Opening Ceremony Speech & Welcome Speech
欢迎辞&开幕词
开（闭）幕式the opening (closing) ceremony
就职典礼（落成典礼）inauguration ceremony
剪彩仪式the ribbon-cutting ceremony
奠基仪式the ground-breaking ceremony
cornerstone laying ceremony
颁奖仪式the awarding ceremony
签字仪式the signing ceremony
升旗仪式the flag-raising ceremony
挂牌仪式the plaque unveiling ceremony of
成立仪式the establishment ceremony
下水典礼the launching ceremony
Sentence Interpreting
Interpret the following sentences into English.
1. 我谨向各位表示最热烈/热诚的欢迎。
2. 衷心祝愿各国运动队取得佳绩。
3. 我很荣幸为我们的美国客人致祝酒辞。
4. 让我们真诚地祝愿奥林匹克运动不断发展。
5. 值此新办公大楼正式启用之际，我很高兴地向你们表示最热烈的祝贺。
1. I would like to extend my warmest / cordial welcome to all of you.
2. May all participating teams achieve good results.
3. It’s an honor for me to offer ( propos e / make) a toast to our guests from the U. S.
4. We sincerely wish the Olympic Movement a sustainable development.
5. I am pleased to send my warmest congratulations to you on the inauguration of your new office building.
Interpret the following sentences into Chinese.
1. It is such a great honor and privilege to receive a visit to our company from a distinguished group of people like you.
2. I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to you again.
3. I hope you enjoy the visit and return home with a beautiful memory.
4. Hospitality has long been a cherished virtue for the Chinese people.
5. Although you have been here only one day, I hope you have already felt our strong sense of friendship.
1. 承蒙由如此杰出的人士组成的团体造访本公司，实属莫大的荣幸。
2. 借此机会我想再次表示我衷心的感谢。
3. 我希望您这次访问愉快，并为您留下美好的回忆。
4. 热情好客是中华民族的传统美德。
5. 尽管您是昨天刚刚来到此地，我希望您已经感受到我们之间深厚的友谊。
女士们，先生们：值此金秋十月，2001年亚太经合组织工商领导人峰会今天在上海隆重开幕了。我谨代表中国政府，对各位莅临中国上海，表示热烈的欢迎；对峰会的召开，表示热烈的祝贺。
Ladies and gentlemen, In this golden autumn season of October, the APEC CEO Summit 2001 solemnly opens in Shanghai today. On behalf of the Chinese Government, I wish to warmly welcome all of you to Shanghai , China and also to offer cordial congratulations on the opening of the APEC CEO Summit 2001.
首先，请允许我代表研讨会的筹委会，向参加今天开幕式的郑州市政府领导、以及社会各界的来宾，表示热烈的欢迎。
First of all, permit me, on behalf of the organizing committee of the symposium, to extend our warm welcome to the leaders of the Zhengzhou Municipal Government and guests from various circles!
我怀着愉快的心情，以我个人的名义，向光临悉尼农业技术展览会的中国来宾，表示热烈的欢迎。
I am delighted to extend this personal welcome to Chinese visitors to the Sydney Agricultural Technology Exhibition.
我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西兰贵宾表示热烈的欢迎。
On behalf of the faculty, students and staff of the university, I wish to extend our warm welcome to Dr. and Mrs. Green and other distinguished New Zealand guests.
我热切欢迎大家参加2010年12月2日至3日在香港会展中心举办的国际研讨会。
It is my great pleasure to welcome all of you to our Symposium to be held at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition center on 2nd and 3rd December 2010.
我感谢各位嘉宾的光临，并祝各位新年身体健康，万事如意。
I’d like to thank your presence at the party, and wish everyone good health and the very best of luck in everything in the new year.
paragraph Interpreting
Your Excellencies, distinguished guests, my lords, ladies and gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I welcome you tonight to this magnificent castle. We warmly welcome you and your distinguished delegation to Wales. Wales is a small country compared with China. However, the Welsh people have made a significant contribution to the development of the United Kingdom and to the part the UK has played throughout the world.
诸位阁下，贵宾们，勋爵们，女士们，先生们，我非常高兴在这里欢迎各位今晚到这座雄伟的城堡来。我们热烈欢迎你们和你们尊贵的代表团来访威尔士。威尔士与中国相比是个小地方。但是，威尔士人民对英国的发展做出了重要贡献，在英国的国际角色中也作出了重要的贡献。
在第五届中国国际民间艺术节开幕式上的讲话
女士们，先生们，朋友们：
十月的杭州金秋硕果，在美丽的西子湖畔，第五届中国国际民间艺术节今天隆重开幕了。请允许我对来自世界各地，全国各地的艺术使者们、朋友们、同志们表示热烈的欢迎，对第五届中国国际民间艺术节的成功举办表示热烈的祝贺！
中国国际民间艺术节给各国民间艺术家提供了展示艺术和友好交流的新的契机和舞台。这些表演，展示和交流活动，必将进一步加深世界人民之间的友谊，为促进世界和平和人类进步作出贡献。
艺术节是短暂的，艺术节缔造的友谊却是长存的。愿来自远方的朋友们，在感受中国蓬勃生机，巨大变化和美丽风光的同时，更能感受到中国人民的盛情和友谊。
预祝第五届中国国际民间艺术节圆满成功！祝朋友们身体健康，生活愉快！
谢谢大家！
Address to the Opening Ceremony of the 5th China International Folk Art Festival
Dear friends,
Ladies and gentlemen:
In this golden season of autumn, we are very pleased to witness the opening of the 5th China International Folk Art Festival by the lovely West Lake. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my warm welcome to all the artists, comrades and friends from around the world, and my heartful congratulations on the successful holding of this great event.
This international folk art festival provides a new opportunity as well as a very good stage for artists from around the world to demonstrate their artistic works and hold friendly exchanges. All the performances, shows and exchanges will undoubtedly deepen the friendship between the peoples from all over the world and contribute to world peace and human progress.
The festival itself won’t last long, but the friendship forged during the festival will live forever. I’m sure, during your stay in Hangzhou, you will get a first-hand experience of the world-renowned hospitality and friendship of the Chinese people as well as the great vitality, tremendous changes and beautiful landscape of China.
I wish the 5th China International Folk Art Festival a great success, and I wish everyone good health and a pleasant stay in Hangzhou. Thank you!
Speech at inauguration of new facility
Suppliers 供货商
Dealers 经销商
Business associates 业务伙伴
Facility 工厂
World-class status 世界水平
State-of-the-art 顶尖的，世界一流的
Commitment 承诺
Corporate citizen 企业公民
Speech at inauguration of a new facility(1)
Distinguished guests,
Ladies and gentlemen,
Good afternoon and welcome to the opening ceremony of our first factory in China. We appreciate your taking the time to share this wonderful occasion with us today.
On behalf of the company I’d like to say a big “thank you” to all of our suppliers, customers,
employees and business associates that are here in attendance with us today.
The management team is very proud of this facility and the very capable staff that has developed and brought this operation up to world-class status. This facility is a symbol of the focus and commitment we have made to China.
To our suppliers, we look forward to working with you to grow our business to new heights.
Speech at inauguration of a new facility(2)
To our dealers, we plan to continue to supply you with state-of-the-art, high quality products that will allow you to support your customers and improve the lives of many people here in China and Southeast Asia.
To our neighbours and friends, we plan to be a good corporate citizen and will work with you to uphold high business standards throughout China.
And last but not least, to our employees, we are committed to providing you with a safe and enjoyable working environment. Thank you all once again for taking the time to share this wonderful occasion with us.
各位尊敬的来宾，女士们、先生们，
下午好！
欢迎参加我们公司在中国的首家新厂房的落成典礼。感谢各位拨冗光临，与我们共同庆祝这一盛大的活动。
我想代表公司对今天来参加典礼的各位供应商、客户嘉宾、各位员工和业务伙伴们说声“谢谢”！
公司的管理层深深地为我们的新工厂而感到自豪，为我们能干的员工而自豪，他们发展了工厂的业务，使之达到国际水平。
新厂房标着着公司对中国业务的重视和承诺。
各位供应商，我们希望与你们携手共进，使我们的业务更上一层楼。
各位经销商，我们将继续向你们提供尖端的高质量产品，以协助支持你们的客户，改善中国和东南亚许许多多人士的生活。
各位邻居和朋友们，我们将成为良好的企业公民，与各位同行一起维护在中国开展业务的规范性。
最后，我们承诺给员工们提供一个安全、舒适的工作环境。
再次感谢各位与我们共同庆祝今天的典礼！
welcome Speech
女士们、先生们，大家好！
首先我代表中国国际旅行社和我的同行，欢迎各位来到洛阳参观游览。我叫张美丽，来自中国国际旅行社，是你们洛阳之行的地陪。现在我来介绍一下为我们这个团开车的司机王师傅。王师傅有多年的驾车经验，已经安全行驶了10万公里！坐他开的车旅行保证既快又安全！
你们大多数人是初次来到洛阳，在这次旅行期间，你们不但能领略到洛阳的文化和历史，也能看到现代洛阳的飞速发展，我很愿意为大家的洛阳之行提供周到的服务。在洛阳期间，你们如果有什么困难和要求，请随时提出，不必客气。我将尽我所能帮助大家。
祝大家在洛阳旅游愉快！谢谢各位！
Ladies and gentlemen:
Good morning!
First of all, on behalf of China International Travel Service and my colleagues, I'd like to warmly welcome you to our Luoyang of Henan province. I'm ZHANG Meili from CITS. I'll be your local guide in Luoyang. Now may I introduce our driver -- Mr. Wang to you. Mr. Wang is an experienced driver. He has been safely driving for more than 100,000 kilometers. Surely, his driving is fast and safe enough.
As to most of you, it is your first visit to Luoyang. During your stay in Luoyang , you will not only appreciate Luoyang 's culture and history, but also get the first hand information of the rapid development of Luoyang. It's my pleasure to be at your service during your stay in Luoyang, if you have any problems or requests, please don't hesitate to let me know, and I'll do anything possible to help you.
Wish you a pleasant and enjoyable stay in Luoyang! Thank you.
温总理在世界旅游组织第15届全体大会开幕式上的发言
Now listen to the passage（5.3）
世界旅游组织the World Tourism Organization
秘书长Secretary-General
全体大会the General Assembly Session
(正式会议)召集，集合convene
世界文化遗产地World Cultural Heritage sites
世界自然遗产地World Natural Heritage sites
交相辉映add radiance and charm to each other
可持续发展sustainable development
起到重要的推动作用give a major push to
1
世界旅游组织秘书长弗朗加利先生，联合国常务副秘书长弗莱切特女士，各位代表，女士们，先生们：
十月的北京，天高气爽，秋色宜人。世界旅游组织第15届全体大会今天在这里隆重开幕。我代表中国政府，向各位来宾表示诚挚的欢迎！向大会表示热烈的祝贺。
旅游是一项集观光、娱乐、健身为一体的愉快而美好的活动。旅游业随着时代进步而不断发展。20实际中叶以来，现代旅游在世界范围迅速兴起，旅游人数不断增加，旅游产业规模持续扩大，旅游经济地位显著提升，旅游活动愈益成为各国人民交流文化、增进友谊、扩大交往的重要渠道，对人类生活和社会进步产生越来越广泛的影响。
中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国，也是一个充满时代生机的东方大国，拥有许多得天独厚的旅游资源。自然风光旖旎秀美、历史文化博大精深，56个民族风情浓郁，目前已被列入世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地达29处。在改革开放的推动下，现代化建设突飞猛进，城乡面貌日新月异。古代中国的风采神韵与现代中国的蓬勃英姿交相辉映。这些都为发展国内外旅游创造了优越的条件。
2
21世纪头20年，是中国全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的重要战略机遇期，也是中国旅游业发展的有利时期。我们要把旅游业培育成为中国国民经济的重要产业，合理保护和利用旅游资源，努力实现旅游业的可持续发展。中国政府欢迎各国朋友到中国旅游观光，我们将全力保障广大旅游者的健康和安全；同时鼓励更多的中国人走向世界。我们愿同各国广泛开展合作，推动世界旅游业的发展。
多年来，世界旅游组织为促进全球旅游业的繁荣与发展，做出了积极而富有成效的努力。最近，世界旅游组织成为联合国专门机构，我们谨表示衷心祝贺。我们相信，这次大会必将对实现全球旅游业的更大繁荣和发展，起到重要的推动作用。
祝世界旅游组织第15届全体大会圆满成功！
谢谢大家
1
Mr. Francesco Frangialli, Secretary General of the World Tourism Organization,
Ms. Louise Frechette, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations,
All Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen,
At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in the freshest air and clearest weather, the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization is officially opened here: On behalf of the Chinese government; I would like to extend our sincere welcome to all the guests here and to express our warm congratulations on the convening of this session.//
2
Tourism is a nice and pleasant activity that combines sightseeing, recreation and health care. Tourism has been developing all along with the progress of the times. Since the middle of the 20th century, modern tourism has been growing at a fast pace around the world. The number of tourists has ever been on the rise, the scale of the tourism industry has been in constant expansion, and the position of tourism in the economy has clearly risen. Tourism serves gradually as an important bridge of cultural exchange, friendship and further exchanges, and exerts more and more extensive influence on the human life and social progress among various countries.//
3
As a country with a Civilization with a long history, China is also a big oriental country full of modern vitality, not to mention its unique, rich and varied tourism resources. Besides the picturesque natural scenery, profound history and extensive culture, China embodies the different folk customs of 56 nationalities. Currently, there are 29 places that have been listed as World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites. Thanks to the further push by the opening up and reform, China's modern construction is surging ahead, and the cities and the country are experiencing daily changes. The ancient glory of China and its modern boom add radiance and charm to each other, joining to create most favorable conditions for developing our domestic and international tourism.//
4
The first 20 years of the 21st century represent an important strategic period for China to achieve the all-round construction of a well-off society and to speed up its socialist modernization. It also provides a favorable time for the further development of China's tourism industry. We shall promote tourism as an important industry in China's national economy, properly protect and utilize our tourism resources and try to achieve sustainable tourism development. The Chinese government welcomes all international friends to visit China. We shall do our best to protect their health and Safety; and at the same time encourage more Chinese people to go abroad for visits. We are ready to develop extensive-Cooperation with other countries and contribute to global tourism growth.//
5
For many years, the World Tourism Organization has made active and effective efforts for the promotion of tourism prosperity and development around the globe. The World Tourism Organization has become a specialized agency of the United Nations. We would like to offer our sincere congratulations. We believe this WTO General Assembly session will give a major push to the further prosperity and development of tourism in the world.//
Finally, I wish the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization every success.
Thank you.
1.3 US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University 美国副总统在复旦大学的演讲开场白 Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China. // We are grateful for the welcome we have received, especially for the kind of reception here at Fudan University. We thank you for the honor, and we bring you good wishes from President George W. Bush and the people of the United States.// 非常感谢您，市长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们。我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 I know that many of you will soon graduate from this great university. I am told the standards are extremely demanding here, and a degree from Fudan University signifies years of hard work and discipline. I congratulate each one of you on your achievement, and I commend your teachers for upholding the tradition of excellence that marks the 99-year history of Fudan University.
Part II 实践与实战 11.1.中医的魅力口译基础P198 音频位置：实践与实战11.1 如今，隔三差五坐飞机来北京看中医的外国人屡见不鲜。日前，一位患病的美国医生给北京中医医院打来越洋长途，跟内科专家张志真预约下次看病的时间。不愿接受激素治疗的他，每三个月坐着飞机到中国来看一次中医，因为确实见效，已坚持了一年多。像这样的外国人还有很多，他们中有带着病寻访名医的；有旅游累了让中医给放松放松的；也有“小病大养”，要求在这里住院，顺便享受一下药膳和药浴的；还有什么病都没有，就为专程来瞧瞧中医是怎么看病的。在他们眼里，中医的针灸推拿是那么神秘和优雅。 不远万里看中医，外籍患者的病可谓五花八门。大到肿瘤，心脏病，小到失眠，肥胖。各国对中医中药的了解也不尽相同，日本人特别信按摩推拿，欧洲人对针灸情有独钟，美国人爱拔火罐。时间一长，大夫们总结出外国人看中医的一些规律：圣诞节前后是他们就诊的高峰期，好多人都是利用长假来中国旅游加看病。 外国人对中医中药表现出的虔诚出乎中医大夫们的意料。一位喀麦隆患者吃过中药后，称中药为“苦咖啡”，并告诉同伴喝“苦咖啡”是一种享受。皮肤科医生告诉一位法国牛皮癣患者应该注意饮食，病人立刻掏出小本，将什么能吃，什么不能吃一字不落地开出单子。看来，中医的魅力还真的不小。 11.1.中医的魅力译文 Many foreigners fly to Beijing for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment. The other day, an American patient made a long-distance phone call for a reservation with Doctor Zhang Zhizhen at Beijing Chinese Medical Hospital. Instead of using hormones, he has flown to China every three months for Chinese medical treatment. And it has worked. He kept seeing Chinese doctors for over a year. He is not alone. Some foreigners seek famous doctors for treatment, some just feel tired in their travel and want relaxation through TCM, some simply want to enjoy medical food and baths, and some come all the way here just to see how people are treated with TCM. In their eyes, TCM, like massage and cupping, are very mysterious and graceful. Their diseases are varied, like tumors, heart disease, insomnia and obesity. Their understanding of TCM also differs: Japanese believe in massage, Europeans favor acupuncture, Americans like cupping. Some experienced doctors find the time before and after Christmas is the peak season for treatment, because during the holiday the foreign patients can travel to China to see a doctor. The foreigners’ devotion is beyond TCM doctors’ expectation. A Cameroonian patient called TCM “bitter coffee”, and recommended it to his countrymen as a sort of enjoyment. A psoriasis patient from France, when being given by the doctor some tips on diet, carefully noted down every word of the instruction. These examples can show how much fascination TCM has.
划分句子成分练习 练习1.分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。 1）Tree s turns green when spring comes. 2）The old man was feeling very tired. 3）His job is to train swimmers. 4）Where he was buried remained unknown. 5）What he said proved true. 6）We must keep quiet. 7）The shop stayed open until eleven. 8）She appeared younger than she really was. 9）His face went red. 10）He fell ill last week. 11）The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious. 从上面我们可以看出，常见的系动词有，_____、_____、______、______、______、_____、_______、________等，它们下面一般跟________词作表语。 练习 2.分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，体会it的替代性用法。 1）It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree. 2）It is a fact that English is being accepted as an
international language. 3）It worried her a bit than her hair was turning grey. 4）The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. 5）She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affaires in that town. 6）I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. 7）He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics. 8）I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. 从上面我们可以看出，作形式主语和宾语一般用代词______,真正的主语或宾语通常是________或__________，放在下面。 练习 3. 分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，留意定语是什么词性或结构充当，并留意定语的位置。 1）Comrades in her group often help her with grammar. 2）The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors. 3）The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
目录 摘 要 ............................................................................. .. (1) 一、英汉句子中所反映的结构对比 ............................................................................. . (1) （一）生存环境的对比 ............................................................................. (1) （二）习俗对比 ............................................................................. (2) （三）文学对比 ............................................................................. (3) （四）宗教信仰的对比 ............................................................................. (3) （五）历史典故与神话传说 ............................................................................. . (4) （六）价值观与审美意识的对比 ............................................................................. .. (4) 二、英汉句子研究的具体原则和方法 ............................................................................. (5) 总 结 ............................................................................. (5) 参考文献 ............................................................................. (6) 英汉句子结构对比研究 摘要：句子是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。句子研究是在地域结构研究的大语境下来考察的研究，即对不同结构以及不同语言的表层与深层结构进行研究，探索结构与研究的内在联系和客观规律。本文所要讨论的句子是广义的、包括成语、典故等。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的对比，英汉句子承载着不同的民族结构特色和结构信息，它们与结构传统紧密相连，不可分割。句子中的结构因素往往是研究中的难点，本文借助语言学的理论，对英汉句子的研究作一些探索。关键词：英汉句子、结构对比、句子研究 语言是结构的载体，同时又是结构的重要组成部分。而句子是最带有地方性色彩的语言，它敏感地反映了社会生活和社会思想的变化，是语言中最能反映结构特征的部分。如地理环
?那么什么是口译？口译是一种通过口头表达形式，将所感知和理解的信息准确而又快速地由一种语言形式转换成另一种语言形式，进而达到完整并即时传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为，是现代社会跨文化、跨民族交往的一种基本沟通方式。 ?——梅德明《中级口译教程》第一部分“口译概论” ?第二节“口译定义” ?The Criteria of Interpretation 翻译的标准 ?功能对等functional equivalence ?信、达、雅faithfulness fluency/ expressiveness and elegance ?Remember how modern interpretation started? ? ?口译特点The Characteristics of Interpretation (The similarity and difference between T and I) We still need to improve: ?语言解意能力listening comprehension ?反应记忆能力short-term memory and quick response ?信息组合能力summarizing information ?语言表达能力language expressiveness ?文化背景知识all-embracing knowledge ? ?Even more… ?unpredictability —flexibility and expressiveness ?pressure — self-confidence ?solo work —great responsibility ?all embracing knowledge — jack of all trades, master of none ?smart power…… ? ?口译的类型 the categorical classification of Interpretation ?形式 ?交替传译 ?同声传译 ?耳语口译 ?视阅口译
值得一看的口译资料 口译资料 高级口译笔记——文化交流（Cultural Exchange） 一、词汇 汉字的四声（平声、上声、仄声和去声）the four tones of Chinese characters, namely, the level tone, the rising tone, the falling-rising tone, and the falling tone 笔画stroke 部首radical 偏旁basic character component 象形文字pictograph 独角戏monodrama/one-man play 皮影戏shadow play 折子戏opera highlights 单口相声monologue comic talk 对口相声comic cross talk 说书monologue story-telling 传说legend 神话mythology 寓言fable 武术martial art 气功controlled breathing exercise 气功疗法breathing technique therapy 春联spring couplet 剪纸paper-cut 戏剧脸谱theatrical mask 草药的四气：寒、热、温、凉four properties of medicinal herb: cold, hot, warm and cool 草药的五味：酸、苦、甘、辛、咸five tastes of medicinal herb: sour, bitter, sweet, hot and salty 二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms 天干地支the heavenly stems and earthly branches 清明节the Pure Brightness Day 端午节the Dragon Boat Festival 中秋节the Mid-Autumn Festival 文化事业cultural undertaking 民族文化national culture 民间文化folk culture 乡土文化native/country culture
总的英汉句子结构分析 英汉句子结构差异分析 中国学生写的句子，即使用词、语法和结构方面没有明显问题，但读起来总没有英美人写的那样地道。究其原因，是因为中国学生不了解英语的思维模式，采用了汉语的思维模式进行写作造成的。其实，语言和思维是分不开的。思维是语言的指导，而语言是思维的载体。下面就中英思维中句子结构差异方面进行简单的论述： 1、英语属形合（hypotactic）语言，汉语属意合（paratactic）语言 美国著名翻译理论家奈达曾说过：“就汉语和英语而言，最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比。”所谓“形合”是指利用连接词（并列连词and、but、or等或从属连词that、who、when、if等）表现句子成分之间或句子之间的逻辑关系；而“意合”是指不通过连接词，而是通过上下文语境来反映句子成分或句子之间的逻辑关系。英文句子形合关系比汉语多，也就是说英语比汉语更多地依赖连接词来表现逻辑关系。 【例1】 “你来，我就走。”， “If you come, I'll go.” 或 “When you come, I'll go” 【例2】“天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期”。 (以白居易著名的《长恨歌》中最后两句) The boundless sky and endless earth may pass away, but this vow unfulfilled will be regretted for aye. (许渊冲译)。 在汉语中这两句之间体现了很明显的强对比的逻辑关系（拿天地和此恨对比），但这种逻辑关系是通过上下文语境反映，并未借助任何连接词，译成英文后却加了一个but，表示强对比逻辑关系。（这里的but并不是我们所熟悉的表示转折） 总结：在将汉语句子写成英文时，注意将隐藏的句子成分之间或句子之间隐藏的逻辑关系表现出来。因此对于连接词的掌握就变得尤为重要。 【例3】Another attempt, and you'll succeed. If you try again ,you will succeed. 【译文】再试一次，你就会成功。/ 只要再试一次，你就会成功。 【分析】本句是一个由and连接的简单并列句，一般将来时态明确表明了两句间的动作关系。但汉语译文就比较灵活，句子之间的关系主要靠语意来表达，关联词可译(括号内译文)也可不译，习惯于不译。 【例4】Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer.
Unit 1 1.Working together, our people have done well. Our economy is breaking records, with more than 22 million new jobs, and the lowest unemployment in 30years齐心协力，我国人民取得了巨大成就，我国经济正在创新的记录，新增工作岗位2200万个，并且创下了30年来最低的失业率 2.Thanks to the continuing boom in technology shares on the stock market, this year the richest have added to 5 billion more to their wealth.由于在证券市场上技术股的不断上升，本年度富人的财产增值了50亿。 3.As for this type of camera, there may be cheaper ones on the market, But when you look at the quality and the design, You’ll agree our price is the most favorable. 就这类照相机(而言)，市场上可能会有比它更便宜的，但如果你注意以下质量和设计，你会认可我们的价格是最优惠的。 4.In 1995,the market share of our product was quite small, only 5%, In 1999, it has increased to 20%, By the year 2005 we expect the figure to go over 50%.在1995年，我们的产品市场占有份额很小，只有5%，在1999年，增加到20%，到2005年，我们期望会超过50% 5.In the United States, most enterprises are multiproduct firms. For example, American automobile manufacturers are also responsible for such diverse products as diesel locomotives, buses, refrigerators, guided missiles, and air conditioners.在美国，大多数企业是多产品的公司，比如，美国的汽车制造商同时也负责各种其他人员柴油烟机，公共汽车，冰箱，制导导弹和空调机 6.Inflation can have a number of causes. It can be caused by rises in prices of raw materials: Factories have to pay more for their law material, and as a result they have to put up the prices of their products. 通货膨胀可以是由于几方面的原因引起的，可以是由于原材料价格的上升，工厂不得不为原材料支付更多的钱，结果他们不得不提高产品的价格。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/007043433.html,rge wages rises can lead to inflation, too: If workers are paid more, prices go up and the cost of living rises. Changes in the value of currency are another cause of inflation. If the pound goes down in value. Then it costs more to import goods from other countries. 大幅度工资增长也会导致通货膨胀：如果工人的报酬增加，物价就会上涨，生活费用也会上升。货币价值的变化是通货膨胀的另一个原因：假如英镑贬值，那么从其他国家进口货物时就要多花钱了。 1.将近三倍的油价暴涨导致了两位数的通货膨胀以及全球经济的衰退The near-tripling of oil price resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. 2.中美联系现在十分广泛，涉及到我们人民生活的各个方面，包括商业，文化，教育以及我们的国家安 全政策。Sino-American ties have become very extensive, affecting all aspects of our people’s lives: commerce, culture, education and our national security policies. 3.人们往往希望雇主支付他们高于市场的工资，他们渴望灵活的工作日程，他们要求公司股票股买全， 还有学习的机会。People always want employers to pay them above the market rates, they seek flexible work schedules, they want stock options and a chance to learn. 4.对我来说，创业最大的障碍是搞清楚它是否切实可行，要做到这一点真的很难，因为我以前从未涉及 过这个行业。For me, the biggest hurdle to get the business running was working out whether it would be feasible at all. That’s really hard to do as I haven’t been involved in the industry before. 5.创业或难或易，但是守业绝对不是件容易的是。目前的统计数字表明，有三分之二的新企业在创办后 的头五年里倒闭。Starting a business may or may not be easy, but keeping it running is
一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解： （一）句子成分 1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 找出下列句中的主语： Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词） Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式） Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子） 2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）： 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. 3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
Lesson 1 1.3 美国副总统复旦演讲 韩市长，非常感谢您！谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们！我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。我听说贵校有极为严格的标准，得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。我祝贺在座各位学业有成。对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。 1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton University Ladies and Gentlemen, Good evening. I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight. For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name. With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T. S. Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few. As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton, “At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.” I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China. Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life. While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes
“英汉差异”之句子结构的差异 11S015016 张毅博 摘要：英汉两种语言异多于同，反映在句子结构上就体现为意和与形合、后饰与前饰、前重心与后重心、复合句与简单句的区别。透彻了解这些差异，就能准确理解原文，从而把握翻译规律，这对英语教学和翻译实践都至关重要。 关键词：句子结构；差异；翻译 1.英语属形合（hypotactic）语言，汉语属意合（paratactic）语言汉英句子的基本结构都是主+谓+宾，然而这两种语言句子的形成却大不一样。其中，汉语的句法结构重意合，即以语义、语序为句子内部及外部连接的手段。而英语句子却重形合，所谓“形合”是指利用连接词（并列连词and、but、or等或从属连词that、who、when、if等）表现句子成分之间或句子之间的逻辑关系；而“意合”是指不通过连接词，而是通过上下文语境来反映句子成分或句子之间的逻辑关系。英文句子形合关系比汉语多，也就是说英语比汉语更多地依赖连接词来表现逻辑关系。英语的句子是一种以动词为中心的空间结构体，也就是以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，并通过大量的关系词、连词、介词把句子的各个成分分层搭架而成，从而呈现出由中心向外扩展的空间图式。而汉语句的脉络是一种有逻辑的时间流，它是以意义的完整为目的，并通过多个动词的连用或以流水句的形式，按时间的先后顺序和事理推移的方法，一件件交代清楚，一层层铺张开来。 如He jumped up and hastened to the mirrorin the bathroom,taking away the towel to exam the cut upon his cheek.（他跳起来，连忙跑到卫生间的镜子前，拿掉毛巾，仔细查看脸上的伤口。）其中，英语句子除了一主动词（两个并列动词）外，其他动词都分别变成了分词和不定式；汉语则用多个动词按时间先后将一个个动作介绍清楚。又如，He didn’t remember his father who died when he was three years old，这句话以限定动词remember为中心搭建，可直译为“他不记得他三岁时死去的父亲。”这种句式在汉语里显得过于“紧凑”、不够顺畅，因为它是以“形”（动词中心的框架）译“意”的。而按汉语的语言习惯，这句话应该译成：“他三岁就死了父亲，已记不得他父亲的模样了。”这就是一种按逻辑顺序展开的时间流。
第八篇中餐烹饪与菜系 说起中餐，人们都知道中餐烹饪以其“色、香、味、形”俱全而著称于世。中国悠久的历史、广袤的疆土、好客的习俗，这些都孕育了中餐烹饪的独特艺术。中餐烹饪讲究原料的选配、食物的质地、佐料的调制、切菜的刀工、适时的烹调，以及装盘艺术。最负盛名的中餐菜系有南方的粤菜、北方的鲁菜、东部的淮扬菜和西部的川菜，素有“南淡北咸，东甜西辣”之特点。 In terms of Chinese food, it is popularly recognized that Chinese cuisine is world-famous for its perfect combination of “color, aroma, taste and appearance”. China’s unique culinary art owes itself to the country’s long history, vast territory and hospitable tradition. Chinese cuisine gives emphasis to the selection of raw materials, the texture of food, the blending of seasonings slicing techniques, the perfect timing of cooking and the art of laying out the food on the plate, among the best-known schools of Chinese culinary tradition are the Cantonese cuisine of the south, the Shandong cuisine of the north, the Huai-Yang cuisine of the east and the Sichuan cuisine of the west. These four major varieties of Chinese food have been traditionally noted as “the light flavor of the south, the salty flavor of the north, the sweet flavor of the east and the spicy-hot flavor of the west”. 第九篇全面合作 我们双方已一致同意建立面向21世纪的睦邻互信伙伴关系。为了实现这个目标，我愿在这里提出以下几点意见： Our two sides have agreed to establish a good-neighborly partnership of mutual trust oriented towards the 21st century. To reach this goal, I would like to offer my observations as follows: ——充分运用已经确立的全面对话合作机制，拓展双方在各个领域、各个层次、各个渠道的交流与合作，加强双方领导人和各界人士之间的交往，增进信任，扩大共识，加强友谊。 We should make the best use of the existing mechanism of all-round dialogue and cooperation to broaden our exchanges and cooperation in all areas, at all levels and through all channels, and strengthen the exchanges and contacts between leaders and people from all walks of life of our two sides to enhance our mutual trust, expand common ground and promote friendship. ——本着优势互补、互利互惠的原则，把双方经贸、科技合作摆到重要地位，加强在资源、技术、市场、金融、信息、人力资源开发以及投资等领域的合作，以利于相互促进，共同发展。
英汉句子结构差异与英文句子写作 杨莉红 杨 源 摘 要:理解好中英句子结构差异,对于更有效地进行英文写作很有好处。中英句子在结构上的差异最突出的特点体现在英语句子的形合和中文句子的意合上。本文旨在通过对中英句子结构差异的分析来提高非英语专业大学生的英语写作能力。 关键词:中英句子结构;差异;英语写作 中图分类号:F123.16 文献标识码:A 文章编号:C N43-1027/F(2008)5-128-02 作 者:湖南工程学院外语外贸系大学英语教研室;湖南,湘潭, 411100 一、引言 英语写作一直以来是英语学习能力的重要组成部分,因为语言学习的成败就看学生是否能自如地使用语言。高校的非英语专业一般不会开设写作课程,只在英语精读课程上有所涉及,但是CET考试中写作所占的比重却不轻。而英语写作恰恰又是很多学生英语学习中一颗难攻的“坚果”。据笔者调查,绝大多数非英语专业的学生在英语写作中都会很自然地把母语的习惯套在英语上,有时套对了,有时却套错了。其原因主要在于他们用习以为常的母语思维方式去理解或组织英语句子。由此看来让大学生了解英汉句子结构的差异,对于更有效地进行英文写作很有好处。本文旨在通过对中英句子结构差异的分析来提高非英语专业大学生的英语写作能力。 二、中英句法结构的差异 申小龙(1988)在讨论句子结构的文化认同时指出:一种语言句子的格局同一个民族的时空观有内在的联系。西方哲学、艺术和语言注重的是自然时空,而且特别偏重空间的自然真实性。西方文化的表现形式往往是一种空间型的构造。中国哲学、艺术和语言注重的是心理时空,而且特别注重时间,即便是空间,也表现为流动空间。在句子的结构差异上就表现为英语句子的树型结构和汉语句子的线型结构。 从英汉基本句型来看,英语句子主要是受形式逻辑制约,结构上可分为S VO三部分。汉语句子主要受阴阳逻辑的制约,结构上可分为话题和说明两部分。在句子的结构差异上就表现为英语句子的三分结构和汉语句子的两分结构。 1.英语句的树型结构和汉语句的线型结构。 英语句子有一定的框架,句子的主谓结构是全句的出发点,尤其是谓语动词,是全句的焦点,其他成分的配置都要根据主谓框架定,修饰、限制、补充等附加成分好似主干上的旁支,借助各种关联词进行空间搭架构成一种树型结构。英语句子在表达复杂一些的意思时,主要通过增加结构层次,旁支延伸,叠床架屋的办法,是一种以主谓成分为主干呈现出由中心向外扩张的空间构型。而汉语句子则没有一定的主谓框架限制,没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别,有可能几个动词结构连用,或几个名词性短语连续铺排,节奏简洁明快。汉语句子在表达一些复杂意思时,一般按时间顺序或事理逻辑顺序,逐步交代,层层铺开,形成连续铺排之势(贾玉新,1998)。例如: 1)Mr Li ran into the office and hastened to the desk,turning the com puter on to show us his design.(李先生跑进办公室,连忙走到桌子前,打开电脑,给我们看他的设计。) 英语句除了留一个主动词(两个并列动词)外,其他动词都分别变成分词和不定式;汉语则用多个动词按时间先后顺序将一个一个动作介绍清楚。再如: 2)每个广播公司下面都联系有大约200个附属广播站,由公司向这些广播站提供主要文艺节目,这些节目要靠各地就地取材是很难编排出来的。(Each of the broadcasting com panies is linked to approximately200affiliated stations to which it provides major entertainment programs which they could not produce if they were obliged to depend on local res ources.) 汉语句子中的是动作的先后次序和因果的前后关系;英语句则为了空间搭架.往往可以打破先后顺序或对此须采取灵活的态度。 2.汉语句子的两分结构和英语句子的三分结构。 汉语句子中的主语常常是言者主体思维中的一个话题(theme或topic)。我们说:“这个计划你跟家人谈过了吗”“这个计划”是主体意识中的一个话题,“你跟家人谈过了吗”是述题(comment),因而呈现T C(话题———述题)句法模式(刘宓庆, 2001)。它的基础不是形式逻辑,而是阴阳辨证。中国的远古先民们很早就对世界形成了阴阳对立的认识,传说中的伏曦八卦是很久远的了,历经夏易、商易、周易,一脉相承。《易经》中的思想和语言文字都是阴阳对立的,到《诗经》已经比较系统了,此后虽然经过了二三千年,今天遣词造句依然如此。 汉语句子的阴阳对立,不在语法,而在语意,其表意有其独特之处。张今先生(1997)把汉语句子的表意类型归纳为七种:语义相反型:先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。(宋?范仲淹) 语义相异型:窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。(唐?杜甫) 语义递进型:同是天涯沦落人,相逢何必曾相识。(唐?白居易) 反义衬托型:衣莫若新,人莫若故。(春秋?晏子) 同义衬托型:有莠则锄,有疾则医。(宋?苏轼) 正说反说型:改过不吝,从善如流。(宋?苏轼) 同义强调型:同声相应,同气相求。(周易?乾?文言) 而现代英语有五种基本句型,即S VP、S V、S VO、S V oO、S VOC。这五种基本句型都可以分为三部分。S VO是现代英语句子结构的典型代表。例如: 3)That dirty old house is an offense to every one who lives in the street. 汉译1:那座肮脏的老房子使住在那条街上的人都讨厌。 汉译2:那座老房子很脏,住在那条街上的人都很讨厌。 原文是S VO三分结构,汉译1直译,句子较长,读起来不上 821企业家天地?理论版/2008/5