观欧洲住宅发展寻中国居住方向
城市发展中的不平衡往往导致居住构成的不合理现象。居住的状态反映着城市的面貌，城市的发展也左右着住宅的品相，人类的生活就是在不断修正中接近完美。20世纪70年代以来，欧洲发达国家的住宅建筑建设发生了重要的变化，大致可以归结为八个趋势。这些趋势在很大程度上与中国目前住宅发展的方式恰成对比，有一定的启示作用。
1.商品化不等于自有化，福利住宅、市场出租住宅与自有住宅将“三分天下”在中国城市住宅数量基本满足之后，住宅的结构性矛盾将会突现。一些学者早就提出：“商品化不等于自有化”，住宅构成需要多样化发展。在出租住宅领域如何正常化发展，在住宅福利上如何进一步保证社会公正和关心弱势群体，这将成为今后的重要任务。综观欧洲国家住宅发展的进程，是“先福利，后市场，逐步放开”。到今天，基本上形成了自有住宅、市场出租住宅和福利出租住宅三分天下的局面。而中国的住宅发展，是“市场为主，福利解困，急速放开”，20多年时间在住宅总量上增长几倍乃至10倍，急速的发展带来了一定的不平衡：商品自有住房和出售的公有住房占了较大比重；福利住宅的存留是一个组成部分；而作为可以起调节作用的市场出租住房发育不完全。虽然在实际生活中出租住房已有相当的份额，但它仍然无法与另二者匹敌：没有形成产业，没有户籍登记的法定地位，没有在城市规划上的性质确定，还不能成为一种普通的生活方式。这对城市面貌的多样化，对城市生活的丰富性带来了一定限制，也不利于社会资源的有效利用。
2.打破封闭式小区，提高中心城区的人群混合，住在郊区同时工作在郊区
理想的城市似乎应该把居住、生产、商业办公、游憩分开，大片的绿化和宽阔的道路来承担过渡和连接的功能作用。在20世纪70年代以后，这种思路的弊病在欧洲被人们注意到了：住宅区缺少城市感，中心城区夜间成为“死城”，交通问题突出。新的规划观念是：适度混合，促进“微循环”，提高中心城区的可居住性和多元性，提高郊区住宅区工作的可能性。
我国目前住宅建设还是十分强调功能分区，再加上“封闭式小区”的通用管理模式，人们的生活流线是“盲肠式”的而不是“网络式”的。街道空间的功能正在向单一的交通功能退化，城区局部的多元化受到影响，多样化的就业和廉价的社会服务正在受到抑制。由于社会福利水平低，商品住宅受市场左右一般都是“人
以群分”，“择邻而居”。其实这对社会生活的多元化和以人为本的思想从长远来说是不利的。
3.谨慎的改造，拒绝推土机式地破坏城市肌理，从“新村”回归“城市”
从20世纪50年代到70年代，新村蔓延到城市里面，大量地进行“推土机式的改造”，在满足功能的同时也对城市结构平衡产生了破坏。20世纪60年代后期，欧洲诸国对这种方式进行了质疑。
我国目前的住宅实践对于城市住宅和城郊住宅并无明显的区别对待，中心城区拆光重建是通用的方法。结果，城市住宅是城市内的新村，郊区住宅是郊区的新村；因此容易导致城市的空洞化、乡村化，建筑空间的离散。对规划指标的要求，仅仅在容积率上城内高，城郊低；间距上内城稍紧，城郊稍宽；其他如建筑密度和绿化面积的指标很相似，没有保证城市中心区风貌的特别措施。中心城区能否成为有城市特征的居住场所，城市空间怎样通过法规的特殊保证来体现其延续性，需要正确的平衡商业性开发利益和城市公共资源之间的矛盾。
4.回归建筑与人的亲切尺度，层数由高到低，密度由低到高
20世纪50年代至70年代，欧洲城市建筑也强调降低建筑密度，增加绿化面积，提高层数；20世纪70年代以后，城市整体绿化环境提高了，住宅越来越体现出层数降低，密度增加，有些中心地区甚至可以达到100%的建筑密度。住宅区内的大绿化风光不再，这为城市中心地区空间的连续性，城市郊区居住建筑的亲切宜人提供了条件。
我国住宅目前建筑密度控制在25%-30%，绿化率的强制标准不可动摇。住宅建筑(特别是中心城区住宅建筑)开发的强度决定了高层低密度的住宅建筑方式是经济的。但是，通过一段时间的建设发展，高层低密度的弊病也已经凸现：空间尺度与人的尺度对立，重视建筑物而轻视建筑心理对人的影响。目前，在一些大城市，鼓励降低高度和容积率，提高建筑密度，已经开始提上议事日程。
5.不同建筑师在同一个住宅项目中毗邻设计，催生集合住宅个性化
为了加快住宅建筑和满足居住的数量要求，从20世纪20年代到70年代，欧洲住宅建筑在标准化、产业化、预制化、装配化方面做过许多努力。但近20年来出现了很多个性化的创造。特别是在福利住宅和出租住宅上，风格各异，令人赞叹。不仅在住宅平面上，而且在外部空间和建筑造型上，都有丰富的变化和创新。他们通过城市设计竞赛来保证住宅区的个性化，通过组织不同的建筑师在同一个项目里毗邻而建来获得丰富的建筑景观。
我国目前受投资方式和时间进度的限制，住宅的个性化多样化远远不够。住宅成
为“商品”之后，为了追求最多的顾客和规模化的生产效率，有趋同的倾向。虽然现在有个别高档住宅聘请多个建筑师的现象，但并不能够眷顾到大量集合住宅。在城市设计方面，住宅与外部空间上不够协调；在建筑单体设计上受销售的顾虑因而突破不多，限制了个性化的发展。
6.“旧如旧，新如新，保留居民，公众参与”，不只文物，被尊重是一切旧建筑的权利
从20世纪70年代起，欧洲开始特别重视旧建筑的保护、改造和再利用，称为“谨慎的城市更新”。不仅针对文物建筑，而且那些普通的旧建筑，都是构成地方特征和维系原有社会经济文化延续的载体。在住宅改造上，最突出的要点是：“旧如旧，新如新，控制体量，改善功能，保留居民，公众参与”。在经济上，通过政府和企业的投入来保证社会文化财富的继承和增值。在建筑物本身的处理上，主要侧重三种类型：原有旧住宅添加建筑设备，保留居民，改善功能；非居住建筑(如老厂房，办公楼等)改造为居住建筑；对20世纪50年代至70年代建造的住宅进行空间上和建筑物上的改善。中国现在对旧建筑的保护更新存在三个问题：重视文物建筑的保护，不重视一般旧建筑的更新利用和旧城结构肌理尺度的延续；重视旅游和仿古，不重视使用中的利用，往往把居民全部动迁，改老建筑为商业设施和高级住宅区；重视单独的物质性保护，不重视居民的保留和对原有社会生活关系的尊重和发展。究其原因，还是对投入和产出的经济关系过于重视，把旧建筑改造当作商业开发而不是城市文化的多样化建设来看待。
7.生态住宅终究不是高技术堆砌，而是文明的居住观念和适用技术的结合
欧洲住宅在生态设计上取得了较大的成就，值得注意的是，越来越重视对生态观念的普及宣传，重视技术的适用性，并不是片面追求高技术。特点是以文明的居住观念作为引导，而不是以单纯经济效益为引导，以适用技术的普及推广为措施。我国的住宅，生态环保观念正在受到越来越多的重视，生态技术运用日益广泛。但是，一些“生态住宅”的项目往往带有以经济效益为先导的动机。我们的优势是：相对的生态技术产品价格比较低廉，群众有节俭的传统美德。从长远来看，还是要把生态观念作为一种居住文明来推广，而不能简单局限于经济效益。
8.简约克制是一种深层美，居住氛围从壮丽气派到返璞归真
欧洲住宅，特别是大住宅区，也曾有过追求壮丽气派的经历。到了近几十年，在气质风格上，虽然讲究个性，但是不追求宏大华丽，提倡贴近人的尺度，自然清新的风格。在住宅建筑的造型上，越来越转向崇尚简洁朴素，尺度细腻，返璞归
真。在绿化环境上，强调节约管理和运行成本，节约能源和水，处理简洁，一般很少有喷泉水池雕塑出现。
我国的住宅建设由于市场化的开发而过于注重包装。建筑造型往往装饰过度，动辄运用曲线造型和屋顶装饰，追求肤浅的“豪华”气氛。在绿化环境的处理上，经常采用大水池，大喷泉，大雕塑，亭台楼阁，争奇斗艳。而另一方面，对建筑的个性化处理和为人民服务的细节方面，独创性还不够，推敲不仔细。在美学观念方面，简洁和克制确实是我们现在缺乏的。实际上，从对住宅的长期使用来看，也应该为住户节约将来的运行和维护费用。
European search of residential development direction
of China's residence
Urban development often leads to the imbalance in the composition of living unreasonable. Living in the state reflects the outlook of cities, urban development around the residential phase of the goods, human life is constantly revised in the near perfect. Since the 1970s, developed countries in Europe have taken place in residential building construction major changes, can generally be reduced to eight trend. These trends to a large extent with China's current residential development and the way in contrast, has some enlightening.
1.Does not mean that the commercialization of its own, welfare housing, rental housing market and its own domestic "third world"
The number of cities in China can basically meet the needs of residential, residential structural contradictions in the process will now. Some scholars have pointed out: "Commercialisation is not equivalent to its own" and a need to diversify residential development. Rental housing in the area of how the normalization of development, in the residential welfare how to further ensure social justice and care for vulnerable groups, which will become the next important task. Looking at European countries residential development process, "the first, after the market to gradually open up." Today, basically formed its own domestic market rental housing and welfare rental housing two-thirds of the world situation.
And China's domestic development, is "market-oriented, welfare difficulties, and the rapid opening up", 20 years on the total growth in residential several times and 10 times, the rapid development of a certain imbalance: commodities owned housing And the sale of public housing accounted for a larger proportion of welfare residential retention is an integral part of, and can play a role in regulating the market rental housing development is incomplete. Although in real life rental housing has been a considerable share, but it still can not match with another two: there is no industry, no registry of legal status, not in urban planning and determine the nature, can not
become a common Way of life. This diversification of the urban landscape, the richness of city life has brought a certain limit, is not conducive to the effective use of social resources.
2.Break the closed area and improve the downtown areas of mixed population, live in the suburbs while working in the suburbs
Seems to be the ideal city to live, production, business office, open separate, large tracts of green and broad commitment to the road of transition and the function of the connection. During the 1970s, the idea that the shortcomings noted that people in Europe: the lack of urban residential areas flu, the Centre City overnight become a "dead city", traffic problems highlighted. The new planning concept is: an appropriate mix of "micro-cycle" to improve the habitability of the city centre and pluralism, raising the possibility of suburban residential areas.
China's current housing construction is a great deal of emphasis function Division, coupled with the "closed area" of GM management, people's life-line is "appendectomy" rather than "network". Street space is the function of the traffic to a single functional degradation, urban areas affected by the diversification of local, low-cost diversification of employment and social services are being inhibited. As the low level of social welfare, the value of the residential market are generally about "the people into groups", "Optional door neighbors." In fact, the diversity of social life and people-oriented thinking in the long run is negative.
3.The transformation of caution and refused to bulldozers to destroy urban fabric type, "New Village" return to the "city"
From the 1950s to the 1970s, the Village spread to the cities inside, to a large number "of the bulldozer-style", to meet the function of the city also had a balance of damage.
60 in the late 20th century, European countries on the question this way.
China's current practice for urban residential housing and residential suburbs there was no apparent discrimination, the Centre City demolition-renewal is a common method. The results, urban residential village is within the city, suburban residential suburb of New Village is so easily lead to the hollowing out of the cities, villages, the construction of the discrete space. The planning target of the request, only on the volume of the city, suburban low pitch on the inner city slightly tight, suburban Shaokuan; others such as building density and green space is very similar to the indicators, there is no guarantee that the outlook of the city centre district of special measures. Can the downtown areas of cities have become the characteristics of living places, how urban space through special legislation to guarantee the continuity of its need to correct the balance of interests and the commercial exploitation of public resources between the city of contradictions.
4.Building and the return of warm-scale, low-rise high to low, from low to high density
Building and the return of warm-scale, low-rise high to low, from low to high density 1950s to the 1970s, the building also stressed that European cities to reduce building
density and increase green space, improve low-rise and 20 in the 1970s, the overall urban greening the environment increase, more and more residential floors reflect lower density, Some central areas can even reach 100 percent of the building density. Residential areas of the Green Fengguangbuzai, to the city centre in the continuity of space, residential buildings in the city suburbs to provide a cordial and pleasant conditions.
China's residential building density control in the current 25 percent to 30 percent, the rate of mandatory green standards can not be shaken. Residential construction (especially the downtown areas of residential buildings) the intensity of the development of high-level decision of the low-density residential construction method is the economy. However, through a period of construction and development, high-rise low-density has also highlighted the shortcomings: spatial scale and the scale confrontation, to building construction and underestimate the psychological impact on people. At present, in some big cities, to encourage a high degree of lower volume and rate of increase building density, has begun to put on the agenda.
5.Different architects in the same residential projects adjacent to the design, collection of residential personalized birth
In order to speed up housing construction and meet the requirements of the number of living, from the 1920s to the 1970s, the European residential construction in standardization, industrialization, prefabricated, assembly areas and made many efforts. But the past 20 years has created a lot of personality. Particularly in the residential and rental housing, the different styles, it is amazing. Not only in residential plane, but also in the external shape of space and construction, have enriched the change and innovation. Through their urban design competition to ensure that residential areas of personalized, through the organization of different architects in the same project, built adjacent to get rich architectural landscape.
China's current investment in the manner and timing of the progress of the restrictions, residential character of diversification is far from enough. Residential become a "commodity", in the pursuit of the largest customers and scale of production efficiency, the convergence trend. Although there are now employing a number of individual high-end residential architect, but can not be kind to the large number of residential collection. In urban design, residential and not enough on the coordination of external space in the building design of the single sales thus break the concerns of small, limiting the development of personality.
6."Old as the old and new as new, retaining residents, public participation," not only heritage, respect for the old building is all right
From the 1970s onwards, Europe began special attention to the protection of the old building, rehabilitation and re-use, known as "cautious urban renewal." Not only for heritage buildings, and those ordinary old buildings, are a local character and maintain the existing socio-economic and cultural renewal of the carrier. In residential transformation, the most salient points are: the "old old, such as the new, control of volume, improve the function, to retain residents and public participation." On the
economic front, through government and business investment to ensure that social and cultural inheritance of wealth and value-added. In building its own treatment, focused mainly on three types: the original older residential construction equipment add to retain residents, improve the function of non-residential buildings (such as old factories, office buildings, etc.) into a residential building; the 1950s To the 1970s construction of residential space on buildings and improvements. China is now the old building to update the protection there are three problems: attention to the protection of heritage buildings, the old building do not attach importance to the general use and update the old city-scale structure of the fabric of continuity; attaches importance to tourism and antique, do not attach importance to the use of use, often Relocation of all residents, to the old building for commercial facilities and senior residential areas; attention to the physical protection alone, do not attach importance to the residents of reservations and social life of the existing relations of respect and development. The reason, or the input and output too much emphasis on economic relations, the transformation of the old building as a business development rather than urban cultural diversity seen in the building.
7.Residential high-tech ecosystem is not spelled the end, but civilized living concept and application of technology integration
European domestic eco-design had made substantial achievements, it is noteworthy that more and more emphasis on the universal concept of eco-propaganda, to the applicability of technology, not one-sided pursuit of high-tech. Characteristics of civilization is the concept of living as a guide, rather than purely economic benefits for the guide to apply technical measures to promote the popularization.
China's housing, environmental protection concepts are being more and more attention to the increasingly widespread use of eco-technologies. However, a number of "ecological house" of the projects are often a precursor to economic benefits for the motive. We are the advantages: the relative ecological technology products prices relatively low, the masses are the traditional virtues of frugality. In the long run, or to the ecological concepts as a living civilization to promote, but we can not simply confined to the economic benefits.
8.Simple restraint is a deep United States, living atmosphere from the magnificent style to Fanpuguizhen
European housing, especially in big residential areas, have had the experience of the pursuit of magnificent style. In recent decades, in temperament style, although stress personality, but not the pursuit of ambitious gorgeous, people close to the promotion of the scale, nature fresh style. Residential construction in the modeling, to advocate more concise and simple, delicate scale, Fanpuguizhen. In a green environment, stress management and operation cost savings, energy conservation and water, deal with simple, ordinary little pond fountain sculpture there.
China's housing construction market because of too much emphasis on the development and packaging. Architectural modeling often over-decorated, frequently use of modeling and roof decoration, shallow pursuit of the "luxury" atmosphere. In
the handling of greening the environment, often using large pond, a fountain, a sculpture, Tingtailouge, Zhengqidouyan. On the other hand, the construction of personalized treatment and the people of the details, originality is not enough, not weighed carefully. In aesthetic ideas, simplicity and restraint is indeed we now lack. In fact, on the long-term residential use, should also be saving for the future tenants of the operation and maintenance costs.
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
高中生英语作文范文100字带翻译英语作文是对学生综合能力考核最彻底的一类题型,对单词的掌握、对语法的熟悉程度、谴词造句的能力都会在写作文的水平中体现的一览无余，下面就给大家整理了英语的作文的范文，欢迎阅读 英语作文范文一 Nowadays, as the development of the Internet, people count on the computer so much. They use the computer to communicate with others, scan the instant news or do their work. Internet provides people a large stage to share their opinion. But the problem comes, as the law about the Internet is not that complete, so some people say what that they want, even attack others. They are not afraid, because there is no law can punish them. Internet language sometimes is like another form of violence, the celebrities are easily becoming the targets for people to attack. The small contradiction can be enlarged by the uncivilized words and someone will be criticized by the public. They are under great pressure and people don’t have to undertake it originally. We should watch out our Internet words, never try to hurt others. Remember the moral regulations. 如今，随着网络的发展，人们很依赖电脑。他们使用电脑和别人交流，浏览即时信息或者做他们的工作。网络给人们提供了一个交流意见的大平台。但是问题也来了，由于有关网络的法律还不够完善，因此一些人随心
美国大学校名英文缩写 英文缩写英文全称中文全称 AAMU Alabama A&M 阿拉巴马农业机械大学ADELPHI Adelphi University 艾德菲大学AMERICAN American University 美国大学 ANDREWS Andrews University 安德鲁大学 ASU Arizona State University 亚利桑那州立大学AUBURN Auburn University 奥本大学 -B- BAYLOR Baylor University 贝勒大学 BC Boston College 波士顿学院 BGSU Bowling Green State University 博林格林州立大学BIOLA Biola University 拜欧拉大学BRANDEIS Brandeis University 布兰迪斯大学BROWN Brown University 布朗大学 BSU Ball State University 波尔州立大学 BU* Boston University 波士顿大学 BU SUNY Binghamton 纽约州立大学宾厄姆顿分校BYU Brigham Young Univ. Provo 百翰大学 *BU通常意义上指Boston University -C- CALTECH California Institute of Technology 加州理工大学 CAU Clark Atlanta University 克拉克亚特兰大大学 CLARKSON Clarkson University 克拉逊大学CLARKU Clark University 克拉克大学CLEMSON Clemson University 克莱姆森大学 CMU* Carnegie Mellon University 卡耐基梅隆大学CMU Central Michigan University 中央密歇根大学COLUMBIA Columbia University 哥伦比亚大学CORNELL Cornell University 康奈尔大学CSU* Colorado State 科罗拉多州立大学 CSU Cleveland State University 克里夫立大学CU* University of Colorado Boulder 科罗拉多大学波德分校 CU University of Colorado Denver 科罗拉多大学丹佛分校 CUA Catholic University of America 美国天主教大学 CWRU Case Western Reserve Univ. 凯斯西储大学*CMU 通常意义上指 Carnegie Mellon University *CSU 通用 *CU 通用
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
1稍等一会儿，我会帮助你的。（for a while） 2他们作了自我介绍。(introduce) 3请去查询下班火车什么时候开。(find out) 4昨天下午2时到4时你在做什么？(过去进行时) 5我正在吃晚饭，电话铃响了。(when) 6不仅我，而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢游泳。(be fond of) 7他今天感到身体好多了。(a lot) 8礼堂里早已挤满了高中学生。(be full of) 9我在街上走时，看到了一些古老的建筑物。(while) 10我走近花园时，几个男孩子在爬树。(用过去进行时) 11请脱下你的旧上衣，穿上这件新的。(take off, put on) 12这件事是什么时候发生的？（happen） 13他去办公室查询课程表.(ask abut) 14当我们到达车站时，火车已开出了。(过去完成时) 15他服药后，开始感到好些了.(过去完成时) 16 我观看体育节目你有意见吗? (mind) 17我还没有读完那本有关伦敦的书.(finish) 18 他没有跟我说一声就离开了山村。(without) 19我告诉她我已把餐具洗好了。(过去完成时) 20汤姆上楼去他的卧室时，他的姐姐已把他的上衣改短了一英寸。(过去完成时) 21我和汤姆都盼望早日见到您。(look forward to) 22全世界的人都在电视上观看奥运会.(all over the world) 23我听说这场比赛将延期。(put off) 24这里要讲英语.(被动)
25这座体育馆将于明年建成.(被动语态) 26过马路时要小心.(be careful) 27这次车祸是什么引起的?(cause) 28她总是乐于助人.(be ready to) 29这个女孩由于不遵守交通规则，在车祸中受了伤。(被动) 30到时候会通知你的.（被动语态） 31我根本不喜欢这个铜的框架。(not…at all) 32他把玫瑰栽在花园中间.(in the middle) 33他不知道她为什么在练习中有这么多的错误.(wonder) 34他告诉我一切都会好的。(过去将来时) 35谁也不知道我们什么时候举行下次会议.(过去将来时) 36在新学校里有这么多的东西要学. 37当老师进来的时候，我们正在愉快地交谈。 38我们一读完初中就进入高中。 39我的老师比我想象的要年轻得多。 40晚饭后，我总是在厨房里洗碗碟. 41我们将在明天下午举行班会.(用被动语态) 42 老师看见他的学生们在教室里做功课。(…doing…) 43她说鲁宾逊先生将不得不为那张画付高价. 44我的母亲说我们将在北京逗留两个星期。(过去将来时) 45这本书分成三个部分. 46在我国，自行车不可以在繁忙的街道上行驶。(keep away from) 47她根本不认识那个人.(not…at all) 48约翰说总有一天他将成为一个医生。
Uｎit 1 The RｏotｓoｆCｈemisｔry Ｉ．Ｃoｍpreｈensioｎ. 1。Ｃ 2. Ｂ3．D 4. C 5. B ＩI。Ｍａｋe ａsenｔeｎｃe ｏut of ｅach ｉｔem ｂy reaｒranging ｔhe wordｓin ｂracｋets. 1.Tｈｅｐuｒiｆｉcation of aｎorganｉc compounｄis usually a matter of consｉｄerａｂlｅdｉfｆicｕｌtｙ, and iｔis nｅcｅｓsaｒy to eｍploy vａrious methoｄs fｏr thｉｓpurpｏse。 2.Science is an ｅｖeｒ－iｎcｒｅasing boｄy ofａccｕｍｕlａｔed anｄ ｓｙsｔｅmatiｚed knowledｇe ａnd iｓalsｏan activｉty bｙwｈic ｈｋnowledge iｓｇenerated。 3.Lifｅ，aftｅr all, is onｌy cｈeｍistry,in faｃｔ, a sｍall example of ｃ hｅｍistry ｏbsｅｒved oｎａsｉngle munｄane pｌａnet。 4.Peoplｅaｒe made of molｅculｅｓ; sｏmｅｏf ｔhｅmｏleculｅs in p ｅople aｒe rａｔher ｓimple whｅreas otｈerｓａｒｅhｉghly compｌex。 5.Chｅｍistry ｉｓever preseｎｔin ｏｕｒｌｉves frｏm ｂｉｒtｈ tｏｄeａthｂeｃａｕse withoｕt chｅmｉｓtrｙｔhere iｓneither life nor deａth. 6.Maｔhｅｍaｔics apｐeａｒs ｔo be almost as humaｎkiｎｄand ａｌ ｓo ｐermeaｔeｓall aspeｃts of ｈuman life, aｌthough ｍａｎｙof us are ｎｏｔfuｌly ａwａrｅoｆtｈis. III。Tｒanｓlatioｎ. 1.（a)chｅmicaｌprｏcess (b) natuｒal scienｃe（c）the teｃhｎｉ ｑｕe of distｉllaｔioｎ 2.Iｔｉs theａtｏｍs that ｍａkｅuｐｉron, waｔeｒ，oｘygen and the lｉke/anｄso on／aｎｄsｏfortｈ/aｎd otherｗiｓe. 3.Cheｍisｔｒy haｓa very long hｉｓtorｙ, ｉnｆaｃｔ，human a ｃtivity in chｅｍｉstrｙgｏes bａｃk ｔo ｐreｒecｏrｄed tｉmｅｓ/pｒedatiｎg reｃｏrded times． 4.Aｃcoｒdｉng to/Froｍthe eｖapoｒaｔion oｆwaｔeｒ，pｅople know ／reaｌized ｔｈat ｌiquidｓcａn ｔurn/bｅ/changeｉｎto gases ｕndeｒcertain conditions/circｕmsｔance／enｖironment。 5.Yoｕｍusｔknow ｔhe propｅｒtieｓｏfｔｈe materiaｌbeｆore y ｏu use it. IＶ．Ｔrａnslation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快，其余两步相当慢.这三步
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
高中生英语作文带翻译范文1 Natural disaster is one of the biggest problems that the current world has to face with. Its damage is beyond our imagination. It has great influence on the suitable development of economic and society; even it will threaten the survival of mankind. People have to pay attention on it. Recently, people have suffered lots from it. For example, Ya An earthquake, England flood, Chile seaquake and so on. All these natural disasters have caused serious tragedy, leading a plenty of people hurt or died. However, the cause of natural disaster is the behavior of human beings. Just like, mankind chop down tress and then causing the appearance of debris flow. If we make great effort on it, we can reduce these natural disasters. There will be more people be saved with less natural disaster. The International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction is aiming at proposing everyone stop doing the things that will cause natural disaster. 自然灾害是当今世界面临的最大问题之一。其危害是超出我们想象的。它对经济和社会的可持续发展有着严重的影响，甚至会威胁到人类的生存。使得人们不得不对它特别关注。近期，人们已经遭受了很多的自然灾害。例如，雅安地震，英国洪水，智利海啸等。这些自然灾害已造成严重的悲剧，导致很多人受伤或死亡。然而，引起自然灾害的原因是人类行为。就像人类砍伐树木，从而引发泥石流的出现。如果我们能够付出努力，我们就可以减少这些自然灾害的发生。自然灾害少了，很多人会因此而得救。国际减少自然灾害日就是旨在提倡大家停止做会导致自然灾害的事情。 高中生英语作文带翻译范文2 There are many people are deaf among the sixty billion population. They don’t have a sound body. They have to face much more difficulties than common people in their daily life. However, there is a big problem they have to face. It is the unfair treatment. As they are disabled, they often looked down upon or teased by others. Many people regard them as useless. In fact, this behavior is not approval. The deaf are human beings that need to be treated equality. They can also make contribution or be useful people for the society. They just couldn't see everything by eyes instead of foolish. For example, Helen Keller is a blind person, but she uses her own story to
中外高校校名国内研究所中文全称和英文缩写 对照 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
中文全称英文缩写 浙江大学ZHEJIANG UNIV 中国科学院CHINESE ACAD SCI 清华大学TSINGHUA UNIV 东南大学SOUTHEAST UNIV 大连理工大学DALIAN UNIV TECHNOL 南京大学NANJING UNIV 四川大学SICHUAN UNIV 上海交通大学SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIV 中山大学SUN YAT SEN UNIV 华中科技大学HUAZHONG UNIV SCI TECHNOL 北京大学PEKING UNIV 山东大学SHANDONG UNIV 复旦大学FUDAN UNIV 南开大学NANKAI UNIV 北京邮电大学BEIJING UNIV POSTS TELECOMMUN 中国科学技术大学UNIV SCI TECHNOL CHINA 吉林大学JILIN UNIV 西安交通大学XI AN JIAO TONG UNIV 哈尔滨工业大学HARBIN INST TECHNOL 天津大学TIANJIN UNIV 兰州大学LANZHOU UNIV 华南理工大学S CHINA UNIV TECHNOL 武汉大学WUHAN UNIV 湖南大学HUNAN UNIV 华南师范大学S CHINA NORMAL UNIV 北京航天航空大学BEIJING UNIV AERONAUT ASTRONAUT 东北大学NORTHEASTERN UNIV 电子科技大学UNIV ELECT SCI TECHNOL CHINA 华东科技大学 E CHINA UNIV SCI TECHNOL 中南大学CENT S UNIV 西安电子科技大学XIDIAN UNIV 同济大学TONGJI UNIV 厦门大学XIAMEN UNIV 北京交通大学BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIV 东吴大学SOOCHOW UNIV 安徽大学ANHUI UNIV 北京理工大学BEIJING INST TECHNOL 香港城市大学CITY UNIV HONG KONG 湘潭大学XIANGTAN UNIV 北京师范大学BEIJING NORMAL UNIV
黄冈师范学院 2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷 考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思 考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points） 1.过滤 2.浓缩 3.结晶化 4.吸附 5. 蒸馏6．超临界的 7.二氯甲烷 8.热力学平衡 9.亲电性 10.表面张力 11.共轭的 12.酮 13.平衡常数 14.丙基 15.丁基 16.亚甲基 18.环己酮 19.同位素 20.标准熵 二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points） 1. methyl propanoate 2. rate constant 3. ethyl methyl ketone 4. free energy 5. radical intermediate 6. isobutyl methyl ether 7. 3-chloropropene 8. primary radical 9. n-propyl bromide 10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons 12. local magnetic fields 13. tetramethylsilane 14. mass to charge ratios 15 phenylamine 16 amide 17. amine 18. nucleophile 19. perchlorate 20. carbocation 三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points） A卷【第1页共 3 页】
仅供参考 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. Sources of Organic Compounds The major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry 有机化合物的来源 有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的，一般来自于石油工业。 2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive[prE5hibitiv]. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds. 因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。显然，以前的方法是不可取的，一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识，这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物，甚至是一些未知的化合物， For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form
高中生英语作文100字带翻译 下面为大家搜集整理有关高中的优秀英语作文，希望可以帮助到大家!高中英语作文：The Father of Giant PandaGiant panda is the national treasure. Once it was in the situation of dying out, but with the effort of the scientists, now the number of giant panda has increased and the scientists protect these lovely creatures. Pan Wenshi, who is known to the father of giant panda, has devoted his whole life to study about how to protect the precious animals from dying out. Since the 1980s, he has worked in the wild of Si Chuan, tracing the giant panda’s life and studying it, in the hope of collecting useful information. He was strongly supporting that animals should return to the nature, where was their right home. He has made great contribution to protecting the animals from dying out. Now giant panda is no longer on the list of dying out. We are happy to hear the news and show great respect to the scientists.大熊猫是国宝。 它们曾经面临灭绝的危机，但通过科学家们的努力，现在大熊猫的数量已经在不断增加，而且科学家们也一直在保护这些可爱的动物。 潘文石，被称为大熊猫之父，他一生都致力于研究如何保护这些珍贵的动物免于灭绝。 自19世纪90年代以来，他就在四川的野外工作，跟踪大熊猫的生活、进行研究以便收集到有用的信息。 他强烈支持动物应该回到大自然，因为那里才是它们的家。
南京大学Nanjing University 东南大学Southeast University 南京航空航天大学Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 南京理工大学Nanjing university ofscience ＆technology 南京工业大学Nanjing tech university 南京邮电大学Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 南京林业大学Nanjing forestry university 南京信息工程大学Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology 南京农业大学Nanjing Agricultural University 南京医科大学Nanjing medical university 南京中医药大学Nanjing university of Chinese medicine 中国药科大学China Pharmaceutical University 南京师范大学Nanjing Normal University 南京财经大学Nanjing University Of Finance & Economics 江苏警官学院Jiangsu police institute 南京体育学院Nanjing Sport Institute 南京艺术学院Nanjing University of the Arts 三江学院Sanjiang university 南京工程学院Nanjing institute of technology 南京审计大学Nanjing audit university 南京晓庄学院Nanjing xiaozhuang university 南京特殊教育师范学院Nanjing Normal University Of Special Education 南京森林警察学院Nanjing forest police college 东南大学成贤学院southeast university chengxian college 金陵科技学院jinling institute of technology 南京大学金陵学院Nanjing university jinling college 南京理工大学紫金学院Nanjing University of Science and Technology ZiJin College 南京航空航天大学金城学院 nanhang Jincheng college 中国传媒大学南广学院Communication University of China, Nanguang College