The House of Stuart
In 1603,James I of England（also James VI of King of Scots）succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, began the House of Stuart
Queen Elizabeth I of England died in 1603
without leaving any direct heirs. Her closest
male Protestant relative was the king of Scotland,
James VI of the House of Stuart, so he succeeded
his cousin Elizabeth I and ascended the thrones of
the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of
Ireland, providing the head of all three states
between 1603 and 1707 under a personal union.
James described kings as “little Gods on Earth”,
chosen by God to rule in accordance with the
doctrine of the “Divine Right of Kings”.
Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan flourishing continued.
The Bourgeois Revolution
资产阶级的英语“bourgeoisie”来自法语，源于意大利语的“borghesia”，而后者又是源于从希腊语“pyrgos”演化而来的“borgo”，意思是村庄。因此“borghese”就是指在村
庄中心拥有房子的自由人。
I. The Economic and Political
Background
Capitalism grew rapidly.
Capitalist mode of production appeared in national industry and capitalist enterprise by Enclosure Movement, foreign trade and colonial plunder.
The conflict between the bourgeoisie& the
feudalists became most acute.
Peasants uprising 1607.
Peasant movement reached new height in 1630s.
II. The Absolutist Rule of the Stuarts
James I insisted on the
Divine Right to Kings
君权神授论,
believing that kings were
only responsible to God
and not to any Parliament.
In his view, the king’s will
was the only law.
Charles I was dissatisfied and
dissolved Parliament in1629. For the
11 years, he ruled the country without
parliamentHe persecuted the Puritans. He asked people for “loans” and those
who refused were put into prison.
As his father had, Charles demanded outright loyalty in return for “just rule”, which led to a serious break between Charles and his English Parliament, and eventually to war known as the English Civil War , or English Revolution.
III. The Civil Wars(1642-1649)
1. Background of the
war
The absolutist rule of
Charles I aroused the
resistance of the people
and the bourgeoisie,
Charles took counteraction,
the war broke out.
2. Groups of the war
A. Roundheads 圆颅党
--supporters of Parliament
free farmers; tradesmen;
craftsmen
B. Cavaliers/Royalists保皇党
--King’s supporters Catholics; feudal lord
Cromwell's soldiers breaking into the house of a Cavalier
3.The Commonwealth
The Civil War included a series of armed conflicts
and political machinations which took place
between Parliamentarians and Royalists from
1642 until 1651.
?In the first year, parliament army suffered several defeats because of poor organization and the leaders.
?But Cromwell’s “New Model Army” changed the situation, and they were called “Ironsides( 铁甲军)”.
?By March 1646 the Civil War was over.
Cromwell
one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War.
The Civil War led to the trial and beheading of Charles I in 1649, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England in 1649.a
After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord
Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.
Cromwell became a dictator.
Suppressed the “Digger”
Subdued Ireland.
Defeated Scottish Presbyterian. Set the Protectorate.
1. Sufferings of the Commonwealth
A. In April, 1649,The Diggers掘地派运动
The peasants’ collective digging and
ploughing the soil appeared on St.
George’s Hill, Surrey, soon it spread
to Nottingham, Kent and other
counties. These peasants are called ~.
Winstanley was the leader. Because of their lack of unity, they were
suppressed.
B. In Ireland, Cromwell confiscated（没收）the land of
the rebels, and part of the land was distributed
among the officers and soldiers of the New Model Army.
C. In Scotland, Cromwell followed the King, and the
king ran to France.
D. Economic recovery was the most difficult task for
the Commonwealth.
2. military dictatorship
?In 1653, Cromwell was made Lord Protector for life
and started his military dictatorship openly. The
Commonwealth became the Protectorate and
Parliament was dissolved. He became a “king” in all but name.
?The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son
Richard, as Lord Protector; this arrangement led to the state being labelled a “crowned republic”.
V. The Restoration and the
Coup D’ Etat
1. The Restoration
A. Tired of military dictatorship and afraid of further
development of the revolution , the bourgeoisie wanted the restoration of the monarchy. In May 1660 the son of Charles
I was proclaimed King Charles II of England.
B. Anglicanism 英国国教was restored.
C. The Cavalier took revenge on the Roundheads.
Thus feudal forces were restored.
2. Tories & Whigs
The Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become England’s first political parties, the former the Tories and the latter the Whigs .
3. Facing the blame, Charles made friends with the Tory and married Mary (Protestant) to William . After his death, his brother James II became king.
Chapter V
4. The Glorious Revolution
After three years’ struggle, the Whig and Tory
leaders at last united against James II.
Being afraid of another revolution, the leaders of
the two parties planned a coup D’Etat 政变.
In June 1688, the leaders of Parliament invited
William of Holland to come and take the throne.
William landed with army and he was so
welcomed that James II ran away to France.
William and Mary were then crowned as joint
rulers. This was known in history as
the Glorious Revolution光荣革命
William and Mary