基于PLC的闸瓦液压机控制系统
英文及翻译
Four-column hydraulic press
1.Four-column hydraulic press used Four-column hydraulic press for plastic materials in the pressing process. Products such as powder molding, plastic molding, cold (hot) extrusion of metal forming, sheet tension and transverse compression, bending pressure, turn through, correction process.
2. Four-column Hydraulic Press Features
Four-column hydraulic press with an independent power sector and the electrical system, using the button focus control enables adjustment, manual and semi-automatic three kinds of work: Four-column hydraulic pressure of work, pressing speed, load fast and slow down the schedule and the scope of may need to be adjusted according to process and can complete the top of the process, can take the top out of process, drawing process three kinds of process methods, each process has to be pressure, will be two-way action for the selection process, constant pressure molding process After the suppression of a delay with the top and automatic return. Four-column hydraulic characteristics. Four-column hydraulic press is the use of pressure compression forming objects. Is used to provide medium pressure hydraulic oil. Four-column hydraulic machine structure is simple and economical, practical. Appearance by octagonal shape. Four-column hydraulic press control electrical box with glass doors, PLC or computer control two general appliances, with reliable, reliable, direct action, and maintenance. Centralized control of the independent button. With the adjustment, his hands a single cycle of two kinds of operation mode. Four-column Hydraulic Press Hydraulic Control Valve can be used integrated system, and reliability, long life, small hydraulic impact, reducing
the connecting pipe and the leak point, or common hydraulic control two.
3. Four-column hydraulic machine failure and maintenance of the common methods
Four-column hydraulic machine failure and maintenance of the common methods: in the winter and the worse condition, should be ground on the four-column hydraulic system inspection, ground maintenance, oil change jobs often. Four-column hydraulic press work on the oil storage and transfer should be very much attention. Sheng drums plus special signs should be up and cover. In the winter, do not pay attention to the barrel while the result of the air condensed into water mixed with oil, not to be rusty rust bucket leather pieces into bins. Winter on the column hydraulic machine engine and other mechanical systems to the various preventive measures such as cover frost, heat insulation, for work with low viscosity oil, are suitable for hydraulic systems. In the Four-column hydraulic press hydraulic transmission system, are some of the more sophisticated parts. People on the four-column hydraulic machine hydraulic felt like labor-saving convenience, but at the same time feel that it is easy to damage. The reason is not clear column hydraulic main working principle and structure characteristics, which do not quite understand the preventive maintenance approach. Hydraulic system has three basic "causative" factors: pollution, over-heated and into the air. These three negative factors has close relationship, there any one issue, it will create another one or more related problems. From the practice shows that 75% of hydraulic system "disease" because, were caused by these three. 1, four column hydraulic press working oil into the dirt and deterioration due to 2, overheating 3 solution into the air: The Four-column hydraulic system some of the major precision parts cleaning and assembly, shall be carried out in a very clean room, indoor should be have clean floors and windows and doors closed, the temperature is best maintained at around 200C.
4. Four-column hydraulic machine common method of general maintenance
Four-column hydraulic press common method of general maintenance
(1) Four-column hydraulic press action, or failure of electrical wiring is not strong then check the electrical fault (2) Four-column hydraulic press slider creeping accumulation of air or a system, two precision air pump to adjust properly or check the pump suction column short of petroleum and an air intake pipe is then repeatedly pressurized two columns up and down movement and add oil, re- adjustment accuracy (3) Four-column hydraulic press with pressure when the slide slow down its support for excessive back-pressure valve to the cylinder to adjust the cavity without pressure, the maximum not more than 1MPa, four column hydraulic press, after stopping a serious one slipped under the brim slide 2 pressure valve seal ring leakage pressure adjustment is too small or the pressure I strictly an observation brim, hair oil deflated to adjust pressure Check Valve 2 5. Four-column hydraulic pressure gauge pointer swings a powerful memory with air pressure gauge oil line pipe mechanical vibration 3 2 1 on the pressure gauge when the damage slightly loosen the fittings, gas discharge tube card 2 will replace the pressure gauge in prison 3 6. Four-column hydraulic machine travel speed is not enough pressure, the pressure behind a high-pressure pump flow adjustment too small 2 pump wear or leakage of serious burns 3 system 1 according to the instructions to adjust pump, the pump in the eccentricity 25MPa adjustable adjusted to 5 Georgia 2 If the pump back to the oil port leakage is large, should remove the check 7. Four-column hydraulic packing pressure drop is too fast when 1 is involved in the packing of loose or pipe leaking valve 2-cylinder liquid-filled seal ring damage a check valve, keeping the pressure relief valve of the sealed joint case study 2 replacement seal ring 8. On the spiral column hydraulic machine On the spiral column hydraulic machine:
This practical spiral column hydraulic machine, hydraulic machine in the field are involved, with special hydraulic screw drive, its mission is to provide a transmission device so that the main nut thread Zhi suppress the slide workpiece 受leverage, repression at the slider Fei workpiece trip, the main thrust nut from the role of hydraulic cylinders, so that oil pressure is sufficient to the spiral plane. The spiral column hydraulic machine, screw position in the central axis of the fuselage and through the bearings installed in the camera body, screw top and one inertia wheel connected to the main nut on the screw with the lower section of the main slide through the main flange and connected to one; nut with the screw midway through the Deputy Vice-flange and connected to one slide, spiral column hydraulic machine to the central axis of symmetry installation guide, the main slide, slide along the guide rail sliding connection vice, hydraulic cylinder to the central axis of body symmetry installed in the camera body, the hydraulic cylinder piston rod end of the slider hinge connection with the Deputy, can improve the nut, screw lubricating conditions, to extend the life of spiral column hydraulic machine. Hydraulic Four-column hydraulic machine on the station: Four-column hydraulic press hydraulic station works as follows: motor driven rotary pump, the pump suction from the tank after the Da You, the mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure to hydraulic oil through the manifold block (or valve combination ) is to achieve the direction of hydraulic valves, pressure, flow regulation by external piping after the transfer to the hydraulic cylinder or mechanical motor oil, thus controlling the direction of the transformation of liquid motivation, strength and speed of the size and promote a variety of hydraulic mechanical work. Four-column hydraulic press hydraulic station, also known as hydraulic pump station, is an independent hydraulic unit. It is required by the host oil supply, and control the direction of oil flow, pressure and flow, it applies to the host and the various hydraulic loading detachable column hydraulic machines. After the user purchases as long as the pressure points and the host will be the implementing agency (tank or oil motor) is connected with pipes, hydraulic machinery can achieve the various provisions of the movement, the work cycle. Four-column hydraulic press hydraulic station by the pump, manifold block or valve
combination, fuel tank, electrical box combination. Function of each part as follows:
Pump device - equipped with motors and pumps, it is the Four-column Hydraulic Press Hydraulic station power source, the mechanical energy into hydraulic fluid pressure energy. Manifold - hydraulic valves and passages from the assembled body. The implementation of its direction of hydraulic oil, pressure, flow regulation. Valve combination - is the plate valve installed in the stand-board, board after the tube connections, and integrated block the same function. Fuel tank - is half-closed container plate welding, also equipped with air filter oil filtering network and so on, it used oil, oil cooling and filtering. Electrical box - divided in two forms. A kind of set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances. Four-column hydraulic pressure small what reasons: Four-column hydraulic pressure small reasons:
1. Four-column oil hydraulic cylinder dirty it?
2. Pressureout it? Pressure started?
3. Four-column hydraulic machine a long time, with the loose parts, within the vent it? 1, four column hydraulic pump wear serious leak within the major. 2, relief valve failure, is always open. 3, the direction of valve internal leakage big. 4, four column hydraulic press in the implementation of the original leak, suggesting a small pump pressure. Four-column Hydraulic Press Hydraulic Forming Process Applications Column hydraulic machine hydraulic forming process in the automotive, aviation, space and plumbing industries has been widely used, column hydraulic machine hydraulic forming process is mainly applied to: changes along the component axis round, rectangular, or shaped cross section hollow structural parts, such as car Special-shaped pieces of the exhaust system; non-circular cross section hollow frameworks, such as engine brackets, instrument panel frame, body frame (about
11% of car quality to 15%); hollow shaft and complex pipe fittings. Four-column Hydraulic Press Hydraulic Forming Process for materials including steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper alloys and nickel alloys, in principle, apply to the cold forming of the materials are applied to Four-column Hydraulic Press Hydraulic Forming Process. Four-column hydraulic machine hydraulic system Four-column hydraulic press hydraulic transmission technology is the use of pressure processing equipment, can be used to complete a variety of forging and forming pressure. For example, steel forging, the forming of metal structural parts, plastic products and rubber products, such repression. Four-column hydraulic press is the first application of hydraulic machinery, the current hydraulic pressure processing machinery has become the main form of transmission. Four-column hydraulic machine in heavy machinery manufacturing, aerospace industries, plastic and non-ferrous metal processing industries among the four column hydraulic press has become an important device. About four column hydraulic press is not holding pressure problems. Q: Four-column hydraulic press is not up, start-up switch has 10MM action, increased and then not holding pressure, sliding body of work down, how is it? Answer: First check the column hydraulic pump outlet pressure, pressure control system, support valve is stuck. Piston down and the inferior vena not support force, not holding pressure may be four column hydraulic relief valve leakage. Four-column hydraulic press system is relatively simple, the first not considered too much trouble to repair Four-column hydraulic presses and pneumatic presses the difference between Four-column hydraulic presses and pneumatic presses, pneumatic machines have different noise power is small, and easy maintenance will not leak; column hydraulic machine quiet, strong and maintenance of little more complicated. Mainly depends on application. Steel plant noise already relatively large, and may from time to consider the noise factor. If the power requirements of larger, then select column hydraulic machine. If the strength requirement is not so big (50kg
less bar) air pressure very good, also cheap.
Four-cylinder in the hydraulic tension cylinder with fast speed up to 280mm / s, tensile strength up to 1000KN, BHF up 800KN, speed and pressure can be adjusted within the specified scope, the user can be required to pull extension speed and blank holder force selection to the best working condition, can be drawing a higher quality stainless steel and other products, is the ideal equipment for sheet drawing. The four-column hydraulic press hydraulic chamber fuel injection system required to meet the requirements of hydraulic forming process, while the system is not too complicated. Its action as follows: motor starter, oil pump to flow back into the tank by the valve in place, pump unloading. When 1DT power, the oil through the valve, check valve into the grease board will be pressed into the sheet metal forming die and. In forming the end, 1DT power, 2DT power, oil and grease through the pressure cylinder into the board's role in the high pressure under the sheet to further close the die and forming the small fillet.
The Four-column hydraulic press hydraulic system is the key converter 5 and the pressure cylinder 10. Hydroforming, according to the needs of technology, hydraulic system provides hydraulic pressure chamber to flow and pressure of work should be constantly changing, so the hydraulic system The power consumption should also be working with the work flow and pressure changes constantly changing
Before embarking on the analysis of pressure transient phenomena and the derivation of the appropriate wave equations,it will be usefull to describe the general mechanism of pressure propagation by reference to the events fllowing the instantaneous closure of a value postioned at the med-length point of a frictionless pipeline carrying fluid between two reservoirs.The two pipeline sections upstream and downstream of the value are identical in all respects.Transient pressure waves will be propagated in both pipes by valve operation and it will be assumed that rate of value closure precludes the use of rigid column theory.
As the valve is closed,so the fluide approaching its upstream face is retarded with a consequent compression of the flude and an expansion od the pipe cross-section.The increase in pressure at the valve results in a pressure wave being
propagated upstream which conveys the retardation of flow to the column of fluid approaching the valve along the upstream pipeline.This pressure wave travels through the fluid at the appropriate sonic velocity,which will be shown to depend on the properties of the fluid and the pipe material.
Similarly,on the downstream side of the valve the retardation of flow results in a reduction in pressure at the valve,with the result that a negative pressure waves is propagated along the downstream pipe which,in turn,retards the fluid flow.It will be assumed that this pressure drop in the downstream pipe is insufficient to reduce the fluid pressure to either its vapour pressure or its dissolved gas release pressure,which may be considerable different.
Thus,closure of the valve results in propagation of pressure waves along both pipes and,although these waves are of different sign relative to the steady pressure in the pipe prior to valve operation,the effect is to retard the flow in both pipe sections.The pipe itself is affected by the wave propagation as the upstream pipe swells as the pressure rise wave passes along it,while the downstream pipe contracts due to the passage of the pressure reducting wave.The magnitude of the deformation of the pipe cross-section depends on the pipe material and can be well demonstrated if,for example,thin-walled rubber tubing is employed.The passage of the pressure wave through the fluid is preceded,in practice,by a strain wave propagating along the pipe wall at a velocity close to the sonic velocity in the pipe material.However,this is a secondary effect and,while knowledge of its existence can explain some parts of a pressure-time trace following valve closure,it has little effect on the pressure levels generated in practical transient situations.
Following valve closure,the subsequent pressure-time history will depend on the conditions prevailing at the boundaries of the system.In order to describe the events following valve closure in the simple pipe system outlined above,it will be easier to refer to a series of diagrams illustrating conditions in the pipe at a number of time steps.
Assuming that valve closure was instantaneous,the fluid adjacent to the valve in each pipe would have been brought to rest and pressure waves conveying this information would have been propagated at each pipe at the appropriate sonic velocity
c.At a later time t,the situation is as shown in fig.The wavefronts having moved a distance 1=ct,in each pipe,the deformation of the pipe cross-section will also have traveled a distancel as shown.
The pressure waves reach the reservoirs terminating the pipes at a time t=1/c.at this instant,an unbalanced situation arises at the pipe-reservior junction,as it is clearly impossible for the layer of fluid adjacent to the reservoir inlet to maintain a pressure different to that prevailing at that depth in the reservoir.Hence,a restoring pressure wave having a magnitude suffcient to bring the pipeline pressure back to its value prior to valve closure is transmitted from each reservoit at a time 1/c.For the upstream pipe,this means that a pressure wave is propagated towards the closed valve,reducing the pipe pressure to its original value and restoring the pipe cross-section.The propagation of this wave also preduces a fluid flow from the pipe into the reservoir as the pipe ahead of the moving wave is at a higher pressure than the reservoir.Now,as the system is assumed to be frictionless,the magnitude of this reversed flow will be the exact opposite of the original flow velocity,as shown in fig.
At the downstream reservoir,the converse occurs,resulting in the propagation of a pressure rise wave towards the valve and the establishment of a flow from the downstream reservoir towards the valve.
For the simple pipe considered here,the restoring pressure waves in both pipes reach the valve at a time 21/c.The whole of the upstream pipe has,thus,been returned to its original pressure and a flow has been established out of the pipe.At time 21/c,as the wave has reached the valve,there remains no fluid ahead of the wave to support the reversed flow.A low pressure region,therefore,forms at the valve,destroying the flow and giving rise to a pressure reducing wave which is transmitted upstream from the valve,once again bringing the flow to rest along the pipe and reducing the pressure within the pipe .It is assumed that the pressure drop at the valve is insufficient to reduce the pressure to the fluid vapour pressure.A s the system has been assumed to be frictionless,all the waves will have the same absolute magnitude and will be equal to the pressure increment,above steady running pressure,generated by the closure of the valve.If this pressure increment is h,then all the waves propagating will be±h,Thus,the wave propagation upstream from the valve at time 21/c has a value-h,and reduces all
points along the pipe to –h below the initial pressure by the time it reachs the upstream reservoir at time 31/c.
Similarly,the restoring wave from the downstream reservoir that reached the valve at time 21/c had established a reversed flow along the downstream pipe towards the closed valve .This is brought to rest at the valve,with a consequent rise in pressure which is transmitted.downstream as a +h wave arriving at the downstream reservoir at 31/c,at which time the whole of the downstream pipe is at pressure +h above the initial pressure whth the fuid at rest.
Thus,at time 31/c an unbalanced situation similar to the situation at t=1/c again arises at the reservoir–pipe junctions with the difference that it is the upstream pipe which is at a pressure below the reservoir pressure and the downstream pipe that is above reservoir pressure .However,the mechanism of restoring wave propagation is identical with that at t=1/c,resulting in a-h wave being transmitted from the upstream reservior,which effectively restores conditions along the pipe to their initial state,and a+h wave being propagated upstream from the downstream reservoir,which establishes a flow out of the downstream pipe.Thus,at time t=41/c when these waves reach the closed valve,the conditions along both pipes are identical to the conditions at t=0,i.e.the instant of valve closure.However ,as the valve is still shut,the established flow cannot be maintained and the cycle described above repeats.
The pipe system chosen to illustrate the cycle of transient propagation was a special case as,for convenience,the pipes upstream and downstream of the valve were identical.In practice,this would be unusual.However,the cycle described would still apply,except that the pressure variations in the two pipes would no longer show the same phase relationship.The period of each individual pressure cycle would be 41/c,where I and c took the appropriate values for each pipe.It is important to note that once the valve is closed the two pipes will respond separately to any further transient propagation.
The period of the pressure cycle described is 41/c.However,a term ofen met in transient analysis is pipe period,this is defined as the time taken for a restoring reflection to arrive at the source of the initial transient propagation and,thus,has a value 21/c.In the case described,the pipe period for both pipes was the same and was
the time taken for the reflection of the transient wave propagated by valve from the reservoirs.
From the description of the transient cycle above,it is possible to draw the pressure-time records at points along the pipeline.These variations are arrived at simply by calculating the time at which any one of the±h waves reaches a point in the system assuming a constant propagation velocity c.The major interest in pressure transients lies in methods of limiting excessive pressure rises and one obcious method is to reduce valve speeds.However,reference to fig.illustrates an important point no reduction in generated pressure will occur until the valve closing time exceeds one pipe period.The reduction in peak pressure achieved by slowing the valve before a time 21/c from the start of valve closure and,as no beneficial pressure relief can be achieved if the valve is not open beyond this time.Generally,valve closures in less than a pipe period are referred to as rapid and those taking longer than 21/c are slow.
In the absence of friction , the cycle would continue indefinitely .However ,in practice, friction damps the pressure oscillations within a short period of time .In system where the frictional losses are high,the neglect of frictional effects can result in a serious underestimate of the pressure rise following valve closure.In these case,the head at the valve is considerably lower than the reservoir head.However,as the flow is retarded,so the frictional head loss is reduced along the pipe and the head at the valve increase towards the reservoir value.As each layer of fluid between the valve and the reservoir is brought to rest by the passage of the initial +h wave so a series of secondary positive waves each of a magnitude corresponding to the friction head recoverd is transmitted toward the valve,resulting in the full effect being felt at time 21/c.As the flow reverses in the pipe during time 21/c to 41/c,the opposite effect is recorded at the valve because of the re-establishment of a high friction loss,these variations being shown by lines AB and CD.In certain cases,such as long distance oilpipelines,this effect may contribute the larger part of the pressure rise following valve closure.
In addition to the assumptions made with regard to friction in the cycle description,mention was also made of the condition that the pressure drop waves at no time reduced the pressure in the system to the fluid vapour pressure.If this had
occurred,then the fluid column would have separated and the simple cycle described would have been disrupted by the formation of a vapour cavity at the position where the pressure was reduced to vapour level.In the system described,this could happen on the valve’s downstream face at time 0 or on the upstream face at time 21/c.The formation of such a cavity is followed by a period of time when the fluid column moves under the influence of the pressure gradients between the cavity and the system boundaries.The period is normally terminated by the generation of excessive pressure on the final collapse of the cavity.This phenomena is generally referred to as column separation and is frequently made more complex by the release of dissolved gas in the vicinity of the cavity.
Pressure transient propagation may be defined in any closed pipe application by two basic equations,namely the equations of motion and continuity applied to a short segment of the fluid column.The dependent variables are the fluid’s average pressure and velocity at any pipe cross section and the independent variables are time and distance,normally considered positive in the steady flow direction.Friction will be assumed proportional to velicity squared and steady flow friction relationships will be assumed to apply to the unsteady flow cases considered.
四柱液压机
一.四柱液压机用途
四柱液压机适用于可塑性材料的压制工艺。如粉末制品成型、塑料制品成型、冷（热）挤压金属成型、薄板拉伸以及横压、弯压、翻透、校正等工艺。
二.四柱液压机特点
四柱液压机具有独立的动力机构和电气系统，采用按钮集中控制，可实现调整、手动及半自动三种工作方式：四柱液压机的工作压力、压制速度，空载快下行和减速的行程和范围，均可根据工艺需要进行调整，并能完成顶出工艺，可带顶出工艺、拉伸工艺三种工艺方式，每种工艺又为定压，定程两种工艺动作供选择，定压成型工艺在压制后具有顶出延时及自动回程。
四柱液压机的特点。四柱液压机就是利用压力使物体受压成形。提供压力的介质是利用液压油。
四柱液压机结构简单、经济、实用。外观采用八角形状。四柱液压机控制电器箱采用玻璃门、PLC电脑控制或普通电器两种，具有工作可靠，工作可靠，动作直观，维修方便。独立按扭集中控制。具有调整、双手单次循环二种操作方式。四柱液压机液压控制可采用插装阀集成系统，动作可靠，使用寿命长，液压冲击小，减少了连接管路与泄露点，或普通液压控制两种。
三.四柱液压机的常见故障和维护方法
四柱液压机的常见故障和维护方法:在冬季和较坏的工况下，要对四柱液压机系统勤检查、勤保养，常换工作油液。对四柱液压机工作油的储存和转运工作应十分注意。盛油桶应加专门的标志并掩盖好。在冬季，要注意桶内勿因空气冷凝成水分而混入油中，勿将桶皮生锈的锈片落入桶内。冬季对四柱液压机发动机与其他机械系统所采取的多项预防措施，如掩盖防冻、加热保温、换用低黏度工作油等，均适用于液压系统。
在四柱液压机液压传动系统中，都是一些比较精密的零件。人们对四柱液压机的液压传动虽然觉得省力方便，但同时又感到它易于损坏。究其原因，主要是不太清楚四柱液压机工作原理和构造特性，从而也不大了解其预防保养的方法. 液压系统有3个基本的“致病”因素：污染、过热和进入空气。这3个不利因素有着密切的内在联系，出现其中任何一个问题，就会连带产生另外一个或多个问题。由实践证明，液压系统75%“致病”的原因，均是这三者造成的。1、四柱液
压机工作油液因进入污物而变质 2、过热3、进入空气解决方法:对四柱液压机系统中一些主要精密件的清洗和装配，均应在十分清洁的室内进行，室内应有干净的地板和密闭的门窗，温度最好保持在200C左右。
四.四柱液压机常见的一般维修方法
四柱液压机常见的一般维修方法
（1）四柱液压机动作失灵电气接线不牢或接错检查电气
（2）四柱液压机滑块爬行 1 系统内积存空气或泵吸空2 精度调整不当或立柱缺油 1 检查泵吸油管是否进气，然后多次上下运动并加压2 立柱上加机油，重新调整精度
（3）四柱液压机滑块慢速下行时带压支撑力过大调整背压阀使上缸上腔不带压，最大不大于1MPa，四柱液压机停车后滑块下溜严重 1 缸口密封环渗漏压力阀调整压力太小或压口不严 1 观察缸口，发油放气2 调整压力检查阀口五.四柱液压机压力表指针摆动厉害 1 压力表油路内存有空气 2 管路机械振动压力表损坏 1 上压时略拧松管接头，放气2 将管路卡牢 3 更换压力表
六.四柱液压机高压行程速度不够，上压慢 1 高压泵流量调得过小 2 泵磨损或烧伤3 系统内漏严重 1 按泵的说明书进行调整，在25MPa时泵偏心可调调至5格2 若泵回油口漏损大时，应拆下检查
七.四柱液压机保压时压降太快 1 参与保压之各阀门不严或管路漏油 2 缸内密封环损坏
1 检查充液阀，保压泄压阀之密封研合情况
2 更换密封环
八.关于螺旋四柱液压机
关于螺旋四柱液压机：
本实用型的螺旋四柱液压机，属于液压机领域，特别涉及螺旋传动的液压机，其任务是提供一种传动装置，使主螺母螺纹只在滑块压制工件时受力，而在滑块的非压制工件行程中，主螺母不受液压缸推力作用，以便让润滑油被充到螺旋承压面内。本螺旋四柱液压机，螺杆位于机身中心轴位置并通过轴承安装在机身上，螺杆上端与惯性轮联接为一体，主螺母配合于螺杆下段，通过主法兰与主滑块联接为一体；副螺母配合于螺杆中段，通过副法兰与副滑块联接为一体，螺旋四柱液压机内以中心轴对称安装导轨，主滑块、副滑块沿导轨滑动连接，液压缸以机身中心轴对称安装在机身上，液压缸之活塞杆端部与副滑块铰支联接，可以改善
螺母、螺杆的润滑工况，延长螺旋四柱液压机使用寿命。关于四柱液压机的液压站：四柱液压机液压站的工作原理如下：电机带动油泵旋转，泵从油箱中吸油后打油，将机械能转化为液压油的压力能，液压油通过集成块（或阀组合）被液压阀实现了方向、压力、流量调节后经外接管路传输到液压机械的油缸或油马达中，从而控制了液动机方向的变换、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推动各种液压机械做功.
四柱液压机液压站又称液压泵站，是独立的液压装置。它按主机要求供油，并控制油流的方向、压力和流量，它适用于主机与液压装可分离的各种四柱液压机上。用户购后只要将压站与主机上的执行机构（油缸或油马达）用油管相连，液压机械即可实现各种规定的动作、工作循环。四柱液压机液压站是由泵装置、集成块或阀组合、油箱、电气盒组合而成。各部件功用如下：
泵装置-上装有电机和油泵，它是四柱液压机液压站的动力源，将机械能转化为液压油的压力能。
集成块-是由液压阀及通道体组装而成。它对液压油实行方向、压力、流量调节。
阀组合-是板式阀装在立板上，板后管连接，与集成块功用同。
油箱-是板焊的半封闭容器，上还装有滤油网空气滤清器等，它用来储油、油的冷却及过滤。
电气盒-分两种形式。一种设置外接引线的端子板；一种是配置了全套控制电器。
四柱液压机压力小是什么原因：
1.四柱液压机油缸的油脏吗？
2.憋压了吗？带压启动了？
3.四柱液压机时间长了，零件配合松了，内泄了？
1、四柱液压机泵磨损严重，内泄露大。
2、溢流阀出现故障，处于常开启状态。
3、方向阀内部泄露大。
4、四柱液压机执行原件内泄露大，显示泵压力小。
四柱液压机液压成形工艺的应用
四柱液压机液压成形工艺在汽车、航空、航天和管道等行业有着广泛的应用，四柱液压机液压成形工艺主要适用于：沿构件轴线变化的圆形、矩形或异型截面
空心结构件，如汽车的排气系统异型管件；非圆截面空心框架，如发动机托架、仪表盘支架、车身框架（约占汽车质量的11%～15%）；空心轴类件和复杂管件等。四柱液压机液压成形工艺的适用材料包括碳钢、不锈钢、铝合金、铜合金及镍合金等，原则上适用于冷成形的材料均适用于四柱液压机液压成形工艺。
四柱液压机的液压系统
四柱液压机是利用液压传动技术进行压力加工的设备，可以用来完成各种锻压及加压成形加工。例如钢材的锻压，金属结构件的成型，塑料制品和橡胶制品的压制等。四柱液压机是最早应用液压传动的机械之一，目前液压传动已成为压力加工机械的主要传动形式。四柱液压机在重型机械制造业、航空工业、塑料及有色金属加工工业等之中，四柱液压机已成为重要设备。
关于四柱液压机不保压的问题：
问：四柱液压机不上升，起动上升开关有10MM动作，上升后不保压，工作滑体下滑，怎么回事？
答：先检查四柱液压机泵的出口压力、控制系统压力、支撑阀是否卡死。
活塞下滑与下腔支撑力不够有关，不保压可能是四柱液压机溢流阀漏损。
四柱液压机系统比较简单，先不要考虑检修太麻烦。
四柱液压机和气动压力机的区别
四柱液压机和气动压力机的区别气压机有噪声，力量小，维护方便不会漏油；四柱液压机安静，力量大，维护稍微复杂些。
主要还是看应用。钢材车间噪音本来就比较大了，可不考虑噪声因素。如果力量要求比较大，那就选四柱液压机。如果，力量要求没那么大（50kg以下吧）气压挺好，还便宜。
该四柱液压机拉伸油缸采用快速缸，速度可达280mm/s，拉伸力可达1000KN，压边力可达800KN，速度和压力都可在规定范围内调节，用户可根据需要把拉伸速度和压边力选择到最佳工作状态，可拉深出质量较高的不锈钢等各种制品，是薄板拉深的理想设备。
该四柱液压机的液压室供油系统要求满足液压成形的工艺要求，同时系统不会过于复杂。其动作说明如下：电机启动，泵来油经换向阀中位流回油箱，泵卸荷。当1DT通电时，油经过换向阀、单向阀进入注油板将板料压入凹模而成形。在成形的末期，1DT断电，2DT通电，油经过增压缸进入注油板，在超高压的作用下，板料进一步紧贴凹模而成形其小圆角。该四柱液压机液压系统中的关键是变频器
5与增压缸10.在液压成形中，根据工艺的需要，液压系统提供给液压室的工作流量和工作压力应该是不断变化的，因此液压系统所消耗的功率也应该是随着工作流量和工作压力的变化而不断变化的。
在着手分析压力冲击现象和化分合理的流体方程之前，去描绘一般的关于压力传递的机械理论。通过参与这个关于阀门定位在一个较长点几乎没有摩擦的管道传输液体于两个蓄能源之间的结果之后是必要的。这个阀门连接的顺流管道截面和逆流管道截面考虑是一样的。压力冲击流将通过阀门操作传递在两个管道之间，并且假设阀门的关闭速度不应用于坚固圆管理论。
如果阀门是关闭的，而液体的流向是逆方向的，缓慢前进，结果导致液体被压缩和管道的横截面膨胀。阀门的压力增加导致高压液体逆向流动，延长了液体流过圆管通向阀这段管道的时间。这种高压液体的流动类似声音的传播，是依靠液体和管道材料作为介质的。
同样，阀的顺流面流动的延迟，将导致减小压力在阀门处。这个结果否定了高压液体的流动是沿着顺流管道的，阻止液体流动，假设流体压力在顺流管道是不能减小液体压力的或者蒸汽压力或者溶解气体释放的压力，各种愿意的考虑是不同的。
这样，关闭着的阀门导致高压液体的流动是沿着管道的，尽管那些流动有着各种不同的征兆。相对于稳定的压力流经阀门开启的管道。这种影响是关于液体流动的延迟在两种管道截面之间，管道自身受到影响由于液体逆向产生高压，管壁膨胀。同时，顺流管道缩短，由于流经液体的压力降低，这种管道横截面的巨大变形是由于管道材料的，并且能够被证明。例如，使用薄壁型橡胶管材。高压液体沿着液流前进。实践证明，由于液体的张力流向沿着管壁，它的速度接近于声速。在这种管道材料中，然而，这是一种次要作用，当认识到它的存在，能够解释一部分压力的传递时间随着阀门关闭特点，它几乎没有影响到压力标准应用在压力冲击现象。
在阀门关闭之后，这时是受压时间将主要依靠系统的边界条件，为了描绘阀门关闭的结果在同一个系统上，它将很容易说明在大量的图表上面，管道在每个时间段的情形。
由于阀门的关闭是瞬时的，液体接近每一段管道的阀门会带来停止，并且高压液体流动情况可能已经流过每一段管道。在适应的流速c和一段时间t，这时液体已经流过了一段距离1=ct，在每一段管道内，这时管道的横截面是变形也
有一段距离1。
高压液体到达蓄能站通过管道的时间为t=1/c，在这段距离中出现了一个不稳定的位置，是在管道与蓄能站连接处。由于是不可能出现层流在蓄能站连接处，而保持压力不同及其它的值在阀门关闭之前，流过每一个蓄能站的时间为1/c，在逆向管道这边是高压液体的流动朝向阀门的关闭。减小管壁的压力到其原值，并且恢复管壁的横截面积。这时液体的流动需要产生差值。从管道流向蓄能站，在管道的前段的液体流动有比较高的压力比蓄能站。现在，由于系统假设没有摩擦，这种巨大的逆向流动会有精确的对比和最初的流动速度。
在顺流蓄能站，存在相反的情况，导致液体压力上升流向和确定的顺流流向从蓄能站到阀门。
由于这里考虑的是简单的管道，恢复高压液体在管道和阀门之间的时间为21/c。整个逆流管道也是同样，在返回最初的压力和流向在管道外也被确定时间为21/c，由于液体已经到达阀门，意味着没有液体提前在提供的逆向一个低的压力区域形成在阀门外，破坏了流向和给上升的压力减小流动流向逆方向的阀门。再一次，带来流动的停止沿着管道且减小压力在管道中。它已经被假设在阀门处压力下降，减小蒸发压力。由于系统已经假设没有摩擦，所有的液面会有相同，绝对的，巨大的压力增加。在稳定的运动压力下，会通过阀门的关闭产生。如果压力增长是h，这时所有的液面是h，因此，液体逆流经过阀门的时间为21/c，存在一个值-h,同时，减少所有沿着管道的点从h降到最初的压力时间逆向流动到蓄能站的时间为31/c。
类似的，恢复液体最初的顺流到阀门的时间为21/c，并且流向从顺流管道流向阀门关闭，这会在阀门处带来流动停止，导致压力上升。在整个顺流管道的每一段时间内压力h上升到最初的压力在流动停止时。
因此，在31/c时是一种不稳定的情形类似于在t=1/c的情形，出现在蓄能站和管道的连接处存在着不同。即是逆流管道压力下降到最初压力和顺流管道上升到最初压力，然而，这种液体流动恢复机构所用时间是相同的t=1/c。结果是逆流流向蓄能站，它有效地恢复环境沿着管道到它的最初值。当液体到达关闭的阀门时，沿着每一段管壁都是相同的时间t=0，然而，由于阀门一直是关闭的，这种情形不能保持循环流动周期。
管道系统采用循环流动周期，瞬时选择一种专门的机械情形，管道的顺流和逆流对于阀是一样的。实际，这是不同的。因而，所描绘的周期将一直被使用，
除了压力变化在两管道之间不再表示相同相位关系，每一个压力周期的变化将是41/c，那里1和c代表着每一段管道适应的时期，这是重要的标记，一旦阀门是关闭的，这两个管道将做出相应的流动到任何一段距离。
通过上述冲击周期的描绘，可以划分压力-时间关系，在某一点沿管道上，这些变化的出现是类似的。通过时间在任何一点h，液体到达某一点，系统假设流动速度为一个常数c，这主要集中在压力冲击依靠的方法是限制压力的升高和减小阀的启闭速度。然而，存在着很重要的一点，没有减小开启压力，将发生直到阀的关闭时间先于另一个管道。减小压力达到出现阀门慢速关闭的结果先于忽略液体逆流到阀门关闭。由于没有影响，返回到阀门时间21/c前，从阀门开始运动没有压力减小能够到达如果阀门没有打开超过了时间。一般来说，阀门的关闭小于管道涉及的速度并且它将比21/c短。
在没有摩擦的情况下，周期的继续是不确定的。然而，实际中，摩擦力是压力损失在很短的时间内，系统的摩擦损失越高，忽略摩擦力的影响导致结果越严重。事实上，阀门的顶点低相对于蓄能站顶点。然而，由于缓慢的流动，摩擦点的损失减少。沿着管壁并且这个点向着蓄能站的方向增长。由于液体的每一层，在阀门和蓄能站中会带来停止，通过流动最初的液面，所以大多在第二个液面位置相应的摩擦点恢复流向。阀门导致影响整个时间21/c。由于流动是相反的在管道中时间为21/c和41/c。这个位置影响主要在阀门，由于重新建立一个新的摩擦损失，在确切的事例中，例如，长距离油管，在阀门关闭之前，它将上升一部分压力。
随着假设条件对摩擦周期的描绘，提及到使压力下降的条件，如果这些情况发生，这时流向圆管已经分离出类似的周期描绘，可能中断通过形成蒸气压力减小的位置有蒸气生成。因此，系统描述可能发生在阀门的顺流时间0或者逆流时间21/c形成一个腔。由于一段时间液体沿管壁流动在一个压力梯度下，在这个腔和系统边界之间。这种方法是通常由于产生额外压力在最后的腔中。这种现象一般涉及到像圆管的分离和通常的制作更多的错综复杂的由于释放溶解的气体在附近的腔中。
冲击压力也许被定义为在一些封闭的管道中应用，通过两个基本的方程，分别是运动平衡方程和连续应用在一个短的流体圆管。它依靠可变的流体平均压力和速度在任何一段管道的横截面，且不依靠可变的时间和距离。通常考虑实际的稳流方向。摩擦力将被假设与速度平方成比例，并且稳流摩擦关系将被假设应用
在非稳定事例中。
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
Increasing an individual’s quality of life via their intelligent home The hypothesis of this project is: can an individual?s quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology” into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be so lved to allow “intelligent housing” to be constructed? While a small number of initiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate this area, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in small areas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contribute towards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what it is trying to attempt, and believes that without this global direction the other initiatives will fail to address the large important issues described within various parts of this proposal, and that with the correct global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has many parallels with the field of business process engineering, where many products fail due to only considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technology subset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. This holistic requirement also applies to the field of “smart housing”; if we genuinely want it to have benefit to the community rather than just technological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlined below is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics. Health-Care and Supportive housing： To date, there has been little coordinated research on how “smart house” technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home, and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus, the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a variety of residential technologies in helping
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 文献翻译 原文： Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: 1.Electrical discharge machining. https://www.doczj.com/doc/091325789.html,ser cutting. 3.Electron beam welding.
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
Programmable logic controller A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result. 1.History The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing industry. Programmable logic controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry where software revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as electricians needed to individually rewire each and every relay. In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result. Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the PLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner. One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84
通信工程学院 毕业设计外文翻译 毕业设计题目基于ANDRIO的智能家居 系统的设计与实现 外文题目UBIQUITOUS SMART HOME SYSTEM USING ANDROID APPLICATION 专业：通信工程 学号： 学生姓名： 指导教师姓名： 指导教师职称：副教授 日期：2015 年 1 月10 日
International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) V ol.6, No.1, January 2014 基于Android应用的无处不在的智能家居系统 Shiu Kumar Department of Information Electronics Engineering, Mokpo National University, 534-729, Mokpo, South Korea 摘要 本文提出了一种灵活独立的，低成本的智能家居系统，它是基于Android应用与微web服务器通信，不仅仅提供交换功能。Arduino以太网的使用是为了避免使用个人电脑从而保证整个系统成本最低，语音激活时用来实现切换功能的。光开关，电源插头，温度传感器，湿度传感器，电流传感器，入侵检测传感器，烟雾/气体传感器和警报器等这些设备集成在系统中，表明了所提出的智能家居系统的有效性和可行性。经过检测，智能家居应用程序可以成功地进行智能家居操作，例如开关功能，自动环境监测，和入侵监测，在监测到有不法入侵后，系统会自动发送一个邮件，并响警笛。 关键字： Android智能手机，智能家居，物联网（loTs），远程控制 1.引言 随着移动设备受欢迎程度的不断增长和人们日常生活中对无处不在的先进的移动应用的功能需求不断增加，利用Web服务是提供远程访问服务的最开放和可互操作的方式，并且使应用程序能够彼此通信。一个有吸引力的市场产品自动化和网络化是忙碌的家庭和有生理缺陷的个人的代表。 loTs可以被描述为连接智能手机，网络电视，传感器等到互联网，实现人们之间沟通的新形势。过去几年中loTs的发展，创造了一个新层面的世界。这使得人们可以在任何时间，任何地点，联通任何期望的东西。物联网技术可用于为智能家居创建新的概念和广阔的空间，以提供智能，舒适的发展空间和完善生活质量。 智能家居是一个非常有前途的领域，其中有各种好处，如增加提供舒适性，更高安全性，更合理地使用能源和其他资源。这项研究的应用领域非常重要，未来它为帮助和支持有特殊需求老的人和残疾人士提供了强有力的手段。设计一个智能家居系统时需要考虑许多因素，该系统应该是经济实惠的，是可伸缩的，使得新的设备可以容易地集成到系统中，此外，它应该是用户友好的。 随着智能手机用户的急剧增加，智能手机已经逐渐变成了具备所有功能的便携式设备，为人们提供了日常使用。本文介绍了一种低成本的控制和监视家居环境控制的无线智能家居系统。利用Android设备，可以通过一个嵌入式微Web服务器与实际的IP连接，访问和控制电器和远程的其它设备，这可以利用任何支持Android的设备。Arduino Ethernet 用于微Web服务器从
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：机械工程学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名： 学号：XXXXXXXXXX 外文出处：《Computational Intelligence and (用外文写)Design》 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于微型计算机的步进电机控制系统设计 孟天星余兰兰 山东理工大学电子与电气工程学院 山东省淄博市 摘要 本文详细地介绍了一种以AT89C51为核心的步进电机控制系统。该系统设计包括硬件设计、软件设计和电路设计。电路设计模块包括键盘输入模块、LED显示模块、发光二极管状态显示和报警模块。按键可以输入设定步进电机的启停、转速、转向,改变转速、转向等的状态参数。通过键盘输入的状态参数来控制步进电机的步进位置和步进速度进而驱动负载执行预订的工作。运用显示电路来显示步进电机的输入数据和运行状态。AT89C51单片机通过指令系统和编译程序来执行软件部分。通过反馈检测模块，该系统可以很好地完成上述功能。 关键词：步进电机，AT89C51单片机，驱动器，速度控制 1概述 步进电机因为具有较高的精度而被广泛地应用于运动控制系统，例如机器人、打印机、软盘驱动机、绘图仪、机械式阀体等等。过去传统的步进电机控制电路和驱动电路设计方法通常都极为复杂，由成本很高而且实用性很差的电器元件组成。结合微型计算机技术和软件编程技术的设计方法成功地避免了设计大量复杂的电路，降低了使用元件的成本，使步进电机的应用更广泛更灵活。本文步进电机控制系统是基于AT89C51单片机进行设计的，它具有电路简单、结构紧凑的特点，能进行加减速，转向和角度控制。它仅仅需要修改控制程序就可以对各种不同型号的步进电机进行控制而不需要改变硬件电路，所以它具有很广泛的应用领域。 2设计方案 该系统以AT89C51单片机为核心来控制步进电机。电路设计包括键盘输入电路、LED显示电路、发光二极管显示电路和报警电路，系统原理框图如图1所示。 At89c51单片机的P2口输出控制步进电机速度的时钟脉冲信号和控制步进电机运转方向的高低电平。通过定时程序和延时程序可以控制步进电机的速度和在某一
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
智能家居医疗保健中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Foreign Literature Increasing an individual’s quality of life via their intelligent home The hypothesis of this project is: can an individual’s quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology”into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be solved to allow “intelligent housing”to be constructed?
译文 流体传动及控制技术已经成为工业自动化的重要技术，是机电一体化技术的核心组成之一。而电液比例控制是该门技术中最具生命力的一个分支。比例元件对介质清洁度要求不高，价廉，所提供的静、动态响应能够满足大部分工业领域的使用要求，在某些方面已经毫不逊色于伺服阀。比例控制技术具有广阔的工业应用前景。但目前在实际工程应用中使用电液比例阀构建闭环控制系统的还不多，其设计理论不够完善，有待进一步的探索，因此，对这种比例闭环控制系统的研究有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本论文以铜电解自动生产线中的主要设备——铣耳机作为研究对象，在分析铣耳机组各构成部件的基础上，首先重点分析了铣耳机的关键零件——铣刀的几何参数、结构及切削性能，并进行了实验。用电液比例方向节流阀、减压阀、直流直线测速传感器等元件设计了电液比例闭环速度控制系统，对铣耳机纵向进给装置的速度进行控制。论文对多个液压阀的复合作用作了理论上的深入分析，着重建立了带压差补偿型的电液比例闭环速度控制系统的数学模型，利用计算机工程软件，研究分析了系统及各个组成环节的静、动态性能，设计了合理的校正器，使设计系统性能更好地满足实际生产需要 水池拖车是做船舶性能试验的基本设备,其作用是拖曳船模或其他模型在试验水池中作匀速运动,以测量速度稳定后的船舶性能相关参数,达到预报和验证船型设计优劣的目的。由于拖车稳速精度直接影响到模型运动速度和试验结果的精度,因而必须配有高精度和抗扰性能良好的车速控制系统,以保证拖车运动的稳速精度。本文完成了对试验水池拖车全数字直流调速控制系统的设计和实现。本文对试验水池拖车工作原理进行了详细的介绍和分析,结合该控制系统性能指标要求,确定采用四台直流电机作为四台车轮的驱动电机。设计了电流环、转速环双闭环的直流调速控制方案,并且采用转矩主从控制模式有效的解决了拖车上四台直流驱动电机理论上的速度同步和负载平衡等问题。由于拖车要经常在轨道上做反复运动,拖动系统必须要采用可逆调速系统,论文中重点研究了逻辑无环流可逆调速系统。大型直流电机调速系统一般采用晶闸管整流技术来实现,本文给出了晶闸管整流装置和直流电机的数学模型,根据此模型分别完成了电流坏和转速环的设计和分析验证。针对该系统中的非线性、时变性和外界扰动等因素,本文将模糊控制和PI控制相结合,设计了模糊自整定PI控制器,并给出了模糊控制的查询表。本文在系统基本构成及工程实现中,介绍了西门子公司生产的SIMOREGDC Master 6RA70全数字直流调速装置,并设计了该调速装置的启动操作步骤及参数设置。完成了该系统的远程监控功能设计,大大方便和简化了对试验水池拖车的控制。对全数字直流调速控制系统进行了EMC设计,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。本文最后通过数字仿真得到了该系统在常规PI控制器和模糊自整定PI控制器下的控制效果,并给出了系统在现场调试运行时的试验结果波形。经过一段时间的试运行工作证明该系统工作良好,达到了预期的设计目的。 提升装置在工业中应用极为普遍,其动力机构多采用电液比例阀或电液伺服阀控制液压马达或液压缸,以阀控马达或阀控缸来实现上升、下降以及速度控制。电液比例控制和电液伺服控制投资成本较高,维护要求高,且提升过程中存在速度误差及抖动现象,影响了正常生产。为满足生产要求,提高生产效率,需要研究一种新的控制方法来解决这些不足。随着科学技术的飞速发展,计算机技术在液压领域中的应用促进了电液数字控制技术的产生和发展,也使液压元件的数字化成为液压技术发展的必然趋势。本文以铅电解残阳极洗涤生产线中的提升装置为研究
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：可编程逻辑控制器技术 系部名称：信息工程系专业班级： 学生姓名：学号： 指导教师：教师职称： 2014 年3 月XX 日
译文 可编程逻辑控制器技术 引言 PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）实际是一个工业控制系统（近来我们看到更多的是用处理器来取代微控制器），在软件和硬件都配备的条件下，适合应用于工业环境。PLC 的发明是相当必要的，它代替了传统的依靠由继电接触器电路来控制电机。PLC 的工作原理是根据它的输入信号和工作状态来确定输出。用户通常是通过软件或编程输入一个程序，来输出所需要的结果。 如图 8-1 所示，PLC 是由典型的黑色构件组成。特别需要注意的是它的输入和输出， 因为在这些模块上，工业环境会给 CPU 一个输入线，所以很有必要将 CPU 模块隔离以保护其免遭有害的影响。程序单元通常是用计算机来编写程序（一般是梯形图）。 1.1CPU 的中央处理单元 中央处理单元（CPU）是一个 PLC 的主控制器。一般 CPU 本身是一个微控制器。通常这些都是 8 位微控制器，如 8051 ，现在的这些是 16 位和 32 位微控制器。潜规则是，你会发现用在 PLC 控制器上的微控制器多数是由日本生产的日立和富士通，欧洲的西门子控制器，和美国的摩托罗拉微控制器。CPU 也负责通讯，与 PLC 控制器的其它部分相互联系，如程序执行，内存操作，监督输入和设置输出。PLC 控制器拥有复杂的程序用于内存检查，以确保 PLC 内存不被损坏（内存检查是为了安全原因而作出的）。一般来说，CPU 单元多数用来检查 PLC 控制器本身，所以有可能出现的错误很早就会被发现。你可以简单地看任何 PLC 控制器,查看错误信号在发光二极管上的种种指示形式。 1.2内存 系统内存（今天主要是在 FLASH 技术上实现）用于一台 PLC 的过程控制系统。除了 这个操作系统它还包含用户程序将梯形图翻译成二进制的形式。 FLASH 存储器的内容仅在 用户程序改变下可以改变。PLC 控制器较早被用来代替闪存，EPROM 存储器代替了那些只能依靠紫外线灯等擦除内存并依靠程序员来编程的 FLASH 存储器。在 FLASH 技术的作用下这个过程被大大的缩短了。重组程序内存通过程序中的串行通讯用于应用程序开发。使用内存被划分成多个具有特殊功能的模块。存储器某些部分用来存储输入状态和输出状态。一个 输入信号的实际状态是用 1 或0 存储在一个特定的存储位。每一个输入信号和输出信号在内存里都有一个位与之相对应。内存的其他部分用来存储用户程序中使用的变量以及变量的内容。例如，定时器的值和计数器的值都将被存储在这部分内存里。 1.3PLC 控制器的编程 PLC 控制器可以通过计算机（常用的方式）进行编程，还可以通过手动编程器（控制台）编程。这实际上意味着如果你有需要的编程软件那么每个 PLC 控制器都可以通过计算机进行编程。今天的传输计算机是非常适合在工厂对 PLC 控制器进行编程的。这对工业有着非常重要的意义。一旦系统被刷新，重新读取正确的程序到 PLC 就很重要。还可以定期检查 PLC 中的程序是否改变了。这有助于避免在工厂车间发生危险状况（部分汽车制造商建立了通信网络，定期检查项目中的 PLC 控制器，以确保执行的程序是正确的）。
智能家居外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 提高个人的生活质量，通过他们的智能家居 该项目的假设是：可以增加一个人的生活质量的“智能技术”集成到他们的家庭环境。这个假设是非常广泛的，因此，研究人员将调查它考虑到多方面的，潜在的过度研磨，分节的人口。特别是，该项目将重点放在与卫生保健需求的环节，因为它认为，这些子章节将获得最大的受益于这种增强的方法住房。两个研究问题流从这一假说：什么是保健，可以改善通过“智能住宅”的问题，什么是技术问题需要解决，让“智能住宅”建造？虽然存在少量的措施，在加拿大境外，据称这方面的调查，没有这方面的全球视野。工作往往是在小范围内的各个部分是如何有助于实现更大的目标只有有限的想法。这个项目有一
个非常强烈的责任感，并认为，如果没有这一全球性的方向，其他措施将失败，以解决各部分的重要问题，而且正确的全局方向的总和的部分会产生更大的回报比的各个组成部分。这个新的领域与业务流程工程领域，有许多相似之处，很多产品失败的原因只考虑一个子集的问题，通常是技术的子集。成功的项目和实施才开始启动，当人们开始认识到，一个全面的方法是至关重要的。这种整体性的要求也适用于领域的“聪明屋”，如果我们真的希望它有利益于社区，而不仅仅是技术的兴趣。话虽如此，下面列出的大部分工作是非常重要的，在其个人的主题包含了大量新奇的。 医疗保健和保障性住房： 至目前为止，很少有人协调，研究如何“聪明屋”的技术可以帮助体弱的老人留在家里，或降低成本所经历的非正式照顾者。因此，建议研究的目的是确定帮助老年人保持自己的独立性和帮助照顾者维持他们的爱心活动中的各种住宅技术的实用性。 整体设计的研究是集中在两个群体的老年人。首先是老人出院急性护理环境的潜在能力下降，保持独立。一个例子是有髋关节置换手术的老年人。本集团可能会受益于技术，这将有助于他们成为适应他们的行动不便。第二个是老年人有慢性健康问题，如老年痴呆症和接受援助的非正式护理员的生活在距离。关心的高级生活的距离是非正式照顾者在照顾者的职业倦怠的高风险。监测的关心，高级健康和安全是通过这样照顾者的重要任务之一。如地面传感器和访问控制来确保安全的入侵者或指示私奔与老年痴呆症的高级设备，可以减少护理
英文原文 Introductions to Control Systems Automatic control has played a vital role in the advancement of engineering and science. In addition to its extreme importance in space-vehicle, missile-guidance, and aircraft-piloting systems, etc, automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial processes. For example, automatic control is essential in such industrial operations as controlling pressure, temperature, humidity, viscosity, and flow in the process industries; tooling, handling, and assembling mechanical parts in the manufacturing industries, among many others. Since advances in the theory and practice of automatic control provide means for attaining optimal performance of dynamic systems, improve the quality and lower the cost of production, expand the production rate, relieve the drudgery of many routine, repetitive manual operations etc, most engineers and scientists must now have a good understanding of this field. The first significant work in automatic control was James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam engine in the eighteenth century. Other significant works in the early stages of development of control theory were due to Minorsky, Hazen, and Nyquist, among many others. In 1922 Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships and showed how stability could be determined by the differential equations describing the system. In 1934 Hazen, who introduced the term “ervomechanisms”for position control systems, discussed design of relay servomechanisms capable of closely following a changing input. During the decade of the 1940’s, frequency-response methods made it possible for engineers to design linear feedback control systems that satisfied performance requirements. From the end of the 1940’s to early 1950’s, the root-locus method in control system design was fully developed. The frequency-response and the root-locus methods, which are the