2012年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案（1）
Published online： Nov 9th 2006
From The Economist print edition
How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales
1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.
2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，
a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.
3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.
4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.
5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.
6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.
7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.
2. In shops， products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more
_______________.
3. According to Mr. Usmani， with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.
4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store， shoppers might be tempted to buy
_______________.
5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.
6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.
Questions 7-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contraicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.
8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.
9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.
10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.
11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.
12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.
Answer keys:
1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)
2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)
3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)
4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)
5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)
6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)
7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)
8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)
9. 答案：YES。 (第5段第3 句：The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded， they followed the crowd.)
10. 答案：NO。 (第5段最后两句：When the songs are not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的词义是“显著的、明显的”)
11. 答案：YES。 (第6段第1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)
12. 答案：YES。 (最后一段最后一句：Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm. home应该算是everyday life的一部分)
2012年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案（2）
Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
1. A controversial theory of how we smell， which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics， has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.
2. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.
3. That’s still some way from proving that the theory， proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin， is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.
4. “This is a big step forward，” says Turin， who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory，“it has been ignored rather than criticized.”
5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules， which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular ’lock and key’process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body’s detection systems： it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders， for example， and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.
6. But Turin argued that smell doesn’t seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols， which smell like spirits， and thiols， which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly，some molecules can smell different — to animals， if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass)。
7. Turin’s explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule’s shape， but by its vibrations， which can
enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.
8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different： their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin’s mechanism， says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team， is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.
9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. “The question is whether this is possible in the nose，”says Stoneham’s colleague， Andrew Horsfield.
10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin’s idea， while Turin was himself based at UCL，“I didn’t believe it”。 But， he adds，“because it was an interesting idea， I thought I should prove it couldn’t work. I did some simple calculations， and only then began to feel Luca could be right.”Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly， in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.
11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known， but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.
12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.
13. But Horsfield stresses that that’s different from a proof of Turin’s idea. “So far things look plausible， but we need proper experimental verification. We’re beginning to think about what experiments could be performed.”
14. Meanwhile， Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. “At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations，” he says. “Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition.” At the very least， he is putting his money where his nose is.
(668 words Nature)
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer
FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1. The result of the study at UCL agrees with Turin’s theory.
2. The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.
3. Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory was ignored.
4. The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.
Questions 5-9
Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
5. The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.
6. Turin’s company is based in ______.
7. Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.
8. Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.
9. According to Audrew Horsfield， it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.
Question 10-12
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. What’s the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?
11. What is the next step of the UCL team’s study?
12. What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin’s company?
(by Zhou Hong)
Answer Keys and Explanations
1. T 见第一段。“give sth the thumbs up”为“接受“的意思。
2. F 见第三段。“That’s still some way from proving that the theory， proposed in the mid- 1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin， is correct.”意即“现在尚无法证实生物物理学家Luca在九十年代中期提出的理论是否正确。”
3. NG
4. T 见第六段“Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols，which smell like spirits， and thiols， which smell like rotten eggs.”“identical”一词是“完全相同”的意思。这句话是说alcohols和thiols的分子结构看起来一样，但是它们的味道却相去甚远。
5. Luca Turin 文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的理论即人类的鼻子是通过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的。
6. Virginia 见第四段。
7. tongue 见第五段“This molecular ’lock and key’ process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body’s detection systems： it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders， for example， and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.”
8. the atoms 见第八段“This would explain why isotopes can smell different： their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.”
9. vibration-assisted electron tunneling 见第九段““The question is whether this is possible in the nose，” says Stoneham’s colleague， Andrew Horsfield.”句中的代词“this”指句首的“vibration-assisted electron tunneling”。
10. Andrew Horsfield 见第九段结尾。
11.proper experimental verification 见第十三段。
12.their computed vibrations 见第十四段。
2012年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案（3）
1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of ’good’ cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.
2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib， a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)。 In a trial of 15000 patients， a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.
3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. “There have been no red flags to my knowledge，” says John Chapman， a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. “This cancellation came as a complete shock.”
4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs，which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically， torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)， which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density， plaque-promoting ones. Statins， in contrast， mainly work by lowering the ’bad’ low-density lipoproteins.
Under pressure
5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired， something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation， it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.
6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed， says Moti Kashyap，who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach， California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver， they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP， which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL， might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. “You’re blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway，” says Kashyap.
Going up
7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood. One approved drug， called niacin， is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by， for example， introducing synthetic HDLs. “The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib，not the whole idea of raising HDL，” says Michael Miller， director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center， Baltimore.
(613 words nature)
Questions 1-7
This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. How does torcetrapib work?
ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trial
iii. One failure may possibly bring about future success
iv. The failure doesn’t lead to total loss of confidence
v. It is the right route to follow
vi. Why it’s stopped
vii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal result
viii. What’s wrong with the drug
ix. It might be wrong at the first place
Example answer
Paragraph 1 iv
1. Paragraph 2
2. Paragraph 3
3. Paragraph 4
4. Paragraph 5
5. Paragraph 6
6. Paragraph 7
Questions 7-13
Match torcetrapib，HDLs，statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-13)。。
Write the correct letter A， B， C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
7.It has been administered to over 10，000 subjects in a clinical trial.
8.It could help rid human body of cholesterol.
9.Researchers are yet to find more about it.
10. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.
11. According to Kashyap， it might lead to unwanted result if it’s blocked.
12. It produced contradictory results in different trials.
13. It could inhibit LDLs.
List of choices
A. Torcetrapic
B. HDLS
C. Statin
D. CETP
(by Zhou Hong)
Suggested Answers and Explanations
1. vi
2. ii
3. vii 本段介绍了torcetrapib和statin的治病原理，但是同时短语“in contrast”与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应，暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成，是理想的搭配。第一个选项无法涵盖整段意义，故选择i是错误的。
4. iii 本段分析了可能导致torcetrapibl临床试验失败的原因，后半段指出如果以上推测正确，那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验，设法避免torcetrapib的缺陷，研制出有效的药物。viii选项无法涵盖后半段的意思。
5. ix 见首句。
6. v
7. A 见第二段。题目中administer一词意为“用药”，subject一词为“实验对象”之意。
8. B 见第四段“… to raise levels of HDLs， which ferry cholesterol out of artery- clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body.”即HDLs的作用最终是将 choleserol清除出人体：“… for removal from the body”。
9. B 见第四段“But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.”
10. C 见第二段“… plus a cholesterol-lowering statin”，即statin是可以降低cholesterol的。
11. D 见第六段“So inhibiting CETP，… might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body.
12. A 见第三段。
13. C 见第四段“Statins， in contrast， mainly work by lowering the ’bad’ low-density lipoproteins.”
2012年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案（4）
A.
Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”， in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.
B.
The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past，such as obtaining food and mates， and confronting or fleeing from threats， the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes， evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?
C.
One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein， an economist at Carnegie Mellon University， in Pittsburgh. In particular， he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists， Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology， to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.
D.
In a study， the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task， the researchers first presented the product and then its price， with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage， which also lasted four seconds， they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment，the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)。 This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain， as an indication of its activity.
E.
The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover，the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.
F.
When the price appeared， however， fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex， a brain region linked to expectations of pain， monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.
G.
Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex， too. This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer’s reaction to both product and price， rather than to price alone. Thus， the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex， and this often preceded a decision to buy.
H.
People’s shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex)， even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives， as orthodox economics suggests happens， people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.
I.
That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time)， the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit，though， may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards， coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise， may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”。
J.
Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour， such as miserliness and extravagance， experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also assess whether， in the same individuals， buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does， then credit cards may have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods， and recreational drugs， that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this
1. The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence that humans make use of the emotions to make decisions.
2. Animals are urged by emotion to strive for an optimal outcomes or extract maximum utility from any situation.
3. George Loewenstein thinks that modern ways of shopping tend to allow people to accumulate their debts.
4. The more active the nucleus accumens was， the stronger the desire of people for the product in question became.
5. The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures.
6. When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense of a good bargain， people tended to purchase coffee.
Questions 7-9
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.
7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?
A. The process which people make their decisions is rational.
B. People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.
C. Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.
D. People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.
8. The word “miserliness” in line 3 of Paragraph J means__________.
A. people’s behavior of buying luxurious goods
B. people’s behavior of buying very special items
C. people’s behavior of being very mean in shopping
D. people’s behavior of being very generous in shopping
9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments， which test
A. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain in response to products.
B. whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals compared with paying for it by cash.
C. whether the abstract nature of credit cards may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”。
D. whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable but with a terrible effect.
Questions 10-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
To find what happens in the brain of humans when it is deciding things to buy， George Loewenstein and his co-researchers did an experiment by using the technique of fMRI. They found that different parts of the brain were invloved in the process. The activity in …10… was greatly increased with the displaying of certain product. The great activity was found in the insular cortex when …11…and the subject decided not to buy a product. The activity of the medial prefrontal cortex seemed to associate with both …12…informaiton. What interested Dr Loewenstein was the …13… of the assessment of the product and its price in different parts of the brain.
________________________________________________________________________________________________ Notes to Reading Passage 1
1. the nucleus accumbens， the insular cortex， and the medial prefrontal cortex：
大脑的不同部位 (皮层，皮质等)
e.g. cerebellar cortex 小脑皮层cerebral cortex 大脑皮层
2. hone：
珩磨，磨快，磨练，训练使。。。更完美或有效。
3. subvert：
毁灭，破坏;摧毁：
4. piggyback：
骑在肩上;在肩上骑
5. deferment：
推迟、延迟、分期付款
6. aftertaste：
余味，回味事情或经历结束后的感觉，特指令人不快的感觉
Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-13
1. TRUE
See the second and third sentence in Paragraph A “Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.”
2. TRUE
See the third sentence in Paragrph B “ Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes， evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases.”
3. FALSE
See the second sentence in Paragrph C “In particular， he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt.”
4. TRUE
See the last sentence in Paragrph E “Moreover， the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.”
5. FALSE
See the second sentence in Paragrph F and G respectively “Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex， a brain region linked to expectations of pain，monetary loss and the view
2012年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案（5）
Don’t wash those fossils!
Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.
1. Washing， brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.
2. Instead， excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves， and freezing samples as they are found， dirt and all， concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.
3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA， Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris， France， and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information， they say， needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.
4. Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3，200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species， called an aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947， and stored in a museum collection， or in 2004， and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.
5. The team’s attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavated fossils，however， all yielded DNA.
6. Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time， and in the same conditions， the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl. “As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3，200 years before，” she says.
Wash in， wash out
7. Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone， their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA， Geigl explains.
8. The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath， which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones. “Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out， but contamination is getting washed in，” says Geigl.
9. Most ancient DNA specialists know this already， says Hendrik Poinar， an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario， Canada. But that doesn’t mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.
10. Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators， says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig， Germany. And that only occurs in exceptional cases， he says.
11. P bo’s team， which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA， continually faces these problems. “When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains， there’s a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA，” he says.
12. This doesn’t mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed， notes P bo. The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab， for example， had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way. But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl’s recommendations — just in case.
Warm and wet
13. Geigl herself believes that， with cooperation between bench and field researchers， preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.
14. Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place， and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason，Geigl says， most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples， such as the woolly mammoth，or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves — including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.
15. Better conservation methods， and a focus on fresh fossils， could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens， says Geigl. And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.
(640 words nature )
Glossary
Palaeontologists 古生物学家
Aurochs 欧洲野牛
Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。
Permafrost (地理)永冻层
Questions 1-6
Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. How did people traditionally treat fossils?
2. What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found?
3. What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE.
4. What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed?
5. What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved?
6. The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers. How many of them are mentioned?
Questions 7-11
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer
FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
7. In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ， Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve ancient DNA.
8. The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs.
9. Geneticists don’t have to work on site.
10. Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA.
11. Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils in traditional way.
Questions 12-13
Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.
12. “This information” in paragraph 3 indicates：
[A] It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA.
[B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.
[C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.
[D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.
13. The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests：
[A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.
[B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered
DNA.
[C] the pace at which DNA degrades.
[D] the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.
1. washing， brushing， varnishing 见第一段。
2. handling with gloves / freezing samples ( any one of the two ) 见第二段。
3. losing authentic DNA / being contaminated / contamination ( any one of the three) 见第八段“Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out， but contamination is getting washed in” (答being contaminated或 contamination比较保险)
4. they are porous porous 的意思是多孔的。见第八段“。。。 which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones.”
5. human evolution 见第十五段。其中“shed light on sth”的意思是使某事显得非常清楚，使人了解某事。
6. 4 分别为第四段的“an extinct cattle species， called an aurochs”，即欧洲野牛，已经绝迹;第十一段“Neanderthal”，是人类学用语，尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类;第十四段“woolly mammoth”和“cave bear”，其中mammoth是猛犸，一种古哺乳动物。
7. T 见第二段。
8. T 见第四段“Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3，200-year- old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species， called an aurochs.”即他们研究的骨化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的。
9. NG
10. F 见第十二段第一、二句话。
11. T 见第十二段末句“But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl’s recommendations — just in case.”意即为保险起见，Paabo还是非常希望见到用Geigl 建议的方法保存的化石样本。“just in case”的意思是以防万一，就是Paabo对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思。
12. A 见第三段。This information就是前一句中“。。。 just how important conservation practices can be” (to preserve good DNA)。“be hammered”之中hammer一词的意思是不断重复强调。
13. D 面信息。需要理解文章各处关于Geigl和她的同事所作的研究。
2012年雅思语法模拟练习题
1. The machine looked like a large， ________ ， old-fashioned typewriter.
A) forceful B) clumsy C) intense D) tricky
2. Though she began her ______ by singing in a local pop group， she is now a famous Hollywood movie star.
A) employment B) career C) occupation D) profession
3. Within two weeks of arrival， all foreigners had to _______ with the local police.
A) inquire B) consult C) register D) profession
4. Considering your salary， you should be able to _____ at least twenty dollars a week.
A) put forward B) put up C) put out D) put aside
5. As he has _______ our patience， we’ll not wait for him any longer.
A) torn B) wasted C) exhausted D) consumed
6. These teachers try to be objective when they _______ the integrated ability of their students.
A) justify B) evaluate C) indicate D) reckon
7. Mrs. Morris‘s daughter is pretty and _______， and many girls envy her.
A) slender B) light C) faint D) minor
8. Tomorrow the mayor is to _____ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city.
A) coordinate B) cooperate C) accompany D) associate
9. I’m ______ enough to know it is going to be a very difficult situation to compete against three strong teams.
A) realistic B) conscious C) register D) resolve
10. Can you give me even the _______ clue as to where her son might be?
A) simplest B) slightest C) least D) utmost
11. Norman Davis will be remembered by many _____ with not only as a great scholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend.
A) kindness B) friendliness C) warmth D) affection
12. Salaries for ______ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.
A) legal B) optional C) voluntary D) temporary
13. Most people agree that the present role of women has already affected U.S. society. _______， it has affected the traditional role of men.
A) Above all B) In all C) At most D) At last
14. Science and technology have _____ in important ways to the improvement of agricultural production.
A) attached B) assisted C) contributed D) witnessed
15. As an actor he could communicate a whole _____ of emotions.
A) frame B) range C) number D) scale
16. This is what you should bear in mind： Don‘t _____ a salary increase before you actually get it.
A) hang on B) draw on C) wait on D) count on
17. The ship’s generator broke down， and the pumps had to be operated _____ instead of mechanically.
A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) synthetically
18. The little girl was so frightened that she just wouldn‘t ______ her grip on my arm.
A) loosen B) remove C) relieve D) dismiss
19. He never arrives on time and my ______ is that he feels the meetings are useless.
A) preference B) conference C) inference D) reference
20. Mrs. Smith was so ______ about everything that no servants could please her.
A) specific B) special C) precise D) particular
21. Last night he saw two dark ______ enter the building， and then there was the explosion.
A) features B) figures C) sketches D) images
22. It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without _______.
A) exception B) exclusion C) modification D) substitution
23. His temper and personality show that he can become a soldier of the top ----_____.
A) circle B) rank C) category D) grade
24. During the lecture， the speaker occasionally _____ his point by relating his own experiences.
A) illustrated B) hinted C) cited D) displayed
25. Only those who can _____ to lose their money should make high-risk investments.
A) maintain B) sustain C) endure D) afford
26. He found the ______ media attention intolerable and decided to go abroad.
A) sufficient B) constant C) steady D) plenty
27. There has been a collision _______ a number of cars on the main road to town.
28. _______ elephants are different from wild elephants in many aspects， including their tempers.
A) Cultivated B) Regulated C) Civil D) Tame
29. Ten days ago the young man informed his boss of his intention to _______.
A) resign B) reject C) retreat D) replace
30. As one of the world‘s highest paid models， she had her face_____ for five million dollars
A) deposited B) assured C) measured D) insured
31. I went along thinking of nothing ______， only looking at things around me.
A) in particular B) in harmony C) in doubt D) in brief
32. Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ______ the quality of the programs.
A) lessened B) declined C) affected D) effected
33. I must congratulate you ______ the excellent design of the new bridge.
A) with B) of C) at D) on
34. There is a fully ______ health center on the ground floor of the main office building.
A) installed B) equipped C) provided D) projected
35. For more than 20 years， we‘ve been supporting educational programs that _____ from kindergartens to colleges.
A) move B) shift C) range D) spread
36. The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.
A) convention B) confinement C) principle D) discipline
37. The test results are beyond______; they have been repeated in labs all over the world.
A) negotiation B) conflict C) bargain D) dispute
38. I was so ______in today‘s history lesson. I didn’t understand a thing.
A) amazed B) neglected C) confused D) amused
39. It ______ you to at least 50% off the regular price of either frames or lenses when you buy both.
A) presents B) entitles C) credits D) tips
40. Deserts and high mountains have always been a ______ to the movement of people from place to place.
A) barrier B) fence C) prevention D) jam
41. In order to make things convenient for the people， the department is planning to set up some ______ shops in the residential area.
A) flowing B) drifting C) mobile D) unstable
42. Mr. Smith says：“The media are very good at sensing a mood and then ______ it.”
A) overtaking B) enlarging C) widening D) exaggerating
43. This is not an economical way to get more water; ______， it is very expensive.
A) on the other hand B) on the contrary C) in short D) or else
44. It was the first time that such a ______had to be taken at a British nuclear power station.
A) presentation B) precaution C) preparation D) prediction
45. ______ that he wasn‘t happy with the arrangements， I tried to book a different hotel.
A) Perceiving B) Penetrating C) Puzzling D) Preserving
中考词汇应用专项练习 1.I can’t remember allthesegreat(explore)names. 2.Allthoseforeign (thief) have beencaught. 3.IsAustraliathe (three) largest island country in theworld? 4.Look, our dog Collyis lying(comfort) on thegrass, (enjoy) its sunbath. 5.What a (please) it is for me to play the piano withyou! 6.There are a lot of differences betweenJohnand ( I.) 7.Here issomedelicious (orange ) for you. 8.It is (pain) to get aninjection. 9.Mother asked the Greenstohelp (they) to somepears. 10.A fewbig eggs (lay) by these ducks lastnight. 11.Theporridgesmells (terrible). 12.Hefelt (true) sorry for what he said. 13.Our (know) of the universe is growing all thetime, 14.Thewindow (break) by Jim yesterday has beenmended. 15.There isadog (lie) on the floor. 16.Please turn left atthesecond (cross). 17.(wool) sports sweaters are popular among young people. 18.Here (be) some good news foryou. 19.He went to schoolearlyas (usual). 20.How (live)the student is! 21.I want to learn howtoeat (health). 22.Do you know the girl? She is a friendofmy (sister). 23.Theteacher looked (angry) at me thanbefore. 24.MrWang taught (he) English last year and now he was good atit. 25.The coatsare those (visit). 26.Viviansingseven (badly) thanbefore. 27.Workmust come (one). 28..She looked atmein (surprised). 29. (clean) work is to sweep the road. 30 . She spent as much time asshecould (read) this bookyesterday. 31.Eight (forty) is onefifth. 32.Idon’tlike(rain)seasons. 33.Thereare (two) as many books in the reading-room as in thatone. 34.Heprefers (read)ratherthan (watch)TV. 35.The studentsreallyenjoyed (work) on thefarm. 36.We wear glasses to keep oureyes (safely). 37.Theshop sells (woman)hats. 38.The inventorhasmany (invent). 39.Heseemed (happily) because he failed hisexam. 40.They have lived herealltheir (life). 41.The wind often blows strongly in springinthe (north) part ofChina. 42.Mike thought hard, buthecould (hard) remember what he did last week.
Reading Comprehension and Gramma Ability Building Section A: One often hears that children should arrive at school “ready to learn.” For most children, the acquisition of reading and math skills starts in the first grade. In states where kindergarten is compulsory, it begins even earlier. Many parents, teachers, and politicians maintain that preschool is the best way to prepare children to learn. There is no real consensus(一致), however, about how this preparation should be achieved. For some, early childhood education relates to the development of the whole child. They think that preschool should encourage exploration and discovery. Group activities teach positive social behaviors such as sharing, kindness, and patience. Time spent alone encourages independence. Learning letters and counting is important only for children who show an interest in them. Advocates（提倡者）of this approach stress that each child is unique and should learn at his or her own pace. Other people refer to research showing that children are ready to absorb basic academic concepts by age 3 or 4. They claim that early introduction to letters and numbers lays the foundation for later academic excellence. Since the 1980s, many people have stressed the value of preschool and point to the success of programs －such as Head Start －that target low-income children. Is there proof that an academic curriculum in preschool will lead to academic success? Studies have not been conclusive. In the short term, evidence suggests that middle-class children who attend preschool are ahead of their peers in maths and language skills, as well as in social skills, when they enter school. However, the same studies show that the gap narrows considerably by the time children reach age 8. Children living in poverty are a different matter. Those enrolled in programs such as Head Start seem to do better than impoverished(穷困的) children who do not attend a preschool. For instance, youngsters in one group enrolled in the program, tracked until the age of 21, earned higher scores on intelligence tests, were more likely to graduate from high school, and demonstrated more interest in higher education. The idea of public preschool raises many issues. Providing Head Start for all children would be a financial burden on communities that already struggle to fund current school programs. Also, where would a sufficient number of teachers trained in early childhood development be found? 1. Advocates of the development of the whole child believe school readiness is _______. 1. showing eagerness in exploration and discovery 2. learning basic skills, such as knowing letters and counting 3. Showing great interest in basic academic concepts 4. demonstration of intellectual, social and emotional skills
语法---专项训练 【例题精选】： 一、提取下列句子的主干： 1、我们能够学会我们原来不懂的东西。 主干：我们能够学会东西。 简析：注意能愿动词“能够”的使用。在提取句子主干时要保留在主干里。 2、每一个共产党员都不要忘记自己身上的责任。 主干：共产党员不要忘记责任。 简析：否定词“不”要保留在主干里；能愿动词“要”要保留在主干里。 二、用符号法划分句子成分： 1、孩子成才‖是每个家长的希望。 简析：主谓短语“孩子成才”是句子的主语。 2、研制摸仿人的动作和智能的自动机器，‖[已]有几十年的历史。 简析：动宾短语“研制……自动机器”充当句子的主语。 3、我‖觉得我们的战士太伟大了。 简析：（1）“觉得”是表心理活动的动词，它后面的内容都回答了“什么”的问题，所以“觉得”的后面都是宾语；（2）主谓短语“我们的战士太伟大”充当句子的宾语。 4、（母亲那种勤劳俭朴）的习惯，（母亲那种宽厚仁慈）的态度，‖[至今还在我心中]留有深刻的印象。 简析：并列短语“……习惯……态度”充当句子的主语。 5、（永定河上）的卢沟桥‖修建<于公元1189年到1192年间> 简析：介宾短语“于1189到1192年间”在谓语的中心语“修建”的后面，回答了修建年代的问题，而没有回答“修建”“什么”的问题，所以介宾短语“于1189到1192年间”充当补语。 三、下面句子的主语是 和已知线段两个端点距离相等的点的轨迹，是这条线段的垂直平分线。 A．轨迹 B．和已知线段两个端点距离相等的点的轨迹 C．两个端点距离相等的点的轨迹 D．和已知线段两个端点距离相等的点 答案：B 简析：注意区分“主语”和“中心语”的内涵。
2021新高考全国卷语文语法基础知识总汇 （语素）—最小的语言单位，如：人、椅、巧克力等。 词— 最小的语法单位，有两个或两个以上语素组成。如：人民、椅子、巧克力蛋糕等。 短语— 又称词组，由两个或两个词组成。如：人民幸福、椅子破了、巧克力蛋糕很甜等。（句子）— 语段 一，词的构成可分为“单纯词”和“合成词”。 （1）单纯词 A.单音节，例如：天、地、写、看、我、啊等 B.多音节：连绵词——双声的指两个音节的声母相同的连绵词 如；参差仿佛伶俐崎岖 ——叠韵的指两个音节的“韵”相同的连绵词 如；彷徨窈窕蟑螂翩跹 ——其他的蝴蝶鸳鸯玻璃芙蓉 叠音词——由两个相同的音相叠而构成 姥姥悄悄纷纷往往 音译外来词—葡萄咖啡沙发巧克力马拉松尼古丁 （2）合成词 A．并列式—由两个意义相同相近，相关或相反的词根并列组合而成。 例：途径体制价值美好寒冷始终买卖国家干净人物 B．偏正式——前一词根修饰，限制后一词根。 例：冰箱小说火红蜡黄笔直 C．补充式——后一词根补充说明前一词根 例：提高说服延长车辆书本纸张 D．动宾式——前一词根表示动作、行为，后一词根表示支配的对象 例：司机管家动员保健达标美容 E．主谓式——前一个词根表示被陈述的事物，后一词根是陈述前一词根的，主谓名动形 例:地震霜降年轻眼热心酸自动 F．附加式——词缀+词根词根+词缀 词缀+词根：老虎老乡第一第五阿姨阿毛 词根+词缀：刀子扳子石头木头作者读者 此外还有词根和一个叠音词缀结合的：红通通的笑嘻嘻的 （3）重叠式
姐姐哥哥仅仅刚刚偏偏 二、短语 短语，也叫词组，是由词语与词语组合而成的、能够独立运用语言单位。由此可与看出短语的特征：一是由词语与词语组成，二是能够独立运用。要注意的是，短语与词语和句子有相像之处。像词语，是说有些短语具有词语的语法功能；像句子，是说短语只是书面上没有标点，口语中没有语气。比如“多么迷人的九寨沟”这是短语，可口语里加上语气，书面上加上标点，就是一句话——“多么迷人的九寨沟洼！” 短语按照结构来考察，可以分为十种：并列短语、偏正短语、动宾短语、介宾短语、补充短语、主谓短语、的字短语、兼语短语、连动短语、复指短语 [口诀]短语看结构，十种莫忧愁。并偏动介补，主的兼连复 1、并列短语：是由两个或两个以上的名词、动词或形容词并列组成的，词和词之间是平等的联合，没有轻重主次之分。 例如：雄伟壮丽、报纸杂志。民俗风情、吃喝穿戴、这个那个、和谐幸福 2、偏正短语：是由名词、动词或形容词与在他们前头起修饰作用的词组成的，名词、动词、形容词是中心语，修饰名词的词是定语，修饰动词、形容词的词是状语。定语、状语与中心语的关系是偏正关系。用（）表示定语，用[]表示状语。 1）名词性偏正短语——定语+名词（或代词） ①名词、代词、动词、形容词作定语。例如： 名+名：中华情赤壁赋出师表兰亭集序荷塘月色故都的秋赤壁之 战 代+名：我们家这个人之二虫这只黄鹂那只白鹭这条纱巾那根拐 棍 动+名：发言稿止痛片美发厅调查提纲训练计划运动规律游览路 线 形+名：黑牡丹红太阳白玫瑰绿色食品经典作品优秀分子永恒 魅力 ②指示代词、数词、量词组合作定语。例如： （指+数+量）+名：这支笔这一位委员那一个书包这两个人那一年六月（数+量）+名：七根火柴一年四季一件小事一曲窦娥冤千古关汉卿 （2）动词性偏正短语——状语+动词 ①状语表示的意义 状语可以表示动作、行为的情态、时间、频率、范围、处所、对象等。例如：表示情态：努力进取认真研究大力发展倾情奉献喜闻乐见娓娓动听 表示时间：猝死马上出发立刻行动现在开始从眼前抓起于拂晓结束
中学英语语法与篇章阅读理解关系分析 摘要 本文以英语专业本科二年级105名学生为调查对象,运用SPSS软件13. 0版,研究了英语语法与篇章阅读理解的关系。结果表明,语法与阅读理解有较高的相关关系:阅读任务较难时,两者相关性较大;调查对象语法掌握较弱时,两者相关性更大。在这些发现的基础上,文章最后讨论了这一研究对我国英语教学的启示。关键词：语法；篇章阅读理解；SPSS软件；相关研究
引言 近十几年来,人们对语法教学的兴趣有增无减,至今,国外已有大量研究开展(综述可见Norris&Ortega,2001)。这是因为:理论家研究这一问题,可以检验、发展第二语言习得的各派理论;语言教师研究这一问题,可以促进自己的教学工作(Ellis, 2001: 20; Doughty,2003: 259)。随着研究方法的不断改进,研究者们不再满足于思辨式的论述,而是越来越多地采用实证性的研究方法。本研究运用SPSS软件13. 0版(下同),拟对我国高校英语专业学生的语法与篇章阅读理解进行相关分析, 以期探索语法在我国英语阅读教学中的重要性。 1研究动机与研究问题 国外开展的有关研究中,调查对象的母语多为英语或其他西欧语言,调查对象为汉语母语者的研究很少,这点可从Norris与Ortega(2001)的研究中得到佐证;而且,国外研究多对教学方式做出具体规定,甚至教学步骤都非常确定,以便操作变量, 这虽然对理论发展有利,但对教学却不太适合,因为实际教学中教师经常同时采用多种方式(Ellis, 2001: 26)。 英语在我国是一门外语,学习环境同第二语言相比要差,阅读是英语学习的重要输入来源。目前,英语听说的机会虽有大幅增长,但总体而言,这些机会无论在质上还是在量上都无法与阅读相比。而且,阅读还是说与写的基础,从长远看,阅读量小容易使人言之无物,文章空洞,冯慎宇指出:“阅读能力是衡量掌握语言综合能力的一项重要标志。对于众多把英语作为外语的学习者来说,学习阅读,学会阅读, 提高英语阅读的能力,是最终掌握英语、提高整体英语水平的必由之路”(1998:22)。此外,从社会对毕业生英语能力的要求来看,阅读仍然占据重要地位(傅政等, 2001: 17)。就语法与阅读理解的关系,魏耀章(2005)曾做过研究,但其调查对象只有41人,且仅从一个角度讨论,也没有报告自行设计的测试工具的信度、难度等结果分析。鉴于阅读在我国英语教学中的重要地位,本研究拟对以下问题做出试探性的回答: (1)在我国,高校英语专业学生英语语法与篇章阅读理解相关性有多大? (2)语法同较难的阅读任务相关性大还是与相对容易的阅读任务相关性大? (3)较好的语法掌握与阅读任务相关性大还是相对薄弱的语法掌握与阅读任 务相关性大?
语篇型语法填空题的形式为：在一篇200词左右的语篇（短文或对话）中留出10处空白，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识，如单词词性（形容词，副词，名词，反义词）、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、介词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。 一 One of my father's favorite 1 (say) as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldn't say I didn't like something, 2 it might be, until after I tried it. Over the years I've come to realize how much of my success I owe to my 3 (accept) of those words as one of my values. My first job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I determined what I wanted to do as a career . 4 (actual) I believed I would work for a few years, get 5 (marry), stay home and raise a family, so I didn't think the job I took mattered that much. I couldn't 6 more mistaken. I mastered the skills of that 7 (begin) level position and I was given the opportunity (机会) to move up through the company into 8 (differ) positions. I accepted each new opportunity with the thought, “Well, I'll try it; 9 I don't like it I can always go back to my 10 (early) position.” But I was with the same company for the past 28 years. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 二 Mum: (putting on her coat) I have to go down to the shop for more bread. Alan: Why? Mum: I'm not sure what 1 (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2 I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because they're 3 (go). Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I'm sure he was in the kitchen 4 (early). Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5 (make) them, so he couldn't have done it. 6 , he couldn't carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so I'm sure 7 wasn't him. Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well, it wasn't me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8 fridge? Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9 (put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10 . Now, why did I put on my coat? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
专项训练篇 - unit 3 形容词与副词 一、单项选择（共20小题；共20分） 1. --- How about the dishes? --- Fantastic! Nothing tastes . A. nice B. better C. terrible D. worse 2. --- What do you think of soap operas? --- I can't stand them. I think they are . A. boring B. beautiful C. wonderful D. interesting 3. --- Tim, do you think time is money? --- Yes, but I think it is money. A. more important than B. very important as C. the same as D. not important as 4. --- I think English is maths. --- Yes, I think so. A. much important than B. so important as C. as important as D. as more important as 5. It is not so as yesterday, so there are people sitting in the square. A. cold; fewer B. warm; more C. cold; more D. warm; less 6. The friends you have, the you will be. B. more; happier C. many; happy D. many; happier A. more; happy 7. --- Mum, could you buy me a dress like this? --- Certainly, we can buy one than this,
教你“五个绝招”破解英语阅读理解 阅读是增长知识获取信息的主要途径，阅读能力是英语教学的重点。近年来，注重对初中生阅读理解能力的考核已成为中考的一大趋势。阅读理解能力影响并制约听、说、读、写能力的形成和发展，中学英语教学大纲也把培养阅读能力作为一个主要的教学目标。要做好阅读理解，应从以下几方面入手。
专项训练---动词Be 一．用be动词适当的词填空。 1. I ________ from Australia. 2. She _______ a student. 3.Jane and Tom _________ my friends. 4. My parents _______ very busy every day. 5. I ______ an English teacher now. 6. Where _________ you from? 7. The light _________ green. 8. My name _________ Li Dong. 9. I _________ twelve. 10._________ they your new friends? 11. I ______ a boy. 12. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not. 13. The girl______ Jack's sister. 14. The dog _______ tall and fat. 15. ______ your brother in the classroom? 16. Where _____ your mother? She ______ at home. 17. Whose dress ______ this? 18. That ______ my red skirt. 19. The books_______under the table. 20. Who ______ I? 21. Some tea ______ in the glass. 22. Gao shan's shirt _______ over there. 23. My sister's name ______Nancy. 24. This ______ not Wang Fang's pencil. 25. ______ David and Helen from England? 26. We ____ friends. 27. She ___ a teacher. 28. I ___ a girl. 29. Many ants ____ in my house. 30. His mother ____ fat. 31. He _____ in Class 4, Grade 1. 32. What _____ your name? 33. These _____ buses. 34. What class _____ you in? 35. It_____ a car. 36. Helen____ a student 37. This _____my book. 38. My father______a cook. 39. Jack’s friend____in Class One. 40. You ____ a doctor. 二.选择 1.She Miss Hen. A.be B.am C.is 2.I ___sorry. A./ B.am C.are 3.Here __my ball. A.is B.are C.am 4.You__number eight. A.are B.is C.am 5.What_______this. A.is B.are C.be 6.Helen__a student. A.be B.am C.is 7.Those_____oranges. A.is B.are C.am 8.How old__your teacher? A.be B.am C.is 9.Where____her mother? A.are B.is C.am 10.The two cups of milk _for me. A.is B.are C.be 三. 将下列句子变成否定句和一般疑问句 1.His brother is a teacher. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 2.Those are his parents. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 3.I’m 14 years old. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 4.The ruler is on the table. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 5.Tom is my teacher . 否定句: 一般疑问句: 6.My shoes are 20 yuan . 否定句: 一般疑问句: 7.This is a pen . 否定句: 一般疑问句: 8.My name is Andy. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 9.We are twins. 否定句: 一般疑问句:
最新译林版中考英语专项训练题 词汇与语法（9） Ⅰ、Choose the best answer（共20分） ( ) 1. What's that on the floor? It's just ______ small orange. A. a B. an C. the D. / ( ) 2. Three _______ the excellent students in our university will first graduate from school. A. hundred B. hundreds of C. hundred of D. hundreds ( ) 3. It was very cold the day before yesterday and it rained the whole day. __________ . A. So it was B. It was so C. So did it D. So it is ( ) 4. Don't forget to give my sincerely regards to your family． ________ ． A．I don't B．I won't C．I can't D．I haven' ( ) 5. The dress is so beautiful. Can I ______. A. try it on B. try on it C. wear it on D. dress it on ( ) 6. Would you mind _______ the Computer sound box, please? It’s eleven o’clock. A. to turn down B. turning down C. turned down D. turn down ( ) 7. Do you know the girl ________ the short skirt? A. dressing of B. having C. wearing D. putting on ( ) 8. The little girl's knee was injured, _______ she didn't cry. A. if B. but C. or D. and ( ) 9. Could you _______ German? Yes, but only a little. A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell ( )10. What time does your lessons on Sunday begin every day? It _______ at ten to eight. A. begin B. beings C. is beginning D. will begin ( )11. The boy came ______ with no idea at last. A. on B. at C. up D. to
雅思阅读语法方面三大注意事项 雅思阅读测试就像一团大线球，只要你找到线头，一切就迎刃而解。然后，这个线头在哪里呢？想在雅思阅读中得到一个比较良好的成绩，考生需要具备哪几方面的硬件呢？ 1. 词汇；不管是在雅思阅读还是托福阅读，考查语言水平的一个基本方面就是词汇。而在雅思阅读当中，考生不仅仅需要一定量的词汇，而且在注重词汇的多样性，即同意转化。特别是考生在记一些雅思考试的高频词汇的时候，就更强调这个词相对应的英文同义词。总所周知，中英是有差异的。 2. 语法；语法和词汇一样是考查语言水平的一个基本方面。然后这个方面在雅思阅读考试中相对比较重要。 3. 题型；雅思的题型当然也就是雅思阅读的最重要的特点。考生只有熟知各个题型的特点，换句话说，考生只有了解游戏规则，才能成为最后的赢家。 雅思阅读的语法方面到底要注意哪几个方面呢？ 一．长句的处理 总所周知，雅思阅读的三篇文章都比较长，而且单词也相对比较难。然后最让考生头 痛的就是几乎一半以上的句子都是长句。而所谓的对长句的处理就是指能清楚地知道这个长句的主干在是什么呢，基本上指的就是这个长句的主谓宾或主谓表是什么。这样的话，就大大减轻了考生的负担和压力。因为主干的单词往往都相对而言比较简单，并且，主干上的意思基本上就是作者的要表达的意义。当然，还有一个点是能弄懂长句的比较有立竿见影的好处就是出题者的出题特点。 我们先来看几个例子 1. 题目：Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion……(C3T2P2) A reduced the productivity of farmland by20 per cent B was almost as severe as in India and China C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland
小学英语语法专项练习题含答案 (1) 名词练习 一.写出下列单数名词的复数形式 _______________ 二.将下列单词的复数形式改成单数形式 ___________________ _________________ 三.请从括号里选出正确的答案 1. Please give me__(two /two cups of )coffee. 2. There are a lot of___(sheep /sheeps ) on the farm. 3. I’d like some__ (bread / breads ) and___ (potato /potatoes). 4. Look! There is a ___(mouse /mice) in the corner. 5. He bought_____(a piece of /a piece ) paper. 6. “Where is___ (Woman’s / Women’s) Room?” asked Susan. 7. ____ (The girl’s/The girls’ ) h obby is drawing. 8. Aunt Lucy sent_____ (a child’s /a children’s ) book to me. 冠词练习 一.在空格内填上a或an elephant 12_________ honest boy book question dress 16______________________X-ray machine 17____________________ice cream 二.选择填空 tells her little daughter _____ old story every night. A. a B. / C. an D. the 2. ______computer on the table is Susan’s. A. A B. An C. The D. / is ______ map of the world on ______wall. ______map is mine. A. a, a, A B. a, the, The C. the, the, The D. the, the,
汉语语法基础知识 词类和词性 （一）知识概述 词类是指词在语法上的分类，也就是把汉语里的所有词，根据它们的词汇意义和语法特点进行分类，这样得出的结果就是词类。现代汉语教学系统把词分为十二类： 实词可以分为： 1、名词：表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。 （1）表示人：老师、学生、作家、工人、鲁迅 （2）具体事物：天、地、花、草、天空、海洋 （3）抽象概念：方法、科学、法律、事业 （4）处所：北京、青岛、黄河、长江、三味书屋 （5）方位：东、西、南、北、上、下、前、后、左、右、里、外、内、中、间、旁、以前、以南、之下、之后、东边、西面、里头。 （6）时间：早晨、正午、晚上、半夜、上午、白天、夏天、立秋、今天、星期二 2、动词：表示动作行为、发展变化、心理活动等意义的词叫动词。 (1) 动作行为：穿、跳、走、纪念、朗诵。 (2) 存在变化：有、增加、缩小、扩大、发生。 (3) 心理活动：想、懊悔、喜欢、担心。 (4) 可能意愿：应该、应当、能够、愿意、必须、敢、肯、会、能、要、可以。 (5) 趋向：上、下、来、去、上去、下去、进来、进去、起来、上来。 (6) 判断：是、就是、正是 (7) 使令：使、让、派、请、叫、要求、命令、推举、允许、鼓动、鼓励。 3、形容词：表示事物的形状、性质或状态的词叫形容词。 （1）形状：大、小、高、圆、长、短、高大、肥胖。 （2）性质：好、坏、镇定、勇敢、乐观、伟大、优秀 （3）状态：愉快、慌张、急躁、迅速、朦胧、桔红 4、数词：表示数目的词叫数词。 （1）基数（确数）一、二、千、万、亿 （2）序数：第一、三叔、三年级、六楼、初五、老三。 （3）分数：三分之一、九成 （4）倍数：三倍、十倍、翻一番 （5）概数：十几概数、十余人、三十多岁、两三个、成千上万、很多人 5、量词：表示事物单位或行为、动作单位的词叫量词。 无量（表示人或事物单位的词） （1）个体：个、位、尺、只、台、条 （2）集体：批、帮、群、套、双、副、对、类 （3）不定量：些、点 （4）度量衡：丈、尺、里、亩 动量（表示动作行为的单位）次、回、下、趟、遍、阵、场、遭、焉 动量词也可以借用跟动作有关的事物的名词。如：画一笔、切一刀、工作一星期、学习一下午、踢一脚、送一车 说明：在现代汉语中，数词本身只表示抽象的数的概念，在计算事物或动作的数量时，数词的后面必须加上量词。数词跟量词连用就是数量词。 6、代词：具有指示、代替作用的词叫代词。代词可分为人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词。 ⑴人称代词：代替人或事物的名称的代词。