2015英语专业八级听力第一部分MINI-LECTURE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Understanding Academic Lectures Listening to academic lectures is an important task fro university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently I.Understand all (1) ______________ A.^ B.words C.(2) ______________ -stress -intonation -(3) ______________ II. Adding information A.lecturers: sharing information with audience B.listeners: (4) ______________ C.sources of information -knowledge of (5) ______________ 》 -(6) ______________ of the world D. listening involving three steps: -hearing -(7) ______________ -adding III. (8) ______________ A.reasons: -overcome noise -save time & B. (9) ______________ -content -organization IV. Evaluating while listening A.helps to decide the (10) ______________ of notes B.helps to remember information 答案：1. parts of meanings 2. sound/vocal features 3. rhythm 4. absorbing 5. subject 6. experience 7. reinterpreting 8. prediction 9. what to listen 10. Importance
2018年专八试卷核对试卷一 试卷二 1.formal innovation 2.rapport 3.attending section
4.writing long papers 5.high numbers 6.being filmed https://www.doczj.com/doc/02617640.html,parable questions 8.a natural order 9.figure out 10.sensitive 11.repeating 12.integrate into 13.logical or natural 14.editing 15.fundamental elements 听力： 1. The initial letters of an easy-to-remember phrase 2.[A] he's made up his mind to change some of his passwords. 3. intruders are patient enough to compute. 4.[D] The US takes up the leading edge of technology. 5.[A] Why not to write down passwords on notebooks 6.[D] the development of genetic tests is out of people's expectation. 7.[C] misgiving. 8.[A] improve self-discipline of the industry. 9.[D] Alienated.
新东方听力点题班预测 第一部分：北美点题预测机经及背景知识 (2) 2014.11.29NA (2) 2014.11.29NA (10) 2014.10.25NA (14) 2014.9.19NA (19) 第二部分：大陆点题预测机经及背景知识 (24) 2014.3.2 ML (24) 2014.3.15 ML (27) 2014.3.16ML (31) 2014.3.22 ML (33) 2014.3.23ML (37) 2014.4.12ML (39) 2014.4.19ML (41) 2014.5.11ML (43) 2014.5.17 ML (45) 2014.5.25ML (46) 2014.6.15 ML (50) 2014.6.21ML (51) 2014.6.28ML (54) 2014.6.29 ML (56) 2014.7.6 ML (59) 2014.7.12 ML (62) 2014.8.16 ML (64) 2014.8.23 ML (66) 2014.8.30 ML (68) 2014.9.14 ML (70) 2014.9.21 ML (71) 2014.9.27 ML (73) 第三部分：新托福听力经典加试完整版 (76) 第四部分：2013年北美全年听力机经100词 (84)
第一部分：北美点题预测机经及背景知识 2014.11.29NA 第一部分/Section 1 对话/conversation：学生与心理学（psychology）教授谈论urban legendary 男学生找到心理学教授谈论期末作业。因为学生错过了很多课（missed many classes），老师关切的问上课是否跟得上，学生说借了笔记看，因此都跟得上讲课，他找老师想谈论一下期末作业。学生说，他知道期末作业有写final paper 和final project两个选择。老师说，由于学生错过太多课，final paper is not an option , you may choose final project.学生说正有此意，并且想写urban legendary （都市传奇）这个主题。他的灵感来源是一篇关于urban legendary 的论文。老师表扬说这是一个很好的主题，可以取材于local，比如学校图书馆就有一个流传广泛的legendary, 说是图书馆由于建造失误的原因，基地不牢，在不断下沉(细节题)。老师问学生想从哪方面入手写。学生回答说细节（details）使得legendary很有趣，那篇关于urban legendary的论文表明，人们在重述urban legendary时差别很大。有的人重述urban legendary的时候平铺直叙，只说事实，有的人添油加醋，加入了很多细节。老师要求举例说明。学生说，论文中说，一个人描述legendary时只说事实，a women eat lunch,另一个人却说：my classmate’s cousin eat lunch in the restaurant nearby the school’s library。那篇论文研究了urban legendary加入细节后的可信度和传播频率：after added details, how much of the urban legendary people believe and how often it will be retold. 学生还谈到论文的结论（finding）是出乎意料的: 加入太多细节的urban legendary既不影响它的可信度也不影响它的传播频率（细节题）。老师也同意这个结论令人吃惊，并问学生在final project中想加入什么新的研究内容。学生回答，他会研究不同的话题（different topics）对于urban legendary 的可
2018年托福第二次考试命题就开始了，那么大家对于考试的内容有一些什么样的判断吗，和三立在线教育托福网一起来看看2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测。阅读真题和词汇题按照常考题型进行分类汇总。 2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测之真题测练(部分内容)： ②2015-8-22CN The Upper Paleolithic Revolution P1: The Old Stone Age is the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind’s history. It was not till around 30 thousand years ago (or 30 “kya") that the archaeological record reveals the emergence of technical and social advances, which comprised new technologies, hunting techniques, human burials, and an artistic tradition of astonishing competency. This dramatic change was known as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. It had been traditionally argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon exclusive to Eurasia. The absence of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around 40 kya in Europe. However, the recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads, dated to around 77 kya, opened up the debate. This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is regarded as the most noticeable evidence for the evolution of modern human behavior. ?P2: Two further questions follow. First, what was happening to the human cognitive process during the 40,000 years or so from innovative usage of stone in the Blombos Cave to the flourishing of human creativity in Europe? Second, during the Pleistocene a series of momentous climatic events occurred—was climate change then a component? The question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks. They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record. In fact, many South African archaeological sites show that the revolution occurred in Africa during the Middle Paleolithic—tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe. This is supported by evidence of using new stone tools like the blade and microlithic technology. Replication has shown that blades from the time required a high level of skill to make due to their shape, indicating a higher level of hominid complexity. At the same time, exploitation of aquatic resources began to prosper. 题目： 1. Why does the author mention a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beads? A. To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievement B. To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likely
2014专八听力试题 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section,you will hear a mini-lecture.You willhear the lecture ONCE ONL Y. While listening, takenotes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them tocomplete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over,you will be given twominutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task onANSWER SHEET ONE，using no more than three words in each gap. Make sure the word(s)you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your noteswhile completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now listen to the mini-lecture. SECTION B INTERVIEW In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONL Y. Listen carefully and then answer thequestions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview betweenOscar winning actress Angelina Jolieand Cianons Andrew Damon. Now listen to the interview. 1.What is the main purpose of Angelina's visit to Iraq? [A] To draw attention to the refugee crisis. [B] To look after refugees in Iraq. [C] To work for U.N.H.C.R. [D] To work out a plan for refugees. 2.From the interview we know that Angelina _________. [A] was strongly opposed to officials’opinions [B] thought young kids should be givenpriority [C] was much worried about the lack of action [D] proposed that policies be made promptly 3.Which of the following BEST explains what the global community should do? [A] To supenise the construction of schools. [B] To take prompt and effective actions. [C] To provide water and power supply. [D] To prevent instability and aggression. 4.Accorciing to Angelina, what is the key issue in solving the refugee problem? [A] The current situation in Iraq. [B] The politics in the Middle East [C] Refugees returning to normal life. [D] International and domestic efforts.
雅思听力讲义 第一讲雅思听力应注意的问题 1,学习英语的基本方法2,考试与技巧3,计划4,机经 1, 如何习得英语 ?学习英语的5个方面: ?听,说,读,写,译. ?其中读和听是基础,而读是最基础的,是习得的主要方法 2,四门考试之间的关系 听,读---被动 说,写---主动 听,读---平均分比 说,写---高半分 ?SOUNDS-SYLLABLES-WORDS-PHRASES-SENTENCES-PARAGRAPHS-PASSAGES ?语音-词汇-语法-记忆-走神 ?同时,听懂的过程正好是说的逆过程 3,问题及解决问题方法 1,语音: 1)48个基本音素 英语与汉语发音的不同/元音/辅音/易混音 2)吞音和连读 相邻辅音,前者有口型不送气/例外 一般连读/辅音连读/元音连读/例外 3)口音和语调 英音/美音/澳音/杂音 句子重音/单词重音/结构与节奏 1),2),3)问题的解决方案 纠音: 1,学过的配有磁带的3-5篇课文 2,录下自己的声音,与磁带反复对比,模仿
3,同性的声音 4)读音规则 一个字母组合发不同的音 不同的字母组合发同一个音 读音规则问题的解决方案 1, 找到读音规则 2, 多举不同的例子 2,词汇: 1)内涵和外延 不要只记一个意思,否则在其它地方遇到就不认识了2)用法 要记住单词的语境,否则即便记住了也不会用 3)同义词 听说读写都需要同义词 听力中有20-40%的题目需要听同义词 4)派生词 熟悉单词:词根/词缀 3,语法: 1)句子结构 只有抓住句子结构才能抓住完整的含义. 2)代词还原 这需要我们更强的短时记忆 3)动词形式的含义 熟悉动词的含义以及每一种形式的含义 词汇和语法问题解决方案 快速阅读: 1,每天1-2篇学过的课文(10+遍) 2,养成抓句子结构的习惯 3,180+WPM 4,记忆---听写 1)单句 2)边听边写和听完再写 3)两遍一句 5,走神: 1)边听边走---听着玩 每一部分犯的错误都不少 2)先走后不走---躺着听
雅思考试(IELTS)/备考辅导 2015年12月19日雅思口语机经预测Part1 Time management How do you usually organize time? 解题思路： 这道题可以从自身经历出发，分情况去谈。比如要完成一个比较复杂的任务时如制定旅*程或是学习计划，就会先制定好一个时间表，每天每个时段要做什么，更细节的还可以安排到当天这个地方的到达路线是怎样的，并且需要乘坐什么交通工具到达，还可以包括该地点的营业时间，这样安排旅*程一定事半功倍，心里也会比较踏实。 Why do some people find it hard to follow their plans? 解题思路： 如果在第一部分问这道题，可以尽量从自己的例子出发去谈。比如一开始也会比较难遵守制定的计划，但是过一段时间发现如果不按计划做事会很没效率，也会耽误自己的行程，到最后临时抱佛脚会有更大压力和责任。所以逐渐学习一步一步按计划来，行动才会妥当，脚步也会更
稳健。 Part2 Describe a special festival in your culture/country You should say: when this festival is who you celebrate it with what people do during this event and explain why this festival is special. 解题思路： 这道题尽量从比较新颖的角度出发，可以谈光棍节或 是购物节，这都是最近新出现的节日，也是年轻人比较熟 悉并且有不一样意义的节日。比如光棍节就是给单身男女 过的节日，因为已经有情人节和七夕，所以在光棍节时单 身男女能够一起出去聚会，发泄心中的不满，聊聊天吃吃饭，说不定还可以促成一段姻缘。还可以解释光棍节选择 的日期的含义，也比较形象。 2015年12月19日雅思口语机经预测.doc [全文共666字] 编号：6275420
第三周听力新闻 留篇章页。 星期1 Monday 3大考点归纳 一、考查主题把握 此考点主要考查考生对整篇新闻的主题或新闻发生的背景情况的把握，主要测试考生的综合归纳能力。考生只有掌握整篇材料的主题思想与真实意图，才能做出正确的选择。 常见的提问方式有： Which is the main idea of the news item ? What does the news item mainly report? What is the main message of the news item? 【例1】（10-6） 二、考查细节捕捉 此考点主要考查考生对新闻事实细节的识记能力，如时间、地点、人物、事件、数字等。此类题的答案有两种情况，一种是材料直接提供；一种是细节的同义转述或数字的简单计算。此类题主要考查考生的记忆能力，只要听清、记准，便不难做出最佳选择。 【例2】（10-7）
【例3】（10-8） 三、考查细节理解 此考点主要考查考生对新闻报道中重要细节的引申含义的理解。主要测试考生的推理、判断能力。 此类题是相对较难的一种题型，需要考生对某个细节有深层次的理解。由于推断不是凭空进行，而是建立在细节基础上的合乎逻辑的推断，因此考生要有针对性地捕捉细节，及时做笔记。
News Item 1 1．The News Item is mainly about that the Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva [A] is fighting a campaign by opposition protesters. [B] will resign soon. [C] has failed to arrest leaders of the rallies. [D] has put the head of the army in charge of national security. 2．Which of the following is INCORRECT about the head of the army? [A] He would be better able to deal with the situation. [B] He will make every effort to defeat the protesters. [C] He can make decisions directly. [D] He might be planning another operation to hit the protesters. News Item 2 3. The President of Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiyev has left the country [A] flowing to Uzbekistan. [B] with the help of the US and Russia. [C] immediately after his political opponents seized power. [D] on Sunday evening. News Item 3 4. Which of the following is INCORRECT about NASA? [A] It is going to be engaged in space shuttle program. [B] It enjoys full trust of President Obama. [C] It newly gets a fund of six billion dollars. [D] It is not the successor of Hubble Telescope. 5. According to President Obama, America will reinforce its robotic exploration of the solar system in the following aspects EXCEPT [A] research into the sun's atmosphere. [B] landing on an asteroid and Mars. [C] new scouting missions to Mars and other destinations. [D] an advanced telescope to follow Hubble. News Item 4 6. The northern opposition parties and the former southern rebels heavily criticized the electoral commission because [A] the country is heavily disunited. [B] they feared they will lose the election. [C] they didn’t think the election was well-prepared. [D] they thought the election was unfair. News Item 5 7. What is the news mainly about? [A] Obama is anxious to reform US financial system. [B] Obama warned the United States could not afford another financial crisis. [C] The parliament has approved Obama’s reform bill.
雅思听力机经的正确使用方法 在我国雅思考界，听力KEYGEN（又称“听力机经”）是一本几乎人尽皆知的读物。由于雅思听力出现“旧题”的频率颇高，因此听力KEYGEN被广大“烤鸭”们奉为雅思听力之圣经，素有“KEYGEN要么不背，要背就背到血液里”的誓言。 但是，经长期与雅思考生接触后发现，许多学生刚开始听到KEYGEN的名称与功能后确实非常激动，立马买回KEYGEN，准备兑现誓言，但这种热情的可持续发展力非常之弱，两个礼拜后再问他们背得如何了，往往有85%~90%的学生都会很不好意思地告诉你背不下去了。学员的惰性固然是阻碍他们前进的障碍，但培训师是否告之了正确的读经方法也值得我们思考。有鉴于此，为雅思考生（特别是英语单词拼写基础不扎实的学生）制定了一份详尽的KEYGEN读经计划，希望能抛砖引玉，引起大家对如何正确使用KEYGEN这一问题的关注。 第一阶段：通览KEYGEN、把握重点 读经时间：四周（28天） 读经方法： 在最开始的这个阶段，学生应保持耐心与毅力，天天抽出固定时间，如同阅读小说一样，通览KEYGEN，理解场景，熟读下划线答案，并把自己不会拼写的答案单词用红笔圈出。在这些下划线答案中，学生尤其要注意的是填空、短句选择（选项为单词或词组）这两种雅思听力主打题型的单词；而对于长句选择（选项是句子）、地图、标签、配对题的答案则可概览，留待第三阶段突破（见后文）。以目前190页的最新听力KEYGEN（3G 2008年B2版）为计，学生每天的阅读量则为7页，用时应在30~45分钟/天。 在通览的过程中，学生要把握的重点是： 注重KEYGEN交集点 所谓“KEYGEN交集点”，是指同类场景中重复出现的单词与说话套路。举个例子，如果你发现KEYGEN里有10个版本都考了租房场景，考的内容虽然不同，但是都考到deposit（租金），landlord（房东）等相同的词汇；许多生活咨询类场景中只要提到付费方式不外乎by cash（现金支付）, by cheque（支票支付）, by card（刷卡支付）三种；而提到international student（留学生）的学习生活时总会说他们不适应local（当地）的种种情况等等，上述皆为“KEYGEN交集点”，下次如再考到相同的场景，哪怕内容是全新的，但这些单词和说话套路还是极有可能考到。把握好KEYGEN中高频出现的场景单词与说话套路，考生方能以不变应万变。 归类常考知识点 通览整本KEYGEN，其实许多答案可以分类记忆，比如Saturday, Tuesday,
今年最新雅思写作机经预测横空出世！ 在雅思备考中，许多烤鸭们都会找一些雅思预测机经来看，对于雅思写作方面，天道留学小编下面为大家分享一下今年最新的雅思写作机经预测，供大家参考，希望对您雅思备考有所帮助，预祝大家雅思考试可以取得优异成绩。 下面就是天道留学小编为准备雅思考试的同学分享的最新雅思写作机经预测，供大家参考，希望对您雅思备考有所帮助。 雅思小作文预测： 重点话题类型： 表格图 柱状图 线图 次重点话题类型： 饼图 流程图 混合图 题目预测： 表格 1. The table below gives information related to population growth, average birth per woman, life expectancy at birth in countries with different income levels in 2000 and 2004. 2. Changes of population in Australia and Malaysia from 1980 to 2002. 3. The table shows the population ratio of males per 100 females in six different areas in 1995 & 2005 (Africa, Asian, Europe, North and Central America Oceania, North America) 4. The table below shows information about age, average income per person and population below poverty line in three states in USA. 5. The table shows the information about the usage of water in Australian cities in 2004. 6. The table gives information about annual salaries of five employment sectors in Australia In 2006.
星期4 Thursday预测试题四 In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is(are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.
Section B Interview In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 1. The phenomenon introduced by the conversation is [A] company training mostly targets at managers. [B] under-development of workforce highly affects our economy. [C] our company training is far behind other developed countries. [D] company training is improving in some industries. 2.In the man’s view, the fast-food industry
雅思听力评分标准及官方考试注意事项11条讲解 雅思听力评分标准及官方考试注意事项11条讲解,今天给大家带来了雅思听力评分标准及官方考试注意事项11条讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 雅思听力评分标准及官方考试注意事项11条讲解 无论玩什么游戏，首先要了解游戏规则。当然考试也不例外。因此想要在雅思听力考试中取得理想的成绩，首先要了解雅思听力的评分标准以及相关注意事项。以下是从雅思官方的听力讲解视频里提炼出的核心内容，让各位烤鸭对雅思听力的评分标准有个全面的了解，并熟悉各类注意事项。 一点提醒：雅思听力阅读是备考第一阶段的主要学科，一套一套剑雅趟下来，学透，时常评测打分，查漏补缺，此雅思听力阅读评分标准需牢记心中。 1、雅思听力主要考查考生理解英语口语的能力。 雅思听力实际上考查的是考生们理解英语口语的能力，因此在备考过程中不建议考生们过度关注于Section 4中那些比较生僻的词汇。反而考生要注意积累的是一点单词在口语中的运用，所以考生们要多多留心原文中地道的口语表达，并举一反三。 2、雅思听力一共40题，4个部分，听力时间30分钟(另有10分钟填答题卡)，考试难度渐进。 这点大多数考生已经非常熟悉，但是这里还要再啰嗦一下，无论
考生对于听力的预期目标是多少，前两个部分是考生得分的重要部分，尽量在第一第二部分多抓分。 3、听力音频只放一遍。 听力音频只放一遍是所有考生一开始接触雅思听力就应有的概念，但是又有多少考生重视只放一遍所引出的难点呢?让我们来想想，平时练习中有没有过这样的情况：听第二遍之后有些没做出的题目或者之前做错的题目可以做对?其实听力音频只放一遍带来的失分太常见了，这些往往由于学生听题时走神、单词掌握的不全面、以及语音上的问题导致的。所以这一点考生们一定要引起重视。 4、填空题一定要看清题目要求。 这是一个很多考生非常容易忽略的细节。但凡是填空题，考生就能在题目中看到比如“write no more than three words”这样的题目要求，所以如果考生在答案中写了四个单词就会自动判为错误，这一点考生一定要引起重视。比如听力原文读的是“two weeks”，题目要求是“write no more than one word and/or a number”，这种情况下答案只能写成“2 weeks”。 5、拼写尤为重要。 在雅思听力中，单词的拼写非常重要，只要答案中出现一个字母的漏写或是拼错，即判为错误。因此提醒各位备考的考生在平时复习中一定要重视单词的拼写，如果在练习中出现拼错的单词，建议考生们专门用一本笔记本记录这些自己容易拼错的单词，以便于复习。(另外，在格式上的要求中，大小写实际上没有考生们想象中的这么重要，
[08机经] 2008.12.5北美 相关搜索: 北美 阅读： 阅读正式题： 第一篇、英国工业的发展 英国经济快速发展主要是由于工业化，出口大量增长。以棉花的发展为lead，然后是煤，丝啊之类的，最后说coal replace the wood 成了主要的fuel. 然后说英国成了欧洲的重心。发展的主要原因是：统一的政体；统一的语言，没有tariff还有标准化的xx,这里有个排除题，就是选那个tariff那个。 还有就是得益于bank and finance investment 的发达。 最后说了便捷的交通和有力的地理位置。 英国经济的兴起,简单. 就是说英国国内政治稳定，统一，语言一样，没有internal tariff，交通便利。其他欧洲国家这个时候都没有这些特点。然后英国皇家海军的保护，和英国政府的低税收（考点：但是对high-quality woolen收税），以及政府出面谈判他国低进口税。特别所有城市离海最远不过70mile，水运方便raw material和goods晕顺，即使到Ireland的Edinburgh也就60小时车程。从印度等殖民地廉价进口RM，然后出口finished goods给他们。 1.英国工业的发展，这篇最简单。主要是由于工业化，出口大量增长。以棉花的发展为lead，然后是煤，丝啊之类的，然后说英国成了欧洲的重心。发展的主要原因是：统一的政体；统一的语言，没有tariff还有标准化的xx,这里有个排除题，就是选那个tariff那个。还有就是得益于bank and finance investment 的发达。最后说了便捷的交通和有力的地理位置。2，英国18世纪的经济体制，皇家海军的崛起和海上交通的控制，殖民地得到raw material 和扩展market，贸易保护主义，对woolen product以外的silk等进行征收高关税。然后说英国成了欧洲的重心。发展的主要原因是：统一的政体；统一的语言，没有tariff还有标准化的xx,这里有个排除题，就是选那个tariff那个。还有就是得益于bank and finance investment 的发达。最后说了便捷的交通和有力的地理位置。 第二篇、art与location的关系 一开始printing，sculpture是不能动的，只能固定在某个地方，比如XX的壁画。后来随着portable的东西的出现比如vase之类的，printing可以动了。还有photograph的出现也加速的这一过程。然后人们开始慢慢的认为art 和周围的context没有任何关系。不过1960s之后，人们又意识到两者是分不开的，举了NY Park的sculpture为例。 围绕着art与环境的历史发展来说. 开始的时候都是必须依附location，古代的洞穴壁画啊，教堂顶的壁画啊，后来发明了ease painting可以画板到处portable，教堂的玻璃画也是画好了再加上出，然后就慢慢开始art和location分离了。特别到了1800-1940 达到鼎盛，艺术家都认为art即使离开location和context也必须有意义，后来40年代几乎gallery都强调统一的灰色调，昏暗灯光来突出art，让人们忽视location context。但是（contemporary=current-day）现代艺术家们又开始认为context很重要，甚至=art的重要性了，比如一个NYC的艺术家搞了个铝制的tree放到central park，搞概念。 第二题Painting和其地点之间的关系从一开始紧密联系（因为发现的Painting都在建筑或者洞穴里）到后来的没有太多联系（1 因为开始在花瓶上画，可以带走 2 因为发明了照相）