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语言学复习资料

语言学复习资料
语言学复习资料

Linguistics:

I. Multiple Choice:

1. The study of language as a whole is often called _____ linguistics.

A. particular

B. general

C. ordinary

D. generative

2. ______can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.

A. Phones

B. Sounds

C. Phonemes

D. Speech sounds

3. The two clauses in a _____ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.

A. simple

B. complete

C. complex

D. coordinate

4. The goal of _____ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.

A. psycholinguistics

B. sociolinguistics

C. historical linguistics

D. general linguistics

5. A _____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.

A. back

B. central

C. front

D. middle

6. The open, back and long vowel is ____.

A. [ ɑ:]

B. [?:]

C. [?: ]

D. [u:]

7. Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent ____.

A. regular but not systematic

B. irregular and systematic

C. regular and systematic

D. irregular but systematic

8. A scientific study of language is based on the ____ investigation of language data.

A. symbolic

B. systemic

C. systematic

D. system

9. ____ are sometimes called “semivowels”.

A. vowels

B. fricative

C. glides

D. nasals

10. _____ is a typical tone language.

A. English

B. Chinese

C. French

D. American English

11. A sentence is considered _____ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.

A. right

B. wrong

C. grammatical

D. ungrammatical

12. The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is ____ and no new members are allowed for.

A. large

B. small

C. limitless

D. fixed

13. Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language ____ explicit instruction.

A. with

B. without

C. within

D. through

14. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

A. parole

B. performance

C. langue

D. language

15. Acoustic phonetics try to describe the _____ properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues.

A. oral

B. mental

C. physical

D. recorded

16. _____ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.

A. Phonology

B. phonetics

C. Morphology

D. Phonemics

17. _____ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.

A. Broad

B. Detailed

C. Wide

D. Narrow

18. The word “motel” is formed via word formation rule of _____.

A. clipping

B. blending

C. acronym

D. coinage

19. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be ______.

A. productive

B. arbitrary

C. prescriptive

D. creative

20. _____, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.

A. Orthographically

B. Phonetically

C. Semantically

D. Syntactically

21. ____ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Lexicology

D. Coordination

22. _____ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.

A. Abbreviation

B. Acronym

C. Clipping

D. Blending

23. Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are ______.

A. stems

B. affixes

C. suffixes

D. prefixes

24. ____ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.

A. Derivation

B. Compounding

C. Blending

D. Back formation

25. Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill” and /k/ in the word “coal” is not a distinctive one, the two /k/-s are only ____.

A. phonemes

B. phones

C. segments

D. allophones

26. When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, the are in _____.

A. minimal pair

B. minimal set

C. phonemic contrast

D. complementary distribution

27. ____ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.

A. Roots

B. Prefixes

C. Suffixes

D. Free morphemes

28. As /k/ in the word “came” and /g/ in the word “game” are said to form a distinctive opposition in English, they are _____.

A. sounds

B. phonemes

C. allophones

D. varieties

29. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _____ sounds.

A. consonantal

B. voiced

C. vowel

D. voiceless

30. _____ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to create new words in English.

A. Inflectional affixes

B. Free morphemes

C. Derivational affixes

D. Stems

31. _____ is a process of semantic change in which a word looses its former meaning and acquires

a new, sometimes related meaning.

A. Semantic narrowing

B. Semantic broadening

C. Semantic borrowing

D. Semantic shift

32. _____ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.

A. Phonology

B. Morphology

C. Lexicology

D. Phonetics

33. Stress in English is used to ____ semantically important words.

A. signal

B. stand out

C. identify

D. single

34. _____ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.

A. Sound assimilation

B. Internal borrowing

C. Elaboration

D. Rule simplification

35. A compound word consists of ______.

A. two or more than two words

B. two morphemes

C. two root morphemes

D. two or more morphemes

36. Of all the speech organs, the _____ is/ are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

37. “alive” and “dead” are _____ .

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational opposites

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

38.The meaning carried by inflectional morphemes is _____.

A. lexical

B. grammatical

C. morphemic

D. semantic

II. Fill in each blank with ONE word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.

1.English is an i_____________ language.

2.The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p___________.

3.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called

s_______________ features.

4.C_______________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.

5.P__________________ studies language in relation to the mind.

6.Human capacity for language has a g_________ basis, but the details of language have to be

taught and learned.

7.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be

d________________.

8.P_______________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.

9.F________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by

themselves.

10.B___________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.

11.An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not

mutually intelligible. This is case of c__________ transmission.

12.C______________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur

in different phonetic environment.

13.Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, are called d___________ affixes.

14.The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, on s________________ the other.

15.Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.

16.A bound r________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/091506411.html,nguage is p_____________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of

new signals by its users.

18.P________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.

19.Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d______________ of languages and the

process involved in language change.

20.Linguistics is generally defined as the s____________ study of language.

21.D______________ means that language can be used to refer to things present or not present,

real or imagined in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places.

22.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l_____.

23.Lying across the glottis are the v______ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the

name indicates, but two membranes.

24.S_______________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of

language variation and language use in different communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.

25.I____________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such

as number, degree and case.

26.A d______________ study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical

development of language over a period of time.

27.In terms of morphemic analysis, c_______________ can be viewed as the combination of two

or sometimes more than two words to create new words.

28.An acronym is a word created by combining the i___________ letters of a number of words.

29.The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________________ study.

30.The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is know as

s_________________.

31.O___________________ a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in

between, or as two separate words.

32.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,

they are collectively known as i_____________.

33.The long vowels are all t_______ vowels and the short vowels are l_______ vowels.

34.A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same

language or a particular variety of language.

35.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which

occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m_________ pair.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/091506411.html,nguage is a system of a_______________ vocal symbols used for human communication.

37.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a

f________ verb or a verb phrase.

38.Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.

39.The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b__________.

40.M______________ is branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and

the rules by which words are formed.

41.S____________ can be define as the study of meaning.

42.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and

what it refers to.

43.R___________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals

with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

44.Words that are close in meaning are called s_____________.

45.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called

h______________.

46.R____________ opposites are a pair of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship

between the two items.

47.A s__________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate

and stands alone as its own sentence.

48.A s__________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually proceeds the

predicate.

III. Judge if each of the following is true or false:

1.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.

2.Distinctive features are the same to any language.

3.One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.

4.In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct

object usually precedes the verb.

5.The most vigorous and ongoing change in the historical development of a language is the

change in its vocabulary.

6.SLA stands for second language acquisition.

7.The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech .

8.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.

9.The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

10.Historical linguistics studies language change.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/091506411.html,nguage is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.

12.A synchronic study of language is a historical study.

13.The structure of words is not governed by rules.

14.Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the

middle of a word.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/091506411.html,nguage is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.

16.Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all

the sounds that occur in the world’s language.

17.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word

stress and sentence stress.

18.WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to

interrogative.

19.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.

20.Stress is a relative notion, only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word

stress, and monosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.

21.Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/091506411.html,nguage change is different from change in the grammar.

23.An acronym is a shorthand form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.

24.Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.

25.The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.

26.Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.

27.Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.

28.It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a

wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.

29.When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to

another or as an attempt to control each other’s behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.

30.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.

31.The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English ---- stress does not distinguish

meaning.

32.Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these

categories is fixed and now new members are allowed for, so they are know as major lexical

categories.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/091506411.html,nguage as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a

closed system as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentence are regular, stable and context free. It is open because of its being variable and context sensitive.

34.What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.

35.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hole unequal status, that is, with one

subordinating the other.

36.It seems that with the help of language people may “think” better, and here it is believed that

language is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.

37.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, model and methods

applicable in any linguistic study.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/091506411.html,nguages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.

39.The distinction between Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s competence lies in that the former

is a matter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.

40.Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller

components.

41.Blending is process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.

42.Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.

43.Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a contex dependent

behavior.

44.There are actually many other communicative system rather than human language that are

also rule governed.

45.Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology

and derivational morphology.

46.In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.

47.The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.

48.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphasis.

49.Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other

dialect coexisting with it.

50.Major lexical categories are open categories.

51.The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.

52.In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the

spoken form for a number of reasons.

53.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.

54.The compound word “bookstore” means the place where books are sold. This indicates that

the meaning of compound is the sum total of the meaning of its components.

55.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English

and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, within British or American English.

56.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic

world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

57.Linguistics forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

58.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the

physical world of experience.

59.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.

IV. Explain the following terms briefly:

1. Design features: refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

2. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

3. Duality: one design feature of human language which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such as units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

4. Displacement: one design feature of human language which means human language enables their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication.

5. Creativity: one design feature of human language by which we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.

6. Competence: competence means the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.

7. Langue: According to Saussure, refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

8. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.

9. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

10. Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.

11. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseveratory coarticulation.

12. Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

13. Phone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It’s a phonetic unit or segment.

14. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.

15. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.

16. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.

17. V owels: are sound segments produced without obstruction of the airstream in the vocal tract are call vowels.

18. Complementary distribution: Complementary distribution is the mutually exclusive

relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in an environment where the other segment never occurs.

19. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation.

20. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds, etc.

21. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise and the rise-fall tone.

22. Suprasegmental features: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllables, stress, tone and intonation.

23. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology, which studies the inflections and lexical or derivational morphology, which studies the word-formation.

24. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.

25. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such as conjunction, preposition, articles and pronouns.

26. Open class: A word class whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs.

27. Affix: The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.

28. Root: The base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.

29. Compound: The term compound refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single new word.

30. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to.

31. Blending: A relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

32. Syntax: Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.

33. Constituent: A term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.

34. Immediate constituent analysis: The analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents --- word groups (or phrases) which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

35. Endocentric construction: One construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.

36. Exocentric construction: A construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents.

37. Category: The defining properties of nouns, verbs etc., including number, gender, case, countability, tense, aspect, voice, person, etc.

38: Semantics: Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning in language.

39. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.

40. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements and non-linguistic world of experience.

41. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.

42. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation between words.

43. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation of inclusiveness.

V. Questions:

1. What are the major functions of language?

Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic function, recreational function and metalingual function.

2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.

3. State briefly how consonants are classified.

Consonants are classified according to the following three parameters: (1) place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc. (2) manner of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc. (3) state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.

4. How are simple vowels classified?

There are four ways to classify simple vowels: (1) According to the height of the tongue raising: high, middle, low. (2) According to the position of the highest part of the tongue : front, central, back. (3) According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded. (4) According to the length or tenseness of the vowel: long v.s short or tense v.s lax.

5. Compare phone and phoneme.

A phone refers to any of the possible speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication. It’s a phonic unit or segment. It is the smallest identifiable unit found in the stream of speech.

A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic contrastive unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. The phoneme is the smallest meaning distinguishing unit.

6. List at least three ways of classifying words.

(1) Words can be classified according to their variability. As for variable words, they have inflective changes. That is the same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant. Invariable words refer to those such as since, when, seldom, etc. They don’t have inflective endings.

(2) In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into grammatical words and lexical words. Grammatical /Function words are those that express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. Lexical /Content words are those which have lexical meanings, that is, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjective, and adverbs.

(3) The distinction of grammatical words and lexical words leads to distinction of “closed-class”words and “open-class”words. Closed-class words are those whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added, such as pronouns, prepositions, etc. open-class words are those whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

7. How are words classified according to their part of speech?

According to their part of speech, words are classified into: nouns, adjective, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, interjections, articles, particles, auxiliaries, proforms and determiners.

8. How are morphemes classified?

morpheme free: free root root

bound inflectional

affix prefix

derivational

suffix

Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.

Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.

9. How are sentences extended?

Sentences can be extended in two major ways, conjoining and embedding. Conjoining refers to the process where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactical subordination.

10. What syntactic relations are there?

Syntactic relations refer to the way in which words, word groups or phrases from sentences. Hence three kinds of syntactic relations: positional relations, relations of substitutability and

relations of co-occurrence.

A.“Positional relation”or “word order”refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. It is a manifestation of a certain aspect of what F. de Saussure called “syntagmatic relations”, or of what other linguists call “horizontal relations” or “chain relations”. Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world. Thus there are six possible types of language: SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS.

B.“Relations of substitutability”refer to classes or sets of words substitute for each other grammatically in same sentence structures. Saussure called them “associative relations”. Other people call them “paradigmatic / vertical /choice relations”.

By “relations of co-occurrence”, one means that words of different sets of clauses may permit or require the occurrence of a word of anothet set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations and partly to paradigmatic relations.

11. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?

They are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics.

Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds t hat occur in the world’s languages.

Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.

Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure o f words and the rules by which words are formed.

Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.

Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.

Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.

Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.

Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.

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精品文档 Linguistics: I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets 1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics. A. particular B. general C. ordinary D. generative 2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A. Phones B. Sounds C. Phonemes D. Speech sounds 3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence. A. simple B. complete C. complex D. coordinate 4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and indifferent social situations. A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics 5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________. A.[ɑ:] B.[?:] C.[?:] D.[u:] 7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________. A. regular but not systematic B. irregular and systematic C. regular and systematic D. irregular but systematic 8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data. A. symbolic B. systemic C. systematic D. system 9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”. A. vowels B. fricative C. glides D. nasals 10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language. A. English B. Chinese C. French D. American English 11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical 12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new members are allowed for. A. large B. small C. limitless D. fixed 13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction. A. with B. without C. within D. through 14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all

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