相互转换。 7 HDMI HDMI（High Definition Multimedia Interface）接口是最近才出现的接口，它同DVI一样是传输全数字信号的。不同的是HDMI接口不仅能传输高清数字视频信号，还可以同时传输高质量的音频信号。同时功能跟射频接口相同，不过由于采用了全数字化的信号传输，不会像射频接口那样出现画质不佳的情况。对于没有HDMI接口的用户，可以用适配器将HDMI接口转换位DVI接口，但是这样就失去了音频信号。
各种视频插头插座接口介绍(引脚定义) SCART plug & connector: CENELEC (ComitéEuropéen de Normalisation Electrotec hnique) EN 50 049-1 / IEC 933-1 Pin No. Signal Inter Conne-ction Pin No. 1 Audio right channel output (0.5 Vrms, < 1K ohms) 2 2 Audio right channel input (0.5 Vrms, > 10K ohms) 1 3 Audio left channel output (0.5 Vrms, < 1K ohms) 6 4 Audio ground 4 5 Blue signal ground 5 6 Audio left channel input (0.5 Vrms, > 10K ohms) 3 7 Blue signal I/O (0.7 Vp-p, 75 ohms) 7 8 Function switching I/O (L: < 2V, H: > 10V, 10K ohms) 8 9 Green signal ground 9 10 Intercommunication data line No. 1 10 11 Green signal I/O (0.7 Vp-p, 75 ohms) 11 12 Intercommunication data line No. 2 12 13 Red signal ground 13 14 Blanking signal ground 14 15 Red signal I/O (0.7 Vp-p, 75 ohms) 15 16 Blanking signal I/O (L: < 0.4V, H: >1.0V, 75 ohms) 16 17 Composite video signal ground 18 18 Blanking signal ground 17 19 Composite video signal output (1 Vp-p, 75 ohms, sync: negative) 20 20 Composite video signal input (1 Vp-p, 75 ohms, sync: negative) 19 21 Plug shield (common ground) 21
常见输入输出接口介绍 现在的高清电视机和高清电视节目已近是人们高清娱乐的主要内容之一了，随着视频清晰度的不断上升，先后诞生了不少视频接口，可以说视频接口是实现高清的基础，不管是早期的还是最新的接口，现在很多视频接口还在继续使用，通过各种信号转换器/视频采集卡，AV,S-VIDEO转VGA AV,S-VIDEO转HDMI，色差转VGA，色差转HDMI等等，图像提升几倍，效果更好。想看到清晰度高质量好的视频，视频信号的采集、传输、处理等视频技术固然很重要，但是数码产品的视频输入输出接口一样值得去考虑。 通常我们也称之为RCA接口或者复合AV接口，一般复合AV线的输出或输入都采用与音响相同的梅花形RCA端子，用红色和白色分别表示左右声道，视频信号用黄色端子。复合信号传输方便、设备结构简单、成本低。 AV接口(RCARCA)可以算是TV的改进型接口，外观方面有了很大不同。分为了3条线，分别为：音频接口(红色与白色线，组成左右声道)和视频接口(黄色)。由三个独立的RCA插头(又叫梅花接口、RCA接口)组成的，其中的V接口连接混合视频信号，为黄色插口;L接口连接左声道声音信号，为白色插口;R接口连接右声道声音信号，为红色插口。 参考图示：AV接口/复合视频(CVBS)接口/RCA接口 复合视频(Composite)通常采用黄色的RCA(莲花插座)接头。“复合”含义是同一信道中传输亮度和色度信号的模拟信号，但如果不能很好的分离这两种信号，就会出现虚影。音频接口和视频接口成对使用，通常都是白色的音频接口和黄色的视频接口，采用RCA(莲花头)进行连接，使用时只需要将带莲花头的标准AV 线缆与相应接口连接起来即可。 AV接口实现了音频和视频的分离传输，这就避免了因为音/视频混合干扰而导致的图像质量下降，但由于AV 接口传输的仍然是一种亮度/色度(Y/C)混合的视频信号，需要对其进行亮/ 色分离和色度解码才能成像，在先混合，再分离处理过程中必然会造成信号的丢失或失真，色度信号和亮度信号也会有很大的机会相互干扰。由于亮度/色度(Y/C)混合的视频信号处理方式所固有的技术缺陷，AV 视频接口的应用就有了极大的限制。
九大视频接口全接触 1 射频(RF接口) 天线和模拟闭路连接电视机就是采用射频（RF）接口。作为最常见的视频连接方式，它可同时传输模拟视频以及音频信号。RF接口传输的是视频和音频混合编码 后的信号，显示设备的电路将混合编码信号进行一系列分离、解码在输出成像。 由于需要进行视频、音频混合编码，信号会互相干扰，所以它的画质输出质量是 所有接口中最差的。有线电视和卫星电视接收设备也常用RF连接，但这种情况下，它们传输的是数字信号。 2 复合视频（AV接口） 不像射频接口那样包含了音频信号， 复合视频（Composite）通常采用 黄色的RCA（莲花插座）接头。“复 合”含义是同一信道中传输亮度和 色度信号的模拟信号，但电视机如 果不能很好的分离这两种信号，就 会出现虚影。 3 S端子（S-VIDEO） S端子（S-Video）连接采用Y/C（亮度 /色度）分离式输出，使用四芯线传送信 号，接口为四针接口。接口中，两针接 地，另外两针分别传输亮度和色度信号。 因为分别传送亮度和色度信号，S端子 效果要好于复合视频。不过S端子的抗 干扰能力较弱，所以S端子线的长度最 好不要超过7米。 4 色差 色差（Component）通常标记为 Y/Pb/Pr，用红、绿、蓝三种颜色来标 注每条线缆和接口。绿色线缆（Y），传 输亮度信号。蓝色和红色线缆（Pb和 Pr）传输的是颜色差别信号。色差的效 果要好于S端子，因此不少DVD以及 高清播放设备上都采用该接口。如果使 用优质的线材和接口，即使采用10米 长的线缆，色差线也能传输优秀的画面。 5 VGA VGA（Video Graphics Array）还有一个名称叫D-Sub。VGA接口共有15针，分成3排，每排5个孔，是显卡上应用最为广泛的接口类型，绝大多数显卡都带有此种接口。它传输红、绿、蓝模拟信号以及同步信号（水平和垂直信号）。使用VGA 连接设备，线缆长度最好不要超过10米，而且要注意接头是否安装牢固，否则可能引起图像中出现虚影。
常见视频信号的类型有：复合视频(Composite-Video)、 超级视频(Super-Video)、模拟分量视频(RGBHV Video)、VGA视频(Video Graphics Array)、工作站视频(IBM PowerPC/Sun Color)、数字串行视频(Signal-Digital Interface)等视频格式。 常见音频信号的类型有：非平衡模拟音频(UnBalance Audio)、平衡式模拟音频(Analog Balance Audio)、非平衡数字音频(Digital Unbalance Audio)、平衡式数字音频(Digital Balance Audio)等格式。 常用接头有：BNC接头、莲花(RCA)接头、15针HD型接头、直型(TRS)接头、卡龙(XLR)接头。 下面我们简要介绍一下每种常见音视频信号的传输介质、接头和接线标准 1. 复合视频(Composite-Video) ?传输介质：单根带屏蔽的同轴电缆- 传输阻抗：75Ω ?常用接头：BNC接头、莲花(RCA)接头 ?接线标准：插针=同轴信号线，外壳公共地＝屏蔽网线(下图所示) 2. 超级视频(Super-Video) ?传输介质：两根带屏蔽的同轴电缆- 传输阻抗：75Ω ?常用接头：2×BNC接头、1×4针微型接头 ?接线标准：3脚插针=亮度(Y)信号线，4脚插针=色度(C)信号线1脚、2脚公共地＝屏蔽网线(下 图所示) 3. 模拟分量视频(RGBHV Video)
?传输介质：3-5根带屏蔽的同轴电缆 ?传输阻抗：75Ω- 常用接头：3-5×BNC接头 ?接线标准：红色=红基色(R)信号线，绿色=绿基色(G)信号线，蓝色=蓝基色(B)信号线，黑色=行同步(H)信号线，黄色=场同步(V)信号线，公共地＝屏蔽网线(下图所示) 4. VGA视频(Video Graphics Array) ?传输介质：11根带屏蔽的同轴电缆 ?传输阻抗：75Ω ?常用接头：15针HD型接头- 接线标准：1脚=红基色，2脚=绿基色，3脚=蓝基色，6脚=红色地，7脚=绿色地，8脚=蓝色地，13脚=行同步，14脚=场同步，5脚=自测试，10脚=数字地，4、11、 12、15脚=地址码(下图所示) 5. 工作站视频(IBM PowerPC/Sun Color) ?传输介质：11根带屏蔽的同轴电缆- 传输阻抗：75Ω ?常用接头：13W3接头
各种视频输出端口(HDMI、DVI、VGA、RGB、分量、S端子)图片说明1.S端子 标准S端子
标准S端子连接线 音频复合视频S端子色差常规连接示意图 S端子（S-Video）是应用最普遍的视频接口之一，是一种视频信号专用输出接口。常见的S端子是一个5芯接口，其中两路传输视频亮度信号，两路传输色度信号，一路为公共屏蔽地线，由于省去了图像信号Y与色度信号C的综合、编码、合成以及电视机机内的输入切换、矩阵解码等步骤，可有效防止亮度、色度信号复合输出的相互串扰，提高图像的清晰度。 一般DVD或VCD、TV、PC都具备S端子输出功能，投影机可通过专用的S端子线与这些设备的相应端子连接进行视频输入。
显卡上配置的9针增强S端子，可转接色差 S端子转接线 欧洲插转色差、S端子和AV
与电脑S端子连接需使用专用线，如VIVO线 2.VGA接口 DVI接口正在取代VGA，图为DVI转VGA的转接头 VGA是Video Graphics Adapter的缩写，信号类型为模拟类型，视频输出端的接口为15针母插座，视频输入连线端的接口为15针公插头。VGA端子含红（R）、黄（G）、篮（B）三基色信号和行（HS）、场（VS）扫描信号。VGA端子也叫D-Sub接口。VGA接口外形象“D”，其具备防呆性以防插反，上面共有15个针孔，分成三排，每排五个。VGA接口是显卡上输出信号的主流接口，其可与CRT显示器或具备VGA接口的电视机相连，VGA接口本身可以传输VGA、SVGA、XGA等现在所有格式任何分辨率的模拟RGB+HV信号，其输出的信号已可和任何高清接口相貔美。